Book of Abstracts Knjiga sažetakaodsek.medijskestudije.org/.../11/Mostovi-medijskog-obrazovanja-2011.pdf · dijama i nove digitalne tehnologije i društvene i obrazovne promene

The Bridges of Media Education 2011Mostovi medijskog obrazovanja 2011.

11–17 July 2011

Book of AbstractsKnjiga sažetaka

Department of Media StudiesFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Novi Sad

FILOZOFSKI FAKULTETOdsek za medijske studije

Knjigu sažetaka priredile vanr. prof. dr Dubravka Valić Nedeljković i asist. mr Jelena Kleut The Book of Abstracts is prepared by Assoc. Professor Dubravka Valić Nedeljković and teaching assistant Jelena Kleut, M.Phil.

Partneri / PartnersФилозофски факултет, Нови Сад / Faculty of Philosophy, Novi SadFakulteta za družbene vede, Ljubljana / Faculty of Social Sciencies,

LjubljanaFakultet političkih nauka, Podgorica / Faculty of Political Sciences,

Podgorica Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kar, Szeged / Faculty of Arts,

SzegedFacultatea de Ştiinţe Politice, Filosofie şi Ştiinţe ale Comunicării,

Timişoara / Faculty of Political Sciences, Philosophy and Communication Sciences, Timişoara

Fakultet političkih nauke, Sarajevo / Faculty of Political Sciences, SarajevoFakultet političkih znanosti, Zagreb / Faculty of Political Sciences,

BeogradПравен факултет „Јустинијан Први“, Скопје / Faculty of Law

„Justinian I“, SkopjeФилозофски факултет, Niš / Faculty of Philosophy, NišFilozofická fakulta, Bratislava / Faculty of Philosophy, BratislavaФакултет политичких наука, Београд / Faculty of Political Sciences,

ZagrebSveučilište u Zadru / University of Zadar

Programski odbor / Programme BoardProfessor Ljiljana Subotić, Dean, Faculty of Philosophy, University of

Novi Sad Professor Ivana Živačevič-Sekeruš, Vice-Dean, Faculty of Philosophy,

University of Novi Sad

Assoc. Professor Dubravka Valić Nedeljković, Chief of Department of Media Studies, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad

Professor Marcel Tolcea, Faculty of Political Sciences, Philosophy and Communication Sciences, West University of Timişoara

Assoc. Professor Marko Milosavljević, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana

Assist. Professor Nataša Ružić, Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Montenegro

Assist. Professor Lejla Turičilo, Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Sarajevo

Assoc. Professor Viktorija Car, Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Zagreb

Štampanje knjige sažetaka omogućili su Ministarstvo za nauku i tehno-loški razvoj Republike Srbije i Sekretarijat za nauku i tehnološki razvoj Autonomne Pokrajine Vojvodine. Fond za saradnju Centralno-evropske inicijative i Balkanski fond za demokratiju omogućili su organizovanje projekta Mostovi medijskog obrazovanja 2011.Stavovi, istraživački rezultati i zaključci izneti u ovoj publikaciji ne predstav-ljaju nužno stavove ovih organizacija, već samo autorove.

The publication of the Book of Abstract was made possible by the support of the Ministry for Science and Technological Development of the Repu-blic of Serbia and Secretariat for Science and Technological Development of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. Cooperation fund of the Cen-tral European Initiative and Balkan Trust for Democracy supported the project The Bridges of Media Education 2011.The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the above mentioned institutions.

CIP - Каталогизација у публикацијиБиблиотека Матице српске, Нови Сад

316.774:81᾽42(048.3) 659.3:81᾽42(048.3)The BRIDGES of Media Education (2011 ; Novi Sad)

Book of abstracts / The Bridges of Media Education, 11 - 17 July 2011 = Knjiga sažetaka / Mostovi medijskog obrazovanja ; [prepared by Dubravka Valić-Nedeljković i Jelena Kleut]. - Novi Sad : Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Media Studies, 2011 (Sremska Kamenica : West). - 119 str. : ilustr. ; 21 cm Tiraž 300. - Str. 10-11: Uvodnik / Dubravka Valić Nedeljković ; Introduction / Dubravka Valić Nedeljković.ISBN 978-86-6065-082-7 I. Mostovi medijskog obrazovanja (2011 ; Novi Sad) v. The Bridges of Media Education (2011 ; Novi Sad) а) Масовни медији - Анализа дискурса - Апстракти б) Масовне комуникације - Анализа дискурса - Апстракти

