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Biotechnology •Altering biological molecules, cells, organisms

Biotechnology Altering biological molecules, cells, organisms

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Biotechnology

•Altering biological

molecules, cells,

organisms

Genetic Engineering- modification of genes: Change, delete, insert genes1. To learn more about cellular processes2. To better understand and develop treatments of diseases3. For economic and commercial benefits

Recombinant DNA– recombining or rearranging genes for manipulations, in the same or different organisms

Transgenic – organisms that express recombinant DNA

1. Genomics1. Genomics genomegenome is the full genetic information of is the full genetic information of

an organisman organism sequence of the entire human genome sequence of the entire human genome

(2000)(2000) More than More than 3 billion base pairs3 billion base pairs between between 20K and 30K20K and 30K protein-encoding genes protein-encoding genes

2. DNA Fingerprinting

•Forensics•Cut person’s DNA and analysis of fragment because

every person has a unique DNA fragment pattern due

to unique DNA sequence

•Collect samples•Cut DNA with Restriction EnzymesRun cut DNA through gel: Fragments move through gelSeparated by size #1 #2

Largerfragments

Smallerfragments

3. Genetic Engineering-3. Genetic Engineering-MedicineMedicine

genetic engineering has focused to genetic engineering has focused to improve medicine:improve medicine: production of proteinsproduction of proteins (drugs) used to treat (drugs) used to treat

illnessillness creation of creation of new vaccinesnew vaccines to combat infection to combat infection replacement of replacement of defective genesdefective genes (i.e., (i.e., gene gene

therapytherapy))

genetic defects genetic defects occur because our occur because our cells fail to make critical cells fail to make critical proteins, proteins, such as such as diabetesdiabetes

diabetics cannot control their blood sugar diabetics cannot control their blood sugar levels because a critical protein,levels because a critical protein, insulin insulin, is , is not madenot made

failure can be overcome by receiving insulin failure can be overcome by receiving insulin made through genetic engineeringmade through genetic engineering

•Genetic engineering creates Genetic engineering creates vaccinesvaccines against viruses, such as against viruses, such as herpesherpes and and hepatitishepatitis

Gene transfer therapyGene transfer therapy involves introducing “healthy” genes involves introducing “healthy” genes

into cells that lack theminto cells that lack them With adenovirus was With adenovirus was unsuccessfulunsuccessful in in

humans because of immune attackhumans because of immune attack

•Human gene +virus DNA: Recombinant

DNA

•Put intounhealthyindividual

4. GM food-Agriculture4. GM food-Agriculture made plants more made plants more

resistant resistant to diseaseto disease improved improved

nutritionalnutritional content content and yieldand yield

made crops made crops hardier and better hardier and better able to resist able to resist environmentalenvironmental stressesstresses

supertomatoes supertomatoes withwith genes genes from soil bacterium produce from soil bacterium produce a protein toxic to crop pests a protein toxic to crop pests

““golden” rice golden” rice combat iron combat iron and vit A deficiency with and vit A deficiency with genes from a genes from a bean, a fungus, bean, a fungus, wild rice, and a daffodilwild rice, and a daffodil to to increase its nutritional valueincrease its nutritional value

5. Cloning5. Cloning nuclear nuclear

transplantstransplants of a of a nucleus from an nucleus from an animal cell into animal cell into the an the an enucleated eggenucleated egg

Wilmut-Wilmut-Campbell:Campbell: cloned cloned a sheep using a sheep using the mammary the mammary cells of an adultcells of an adult

6. Embryonic Stem Cells6. Embryonic Stem Cells

special cells- special cells- Totipotent:Totipotent: ability to form any body tissue and ability to form any body tissue and

restore damaged tissuesrestore damaged tissues each has the capacity to develop into a each has the capacity to develop into a

healthy individualhealthy individual form early in development form early in development

•Using Using embryoniembryonic stem c stem cells to cells to restored restored damaged damaged tissuetissue

As genetic engineering advances, the

ethical questions of the technology

increases

Practice questionsPractice questionsQuestion 1Question 1 The total amount of DNA in an organism, including all of its genes and other DNA, is itsThe total amount of DNA in an organism, including all of its genes and other DNA, is itsA) A)

heredity.heredity.B) B) genetics.genetics.C) C) genome.genome.D) D) genomics.genomics.

