BK1 1 Furture of Wireless Network

7/27/2019 BK1 1 Furture of Wireless Network

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2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

802.11 and all that what s happeningin the Wireless Networking world?

Past, present and future

Mike Weaver Cisco Networking Academy


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2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 802.11 etc 2

Wireless LANs

The current Networking Academy courseFundamentals of Wireless LANs has nowbeen available for two years

In that time, there have been some significantchanges in the wireless networking arenaSome of these changes were mentionedbriefly in the course material.

..whilst others were not evenon the radar when the course was developed


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Wireless LANs

The aim of this presentation is to investigatesome of the enhancements that have beenmade, or are being proposed, in the wireless

world and n o t specifically WLANtechnologyThese will be considered on a standardizedbasis, looking at the IEEE 802 standardsworking groups where they are, and wherethe work m ay lead


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Wireless 802 Working Groups

Wireless LAN technology is standardizedwithin the IEEE 802.11 working groups (WG)Other IEEE 802 working groups that are likelyto have a significant effect on wirelesstechnology include:-

802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networking 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (WiMAX ) 802.18 Radio Regulatory Technical Advisory Grp 802.20 Mobile (Broadband) Wireless Access 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks


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Wireless 802 Working Groups (WG)

The major standards that are likely to be of interest within the Academy program are:

802.11 standards (WiFi) 802.16 standards (WiMax)

However, we will initially look at a brief summaryof the responsibilityof the other groups..


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802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks

The 802.15 WG has publisheda wireless personal area networkstandard based on Bluetooth (802.15-1)

In addition, standards have been published for: co-existence of PANs and WLANs (802.15-2) low rate, low power, low complexity, short range

and long life (sensor) technology (802.15- 4) aka ZigBee

The 802.15 3 WG is currently investigating highrate (20 Mbits/s) wireless PANs, that will providefor low power, low cost solutions for multimediaand digital imaging applications


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ZigBee

ZigBee builds upon the 802.15-4 standard to defineapplication profiles that can be shared amongdifferent manufacturersThe specification for the physical layer defines a low-power spread-spectrum radio operating at 2.4 GHzwith a basic bit rate of 250 Kb/sThe ZigBee Alliance starts with the 802.15-4standard, and is currently defining applicationprofiles that will allow devices manufactured bydifferent companies to talk to one another

For example, the ZigBee Lighting Profile will define all theprotocols so you can purchase a ZigBee light switch fromcompany A and know that it will work properly with lightsmanufactured by company B



802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG

The 802.18 WG is responsible for monitoringand advising on various national andinternational regulations as they relate to the

use of the wireless spectrum within the sixother IEEE 802 working groups with projectsfor radio based systems



Broadband Wireless Technology

There are three major working groups within IEEEthat are exploring differing technologies for supporting wireless broadband

802.20 Mobile broadband 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks 802.16 WiMaxWe will look at each in turn, and present a brief

comparison The mobile operators 3G technology will not be

considered in this presentation, but should not beignored! It cost them a great deal of money



IEEE 802.20 Mobile broadband

The 802.20 WG is tasked with developingspecifications for mobile broadband wireless access(MBWA) systems.A draft 802.20 specification was balloted andapproved on 18 Jan this year Such systems will be optimised for peak data rates >1Mb/s based on cell ranges of 15 Km on vehiclesmoving at up to 250 Km/h in a MAN environment i.e.high speed trainsOperation will be in licensed bands below 3.5GHz

Metrically challenged conversions9.3 miles 155 miles/h



IEEE 802.22

The charter of the IEEE 802.22 WorkingGroup on Wireless Regional Area Networks(WRANs ) is to develop a standard for a

cognitive radio-based air interface, includingthe MAC layer and physical layer, for use bylicense-exempt devices on a non-interferingbasis in fixed point-to-multipoint wireless

regional area networks operating in theVHF/UHF TV broadcast bands between 54MHz and 862 MHz - spectrum that is allocatedto the TV Broadcast Service



IEEE 802.22

This standard is intended to enable deploymentof interoperable 802 multi-vendor WRANproducts, to facilitate competition in broadbandaccess by providing alternatives to local loop(wired) broadband access

It will also extend the deployment of suchsystems into diverse geographic areas,including sparsely populated rural areas, whilepreventing harmful interference to incumbentlicensed services in the TV broadcast bands



IEEE 802.22

There is a large, untapped market for broadband wireless access in rural and other unserved/underserved areas where wiredinfrastructure cannot be economicallydeployed

