Bizantin Churches

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The Project Gutenberg EBook of Byzantine Churches in Constantinople, by Alexander Van Millingen and Ramsay Traquair and W. S. George and A. E. Henderson This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Byzantine Churches in Constantinople Their History and Architecture Author: Alexander Van Millingen Ramsay Traquair W. S. George A. E. Henderson Release Date: June 9, 2009 [EBook #29077] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BYZANTINE CHURCHES, CONSTANTINOPLE ***

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Book cover. /Cover./ BYZANTINE CHURCHES IN CONSTANTINOPLE Printers mark. MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO DALLAS SAN FRANCISCO

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TORONTO -----------------------------------------------------------------------PLATE I. Mediaeval Map of Constantinople by Bondelmontius. Mediaeval Map of Constantinople by Bondelmontius. /Frontispiece./ NOTE ON THE MAP OF CONSTANTINOPLE For the map forming the frontispiece and the following note I am greatly indebted to Mr. F. W. Hasluck, of the British School at Athens. The map is taken from the unpublished /Insularium Henrici Martelli Germani/ (/B.M. Add. MSS./ 15,760) f. 40. A short note on the MS., which may be dated approximately 1490, is given in the /Annual of the British School at Athens/, xii. 199. The map of Constantinople is a derivative of the Buondelmontius series, which dates from 1420, and forms the base of all known maps prior to the Conquest. Buondelmontius' map of Constantinople has been published from several MSS., varying considerably in legend and other details:1 the best account of these publications is to be found in E. Oberhummer's /Konstantinopel unter Suleiman dem Grossen/, pp. 18 ff. The map in B.M. /Arundel/, 93, has since been published in /Annual B.S.A./ xii. pl. i. In the present map the legends are as follows. Those marked with a dagger do not occur on hitherto published maps. Reference is made below to the Paris MS. (best published by Oberhummer, /loc. cit./), the Venetian (Mordtmann, /Esquisse/, p. 45, Sathas, , iii., fro tispi c ), d t V tic ( ordtm , /loc. cit./ p. 73). Tr ci p rsG l t Euxi i ris. olim v c P r P r S. Domi icusArc

Tr ci p rsPort Vl c r Ab c (/sic/) port Vl c r usqu d port m S cti D m tri 6 .P. t c tum t d c m turr s Port S. Io is 1 Port C mici 2 Port Cr scuPort Cr sc Ab c (/sic/) port qu dicitur Cr sc usqu d port m S cti D m tri s pt m . p ssuum t turr s c tum o gi t octo. Et d port m Vl c r 5 . p ssuum t turr s o gi t s xR c pt culum Co tic sii 3 -Port olim p l cii Imp r torisPort S. DimitriIud 4 Pist ri p. 5 ssi p.C o p.6 S. A dr sS. Io s d P tr Hic Co st ti us g ufl xus Ad S. S lv tor m Colum Co( )s?Hic Iusti i us i quo7 S ct Sop i HippodromusS. D m triusS. G orgius-S. L z rusDomus P p Domus S.

Asi mi orus p rs

v c tvurc i .Tvrc i .

I troitus

Co st ti iS ctorum ApostolorumPort tiquissim mir (/sic/) rt co struct 8 S. rt 9 S. A dr sS. Io s d StudioP rl ftos. F. W. H. 1 S. Rom i? 2 Port C midi, /V t./ 3 R c pt culum fust rum d i Co dosc lli, /P r./ 4 Port Jud , /P r./ 5 Port Pisc rii, /P r./ 6 Port L c r , /P r./, d ll Cor , V t., d l C i igo (i. . i t e xvi. ce t. Ve etia maps.

8 P rta a tiq issima p lcra, /Par./ 9 St. Mam (as?) /Ve ./ Sts. Marc s, /Vat./ -----------------------------------------------------------------------BYZANTINE CHURCHES IN CONSTANTINOPLE THEIR HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE BY ALEXANDER VAN MILLINGEN, M.A., D.D. PROFESSOR OF HISTORY, ROBERT COLLEGE, CONSTANTINOPLE AUTHOR OF 'BYZANTINE CONSTANTINOPLE,' 'CONSTANTINOPLE' ASSISTED BY RAMSAY TRAQUAIR, A.R.I.B.A. LECTURER ON ARCHITECTURE, COLLEGE OF ART, EDINBURGH W. S. GEORGE, A.R.C.A., AND A. E. HENDERSON, F.S.A. WITH MAPS, PLANS, AND ILLUSTRATIONS MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON 1912

7 T e d si s i aeq eq sede s, /Vat./

e e , /Ve ./ I

c vis s imp. Te d.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------vii PREFACE T is v l me is a seq el t t e w rk I p blis ed, several years a , der t e title, /Byza ti e C sta ti ple: t e Walls f t e City, a d adj i i Hist rical Sites/. I t at w rk t e city was viewed, mai ly, as t e citadel f t e R ma Empire i t e East, a d t e b lwark f civilizati f r m re t a a t sa d years. B t t e city f C sta ti e was t ly a mi ty f rtress. It was, m re ver, t e ce tre f a reat reli i s c mm ity, w ic elab rated d mas, f stered f rms f piety, a d c tr lled a ecclesiastical admi istrati t at ave left a pr f d impressi p t e t t a d life f ma ki d. New R me was a H ly City. It was cr wded wit c rc es, all wed, it was believed, by t e remai s f t e ap stles, pr p ets, sai ts, a d martyrs f t e Cat lic C rc ; s ri es at w ic me at ered t w rs ip, fr m ear a d far, as bef re t e ates f eave . T ese sa ct aries were, f rt erm re, c str cted a d bea tified after a fas i w ic marks a disti ct a d imp rta t peri d i t e ist ry f art, a d ave m c t i terest t e artist a d t e arc itect. We ave, c seq e tly, reas s e t j stify r st dy f t e c rc es f Byza ti e C sta ti ple. Of t e imme se mber f t e c rc es w ic ceviii filled t e city b t a small rem a t s rvives. Eart q akes, fires, pilla e, e lect, t t speak f t e facility wit w ic a Byza ti e str ct re c ld be s r f its l ry, ave swept t e vast maj rity ff t e face f t e eart , leavi t a rack be i d. I m st cases eve t e sites w ic t ey st d ca t be ide tified. T e places w ic k ew t em k w t em m re. Scarcely a sc re f t e ld c rc es f t e city are left t s, all wit e excepti c verted i t m sq es a d sadly altered. T e visit r m st, t eref re, be prepared f r disapp i tme t. A e is t always a cr w f l ry; r d es c a e f w ers ip a d adaptati t differe t ideas a d tastes ecessarily c d ce t impr veme t. We are t l ki at fl wers i t eir ative clime r i f ll bl m, b t at fl wers i a erbari m s t speak, r left t wit er a d decay. As we l k p t em we ave eed f ima i ati t see i faded c l rs t e racef l f rms a d brillia t es w ic c armed a d deli ted t e eyes f me i t er days. I t e preparati f t is w rk I ave availed myself f t e aid aff rded by previ s st de ts i t e same field f researc , a d I ave ratef lly ack wled ed my debt t t em w e ever t ere as bee ccasi t d s . At t e same time t is is a fres st dy f t e s bject, a d as bee made wit t e pe f c firmi w at is tr e, c rrecti mistakes, a d at eri additi al i f rmati . Atte ti as bee ive t b t t e ist ry a d t e arc itect re f t ese b ildi s. T e materials f r t e f rmer are, f rt ately, all t sca ty. N c ti s rec rds f a y f t ese c rc es exist. A few i cide ts scattered ver wide tracts f time c stit te all t at ca be k w . Still, disc ected i cide ts t t ey be, t ey ive s limpsesix f t e c aracteristic t ts a d feeli s f a lar e mass f r ma ity d ri a l peri d f ist ry.

T e st de t f t e arc itect re f t ese c rc es likewise lab rs der seri s disadva ta es. T rkis c l r-was freq e tly c ceals w at is ecessary f r a c mplete s rvey; w ile access t t e i er parts f a

b ildi by mea s f scaff ldi r ladders is fte imp ssible der prese t circ msta ces. He ce t e arc itect ca t always speak p sitively, a d m st leave ma y a i teresti p i t i s spe se.

