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28/10/2015 Blantyre City Council
Blantyre City Council
Mainstreaming Adaptation and Disaster Reduction in Urban Development - Disaster Resilient Spatial Planning in Blantyre City, Chikwawa and Karonga
Districts, Malawi
14 October, 2015,
Durban , South Africa
Blantyre City Council
Even with all the technology and the inventions that make modern life so
much easier than once it was, it takes just one big natural disaster
to wipe all that away and remind us that, here on earth, we are still at
the mercy of nature
Neil deGrasse Tyson
Exploring the population, urbanisation and
Climate Change cocktail
Cities and Climate Change – Case of Blantyre,
Karonga and Chikwawa
UN-HABITAT and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
UN-HABITAT Disaster Risk Management (DRM)
activities in Malawi.
Living with floods
Challenges
Hardware and Software Solutions
Lessons learned
3
The 7 billionth citizen came on earth in 2011
and by 2050 there will be 2 billion more
people.
Globally we are in the urban age.
Since 2007, over half of world population live
in urban areas.
Africa will enter urban age around 2030 when
half of Africans will live in urban areas.
Malawi’s urban age will come after 2050
Rapid population growth
• High fertility rates
Resource pressure
•Less land holdings per
capita
•Less resources per capita
•Resource degradation
•Land less able to support
growing population
Migration
•Rapid urbanisation
•Slum formation
6
Urbanisation
Trends:
Occupational (industrialisation)
Income (way of life)
Activities associated with cities and their functioning
Inward flow of food water, energy and other goods
GHG emissions
Energy
Transportation
Industry
Waste
Buildings
Agriculture and forestry
7
Linkage can be more complicated depending on
level of analysis: ◦ Developed countries with lower rates of population
growth have high per capita GHG emissions.
◦ Africa with high population growth has low per capita
GHG emissions and contributes only 5% of emissions.
CC driven more by production and consumption
patterns of affluent communities than by
population growth/size.
8
Population size in Africa matters more when it
comes to scale of consequences and adverse
impact of Climate Change.
Scale is ultimately determined by number of
people affected.
Though contributing little to Green House
Emissions (GHG) Africa is exposed to climate
hazards for a variety of reasons.
Rapid population growth happening together
with rapid urbanisation (often unplanned)
amplify disaster risk in Africa.
9
What matters
Slow population growth
Trend towards small households
in urban areas
Reduced economies of
scale
Increased disposable incomes for
consumption
Higher energy consumption per
capita
Not
absolute numbers in a city.
But
1. the choices that are made by urban residents and
2. the way cities are managed that affect the contribution of these areas to climate change
10
Geographic situation of an urban area including
climatic situation, altitude and location vis a vis
resources
Population growth
Density
Urban form
Type of economic activities
11
Coastal cities
storm surges
sea level rises
flooding
Inundation
loss of assets of strategic
national economic value
and coastal aquifers.
Inland cities
higher ambient
temperatures
stronger heat island
effects (with potential
damage to
infrastructure)
shrinking water tables
and associated urban
water shortages.
12
The urban poor are at the highest risk.
Locations vulnerable to floods and landslides.
Infrastructure is weak or lacking.
Housing is substandard.
Recovery from disasters is difficult for the poor
– no resources or adequate safety nets.
No legal protection including legal tenure for
housing sites.
13
Population growth, urbanisation and Climate
Change should be addressed together.
Climate Change in Africa heavily focused on
agriculture without establishing linkages with
urbanisation.
Urban poor often left out of safety nets and the
Climate Change agenda in the mistaken belief
that urban areas are ‘better off’.
14
10/28/2015
Blantyre City Assembly 15
Challenges
10/28/2015 17
Studies have shown that Malawi has experienced major
variations in weather patterns since the 70s ranging from
severe drought and extreme flood events
In 2009, 2010 and 2015 devastating floods have underscored
the countries vulnerability to climate change induced natural
disasters
With rapid urbanisation, disaster vulnerability in urban areas
has become an issue of increasing concern for urban planners
and policy makers as the ever increasing squatter settlements
develop in disaster prone areas
Lack of plan implementation and increasing informality have
contributed to the deplorable state of resilience to disaster
risks in urban areas. Some urban centres such as Karonga,
Chikwawa are affected relatively more frequent
W
Study areas
Karonga
Blantyre
Chikwawa
28/10/2015 Blantyre City Council
10/28/2015 Blantyre City Assembly 19
Background
Chikwawa
Karonga
Blantyre
Chikwawa
28/10/2015 Blantyre City Council
Blantyre City
10/28/2015 21
Topographic Map of Blantyre City
10/28/2015 22
Blantyre
Urban
Structure
Plan
10/28/2015 23
Blantyre
Population: 1,200,000 – day time, approx. 800,000
Founded in 1876 – Scottish missionaries
Surface Area: 228 Sq. Km
Largest commercial City in Malawi
BACKGROUND
10/28/2015
Informal Settlements and upgrading
24
10/28/2015 25
10/28/20
15 Blantyre City Council 26
12 people dead
2 missing
216 injured
3,369 homeless
All 23 wards in Blantyre City
have been heavily affected
thereby rendering communities
homeless and starving
Results
Blantyre City Council
BACKGROUND
2014 and 2015 - stormy rains, badly
impacting on social, environmental
and economic livelihood of residents.