COBISS.SR-ID 267022855

5

SadržajTable of contents

Uvodnik / Introduction1. ............................................................10

Medijsko predstavljanje suseda / Media representations of 2. the neighbours

Belma BULJUBAŠIĆMedia construction of imaginary enemy ....................................12

Dejan DONEV Ethical dimensions of (journalistic) representations and reporting of “the other” ............................................................................13

Jasna MERKLIN, Petra ZNOJ, Urška ZALARMedia reporting about the region: the case study Slovenia .......14

FRUNZĂ-ŢOGOE Andreea-Aida, PÂNTEA Ana-Alexandra, SZOFRAN Gabriel

Media reporting about the region: the case study Romania .....15

Jana MAŤKOVÁ, Veronika KLINDOVÁ, Peter NAGYReporting about neighbors – analysis of a serious and tabloid newspaper in Slovakia ................................................................16

NÁNÁSI Anita, TÓTH Zsuzsa, VRAZSOVITS Rita Media representation of neighbours in Hungarian newspapers .................................................................................17

Simona ATANASOVA, Vlatko ČALOVSKI, Bojan KOCEVSKIMedia reporting about the region: the case study Macedonia ...18

Dušan ALEKSIĆ, Neven OBRADOVIĆ, Ana ŠURDILOVIĆMedia reporting about the region: the case study Serbia .........19

Mirza SADIKOVIĆ, Malik GARIBIJA, Šejla BEŠIĆMedia reporting about the region: the case study Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............................................................................20

Iva ZOVKO, Hana GRGIĆ, Krešimir KATIĆ Media reporting about the region: the case study Croatia .......21

6

CSÕKE CsillaCroatian newspapers about the Serbian minority and the Serbian newspapers about the Croatian minority: reporting, presentation and framing ...............................................................................22

Jelena PETKOVIĆ, Jovana VELJKOVIĆ, Vesna RADOJEVIĆMedia reporting about the region: the case study Serbia ..........23

Jovana ŽIVKOVIĆ, Marija IVANOVIĆ, Ivan OTOVIĆMedia reporting about the region: the case study Montengro ...24

Ksenija PAVKOV, Milica TEŠIĆ, Stefan ZLATKOVIĆ, Vuk KEŠELJMedia reporting about the region: the case study Serbia .........25

Norbert ŠINKOVIĆDiscourse analysis of Srpske Narodne Novine – Serbian minority themes ........................................................................................26

Smiljana MILINKOV“Exit” to reconciliation: the role of the festival in overcoming hate and prejudice in the region .................................................26

Laura SPARIOUSUSerbian and Romanian daily papers about sexual minorities....27

Mato BRAUTOVIĆ, Nataša RUŽIĆReporting of Croatian and Montegrin daily newspapers about Croatia and Montenegro ............................................................28

Ognjen RADOVIĆMedia representation of the other in BIH - analysis of media discourse of the central news programs of two public broadcasters ...............................................................................29

Nove digitalne tehnologije i društveno-obrazovne promene / 3. New digital technologies and socio-educational changes

Marijana KOSANOVIĆ, Jelena ĐERMANOV, Svetlana KOSTOVIĆInformation literacy as a dimension of professional development of teachers ..................................................................................30

Željko VUČKOVIĆ, Milica ANDEVSKIMedia competence and “new” pedagogical discussion of competence ................................................................................31

7

Biljana RADIĆ-BOJANIĆE-collaboration at the tertiary level ..........................................32

Ivan ŠĆEPANOVIĆ, Tamara KLIČEK, Vesna ŠĆEPANOVIĆ, Milica ANDEVSKI

The young and internet use ........................................................33

Goran BULATOVIĆ, Ljiljana Lj. BULATOVIĆ, Olja ARSENIJEVIĆDigital journalism pyramid – an innovative approach to traditional news creation ............................................................34

Dejan PRALICAPublic control of the government – “Istinomer” website case study ............................................................................................. 35

Anka MIHAJLOV-PROKOPOVIĆThe internet’s influence on radio in Serbia ...............................36

Dubravka VALIĆ NEDELJKOVIĆJournalists’ knowledge about digital television .........................37

Brankica DRAŠKOVIĆ, Jelena KLEUTIndividual user of digital television ............................................38

Slađana ČABRILO, Milica ANDEVSKI, Leposava GRUBIĆ-NЕŠIĆFrom challenges to opportunities: How to use digital technologies in transformation of Serbia into innovation driven economy and knowledge based society .....................................39