Care as bee take t disti is t e ri i al parts f a b ildi fr m alterati s made i Byza ti e days r si ce t e T rkis c q est; w ile, by t e pr mi e ce ive t t e variety f type w ic t e c rc es prese t, t e life a d m veme t bservable i Byza ti e ecclesiastical art as bee made clear, a d t e c mm idea t at it was a stere typed art as bee pr ved t be wit t f dati .

N mer s refere ces t t e c rc f S. S p ia cc r i t e c rse f t is v l me, b t t e reader will t fi d t at reat m me t f Byza ti e arc itect ral e i s dealt wit i t e st dies ere ffered. T e bstacles i t e way f a pr per treatme t f t at s bject pr ved i s perable, w ile t e writi s f Salze ber , Let aby, a d Swai s , a d especially t e sple did a d ex a stive m rap f my frie d Mr. E. M. A t iadi, seemed t make a y attempt f mi e i t e same directi s perfl s if t pres mpt s. T e missi will, wever, sec re e adva ta e: t e c rc es act ally st died will t be vers ad wed by t e ra de r f t e 'Great C rc ,' b t will sta d clear bef re t e view i all t e li t t at beats p t em.

I recall ratef lly my bli ati s t t e S lta 'sx G ver me t a d t t e late Sir Nic las O'C r, Britis Ambassad r at C sta ti ple, f r permissi t make a scie tific exami ati f t e c rc es f t e city. T t e prese t Britis Ambassad r, Sir Gerard L wt er, best t a ks are d e f r t e facilities e j yed i t e st dy f t e c rc f S. Ire e.

I ave bee exceedi ly f rt ate i t e arc itects w ave ive me t e be efit f t eir pr fessi al k wled e a d skill i t e exec ti f my task, a d I be t at t eir s are i t is w rk s ld be rec ized a d appreciated as f lly as it deserves. T t e e er sity f t e Britis Sc l at At e s I am i debted f r bei able t sec re t e services f Mr. Ramsay Traq air, Ass ciate f t e R yal I stit te f Britis Arc itects a d Lect rer Arc itect re at t e C lle e f Art i Edi b r . Mr. Traq air spe t t ree m t s i C sta ti ple f r t e express p rp se f c llecti t e materials f r t e pla s, ill strati s, a d tes e as c trib ted t t is w rk. T e c apter Byza ti e Arc itect re is e tirely fr m is pe . He as als described t e arc itect ral feat res f m st f t e c rc es; b t I ave ccasi ally i tr d ced i f rmati fr m t er s rces, r ive my w pers al bservati s. I am likewise der deep bli ati t Mr. A. E. He ders , F.S.A., f r t e e er s ki d ess wit w ic e as all wed me t repr d ce is masterly pla s f t e c rc es f SS. Ser i s a d Bacc s, S. Mary Pa ac ra t s, a d ma y f is p t rap s a d drawi s f t er c rc es i t e city. I am, m re ver, i debted t t e Byza ti e Researc a d P blicati F d f r c rte s permissi t prese t ere s me f t e res lts f t e sple did w rk d e by Mr. W. S. Ge r e, F.S.A., der iq e circ msta ces,xi i t e st dy f t e c rc f S. Ire e, a d I t a k Mr. Ge r e pers ally f r t e c rdial readi ess wit w ic e c se ted t all w me eve t a ticipate is w m rap t at very i teresti fabric. It is imp ssible t t a k Pr fess r Baldwi Br w , f t e U iversity f Edi b r , e , f r is faili ki d ess w e ever I c s lted im i c ecti wit my w rk. N r d I f r et w m c I we t J. Meade Falk er, Esq., f r ki dly dertaki t e irks me task f revisi t e pr fs f t e b k w ile i t r t e press.

I ca t cl se wit t calli atte ti t t e bri ter day w ic as daw ed t e st de ts f t e a tiq ities f C sta ti ple si ce c stit ti al ver me t as bee i tr d ced i t e Ott ma Empire. Permissi t carry excavati s i t e city as bee pr mised me. T e arc ae l y f New R me ly waits f r wealt y patr s t e able it t reac a p siti similar t t at cc pied by arc ae l ical researc i t er ce tres f a cie t a d mediaeval civilizati s. B t t e m me ts f t e lde time are peris able. Of t e c rc es described by Paspates i is /Byza ti e St dies/, p blis ed i 1877, i e ave eit er e tirely disappeared r l st m re f t eir ri i al feat res. It was part f wisd m t let t e b ks f t e c i Sibyl bec me rarer a d k wled e p rer by e lecti t sec re all t at was btai able w e s e made er first r eve er sec d ffer. ALEXANDER VAN MILLINGEN. R bert C lle e, C sta ti ple. xii ----------------------------------------------------------------------- , , N

C

.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONTENTS CHA TER I Byz A

1 S 35

M

191 _268>

243 /L'A _34> H

b

. 135.

, 'B

y

,' /A

B.S.A./ XIII. 1906-7.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------35 CHA TER II THE CHURCH OF S. JOHN THE BA TIST OF THE STUDION, EMIR AHOR JAMISSI

! !

T

f S. J B , b m y f S , . It may be reac ed by taki t e trai fr m Sirkiji Iskelessi t Psamat ia r Yedi K l. 35

m m G

Em G G

A

J m

(Y

, f S. C K ),

f

m

,

, f m

I fav r f t e ide tificati f t e b ildi , t ere is, first, t e a t rity f traditi , 36 w ic i t e case f a c rc s fam s may be c fide tly accepted as decisive. I t e ext place, all i dicati s f t e c aracter a d p siti f t e St di , wever va e, p i t t Emir A r Jamissi as t e represe tative f t at c rc . F r t e m sq e prese ts t e c aracteristic feat res w ic bel ed t t e St di as a basilica f t e fift ce t ry, a d sta ds w ere t at sa ct ary st d, i t e district at t e s t -wester a le f t e city,37 a d t e left a d f t e street leadi fr m S. Mary Periblept s (S l M astir) t t e G lde Gate.38 F rt erm re, as eld tr e f t e St di , t e m sq e is i t e vici ity f t e G lde Gate,39 a d readily 36accessible fr m a ate a d la di (Narli Kap ) t e s re f t e Sea f Marm ra.40

Acc rdi t t e ist ria T e p a es,41 t e c rc was erected i t e year 463 by t e patricia St di s, after w m t e c rc a d t e m astery attac ed t it were amed. He is described as a R ma f ble birt a d lar e mea s w dev ted is wealt t t e service f G d,42 a d may safely be ide tified wit St di s w eld t e c s ls ip i 454 d ri t e rei f Marcia .43

If we may tr st t e A ym s, 44 t e c rc erected by St di s replaced a sa ct ary w ic st d at e time, like t e C ra,

29 D m G T m

m. S. M y R y G z z

b ; C v j /, . 52.

f t e m sq e.

S. J f t e St di . R i ed I teri r, see fr m t e Mi aret f t e M sq e. T e West Side f t e C rc .

/T face pa e 36./ T e m astery was lar e a d ric ly e d wed, capable f acc mm dati e t sa d m ks. 46 Its first i mates were take fr m a frater ity k w as t e Ak imeti, 't e sleepless'; s amed beca se i s ccessive c mpa ies t ey 37celebrated divi e service i t eir c apels day a d i t wit t ceasi , like t e w rs ippers i t e c rts f eave .

B t t is dev t practice d es t seem t ave bee l c ti ed at t e St di ; f r we ever ear f it i a y acc t f t e discipli e f t e H se. T e m ks f t e St di s ld t eref re t be ide tified wit t e Ak imeti w t k p s c a determi ed a d i depe de t attit de i t e t e l ical c flicts der Ze , Basilisc s, a d J sti ia t e Great.47 I t e c rse f its ist ry t e c rc derwe t tew rt y repairs tw ccasi s. It was first take i a d f r t at p rp se, s after t e middle f t e eleve t ce t ry,48 by t e Emper r Isaac C m e s (1057-58), w was i terested i t e H se beca se e a d is br t er ad received part f t eir ed cati i t at 'ill stri s a d l ri s sc l f virt e.' 49 W at t e repairs t e made exactly i v lved is f rt ately t stated. B t, acc rdi t Scylitzes, t ey were s exte sive t at 't tell i detail w at t e emper r a d empress did f r t e embellis me t f t e c rc w ld s rpass t e lab r f Herc les.' 50 Pr bably t ey c cer ed c iefly t e dec rati f t e edifice.