Products based on this standard will be able toserve those markets and increase theefficiency of spectrum utilisation in spectrumcurrently allocated to, but unused by, the TVbroadcast service (so called white space )



IEEE 802.16 WiMAX

WiMAX (World w ide In terop erabi l i ty of Micro w ave Access ) is a wireless Internet service designed tocover wide geographical areas serving largenumbers of users at low costWiMAX is the synonym given to the IEEE 802.16standard defining wide area wireless data networkingWiMAX is considered one of the best solutions for "last mile" distributionIn contrast, wireless LANs (WLANs 802.11) aredesigned to provide network access with in anenvironment once Internet service has beendelivered to that point



IEEE 802.16 WiMAX

WiMAX access technology is an integral part of theInternet access portfolio, complementing 2G/3Gmobile access, DSL and cable fixed access, and Wi-Fi hotspot access:

WiMAX provides portable high -speed packet dataservices for IP applications that complement the

full mobility, nationwide coverage, voice support at high speeds, and moderate data rates

of 2G/3G mobile access



IEEE 802.16 WiMAX (continued)

WiMAX complements broadband by helpingdelivery in new markets. WiMAX allows DSLoperators to extend service rapidly and costeffectively into areas of poor wire quality and lower population density

WiMAX, with its long range and quality-of-service(QoS) capabilities in licensed bands, complementscurrent public WLAN hotspot offerings



Markets for WiMAX

Ref: http://www.alcatel.com/com/en/appcontent/apl/S0406-WiMAX-EN_tcm172-44791635.pdf



802.16 - 2004

There are two major .16 specifications to provideoptimized solutions for fixed, nomadic, portable andmobile broadband wireless access - 802.16-2004 and802.16e802.16-2004

based on the -2004 version of the original IEEE 802.16standard and on ETSI HiperMAN.

previously known 802.16d and was ratified in July 2004. uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

and supports fixed and nomadic access in Line of Sight(LOS) and Non Line of Sight (NLOS) environments



802.16e Mobile Access

802.16e Optimised for dynamic mobile radio channels, this version is

based on the .16e amendment and provides support for handoffs and roaming

It uses Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingAccess (SOFDMA), a multi-carrier modulation technique thatuses sub-channelisation

Service providers that deploy 802.16e can also use thenetwork to provide fixed service

802.16e operates in the 2.3 Ghz, 2.5 Ghz, 3.5 Ghz (licensed)and 5.8 Ghz (unlicensed) bands

The standard was ratified on 7 Dec 2005 and is likely to beknown as 802.16e - 2005



802.16 example

Nomad, a UK Company, inconjunction with T-Mobile, areproviding Hi speed Internetaccess on the 50 mile London Brighton commuter route using(pre) 802.16 trackside stationsthat interface with trains wiredfor 802.11

The links can pass data to andfrom any train at up to 32Mb/s,making it the fastest data link toa train anywhere in the world.


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Mobile Architecture Comparison

Mobile Data Architectures

802.16e 802.20 3G

IP 802.16a mobility (>1Mb/s) IP roaming and handoff (>1Mb/s)

Circuit-switched cell data(


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Likely Broadband Wireless evolution


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IEEE 802.11b

The 802.11b amendment to the original standard wasratified in 1999 and led to the rapid adoption of WLANtechnologyIt is now considered a mature standard, generallysuperseded in new equipment by 802.11g802.11b has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit/sand uses the same CSMA/CA media access methoddefined in the original standard.The CSMA/CA protocol overhead means that, inpractice, the maximum 802.11b throughput anapplication can achieve is about 5.9 Mb/s over TCPand about 7.1 Mb/s over UDP


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IEEE 802.11a

802.11a is an IEEE standard for a wireless networkthat operates at 5GHz with rates up to 54Mb/sThe 802.11a amendment to the original standard wasalso ratified in 1999The 802.11a standard uses the same core protocol asthe original standard, and uses a 52-subcarrier orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)with a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mb/s, whichyields realistic net achievable throughput in the mid-20 Mb/s

It is not interoperable with 802.11b, except if using equipmentthat implements both standards (dual standard)


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802.11a

Since the 2.4GHz band is heavily used, usingthe 5GHz band gives 802.11a the advantage of less interference.

Disadvantages of this high carrier frequencyinclude:

Restricting the use of 802.11a to almost LOS,necessitating the use of more access points;

802.11a signals cannot penetrate as far as 802.11bsince it is absorbed more readily, other things (suchas power) being equal.