Ljubica DUĐAK, Leposava GRUBIĆ-NЕŠIĆ, Milica ANDEVSKIChanging attitudes to development of employees in the knowledge society .........................................................................................40

Vladislava GORDIĆ PETKOVIĆMedia, techonology and gender: the changed status of contemporary women’s writing .................................................42

Dušan RISTIĆInternet in everyday life: sociological aspects of online communication ........................................................... 43

Anamaria FILIMON BENEAInternet users, community and social implications ...................44

8

Zlatomir GAJIĆInterviews as journalistic genre in print media and on the internet .......................................................................................45

Sonja VUKOBRATPersonality and digital media use primarily as a source of information .................................................................................46

Teorijski i metodološki pristupi u medijskim studijama / 4. Theoretical and methodological approaches in media studies

Eva REŽNÁKOVÁAgenda setting theory ................................................................47

Ivan DRANAČKA Frankfurt school and critical theory .........................................47

Ioana VIDTrends in the stylistics of the cultural reportage .......................48

Jana ZJAK Television show programs from the view of visual studies .........49

Jana PIŠTEKOVÁSigmund Freud theory in tabloid media world .........................50

Dejan SREDOJEVIĆDiction mistakes in presenting the radio news ..........................51

Vladimir BAROVIĆJournalistic ethics and media work in crisis situations .............52

Mira VidakovićRole of media in formation of universal values..........................52

Odabrani radovi učesnika naučno-istraživačke škole 5. „Mostovi medijskog obrazovanja 2011“ / Selected papers of the participants of the scientific-research school “The Bridges of Media Education 2011”

Jasna MERKLIN, Petra ZNOJ, Urška ZALARReporting about neighbors in Slovenian daily newspapers .......57

9

FRUNZĂ-ȚOGOE Andreea-Aida, PÂNTEA Ana-Alexandra, SZOFRAN Gabriel

Media reporting about the region: the case study Romania ......66

NÁNÁSI Anita, TÓTH Zsuzsa, VRAZSOVITS Rita Media representation of neighbours in Hungarian print media ..........................................................................................70

Dušan ALEKSIĆ, Neven OBRADOVIĆ, Ana ŠURDILOVIĆMedia reporting about the region in Serbian newspapers Kurir and Narodne novine ...................................................................75

Iva ZOVKO, Hana GRGIĆ, Krešimir KATIĆ Media reporting about the region: the case study Croatia ....... 86

Jelena PETKOVIĆ, Jovana VELJKOVIĆ, Vesna RADOJEVIĆMedia reporting about the region: the case study Serbia ..........92

Jovana ŽIVKOVIĆ, Marija IVANOVIĆ, Ivan OTOVIĆ(Un)ethical issues in reporting about Ratko Mladić arrest in Montengrin newspapers .............................................................99

Ksenija PAVKOV, Milica TEŠIĆ, Stefan ZLATKOVIĆ, Vuk KEŠELJMedia reporting about the region in Serbian dailies Dnevnik and Blic ...........................................................................................108

10

UVODNIK

Mostovi medijskog obrazovanja, međunarodna letnja škola analize medijskog diskursa sa konferencijom kao završnim događajem koji pruža šansu kako studentima tako i mlađem naučno-istraživačkom kadru da na skupu pred predstavnicima iz devet zemalja regiona i EU saopšte svoje radove, i ove godine pokazala je da je negovanje istraživačkog podmlatka jedan od prioriteta univerzitetske zajednice.

Svake godine se ideji pridružuju nove visokoobrazovne ustanove tako da se od inicijalna četiri univerziteta iz isto toliko država (Mađarska, Rumunija, Slovenija i Srbija) na Mostovima medijskog obrazovanja 2011. došlo do učešća studenata i mladih asistenata i docenata iz devet država sa 12 univerziteta.

Odsek za medijske studije Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta u No-vom Sadu, od samog početka organizator i domaćin letnje škole kritičke analize medijskog diskursa, širi ideju Mostova medijskog obrazovanja da svake godine u fokus istraživača stavi drugu temu koja se zatim sa-gledava iz perspektive zemalja svih učesnika. Ove 2011. analizirano je kako dnevna štampa u Bosni i Hercegovini, Crnoj Gori, Hrvatskoj, Ma-kedoniji, Mađarskoj, Rumuniji, Slovačkoj, Sloveniji i Srbiji izveštava o susedima.