T e ext repairs rec rd were made ab t t e year 1290, i t e rei f A dr ic s II., by is f rt ate br t er C sta ti e P rp yr e it s. Owi t t e e lect 38 f t e b ildi d ri t e Lati cc pati t e r f ad falle i , t e cells f t e m ks ad disappeared, a d s eep razed dist rbed t e rass w ic c vered t e

'Eve t s f ld O r a cest rs, wit cat edral r c ve t al c rc T eir i t O t e dim altar b r ed c ti ever m re Watc i t G d. Reli i s reas , t t red t aspire Ab ve t is s ld pass a m me t f t e year W e service ceased.'

i t e still d mai Of vast vi ils kept: w ere tapers day a d ally. I t ke t at t e H se was me were t ey; N r w ld t eir tra sit ry w rld, all w T at t ere i t eir la d t e Almi ty's

S. J

f t e St di , fr m t e west.

PLATE V. T e R i ed I teri r, see fr m t e mi aret

tside t e city. Seei t e territ ry immediately bey d t e C sta ti ia f rtificati s was well pe pled bef re its i cl si wit i t e city limits by T e d si s II., t ere is t i impr bable i t e existe ce f s c extra-m ral sa ct aries, a d as m st, if t all, f t em w ld be small b ildi s, t ey w ld at rally req ire e lar eme t r rec str cti w e br t wit i t e wider b ds f t e capital. Acc rdi t S idas, 45 t e b ildi was at first a par c ial c rc ; its attac me t t a m astery was a after-t t f its f der.

r ds. C sta ti e, ric , p wer t rest re t e f rmer was a remarkable piece f w acc mm dati f t e m ks, walls. 51

e er s, f d f p p larity, did all i is l ry f t e ve erated s ri e. T e ew r f rk; lar e s ms were spe t p t e pr per a d t e r ds were e cl sed wit i str

Like t er m astic i stit ti s, t e St di s ffered reatly at t e a ds f t e ic clast emper rs. U der C sta ti e C pr ym s, i deed, t e frater ity was scattered t t e wi ds a d practically s ppressed, s t at ly twelve ld members f t e H se were able t take adva ta e f t e permissi t ret r t t eir f rmer me, p t e first rest rati f eik s i 787 by t e Empress Ire e. U der t ese circ msta ces a c mpa y f m ks, wit t e fam s abb t T e d re at t eir ead, were eve t ally br t fr m t e m astery f Sacc di t repe ple t e St di , a d wit t eir adve t i 799 t e reat era i t e ist ry f t e H se be a , t e mber f t e m ks risi t seve dred, if t e t sa d.52

T e d re ad already establis ed a reat rep tati f r sa ctity a d m ral c ra e. F r w e C sta ti e VI. rep diated t e Empress Maria a d married T e d te, e f er maids f r, T e d re, t t e ew empress was is relative, de ced t e marria e a d t e priest w ad celebrated it, i sisti t at m ral pri ciples s ld ver t e i est a d l west alike, a d f r t is acti e ad ladly e d red sc r i a d exile. T e St di ad, t eref re, a master w feared t e face f ma , a d w c ted t e m st terrible s fferi s as t e small d st f t e bala ce w e wei ed a ai st ri te s ess, a d der im t e H se became ill stri s f r its resista ce t t e tyra y f t e civil p wer i matters affecti fait a d m rals. W e t e Emper r Nicep r s rdered t e rest rati f 39 t e priest w ad celebrated t e marria e f C sta ti e VI. wit T e d te, t ly did T e d re a d is br t er J sep , bis p f T essal ica, a d t eir ve erable cle Plat , e d re impris me t a d exile, b t every m k i t e St di defied t e emper r. S mm i t e frater ity i t is prese ce, Nicep r s bade all w w ld bey is rder t t e ri t, a d all w dared t dis bey im t t e left. N t a si le ma we t t t e ri t. U der t e very eyes f t e desp t all we t t t e left, a d i is wrat Nicep r s br ke p t e c mm ity a d distrib ted t e m ks am vari s m asteries. Up t e accessi f Mic ael I. t e exiled m ks a d T e d re were all wed i deed t ret r t t e St di , peace bei rest red by t e de radati f t e priest w ad celebrated t e b xi s marria e. B t a t er st rm darke ed t e sky, w e Le V., t e Arme ia , i 813, re ewed t e war a ai st eik s. T e d re t rew imself i t t e str le wit all t e f rce f is bei as t eir defe der. He c alle ed t e ri t f t e imperial p wer t i terfere wit reli i s q esti s; e ref sed t keep sile ce t e s bject; a d Palm S day, i 815, led a pr cessi f is m ks carryi eik s i t eir a ds i tri mp r d t e m astery r ds. A ai e was sc r ed a d ba is ed. B t e c ld t be s bd ed. By mea s f a lar e a d active c rresp de ce e c ti ed a i cessa t a d p werf l a itati a ai st t e ic clasts f t e day. N r w ld e c me t terms wit Mic ael II., w ad married a , a d w all wed t e se f eik s ly tside t e capital. S T e d re retired, appare tly a defeated ma , t t e m astery f Acritas53 ; a d t ere, ' S day, 11 N vember 826, a d ab t , feeli is stre t fail, e bade t em li t ca dles a d si t e 119t psalm, w ic seems t ave bee s at f erals. At t e w rds: "I will ever f r et T y c mma dme ts, f r wit t em T ast q icke ed me," e passed away.' He was b ried t e isla d f Pri kip , b t ei tee years later, w e eik s were fi ally rest red i t e w rs ip f t e 40 Ort d x C rc , is b dy was

# # # " ## 41 . J T R /T f c m c C m , f g f E c m I g 40./ m , M . F l y, v c y, l v m g f m l . T f c m : . f c lly g , j ly m m l y f f l , l y v ly v l m , . v l g g ' ,

#

" " R f I N N : . . f

" " f

! # # # ! # " # # " ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # " " m , v , f T l f f c v l l g m , f l , v v l f f m , f , ly l f cl . H m l fl c , c v lly l l y l f f l. T v c m , y f m l f c y f f ly l v g, g v c f c g l m , c g

His remai s were i terred at t e east e d f t e s t er aisle, w ere is cle Plat a d is br t er J sep ad bee b ried bef re im, a d w ere Na crati s a d Nic las, is s ccess rs as abb ts f t e St di , were laid t rest after im. ' , (/ . N c l /, M g , /P.G./ m 105).

tra sferred t t e f t e Empress T e br t er J sep , i /Ta

St di , a d laid wit reat cerem y i t e prese ce d ra beside t e raves f is cle Plat a d is si t at after all e ad c q ered.54 dem ic q iescit./

PLATE I. F f

N te

I c

, f c , g c ff c v f , m m , f c ff l y m fy c f m v . T m f c j c . T f f T , v z. A ly f , T (863-64). Cf. /I

T

l v

. < m g / _6 _800.j g>

. J F

T

f f m m v f m y m g

c :

m

l g m f m , E m , T m , m (851-55), Ac ll (858-63), /. / /, . 100.