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802.11g

Ratified In June 2003, a third modulation standardThis works in the 2.4 GHz band (as does 802.11b) butoperates at a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mb/s, or about 24.7 Mb/s net throughput like 802.11a.802.11g hardware will work with 802.11b hardware.

Details of making b and g work well together occupied muchof the lingering technical process

In older networks the presence of an 802.11b participantsignificantly reduces the speed of an 802.11g network


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Additional 802.11x standards

The 802 standards that are likely to havemajor impact on wireless LANs include:

802.11i security enhancements 802.11n high throughput improvements 802.11e QOS enhancements 802.11s Standard For Wireless Mesh Networks


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IEEE 802.11i security enhancements

IEEE 802.11i is an amendment to the 802.11standard specifying security mechanismsThe draft standard was ratified in June 2004,

and supersedes the previous securityspecification, Wired Equivalent Privacy(WEP), which was known to have severesecurity weaknesses

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) had previouslybeen introduced by the Wi-Fi Alliance as anintermediate solution to WEP insecurities

WPA implemented a subset of 802.11i.


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IEEE 802.11i WPA2

The Wi-Fi Alliance refers to the approved,interoperable implementation of the full802.11i as WPA2

802.11i makes use of the AdvancedEncryption Standard (AES) block cipher

WEP and WPA use the RC4 software stream cipher RC4 falls short of the high standards of security

set by cryptographers, and some ways of usingRC4 lead to WEP being very insecure. It is notrecommended for use in new systems.


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802.11n high-throughput WLAN

802.11n is the standard that is likely to havethe most visibility in the near futureThe proposed standard will enable high-

performance, next-generation wireless localarea networking (WLAN) products thatsupports speeds of up to 600 Mb/s, and willenable wireless systems to deliver greater rangeThis will allow wireless products acrossmultiple market segments to supportadvanced multimedia applications


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IEEE 802.11n

In a newly released report, the Dell'Oro Groupforecasts that sales of 802.11n WLANequipment will exceed $1 billion in 2007, only

the second year of shipments for this newtechnology:-

We expect 802.11n will comprise 90 percent of the

consumer WLAN shipments in 2009. We alsoexpect enterprises to begin widely adopting802.11n in 2009, once this new technology hasbecome established in notebook computers


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802.11n history

In January 2004 IEEE announced that it had formed anew 802.11 Task Group (TGn) to develop a new highthroughput amendment to the 802.11 standard for WLANs

Initially, there were two competing proposals for the802.11n standardIn July 2005 the competitors (and a third group),proposed that they would merge their respectiveproposals as a draft which would be sent to the IEEEin September; a final version was submitted inNovember. The standardization process was thenexpected to be completed by the second half of 2006.


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Pre 802.11n

A number of vendors haveannounced pre -N equipment.However, as the standard hasnot been ratified, it isrecommended that purchasersbe careful of buying technologythat may not be upgradeable tothe eventual standard. caveat empto r !

A noticeable external differenceof 802.11n equipment is likelyto be the inclusion of extraantennas to support MIMO


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802.11n

However, it is not only the home user that willbenefit from the .11n technologyThe increased range is likely to mean less AP

are required to cover an equivalent areaFaster data throughput rates will also be seenas an advantage

However, the wired network could now be alimit with wireless rates >100Mb/s requiringGigabit ethernet backhaul


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802.11s

802.11s is the (currently unapproved) IEEE 802.11standard for ESS mesh networkingAs defined by the IEEE, an Extended Service Set(ESS) mesh is a collection of Mesh Points (MPs)interconnected with wireless links that enableautomatic topology learning and dynamic pathconfigurationThe proposed standard specifies an extension to the

IEEE 802.11 MAC to solve the interoperabilityproblem and defines an architecture and protocolthat support both broadcast/multicast and unicastdelivery using "radio-aware metrics over self-configuring multi- hop topologies


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802.11s

When final, the newstandard will use meshnetworking techniquesto extend the range of WLANs in astandardized, secureand reliable fashion

Mesh networking

reduces backhaul andinstallation costs whenmany wifi LANs areinterconnected


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IEEE 802.11e

Approved in late 2005 as a standard thatdefines a set of Quality of Serviceenhancements for WLAN applications,

The standard is considered of criticalimportance for delay-sensitive applications,such as Voice over Wireless IP andStreaming Multimedia

The protocol enhances the 802.11 MAC layer.