First disaster – Chiwembe/Misesa
Ward (17 Dec, 2014)
43 houses damaged
Heavy persistent rains (11-14 Jan,
2015) - river flooding that swept
communities in vulnerable areas, but
also to weakening of numerous
houses which collapsed suddenly as a
result.
10/28/2015 28
29
Soche Hill in the 70s
30
Blantyre City Council
.
INTERVENTIONS
Blantyre City Council
BCC - forefront in data collection,
reporting and advocacy
Media played role in disseminating
info
Department of Disaster
Management Affairs (DoDMA),
NGOs intervened to the victims by
donating necessities that included
maize, blankets, beans, salt and
basic kitchen utensils.
Blantyre City Council
District Education Manager’s
Office provided provisional shelter
in various classroom blocks
District Health Office provided
clinical and public health services
to the casualties and the homeless
households respectively
Malawi Police Service is providing
security services in the temporary
shelters, while faith groups give
hope messages to the victims.
Blantyre City Council
School camps affected education
but also give pressure to the
neighbours thereby impairing their
livelihood setup.
10/28/2015 35
Karonga
Population – approx. 270,000
Town in northern part of Malawi
Last plan prepared in 2006 due for review in 2016
Disaster prone district
Bordered by North Rukuru River, Lake Malawi
Very low lying
Heavily faulted - East African Rift Valley System
Chikwawa
356,000
BACKGROUND
10/28/2015 36
Karonga
37
80% of global Green House Emission
(GHG) come from cities.
Contribute disproportionately to
national economies.
Centres of political and governance
innovations.
Cities should therefore play major roles in
climate change interventions
38
Multiple role of local authorities
◦ As regulators
◦ As taxation and licensing authorities
◦ As strategic land use planners and developers
◦ As consumers of goods and services
◦ As providers of goods and services
The local authority ‘dividend’ makes LAs
exceptionally well positioned to lead and influence
CC interventions. They can stimulate behaviour
change among citizens and businesses.
39
Planning in African cities
◦ Promotion of highly dispersed cities with
long commuting distances.
◦ Low income housing located on city
peripheries and beyond.
◦ Poor public transport – bias towards private
cars
◦ Congestion and poorly maintained vehicles
Local authorities can lead and influence the
reduction of urban dependence on oil and
carbon footprints
40
Spatial planning is a key mandate of local
authorities
◦ Neighbourhood and building designs that
promote shorter commutes and energy
efficiency.
◦ Increase urban development density
◦ Mixed land uses
◦ Integrating ‘green’ policies in municipal bylaws.
◦ Effective approaches to designing and
implementing ‘cities without slums’
Urban planning is fundamental to CC mitigation
and adaptation
41
Valuable tool for mainstreaming DRR into urban
development processes.
◦ Ensuring that construction meets minimum
standards of disaster resilience.
◦ Protecting critical infrastructure and services.
◦ Post disaster reconstruction of human
settlements.
Urban planning offers opportunities to improve
sustainability of settlements and effectively
prepare communities against risk.
42
Despite decentralisation local authorities
remain weak.
Lacking in capacity for knowledge and data on
CC.
Lacking skills to design and implement
strategies that address CC issues.
Cities need support to build their capacities if they
are to play their role in CC mitigation and
adaptation.
43
Cities and Climate Change Initiative
SUD-Net
Advocacy and monitoring
Regional Centre for DRR and CCA
44
UN-HABITAT Strategy on ‘Sustainable Relief and
Reconstruction’ designed to fill the gap between the
short term humanitarian imperative and longer term
reconstruction and development priorities.
UN-HABITAT DRR core activities are:
◦ Supporting local initiatives and capacities to build
resilience.