R c

. T

. N

g v

g

l

m

. < m g / _6 _800.j g> ly l g m l y, l g f c f g m l f f m f m v l y y v , m ly f ll f c c c , g m . y. H g l g gl v ly f f c y, ly , v ll y c . B f v c ,

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# # # # # # # " " # " # # # " # " # " # # " # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # " # # # # # # " " f T C f l c . m lv c l c f c g f c y l g m, c f c P ll cc g f g f l g m g ll f c m ly m g ll ff c l y f c c m y l . T l gl g y f m l c . M c cl g ly l ; C l m , f lm y c g . T c cl l c P ll c ly g m f c , f g v g m c . O ly f m l y g m c v . T l f , m c m l g m g fl g m l . A l g , l f , f c f c y c , cc m y l f ll y l g c f c z . H c m c g M c l C f c c . I v y ff c f m l m f g l f . T f ll m cl cl g l m ly. T f c g v c m l gg f y m f c . T y g l y m g ly, v f ll l g. T c c m g m f c f lf f v c m f m f , ly y g v g l m c y l f c ll c . M c l C gg y f f gm , v . M y P l ( l M ), f v g y ff m , m v y f m g f m .67 /T f c v l m g , M c l . y c .68 T mm , 1053, f l v , f ll g ), m m f H c g v l , g g R m m c l cy f cl y P c K C c f , v P . , l g l f v Z f y f fl f f cc B gy l . f g m m f g f m l . T , 1041, l f y c l g f T f g v m c c f c lm c m , v g c l f g c g , ff c . A c , m g l g m f ll f v c m , m g l g ; f m y f g g l . B E

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w th the act that Pr c p us95 rec rds the undat n . Peter and Pau e re that . erg us and Bacchus, and th s were a he d d the matter w u d e c ear. But, un rtunate y, th s s n t a Pr c p us has d ne. F r a ter rec rd ng the erect n . erg us and Bacchus, he pr ceeds t say that Just n an su sequent y () j () church,96 a as ca, t the sanctuary ded cated t th se martyrs, thus eav ng up n the reader's m nd the mpress n that the as ca was a ater c nstruct n. T wh m that as ca was c nsecrated Pr c p us d es n t say. Was that as ca the church . Peter and Pau wh ch Pr c p us ment ned e re rec rd ng the erect n . erg us and Bacchus? Is he spea ng tw r three churches? The rep y t th s quest n must ta e nt acc unt tw acts as ey nd d spute: rst, that the church . Peter and Pau , as the etters c ted a ve ma e c ear, was ear er than the church . erg us and Bacchus; sec nd y, that the as ca un ted t the atter sanctuary was ded cated t the tw great ap st es; r scenes wh ch, acc rd ng t ne auth r ty,97 ccurred n . Peter's t p ace, acc rd ng t an ther auth r ty,98 n the church . erg us and Bacchus. In the ace these acts, Pr c p us s e ther m sta en n regard t the re at ve age the tw sanctuar es, r he 66has n t expressed h s mean ng as c ear y as he m ght have d ne. T supp se that tw sanctuar es ded cated t the great ap st es were u t y Just n an w th n a sh rt t me each ther n the same d str ct, ne w th n the pa ace, the ther uts de the pa ace, s a very mpr a e hyp thes s. The quest n n wh ch s de . erg us and Bacchus the as ca . Peter and Pau st d, seems dec ded y the act that there s m re r m r a sec nd u d ng n the n rth than n the s uth Kutchu Ag a a. Furtherm re, there are traces pen ngs n the n rth wa the church wh ch c u d serve as means c mmun cat n etween the tw adj n ng u d ngs. E ers t, h wever, p aces . Peter and Pau n the s uth s de . erg us and Bacchus.99

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. J hn the tud n. ap ta n the arthex. ace page 66./

67 Just n an was n t the man t stand the a r nt. He rdered the praet r the c ty t arrest the P pe and c nduct h m t pr s n. But when that cer appeared, g us grasped the p ars the a tar and re used t surrender. Thereup n the praet r rdered h s men t drag the P pe ut y ma n rce. e z ng g us y h s eet, h d ng h m y h s eard and the ha r h s head, the men pu ed w th a the r m ght, ut they had t dea w th a p wer u man, and he c ung ast t the a tar w th an r n gr p. In th s tug- -war the a tar at ength came crash ng t the gr und, the P pe's str ng hands st h d ng t t ght. At th s p nt, h wever, the nd gnat n and sympathy the spectat rs c u d n t e restra ned; the assa ants the pr strate pre ate were put t ght, and he was e t master the s tuat n. ext day a deputat n, nc ud ng Be sar us and Just n, the he r-apparent, wa ted up n g us, and n the emper r's name assured h m that res stance t the mper a w was use ess, wh e c mp ance w th t w u d save h m r m urther -treatment. Y e d ng t the c unse s prudence, the P pe returned t the pa ace P ac d a,102 the res dence ass gned t h m dur ng h s stay n the cap ta .

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The m st d st ngu shed heg umen s the m nastery was J hn Hy as, etter n wn, n acc unt h s earn ng, as the Grammar an, and n c named Lecan mant s, the Bas n-D v ner, ecause versed n the art d v nat n y means a as n p shed rass. He e nged t a n e am y Armen an extract n, and ecame pr m nent dur ng the re gns Le ., M chae II., and The ph us as a determ ned c n c ast. H s enem es sty ed h m Jannes, a ter ne the mag c ans wh w thst d M ses, t den te h s character as a s rcerer and an pp nent the truth. Hav ng ccas n, when c nduct ng serv ce n the mper a chape t read the ess n n wh ch the pr phet Isa ah taunts d aters w th the

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Pr a y at th s t me ar se the cust m p ac ng the churches . Peter and Pau , and . erg us and Bacchus at the serv ce the Lat n c ergy n nstant n p e, espec a y when a representat ve the P pe, r the P pe h mse , v s ted the c ty. The act that the church was ded cated t ap st es c se y ass c ated w th R me and he d n h ghest h n ur there, w u d ma e t a sanctuary pecu ar y 68accepta e t c ergy r m Western Eur pe. Th s, h wever, d d n t c n er up n R man pr ests an exc us ve r ght t the use the u d ng, and the cust m a w ng them t c ate there was ten m re c nsp cu us n the reach than n the servance. t the R man ee a ways c a med the use the church, r n the etter addressed n 880 y P pe Ju us III. t Bas I., that emper r s than ed r perm tt ng R man c ergy t c ate aga n n . erg us and Bacchus acc rd ng t anc ent cust m: 'm naster um anct erg ntra vestram reg am ur em c nst tutum, qu d sancta R mana Ecc es a jure pr pr qu ndam ret nu t, d v na nsp rat ne rep et pr h n re Pr nc p s Ap st rum n str praesu atu redd d st s.'103

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. erg us and Bacchus was ne the sanctuar es the c ty t wh ch the emper r pa d an annua v s t n state.105 Up n h s arr va at the church he pr ceeded t the ga ery and ghted tapers at an rat ry wh ch st d n the western part the ga ery, mmed ate y a ve the R ya Gates, r pr nc pa entrance t the church. He went next t the chape ded cated t the The t s, a s n the 70ga ery, and a ter attend ng t h s pr vate dev t ns there, t h s p ace n the para ypt c n ( ), at t e rt -easter r s t -easter e d f t e allery, w e ce e c ld verl k t e bema a d f ll w t e p blic service at t e altar.106 I d e c rse t e C mm i eleme ts were br t a d admi istered t im i t e c apel f t e T e t k s; e t e retired t t e metat ri (a p rti f t e allery scree ed ff wit c rtai s), w ile t e members f is s ite als part k f t e C mm i i t at c apel. At t e cl se f t e service e a d is ests part k f s me li t refres me ts, bisc its a d wi e, i a part f t e allery fitted p f r t at p rp se, a d t ereafter ret r ed t t e palace. /Arc itect ral Feat res/