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New Cisco Solutions

Lightweight Access PointsReal Time RF ManagementMesh networksLocation Services


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What is LWAPP?

The Light Weight Access Point Protocol (LWAPP) is usedbetween an AP and a WLAN Controller.

Why is this critical to a scalable network deployment? Customers want to manage a network, not individual network

elements LWAPP allows a controller to manage the APs But how LWAPP is implemented is crucial

IETF draft is available at: http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ohara-capwap-lwapp-02.txt

LWAPP


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Autonomous AP vs. LWAPP AP

Autonomous Full 802.11 protocol Access router Managed device CLI RADIUS, 802.1X, etc. Secrets on device

LWAPP Real-time 802.11 protocol Remote interface No secrets on device Managed via controller No direct access RF Spectrum Analyzer IDS

Controller responsibilities Authentication/Policy

Enforcement Mobility Management RF Management


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Real-Time RF Management

RF channel 6 RF channel 1 Dynamic

ChannelAssignment

DynamicPower

Optimization

RF channel 11

Avoid interference/Improve performance Reduce hands on WLAN mgmt

Eliminate coverage holes Optimize coverage area


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Solving Performance & Capacity problems in high densityareas (e.g. conference rooms, cafeteria)

Better Network PerformanceDynamic Load Sharing

47 802.11 - Wireless Networking


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Solving Performance & Capacity problems in high densityareas (e.g. conference rooms, cafeteria)

Better Network PerformanceDynamic Load Sharing

48 802.11 - Wireless Networking


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Real-time Configuration Management

802.11 - Wireless Networking49

Channel 11Interference

Channel 1 Channel 6

Channel 1 Channel 11

Minimize the Impactof Noise and Interference

The Industry s 1st Intelligent Wireless Mesh


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The Industry s 1st Intelligent Wireless MeshSolution

Self-Configuring, Self-HealingMesh Zero-Touch Configuration Cisco s new Wireless Mesh Routing

Protocol

Engineered with Ease of

Deployment and Management asTop-of-MindRobust Embedded SecurityProvides Seamless MobilityIdentical Indoor & Outdoor PolicyManagement

Secure Reliable Scalable Manageable Dynamic


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Multiple Radios for Wireless Backhaul and


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2.4 GHz

5 GHz

Multiple Radios for Wireless Backhaul andAccess

4.9 GHz

Each Mesh AP has multiple radios: 802.11b/g - access; 802.11a - backhaul Hardware support for 4.9GHz Public Safety band

A variety of Antennas will be supported including 5.2 dBi and 8.0 dBi 2.4GHz Omnis 7.0 dBi dBi 5GHz Omni 9.5 dBi, 14.0 dBi and 17 dBiPatch Additional Directional and 4.9GHz antennas


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A utoma t i c

Controller

Easy Installation and Configuration

Mesh APs automatically establishconnection to controller

Root via wired connection Pole-top via self-configuring

backhaul connection

Pole- top AP uses Cisco s WirelessMesh Routing Protocol to establishbest path to RootAP authenticates to controller anddownloads configuration and radioparameters

Secure, Zero-Tou ch Mesh A P Con figu ration


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Self-Healing Mesh Networks

Automatic Service Load-balancingacross Wireless LAN Controllers

LWAPP communicates controller load to APs

APs learn secondary and tertiaryWireless LAN Controllers atNetwork Join Channel re-assignment in event of Channel conflictConnection to Alternate Controller

Deliver ing Mission -Cri t ical WiFi Acc ess Reliable

Controller-1

Controller-2

XX

X

Rogue AP


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WLAN Appliance

Ethernet Switch

WAN Link(T1, FR, ...)

Remote Office

Main Office

Access Points 3rd party AP

Cisco1030 REAP

Remote Edge Access Point (REAP)

The first Lightweight AP designed to work across Wide Area Networks

LWAPP(control plane only)


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WLAN Location Services

API for Third Party Applications Advanced asset management, ERP, schedulingand workflow application, E911

RF capacity management and historicallocation trending

Integrates with Cisco WCSIntuitive management through Cisco

WCS GUI

Industry s 1st Integrated LocationSolution

Real-time Location ServicesAdvanced RF Fingerprinting

High accuracy location resolutionwithin a few meters Granular rogue detection

Simultaneous tracking of thousands of clients

Laptops, PDAs, Tablets, Wi-Fi Phones,802.11 RFID Tags

New Cisco 2700 SeriesWireless Location Appliance


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Documents

BK1 1 Furture of Wireless Network