Na međunarodnoj konferenciji kojom se Škola završava studenti predstavljaju osnovne rezultate istraživanja do kojih su došli tokom ra-dionica koje su pohađali, a njihovi mentori i gosti konferencije svoje za ovu priliku pripremljene radove, ove godine u okviru tri zadate teme: izveštavanje o susedima, teoretski i metodološki pristupi medijskim stu-dijama i nove digitalne tehnologije i društvene i obrazovne promene. Ova konferencija jedinstvena je prilika gde se susreću studenti i nastavnici na naučnom skupu sa radovima i ravnopravno diskutuju o prezentovanim rezultatima istraživanja.

U Knjizi sažetaka koju otvara ovaj Uvodnik sabrani su sažeci svih pre-zentovanih radova što će zainteresovanom čitaocu dati uvid u svu ozbiljnost zamisli realizovanja međunarodne letnje škole analize medijskog diskursa sa konferencijom Mostovi medijskog obrazovanja i podstaći i druge viso-koškolske ustanove da nam se pridruže naredne godine u Novom Sadu.

Novi Sad, jesen 2011. Dubravka Valić Nedeljković

11

INTRODUCTION

The Bridges of Media Education is international summer school of

media discourse analysis with a conference as a final event that provides an opportunity for both students and junior researchers to present their papers to the representatives of nine countries from the region and the EU. This year, again, it proved that nourishing of research juniors is one of the priorities of the academic community.

Each year new higher education institutions joined the initiative, so from initial four universities from four countries (Hungary, Romania, Slovenia and Serbia), The Bridges of Media Education 2011 gathered students, teaching assistants and assistant professors from nine countries, from 12 universities.

Department of Media Studies, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, from the very beginning an organizer and host of the summer sc-hool of critical analysis of media discourse, spreads the idea of The Bridges of Media Education to place each year a different topic in the focus of the research. This topic is than viewed from the perspective of all participant countries. In 2011, we have analyzed how daily newspapers from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Serbia report about their neighbors.

On the international conference, as the ending of the school, students present their main research findings obtained during workshops they atten-ded. Their mentors and other participants present their papers prepared for this occasion, this year within three thematic areas: media reporting about neighbors, theoretical and methodological approaches to media studies and new digital technologies and socio-educational changes. This conference is unique opportunity where students and their teachers meet on the academic conference and on equal basis discuss about presented results of research.

The Book of Abstracts that is opened with this Introduction contains abstracts of all the presented papers and to an interested reader it will pro-vide an insight into how serious is idea and implementation of the inter-national summer schools of media discourse analysis with the conference The Bridges of Media Education, and encourage other higher education institutions to join us next year in Novi Sad.

Novi Sad, Autumn 2011 Dubravka Valić Nedeljković

12

1. Medijsko predstavljanje suseda / Media representations of the neighbours

Belma BULJUBAŠIĆ, M PhilTeaching assistantFaculty of Political SciencesUniversity of Sarajevo

MEDIA CONSTRUCTION OF IMAGINARY ENEMY

Journalism of today’s world, actually journalism of 21th century has a new principle. It is biased, and it is based on manipulation. Jour-nalists manipulate with the public every day, they project their own im-age onto the reality, and they do that deliberately. Media manipulation is an aspect of public relations in which journalists’ make images and arguments represent their particular interests.

Citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina have been victims of media propaganda and manipulation. The situation today is not different than it was twenty years ago. People are not politically educated and they take journalists’ opinions for granted. They search for spectacles, sen-sational stories, adding contents and thus changing the facts.

The media constructs played an immense role in the destruction of the ex-Yugoslav states. In late 80s of the last century, media from ex-Yugoslavia presented distorted images which were used to intensify fear among public. The main media strategy was construction and cre-ation of the image of enemy Members of other nations were presented as enemies.

The concept of “Brotherhood and unity” started to diminish, while media from one republic started writing about enemies from other re-publics. They did that in numerous ways: by reconstructing past events from the First and Second World Wars, by presenting concentration camps, mythology, ideology, and by insinuation.

13

Dejan DONEV, PhDAssistant professorFaculty of Law “Justinianus I”University St. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje

ETHICAL DIMENSIONS OF (JOURNALISTIC) REPRESENTATIONS AND REPORTING

OF “THE OTHER”

Wherever a man turns, he sees people. A man lives among people, surrounded by people, with people. In modern era, we learned seeing “the other” with opened eyes and heart. In this, we got a lot of help from existentialists and also from the philosophers who defended eth-ics as the first philosophy, like for example Emmanuel Levinas.