I t e descripti f t e arc itect ral feat res f t e t e pla s a d m st f t e ill strati s i t is c apter bli ati t Mr. A. E. He ders , F.S.A. T e i f rmati im i my freq e t visits t t e c rc i is c mpa y, masterly article t e c rc w ic appeared i t e /B

c rc a d f r I am der deep ai ed fr m a d fr m is ilder/ f

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quest n, 'T wh m then w ye en G d, r t what eness w ye c mpare h m?' J hn, t s sa d, turned t Le ., and wh spered the s gn cant c mment, 'Hearest th u, my rd, the w rds the pr phet? They g ve thee c unse .' He was a mem er the mm ss n charged y that emper r t c ect passages r m the H y cr ptures and the Fathers the hurch that c ndemned the use mages n w rsh p. Pr m nent c n du es were nterned n the m nastery H rm sdas n the h pe that he w u d turn them r m the err r the r ways y h s arguments and n uence. He d rected the educat n The ph us and supp rted the c n c ast c p cy pursued y that pup when up n the thr ne. 69 The ph us app nted h s tut r synce us t the Patr arch Ant ny, emp yed h m n d p mat c m ss ns,104 and na y, up n the death Ant ny, created h m patr arch. The name J hn can st e dec phered under s mewhat cur us c rcumstances, n the tany wh ch s nscr ed n the r nze d rs the Beaut u Gate at the s uth end the nner narthex . ph a. When th se d rs were set up n 838, The ph us and h s empress had n s n, and acc rd ng y, n the three d prayer nscr ed up n the d rs, the name J hn was ass c ated w th the names the s vere gns as a mar grat tude and esteem. But n the c urse t me a tt e pr nce, t e n wn n h st ry as M chae III., was rn and pr c a med the c eague h s parents. It then ecame necessary t nsert the name the mper a n ant n the tany graven n the Beaut u Gate the Great hurch, and t nd cate the date h s access n. T add an ther name t the st names a ready there was, h wever, mp ss e r ac r m; n r, even had there een r m, c u d the name an emper r w that a su ject, th ugh that su ject was a patr arch. The n y way ut the d cu ty, there re, was t erase J hn's name, and t su st tute the name the tt e pr nce w th the date h s c m ng t the thr ne; the esser ght must pa e e re the greater. Th s was d ne, ut the r nze pr ved t stu rn t y e d c mp ete y t the w shes c urt ers, and underneath M chae 's name has ept ast h d the name J hn t th s day. The r g na date n the gate a s rema ns n sp te the attempt t terate t.

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Ja ary 1906, as bee i val able. I desi t e c rc is a cta al b ildi r fed wit a d me a d e cl sed by a recta le, wit a art ex al t e west side. T is was a fav rite type f ecclesiastical arc itect re, a d is see als i a t er c rc f t e same peri d, Sa Vitale f Rave a, i w ic J sti ia a d T e d ra were i terested. T ere, wever, t e cta al i teri r is placed wit i a cta al e cl s re. T e ad pti f a recta lar exteri r i t e C sta ti p lita sa ct ary is a c aracteristic Byza ti e feat re.107 S. Vitale was f ded i 526, a year bef re SS. Ser i s a d Bacc s. PLATE XIII. SS. Ser i s a d Bacc s, fr m t e s t -east. /E. M. A t iadi./ SS. Ser i s a d Bacc s, fr m t e s t -east. SS. Ser i s a d Bacc s. I t e Gallery ver t e Nart ex. SS. Ser i s a d Bacc s. I t e Gallery ver t e Nart ex. /T face pa e 70./ 71 As a exami ati f t e pla will s w, t e arc itect's desi as t bee f ll wed wit strict acc racy, a d t e res lt is t at b t t e e cl si sq are a d t e i teri r cta are very irre lar fi res. F rt erm re, t e tw p rti s f t e b ildi ave t t e same rie tati , s t at t e cta sta ds askew wit i its recta lar frame. H w t is lack f symmetry s ld be explai ed, w et er d e t sl ve w rk r t e res lt f t e eff rt t adapt t e c rc t t e li es f t e earlier c rc f SS. Peter a d Pa l, wit w ic it was ited, is diffic lt t decide. T e c rt w ic sta ds bef re t e T rkis p rtic i fr t f t e west side f t e b ildi represe ts t e ld atri m f t e c rc , a d t t e rear f t e p rtic is still f d t e a cie t art ex. At t e s t e d f t e art ex is a st e staircase leadi t t e allery. T e arc at t e f t f t e staircase is b ilt f fra me ts fr m t e ld cib ri m r eik stasis f t e c rc . T e reat ei t (0.24 metre r 9 i c es) f t e steps is f d, acc rdi t Mr. A t iadi, als i S. S p ia. T e exteri r walls, w ic are m stly i brick a d r bble mas ry, ex ibit p r w rkma s ip, a d ave der e c siderable repair, especially t e east. O t e s t t ere are tw t ick esses f walli . T e ter t ick ess as arc ed recesses at i tervals al its le t , c rresp di t pe i s i t e i er t ick ess, a d t s w ile b ttressi t e latter als e lar es sli tly t e area f t e c rc . T e le t f t e recta lar e cl s re fr m west t east is 101 feet, wit a avera e breadt f 77^1 _2 feet fr m rt t s t , excl di t e recesses i t e latter directi . All t e wi d ws f t e c rc ave bee altered by T rkis are recta lar i stead f s wi semicirc lar eads. a ds, a d

T e d med cta w ic f rms t e c re f t e b ildi sta ds at a dista ce f s me 18^1 _2 feet fr m t e recta le wit i w ic it is placed. It meas res 53^1 _2 feet by 50^1 _2 feet. T e ei t piers at its a les rise t a ei t f 33^1 _2 feet72 fr m t e fl r t t e spri i f t e d me arc es. T e arc ways t s f rmed, except t e bema arc , are filled i wit tw pairs f c l m s i tw st ries set t e ter pla e f t e piers. T e l wer c l ade is s rm ted, after t e classic fas i , by a riz tal e tablat re pr f sely carved w ile t e pper c l m s are b d by arc es, t s maki seve sides f t e cta a bea tif l pe scree f f rtee c l m s a d as ma y triple arcades, resple de t wit marbles f vari s es a d ric wit carved w rk. T e mass f t e piers is relieved by t eir p ly al f rm, a fl ted cymati m al t eir s mmit, a d a repeati desi f a fl wer betwee tw br ad leaves bel w t e e tablat re. T t e fl wer p i ts pwards it as bee mistake f r a cl ster f rapes.108 At t e f r dia al p i ts t e sides f t e cta are semicirc lar, f rmi ex edrae, a arra eme t w ic ives variety t t e li es f t e fi re, wide s t e ce tral area, sec res m re fr ta e f r t e allery, a d elps t b ttress t e d me. T e same feat re appears i S. S p ia, w ereas i Sa Vitale all t e sides f t e cta , excepti t e easter side, are semicirc lar. T e exte si f t e i teri r area f a b ildi (sq are r cta al) by mea s f ic es at t e a les r i t e sides, r b t at t e a les a d i t e sides, was a c mm practice.109

T ere is c siderable differe ce i t e size f t e piers a d t e d me arc es. T e easter piers sta d fart er apart t a t eir c mpa i s, a d c seq e tly t e arc ver t em, t e tri mp al arc f t e sa ct ary, is wider a d l ftier t a t e t er arc es. T e bays t t e rt -east a d t e s t -east are als wider t a t e bays at t e pp site a les. T e apse is semicirc lar wit i , a d s ws t ree sides t e exteri r. As i S. S p ia a d S. Ire e, t ere is pr t esis r diac ic . T e pairs f c l m s, b t bel w a d ab ve, are 73alter ately verd a tiq e a d red Sy ada marble, resti bases f t e bl e-vei ed w ite marble fr m t e isla d f Marm ra. T e capitals t e l wer rder are f t e bea tif l type k w as t e 'mel capital,' a f rm f d als i Sa Vitale at Rave a a d i t e p rc f S. T e d re i C sta ti ple (p. 246 ). T e ecki s are w rked wit t e capitals, a d e ric ed by 'e -a d-dart' p i ti pwards. I t e ce tre f t e capitals was carved t e m ram f J sti ia r t at f T e d ra. M st f t e m rams ave bee effaced, b t t e ame f t e empress still appears t e capital f t e wester c l m i t e s t bay, w ile t at f J sti ia is f d t e first capital i t e s t -wester bay; b t capitals i t e rt -wester bay, acc mpa ied by t e title Basile s; a d, partially, t e last capital i t e rt -easter bay. I t e s ffit f t e arc itrave are s k pa els f vari s patter s, t e six-armed cr ss cc rri twice. T e beadi s f t e fasciae are e ric ed wit t e desi s c mm ly k w as 'r pe,' 'bead-a d-reel,' 'e -a d-dart,' a d a ai 'bead-a d-reel.' T e frieze is i tw ei ts. T e l wer p rti is a semicirc lar p lvi ar ad r ed wit aca t s leaves, deeply derc t; t e pper p rti is cc pied by a l i scripti i raised r ame tal letters

T e passa e i terve i betwee t e recta lar e cl s re a d t e cta is divided i t tw st ries, t s pr vidi t e c rc wit a amb lat ry bel w a d a allery ab ve.

t t e r f J sti ia , T e d ra, a d S. Ser i s. T e c r ice is dec rated wit de tils, 'bead-a d-reel,' pr jecti c s ls, 'e -a d-dart,' a d leaves f aca t s. T e i scripti (Fi . 20 ) may be re dered t s: Ot er s verei s, i deed, ave red dead me w se lab r was seless. B t r sceptred J sti ia , f steri piety, rs wit a sple did ab de t e serva t f C rist, Creat r f all t i s, Ser i s; w m r t e b r i breat f fire, r t e sw rd, r t er c strai ts f trials dist rbed; b t w e d red f r t e sake f G d C rist t be slai , ai i by is bl d eave as is me. May e i all t i s ard t e r le f t e ever-vi ila t s verei , a d i crease t e p wer f t e G d-cr w ed T e d ra w se mi d is bri t wit piety, w se t il ever is spari eff rts t ris t e destit te.