◦ Focusing on shelter rehabilitation and livelihoods
restoration: ‘building back better’.
◦ Promoting innovative land-use management and
planning.
◦ Ensure continuation of critical infrastructure and
services in case of crisis.
46
Since 2010, Malawi Government and UN-
Habitat have collaborated in strengthening
resilience of human settlements.
Formulation of Guidelines for Safer House
Construction in the aftermath of the
earthquake in Karonga which have been
instrumental in the shelter recovery process.
Urban re-planning of Karonga town in the
aftermath of the earthquake and floods.
Promotion of the Living with Floods approach in
the Lower Shire River in Southern Malawi.
Capacity building for urban risk mapping and
mainstreaming of DRM and CC in urban
planning. 47
Relocation is possible as long as livelihoods and
basic social services are guaranteed in the
receiving area, as long as it is voluntary - this
may be possible if floods are life-threatening.
Otherwise solutions to living with floods must
be found.
The Living with Floods project in Chikhwawa is
designed to capacitate communities in areas
prone to low/medium level flooding to live with
floods.
48
Objective: To reduce vulnerability to floods of
communities living in low lands prone to low and
moderate level flooding by reinforcing local capacities
through innovative small-scale mitigation
interventions for floods to support the alternative
strategy of Living with Floods rather than relocation.
Expected accomplishments:
◦ Demonstration shelter and shelter related flood
mitigation infrastructure constructed in Chikwawa
District
◦ Improved awareness, dissemination and advocacy
activities undertaken at local and national levels
49
At national level – DoDMA and MLHUD providing
coordination, policy advice and monitoring.
District Council actively involved with a designated
officer.
Habitat for Humanity Malawi contracted to deliver the
infrastructure (but using local artisans) and provide
awareness and on the job training of local artisans.
Demonstration sites selected by local leaders and their
people in consultation with UN-HABITAT technical
consultant.
Community awareness meetings
Community contribution in form of sand, bricks, water.
Technical designs that take into account costs, available
building materials and living habits of the people.
Technical consultant providing designs, supervision,
training for local artisans
50
Safe haven comprising of two rooms and
office/stores completed and in use.
Eight demonstration houses completed and
occupied.
Nine local artisans trained.
Twelve community DRM (adaptive
construction) awareness meetings held.
Illustrated construction manual under
development.
Learning visit to Mozambique.
51
Poor house construction in
all key aspects –
foundation, walling and
roofing.
Results – rising dump,
leakages, poor ventilation
and collapse of houses.
Poor knowledge and
technical know-how.
Lack of safe haven in times
of floods.
52
END
Indigenous solutions? – elevated animal shelter and human emergency shelter
Principles not yet applied to human shelter!
54
Community awareness on sound construction
On the job training of local artisans at every stage of construction
55
56
Demonstration houses
showing, among others,
raised foundations and
dump-proofing to fight
running and rising
waters; heaped roof to
fight strong winds
57
Safe haven to provide a rescue/distribution
facility during disasters.
In normal times, it can be used as a school,
mobile clinic, homecraft centre etc.
58
Outcomes
Over 1000 HHs benefitted from the safe
haven in the 2013 floods season.
Demonstration houses performed well -
flood season providing the ‘proof of
concept’ to the community.
The Sustainable Shire River Basin
Management Programme (funded by
WB) - its DRM component adopted the
Living with Floods approach scaled up
in the lower Shire.
Community Orientations on floods
UN-Habitat technical assistance
59
Challenges
60
Low technical know-how of the affected
communities
Poor availability of useful (and
environment friendly) building materials to
combat ‘water’ within the affected areas.
Income levels of the people affected offer
significant challenges in determining
(design) solutions.
Transportation costs and actual item cost
of imported (from outside the affected area)
materials.
Community participation spirit to fight
floods collectively.
1
• Shelter has been the missing link in DRR and in recovery and yet it is the basis of all sustainable recovery and DRR efforts.
2
• Hardware (construction) must go hand in hand with software (awareness, training) activities for maximum and sustainable effect.
3
• There is nothing like low cost housing but housing can be constructed at reduced costs!
4
• Existing knowledge/practices should be the basis for any intervention.
Lessons Learned
5
• Partnership with NGO and community are critical success factors
6
• Learning visits to similar activities important for avoiding mistakes.
7
• Potential for replicating this to other districts experiencing similar conditions.
Outcomes
28/10/2015 Blantyre City Council
Thank You
Text Taxation and
licensing
authority strategic
landuse
planners
and
developers
Text
Text
Regulators