However, from that sum of people, some are really close to us even often they are not our relatives, or more important not part of our family, not friends in classical way of thinking, not even working together…, but still for us very close people - and those are our neigh-bors.

The communication between neighbors is specifically character-ized with, above all, the ethical dimension that is contained in it, e.g. the ethical values, goals and standards which are included in it, and which are defined from the essentiality and the meaning of the neighborhood as a social and anthropological relation. From here, the phenomenol-ogy of the neighborhood is really interesting for exploring. It’s about the personal quality of “the other” as a neighbor which results with the intimacy among people and with specialized relations between them.

In the cognition of the same, very specific role has the media, which have the key role and responsibilities for spreading and promot-ing those important values and relationships that are initial and essen-tial for building and constructing of a real democratic society.

The way they do the same within Macedonian society, trying to reflect the differences, as well as the presence of the difference within their own media structure and journalistic contents that they are plac-ing, is the theme that author deals in this text.

14

Jasna MERKLINPetra ZNOJ Urška ZALARStudent of the Department of CommunicationFaculty of Social SciencesUniversity of Ljubljana

MEDIA REPORTING ABOUT THE REGION: THE CASE STUDY SLOVENIA

Aim of our research was to try to determine how much and in what way Slovenian media report about the neighbouring countries, Slovakia, Romania and the former states of Yugoslavia. We analysed two dailies – newspaper with the highest circulation tabloid Slovenske novice (Slovenian news) and the only Slovenian local newspaper Pri-morske novice (Primorske news).

In the quantitative-qualitative discourse analysis, supported by lectures of theory, we analysed 27 newspapers, sampled in the period 4th May – 28th of June 2011. The analysed 20 items from the Sloven-ske novice and 30 from Primorske novice, showed that two Slovenian newspapers usually report about neighbouring countries in the shape of short news or reports.

Most articles cover news from Italy or Austria, followed by Croa-tia. During the analysis there was not even one article from Hungary or Slovakia. Most of the examined articles cover news from Italy, and that is expected, because Primorske novice has its headquarters near the border with Italy. If the analysis included only Slovenske novice, the number of articles mentioning Croatia would take the first place.

Texts are mainly concerned with the (war) crimes and sport. There are no articles about cooperation between countries in the re-gion in relation to the media, education and science. Subject in texts are mainly government institutions and representatives of sport and culture, slightly less subjects are citizens or representatives of police or army. Representatives of ethnic minorities are not mentioned as a subject.

15

FRUNZĂ-ȚOGOE Andreea-AidaPÂNTEA Ana-Alexandra SZOFRAN Gabriel Students of the Department of Philosophy and Communication Sciences Faculty of Political Sciences, Philosophy and Communication Sciences West University of Timişoara

MEDIA REPORTING ABOUT THE REGION: THE CASE STUDY ROMANIA

The purpose of this analysis was to observe the way in which the Romanian media treat the topics about neighbouring countries and the region. The aim was to create an overall image that reflects as clear as possible the orientation of the Romanian media towards these coun-tries. The main question this analysis answers is related to the propor-tion in which the Romanian media chooses to write about countries that are in our close proximity.

For this analysis we followed two newspapers during a two month time frame. The newspapers belong to two different categories: a qual-ity one, Jurnalul Național and a tabloid, Click!.

From the 15 articles we found about neighbouring countries only one was on the front page. The rest of the articles were in special sec-tions of international news or were very short and could be found on the last page of the newspaper. 40% of the articles were long texts, covered in more than half a page, 33% had a medium length and 27% were short news.

Most of the articles that were published in both newspapers were focused on current events and very few of them were media initiatives or about press conferences. The main foreign subject in both newspa-pers was the arrest and trial of Ratko Mladic.

The most important finding of this analysis is that Romanian me-dia are not focused on topics from neighbouring countries. The main reason for that seems to be high public interest in internal affairs and not in the international ones.

16

Jana MAŤKOVÁVeronika KLINDOVÁPeter NAGYStudents of the Department of JournalismFaculty of PhilosophyComenius University in Bratislava

REPORTING ABOUT NEIGHBORS – ANALYSIS OF BROADSHEET AND TABLOID NEWSPAPERS IN SLOVAKIA

The main focus of this research was reporting about neighboring countries of Slovakia and states of former Yugoslavia. The aim of this study is to analyse how newspapers write about neighbors, what do they emphasise and what topics they cover the most. Basically, the research raised two questions: What value context did the newspapers give to stories about neighbors? What topics did the tabloid newspaper and broadsheet newspaper focus on in the context of reporting about neighbors? Both questions are trying to find the difference between two types of newspaper journalism when reporting about neighbouring countries.