C rc f SS. Ser i s a d Bacc s. I scripti C rc . Fi . 20.

t e Frieze i t e

T t e rear f t e s t er strai t side f t e cta tw c l m s sta d der t e allery, wit wide fillets w rked b t sides f t eir bases, s afts, a d capitals, s wi t at a frame f st e r w d was ce affixed t t em. T e capitals are f t e rdi ary c s i type a d bear pp site faces t e m rams J sti ia , Basile s. rt -east.

SS. Ser i s a d Bacc s. T e I teri r, L ki rt -east. SS. Ser i s a d Bacc s. P rti SS. Ser i s a d Bacc s. P rti f t e E tablat re. f t e E tablat re.

75 Tw feet ab ve t e c r ice, r twe ty feet fr m t e fl r f t e c rc , t e level f t e allery is reac ed.111 Here t e c l m s are smaller t a t se bel w, a d are b d t et er by arc es i stead f by a arc itrave. T eir capitals represe t t e type k w as t e 'Pse d -I ic' r c s i capital, i view f its br ad ead. It appears appr priately ere as t e f rm f capital req ired t carry t e imp st f a arc p a capital. At e time, i deed, t at dema d was met by placi p t e capital a disti ct bl ck f st e, a fra me t, s t speak, f t e riz tal arc itrave. It is t e device ad pted i Sa

/T

face pa e 74./

PLATE XIV. SS. Ser i s a d Bacc s. T e I teri r, L ki

74 T e i scripti is t mere flattery t t e f ders f t e c rc . J sti ia a d T e d ra were dev t after t e fas i f t eir day, a d t k a deep i terest i t e p r. T e empress erected a asyl m f r falle w me , stels f r stra ers, spitals f r t e sick, a d mes f r t e destit te. 'O t e sple did piece f tapestry embr idered i ld w ic f rmed t e altar cl t f S. S p ia, s e was represe ted wit J sti ia as visiti spitals a d c rc es.'110

Vitale at Rave a, S. Demetri s f Sal ica, a d elsew ere, b t ever it w ld seem i C sta ti ple, except i t e der r d cister s f t e city. It was, wever, t i artistic t e d re, a d eve t ally was s perseded by capitals wit a br ad flatte ed ead w ic t e wide imp st f a arc c ld rest sec rely.112 A free f rm f aca t s, deeply derc t area f t e c rc , c vers t e capitals, a all t e capitals except t e ei t (c carved t e m ram f t e title Basile s, t e face t d i t e ce ti fr m t r f J sti I t e s t side f t e allery sta d tw c l m s c rresp di t t e tw c l m s i t e aisle bel w. T ey are p r i desi a d t ri i al. T e wester capital is 'Pse d -I ic,'113 wit a plai cr ss t e rt er face. T e easter capital is i t e basket f rm wit r dels t e f r faces. Tw additi al c l m s are f d i t e wester p rti f t e allery. T ey are f verd a tiq e a d lar er t a t e t er c l m s i t is st ry f t e c rc , a d ave s k cr sses i t em. T e sple d r f t e i teri r dec rati as certai ly bee dimmed, f r t e walls f t e edifice ce leamed wit marbles a d littered wit m saics. 'By t e s ee f its 76marbles,' says Pr c pi s,114 'it was m re resple de t t a t e s , a d everyw ere it was filled pr f sely wit ld.' W e Fer s exami ed t e b ildi , remai s f fresc es r f m saics, w ic ave disappeared si ce is time, c ld be disti is ed i t e art ex. T e s ffit, b t f t e pper a d f t e l wer cymati m t e piers, pr jects s fficie tly t admit t e applicati f t e c st mary marble i cr stati . T e pr p rti s f t e b ildi are marred by t e b arded fl r w ic rises seve tee ce timeters ab ve t e ri i al paveme t, dis isi t e real elevati f t e d me a d f t e c l m s i t e l wer c l ade. B t twit sta di all c a es f r t e w rse t e b ildi is still a bea tif l str ct re. Very effective especially is t e appy c mbi ati f t e vari s li es a d f rms ere br t t et ert e rectili ear a d t e semicirc lar sides f t e cta , t e cta al fabric a d t e r d d me t at cr w s it, t e riz tal e tablat re stretc ed al t e s mmit f t e l wer st ry f c l m s a d t e arc es t at leap fr m c l m t c l m i t e allery. T is arm i s variety f f rm as als a ist rical si ifica ce. A ld rder i arc itect re a d a ew rder ere meet a d embrace bef re t e earlier, avi served its a e, passes away a d t e later c mes tri mp a t t fill a t er era f t e w rld wit fres bea ties. Here i t e tide f time we l k bef re a d after. PLATE XV. T e Baptistery, S. S p ia, fr m t e east.. T e Baptistery, S. S p ia, fr m t e east.

wards t e ce tral tre f t at face, e rt -east) is ia , r f T e d ra.

T t e st de t f arc itect re t e d me f t is c rc is specially i teresti . I t e applicati f t e d me t t e cta pe de tives are empl yed. T e cta is carried p t t e base f t e d me, w ic is b ilt i sixtee l it di al c mpartme ts t at impi e p e a t er a d f rm r i s ivi t t e d me its stre t a d sweep. O t e r i s is a plaster m ldi , pr bably Byza ti e. T e ei t c mpartme ts directly ab ve t e d me arc es are flat, a d fl s wit t e i er face f t e cta , a d i eac f t em is a semicirc lar- eaded wi d w. T ey rise perpe dic lar t a p i t a little ab ve t e wi d ws, a d t e c rve wit a radi s t t e ce tre f t e d me.

T e Baptistery, S. S p ia. T e I teri r, l ki T e Baptistery, S. S p ia. T e I teri r, l ki west. /T face pa e 76./ 77

O t e t er a d t e ei t c mpartme ts directly ab ve t e a les f t e cta are arr wer t a t e precedi c mpartme ts; t ey ave wi d ws, a d, w at is f special imp rta ce t te, t ey are deeply c cave.115 S c marked ll w ess is f d i later d mes as a dec rative feat re, b t ere it is primarily a d s premely a c str ctive device. By its mea s t e c cave c mpartme ts are set sli tly back fr m t e cta 's i er face, leavi , at t e spri i li e, p rti s f t e wall- ead t appear as little flat led es eac side f t e a les. T is is a m st skilf l expedie t, 78a d c mpares fav rably wit t e met ds empl yed elsew ere t apply t e d me t t e cta .116 I t e cta al c rc f S. L re z at Mila t e cta is t r ed i t t e circle by t e i tr d cti f sq i c es. I Sa Vitale a c siderable walli is b ilt betwee t e li e f t e cta a d t e spri i li e f t e d me, w ile t e bed f r t e d me is f rmed by i tr d ci , i t e space ver t e a les f t e cta , ic es w ic are w rked ab ve t t e circle pla . O t e t er a d, it is i teresti t c mpare wit t ese met ds t e met d empl yed i t e baptistery f S. S p ia, w a S lta 's T rb, ear t e s t er e tra ce t t e i er art ex. Alt t e walls f t e b ildi describe a sq are t e exteri r, t ey f rm a cta t e i teri r wit semicirc lar bays at t e dia als, as i SS. Ser i s a d Bacc s. B t i t e applicati f t e d me t e tr e pe de tive is sed. T e baptistery was erected s rtly bef re S. S p ia, a d i view f t e erecti f t e reat c rc . T e c rvat re f t e d me f SS. Ser i s a d Bacc s as t ree z es, w ic ave respectively a radi s f m. 8, (draw fr m t e ce tre f t e cta ), m. 3^1 _4 , a d m. 9^1 _2 , (ce tre ab t m. 2, bel w t e spri i f t e d me). T e first exte ds t a p i t a little ab ve t e eads f t e d me wi d ws; t e sec d ab t m. 2 i er; t e t ird t t e cr w f t e d me. T e r i s st p s rt a little bel w t e d me's apex, w ere t ey are arc ed i t e a t er, leavi a sa cer-s aped cr w w capped by a T rkis fi ial. T e d me is c vered wit lead, a d prese ts a d lati s rface wi t t e pr t bera ce f its ei t c cave c mpartme ts.117

79T e system f wei ti a d b ttressi t e d me displays reat skill, a d will be best derst d by st dyi Mr. He ders 's e metrical a d c str ctive secti s f t e systems (Fi s. 28, 29 ). At east e d f s t aisle.