Question 2Question 2 A possible reason why humans have such a small number of genes as opposed to what was A possible reason why humans have such a small number of genes as opposed to what was

anticipated by scientists is thatanticipated by scientists is thatA) A) humans don't need more than 25,000 genes to function.humans don't need more than 25,000 genes to function.B) B) the the exons used to make a specific mRNA can be rearranged to form genes for new proteins.exons used to make a specific mRNA can be rearranged to form genes for new proteins.C) C) the the sample size used to sequence the human genome was not big enough, so the number of genes sample size used to sequence the human genome was not big enough, so the number of genes estimated could be low.estimated could be low.D) D) the estimate will increase as scientists find out what so-called "junk the estimate will increase as scientists find out what so-called "junk DNA" actually does.DNA" actually does.

Question 3Question 3 A protein that can cut DNA at specific DNA base sequences is called aA protein that can cut DNA at specific DNA base sequences is called aA) A) DNase.DNase.B) B) DNA ligase.DNA ligase.C) C)

restriction enzyme.restriction enzyme.D) D) DNA polymerase.DNA polymerase.

Question 4Question 4 The four steps of a genetic engineering experiment are (in order)The four steps of a genetic engineering experiment are (in order)A) A) cleaving DNA, cloning, cleaving DNA, cloning,

producing recombinant DNA, and screening.producing recombinant DNA, and screening.B) B) cleaving DNA, producing recombinant DNA, cleaving DNA, producing recombinant DNA, cloning, and screening.cloning, and screening.C) C) producing recombinant DNA, cleaving DNA, screening, and cloning.producing recombinant DNA, cleaving DNA, screening, and cloning.D) D) screening, producing recombinant DNA, cloning, and cleaving DNA.screening, producing recombinant DNA, cloning, and cleaving DNA.

Question 5Question 5 Using drugs produced by genetically engineered bacteria allowsUsing drugs produced by genetically engineered bacteria allowsA) A) the drug to be produced in far the drug to be produced in far

larger amounts than in the past.larger amounts than in the past.B) B) humans to permanently correct the effects of a missing gene humans to permanently correct the effects of a missing gene from their own systems.from their own systems.C) C) humans to eliminate the chances of infection from blood humans to eliminate the chances of infection from blood transfusions.transfusions.D) D) All of these answers are correct.All of these answers are correct.

Question 6Question 6 Some of the advantages to using genetically modified organisms in agriculture includeSome of the advantages to using genetically modified organisms in agriculture includeA) A)

increased yield.increased yield.B) B) unchanged nutritive value.unchanged nutritive value.C) C) the ease of transferring the gene to other the ease of transferring the gene to other organisms.organisms.D) D) the possibility of anaphylaxis.the possibility of anaphylaxis.

Question 7Question 7 Which of the following is Which of the following is notnot a concern about the use of genetically modified crops? a concern about the use of genetically modified crops?A) A) possible possible

danger to humans after consumptiondanger to humans after consumptionB) B) insecticide resistance developing in pest speciesinsecticide resistance developing in pest speciesC) C) gene flow into natural relatives of GM cropsgene flow into natural relatives of GM cropsD) D) harm to the crop itself from mutationsharm to the crop itself from mutations

Question 8Question 8 Genomic imprinting seems to involveGenomic imprinting seems to involveA) A) protein signals that block transcription of a gene from protein signals that block transcription of a gene from

its DNA.its DNA.B) B) proteins that cause deformation of RNA polymerase.proteins that cause deformation of RNA polymerase.C) C) methylation or methylation or demethylation of RNA polymerase.demethylation of RNA polymerase.D) D) methylation or demethylation of DNA.methylation or demethylation of DNA.

Question 9Question 9 One of the main biological problems with replacing damaged tissue through the use of One of the main biological problems with replacing damaged tissue through the use of

embryonic stems cells isembryonic stems cells isA) A) immunological rejection of the tissue by the patient.immunological rejection of the tissue by the patient.B) B) that stem that stem cells may not target appropriate tissue.cells may not target appropriate tissue.C) C) the time needed to grow sufficient amounts of tissue the time needed to grow sufficient amounts of tissue from stem cells.from stem cells.D) D) that genetic mutation of chosen stem cells may cause future problems.that genetic mutation of chosen stem cells may cause future problems.

Question 10Question 10 In gene therapy, healthy genes are placed into cells with defective genes by usingIn gene therapy, healthy genes are placed into cells with defective genes by usingA) A)

bacteria.bacteria.B) B) micropipettes (needles).micropipettes (needles).C) C) viruses.viruses.D) D) Currently, cells are not modified genetically. Currently, cells are not modified genetically. Instead, healthy tissue is grown and transplanted into the patient.Instead, healthy tissue is grown and transplanted into the patient.