/At east e d f s t I t e allery.

aisle./

Fi . 21.View f t e Exteri r

f t e D me f SS. Ser i s a d Bacc s..

C rc

f SS. Ser i s a d Bacc s. Exteri r View

f t e D me.

west.

/I t e allery./ Fi . 22.Brick Stamps i SS. Ser i s a d Bacc s. (Fr m r bbi s by Mr. A. E. He ders .) 80 Gr d Pla (l ki p) a d Gy aece m Pla (l ki Fi . 23.

Fi . 24. 81 Pla at base f D me (Cr ss Secti ), Tra sverse Secti t r S t Aisle. Fi s. 25, 26, 27. 82 C str ctive Secti f t e I teri r Arra eme t a d C str ctive Secti f t e Rear Fi . 28. a d Secti

Fi . 29. 83 Secti s f M ldi s. Fi . 30. 81 Pr c p. /De aed./ i. c. 4; Ba d ri, iii. p. 45. 82 /De t p./ ii. c. 14. 83 Cedre . ii. pp. 642-43. 84 Ma si, viii. c l. 1010. 85 Ba d ri, iii. p. 45. T e c rc was visited by R ssia pil rims i 1200, 1350, 1393./Iti . r sses/, pp. 160, 120, 164. 86 Pr c p. /De aed./ i. p. 186. S. Peter ' ear t e palace' is me ti ed i t e list f abb ts at t e Sy d f C.P. i 536. Ma si, viii. c l. 930, c l. 939. A t er d c me t f t e same Sy d, c l. 1010, is si ed by Peter, e me s f SS. Peter a d Pa l a d f t e ly martyrs SS. Ser i s a d Bacc s. 87 Die l, /Ma el d'art byza ti /, p. 31. A t iadi as draw my atte ti t t e j cti f a basilica a d a exa al b ildi i a baptistery at Tiv li. See De i d Bez ld, /Atlas/, plate

p).

i. fi . 10. 88 Sy ax, Oct. 7. 89 D Ca e, iv. p. 135. 90 Cedre . i. p. 635; Pr c p. /Secret Hist ry/, c. 6; Pr c p. /De aed./ ii. p. 234; T e p . p. 339; T e p . C t. p. 154.

92 P g 220. 93 B ro u , / l ccl c /, om. x. p. 253, 1741: 'qu m b l c m orum h c domo o r ub om orum v r b l um co ruc m, llu r r llum r l rg .'

94 /Ib d./ p. 254.

96 /U upr /, ( . . SS. S rg u d B cchu ). 97 B ro u , x. p. 43.

98 Th oph. p. 349; M l l , p. 485. 99 L Gr d P l . Ep gr m 8 h / holog Gr c p gr mm um/ (vol. . S d -Mu ll r) c l br h r c o by Ju o SS. P r d P ul, . 100 B , . . 43 ' m c f g m j c m ccl m . P l , /E /. v . . . /E . R m. ./ 101 T Pl c '; cf. , g l

102 /N /. T l c g m l m F R g f c y, /P l m Pl c m/ /D m Pl c A g /. g l f l c c c l l , g v g cc f m C T l l g f P Ag l g 680, cc f F C c l T ll , l P C 710, c m E c mm f J II., .A B l c , . 54, 65. 103 E l ccl . D C g , /C . C

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106 m l y c f g ll y . . R (/C mm . C . P y ./ . 195) f 'F , c f c m c c c m .' Cf. l j c , A , , vol. . p. 291, o 101; p. 331, o 190; p. 332.

107 Th pl o SS. S rg u d B cchu m l r o h o h c h dr l o Bo r (511-12), h ch l o d d c d o h m . F rgu o , /H ory o c d M d v l rch c ur /, vol. . p. 432. 108 Gyll u , /D Top. C.P./ . c. 16. I h d g r pr d v l v d gr p , ur ly d d o llud o h god B cchu , bu o h v h go p l o S. Joh . Th m ll colum o h p r r Tur h. 109 o d , /S. o o h d v lopm o bu xh dr , rom h r mpl orm r r or llu r o o pl B u u d b dl d /, vol. . gur 1, 2, 3, 4, 7; pl .

110 C. D hl, /Th odor /, pp. 242, 342.

111 Th r o o h h gh o loor o h church o h h gh o h umm ccord g o o d , ^1 _3.5 , h m h m u . ,' y ), ' rv h b uppor b h ruc

112 'Pulv p. 11, E gl h r l o pr g r o h rch c rry, h l llo g h jur g h b l y o

113 R vo r , /u upr /, p. 62: 'Th volu P udo-Io c c p l d d o co c l h brup o r o rom h qu r o h pulv o h rou d.'

115 'Th c r o h r d o h co c v comp r m r orm d by h v g hr po g v h gro o h r d d h gl o h oc go h c r . W h h po or ch comp r m h r d u g v , d rc ur d g v g h co c v y r qu r d or ch b pr g g.' . E. H d r o h /Bu ld r/, J u ry 1906, p. 4.

117 'Th dom d h polygo o x h r our m r bov h pr g g l , p g h dom d gh g h h u ch . g h polygo l c g r bu r orm d by h x o o h p r o h oc go o

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Th church o S. Ir d hor d c o h or ho S. Soph , h r cour o h S r gl o. I d y h v r b qu o d, or h bu ld g oo much h publ c y d oo r h c r o h ccl c l r o h c y o r d r po bl y m co c r g r l ch r c r. I l y d cr b d clo o S. Soph .118 ccord g o h h or Socr ,119 or g lly o o h Chr c u r o h old o o Byz um, m m y ll b l v , g Byz um h o b hop b or h ou d o o Co opl . Th d g o o h church ' h c ' or ' h Old Church,' Eccl qu , ,120 and the spec a regard cher shed r the church dur ng the ear er h st ry the c ty, are a s thus est exp a ned. The r g na sanctuary was sma ,121 ut when Byzant um ecame the cap ta the East the d a r c was en arged and eaut ed y nstant ne the Great t harm n ze w th ts grander surr und ngs, and was ded cated t Peace, n h n ur the rest and qu et wh ch sett ed up n the R man w r d when the under the c ty had vanqu shed a h s r va s a ter e ghteen years c v war.122 PLATE X I. . Irene, r m the s uth-east. < mages/p_16_800.jpg> . Irene, r m the s uth-east. ace page 84./

85

te name were und n rd ng t the / t t Th oph , p. 353. , p. 269; Sy x., J ., J . 23. E y by by f ; N . nstant n p e: . Irene a/. . Irene n y a S. Ir by h S , . 10. Th l l o f Em M C . / /. I

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$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ S. Ir com prom ly o v dur g h rc ruggl b h dh r o h N c Cr d d h r , h h l -c ury h ch ollo d h ugur o o N Rom . H v g b p r u d d h h po u b h o h olog c l p r o l, d h h g o o h qu o du o lov o d pu o , Co h Gr , ho v lu d p c lmo y pr c , mp d o uppr h co rov r y by h u hor y, d ccord gly ord r d h P r rch l x d r o dm r u , h pr h c y, o h Holy Commu o . W h h ord r l x d r, ch mp o o h N c Cr d, r u d o comply. Wh r upo h ollo r o r u d c d d o h v r cour o v ol c . Bu o h v ry v o h d y x d o c rry ou h r purpo , r u udd ly ll h Forum o Co 86 d d d o h po . Th h or Socr r g rd h v h c o God, or h h p r rch h rd h h h r c d d o do, h r r d o h church o S. Ir , d h r or m y d y d gh , h g d r , d h h l p pr d o h l r, mplor d d v uccour h rr bl x r m y. 'I h op o o r u b ru ,' h p r rch pr y d, 'l m d ; bu h y r l l h m b judg d.' Th r g c d o r u co d r d h r o h pr y r.

U til t y r 360, t c urc of S. Sop i s op d to public ors ip by t Emp ror Co st tius, S. Ir pp rs to v b t c t dr l of t city. H c , prob bly, t m som tim s giv to it, t P tri rc t , .123 Nor d d h church lo pr m cy l og h r v r h r c o o S. Soph . O h co r ry, h o church r r g rd d orm g o c u ry; h y r clo d h h m cour , rv d by h m cl rgy, d o by h m m , ' h Gr Church,' .124 S. Ir g h ol c h dr l bu ld g, h l S. Soph l y ru or l v y r r b g o r 404, o h occ o o h l b hm o Joh Chry o om.

Upo h d h o l x d r 343, h g o y- gh , h o p r c m o coll o r g rd o h qu o o h ucc or. Th d c d pr l h d r comm d d o p r o u bl o ll h pl c : h pr by r P ul, b c u o h b l ; h d co M c do u , o ccou o h g d v r bl pp r c . Th r vour d M c do u , mor ymp hy h h r op o ; h or hodox, ho v r, c rr d h l c o d ll d P ul S. Ir . Th d d p r y m o h v ubm d, bu h Emp ror Co u , v ol r , qu h d h l c o , d ppo d Eu b u o N com d , prom uphold r o h v o r u , b hop o h c p l. Upo h d h o Eu b u 346 h h olog c l comb g z d h oppor u y o ry h r r g h. Th or hodox r c ll d P ul; h r co cr d M c do u . I c d by h proc d g , Co u , h och, ord r d H rmog , h m g r m l um Thr c , o proc d o Co opl d dr v P ul rom h c y. Bu o oo r d d H rmog mp o x cu h ruc o h h popul c ro , bur h hou o h grou d, d r dr gg g h m lo g h r , ll d h m. Th mp ror ur ou . H hurr d b c o Co opl , b h d P ul, d r duc d by o -h l h mou o r br d d ly d r bu d mo g h c z . Nor d d h ully r cog z M c do u b hop. U d r h c rcum c P ul m d h y o Rom , d, h v g cur d h uppor o h Pop , r pp r d Co opl h r gh ul b hop o h . Bu h mp ror, g Syr , o o b b l d. Mor gry

d./ p. 89;

$ $ ' $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ PL TE X II. S. Ir , Sou h S d . S. Ir S. Ir S. Ir /To , Sou h S d . , Nor h S d . c p g 86./ 88 ccord g o h b ogr ph r o S. S ph h You g r, ho um r h x cum c l cou c l , d d c , mo c , h r ch m , h mou Cou c l m h church o S. Ir .128 Bu Th odor L c or129 y h Cou c l mbl d h church o Homo o , d xpl h m o h church comm mor v o h h rmo y h ch pr v l d mo g h b hop ho g h r d h r o h occ o . m r o c , o o h church o h c y bor h m Homo o .130 Po bly h d cr p cy b h m o h u hor ju m o d m y b du o co u o r g rom m l r m g o h m o h o church .

h v r, h 87 p r mp ory ord r o Ph l p, h pr c o Co opl , o xp l P ul d o r cog z M c do u . By l ul rr g m P ul qu ly r mov d rom h c . Bu o ll M c do u mor d cul u d r g. Th pr c , ho v r, ord r d h ch r o , d h M c do u d by h d m d or S. Ir , u d r cor o roop c rry g dr ord . Th h rp, d po l rm d h cro d h r , d hou d c o o c or cl m ru h d or h church, v rybody ry g o ou r p h ghbour h r c o g h r r . Soo ll h ppro ch o h bu ld g r p c d o u oc o ; o o rr d b c rd or or rd , d h pr c ' ch r o u bl o dv c . Wh m d ho l b rr c d o hum b g ld d og h r ob ruc d h p h. I v d d h old r br d h h r ord h hop o r gh g h cro d o d p r . Th cro d ood oc ll, o b c u ould o , bu b c u could o mov . Th old r gr gry, r or d o h r po , d cu y o h church hrough h comp c m o hum y h co o 3150 l v ; om o h v c m b g cru h d o d h, o h r ll d h po o h ord. So M c do u co duc d o h hro h mpl o P c .125 Bu h co l c b h oppo p r co u d, d r x y r p or o r cov r h po o , P ul r or d o o c hrough h rv o o h Pop o Rom , o h Emp ror Co , d o h Sy od o S rd c . I br r umph. I 350 P ul x l d or l o Cucu u , d M c do u rul d o c mor h d.126 For h x h r y y r S. Ir h h o h r church o h c p l r m d h h d o h r .

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$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ I h mo h o D c mb r 564, h h r y- v h y r o Ju ' r g , o h r gr r hr d o d roy h bu ld g h ch h mp ror h d r c d h qu r r o h c y b d S. Soph . Th ho p l o S mp o g bur do ; h r um o h Gr Church, o h G r o o o , u r d; o mo r clo o S. Ir p r h d, d, h mo co c r u , h r um d p r o h r h x o S. Ir l r co um d.135 Ho oo h jur r r p r d o r cord d. h h bu S. l oo r ug ov r hro ccord g o o h occ b p ry church , h h h 477, h /P o o ood b d r Th r or o o h church clud d h 89m g c ch m o Ju h Gr o bu ld o h ld r o h cr d by h r b l ubj c h mo um o h mp r . d o S. Ir ro rom ru , h l rg c u ry Co opl , xc p S. Soph .133 Th br c b r g h m r ' h Gr Church,' , h ch r bu l o r d b g h or h r ll o h r um, ord o d c o o h d h S. Ir r bu l . Th b o comp r v ly r c or g .134 Dur g h 176 y r h ollo d h r co ruc o o h church by Ju , S. Ir do o pp r h ory. Bu 740 jur d by h r hqu h ch hoo Co opl h l y r o h r g o L o III. h I ur .136 Th oph 137 v ry pr c r g rd o h m h h d r occurr d; o h 26 h o Oc ob r, h h d c o , o W d d y, gh o'cloc . Th d m g do bo h h c y d h o o Thr c d B hy rr bl . I N c o ly o church l d g, h l Co opl d plor d h ru o l rg por o o h l d rd or c o d h lo o m y church , mo r , d publ c mo um . S. Ir h h , d, h x m o o h bu ld g by Mr. G org h prov d, u d mo r ou jur . Th Emp ror L o d d bou x mo h r h d r, d h r or u c r h h r h church r bu l b or h d h. H r o 90 ur lly d r c d o h r co ruc o o h or c o o h c y, h r h m ll pp r , h h o h o d ucc or Co Copro ymu , h r bu ld r o h ll bul r . Bu l hough h r o r cord o h pr c d h ch h ru d church r p r d, m y ly um h h or o comm c d h l L o III. upo h hro , u d r oo r h cc o o Co Copro ymu . S. Ir oo mpor o b lo g gl c d, d prob bly r bu l dur g h c d cy o h co ocl .

r d g or o c ur h Co d c bur o grou d by h r h ch h r b l c o h N R o o o c o h pr c o Fr d y, h 16 h o J u ry 532. Th ld g h d rro ly c p d h m h r h ch d roy d Soph rl r h cour o h r o , d m gh h v urv v d o h co l gr o h ch c u lly p r h d, bu or h ro g d h ch c rr d h l m rom h pr or um o h church, d vour g o h r y h b h o l x d r, p r o h ho p c o Eubulu , d h ho p l o S mp o h p . d ch ldr S. Ir , h h d h Emp ror Z o r cov r d h hro . Bu , ch l Chro cl /,132 B l cu l d h gr b p ry o S. Soph . h S. Ir d S. Soph d m y h v rv d bo h c b h o m o r ou .

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