The research analysed quality newspaper daily Pravda and tabloid newspaper daily Plus jeden deň. The main focus was on selected days in May and June 2011. The research tried to answer the question by choosing relevant articles about neighbors and by categorizing them.

The results proved that the topics in tabloid newspaper are mostly focused on crimes, sensations or celebrities with some connection to neighbors. On the other hand, the serious newspaper reported mostly about sports, politics and economy. As far as the context value is con-cerned, the subject about object was mostly talking in negative or neu-tral way. However, the journalists mostly attached neutral value to their articles. The results underlined the common knowledge that the tabloid newspapers focus on different topics than the serious newspapers. Also the finding that the newspapers wrote about negative attitudes of the object to subject shows the tendencies in current media that mostly report about negative events.

17

NÁNÁSI AnitaTÓTH ZsuzsaVRAZSOVITS Rita Students at the Department of Communication and Media StudiesFaculty of ArtsUniversity of Szeged

MEDIA REPRESENTATION OF NEIGHBOURS IN HUNGARIAN NEWSPAPERS

Our research topic is how articles about neighboring countries are presented in regional newspaper Délmagyarország and in tabloid Blikk. Blikk is not interested in international issues, it focuses on events which can become sensations. Although we could find in both news-papers some articles about the same topics, their content was almost the same.

The first question in our research was what are the countries that we have to care for. We are geographically neighbouring seven coun-tries: Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia and Aus-tria, but we have analyzed articles about other countries too, because of the historical and geographical connection, for example Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Czech Republic. We realized that the Hungarian media do not publish many articles about the neighbours, except for arresting Ratko Mladic which is one of the most important events in the last two months.

The expectations were different from the results of the research. Most of the articles were not about politics, economics and crimes. Some articles were about the Treaty of Trianon, and its 91th anniversary on 4th of June. The articles were published because of the anniversary, however the topic still has an importance in the Hungarian public dis-course (especially on its right wing).

The most interesting result is that most of the articles (34%) are about sports. It might have a complex explanation, but the fact is that there were sport events in our neighbourhood, for example the Ice Hockey World Championship in Bratislava and the Canoe European Championship in Belgrade.

18

The question remains why, even though Hungary is in the center of the region, do these newspapers pay less attention to its neighbou-ring countries (which all have Hungarian minorities).

Simona ATANASOVAVlatko ČALOVSKIBojan KOCEVSKIStudents at the Department of JournalismFaculty of Law “Justinianus I”University St. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje

MEDIA REPORTING ABOUT THE REGION: THE CASE STUDY MACEDONIA

The goal of this research is to explore how much Macedonian newspapers report about the neighbouring countries. We conducted on several editions of the most popular and best-selling daily newspapers in period of one month. The purpose of this research is to examine “How much importance Macedonian media place on the neighbours and the events that occur in their countries?”

The method we used was based on quantitative and qualitative discourse analysis of the Macedonian dailies Dnevnik, Nova Makedon-ija, Vecer, Utrinski vesnik and Vest.

From the results that we got from the research, we can conclude that the news about our neighbours are relatively absent from the Mac-edonian media.

Macedonian press focuses on our southern and western neigh-bours, Greece and Kosovo (38%), but the biggest percentage of news stories are from Serbia (31%) and Croatia (24%). The space that Mac-edonian daily newspapers provide for news from our neighbours is very small, and it seems like they are not given enough importance. The events that are mostly reported about are about politics and enter-tainment and it seems it’s a dull transfer of information obtained from news agencies.

What we can emphasize as a conclusion from our research is that Macedonian daily newspapers do not provide much of their space and they do not place importance on reporting about the neighbours, which can be seen from the fact that there is a lot of short news (55% ), almost never presented on the front page (97%).

Dušan ALEKSIĆNeven OBRADOVIĆ Ana ŠURDILOVIĆStudents at the Department of JournalismFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Niš

MEDIA REPORTING ABOUT THE REGION: THE CASE STUDY SERBIA

The topic of this paper is reporting of Serbian media about neigh-bouring countries. The aim is to determine how often media report about neighbours, in which way and which topics are the most frequent ones. Two daily newspapers were analyzed – a national coverage one, Kurir, which is considered a tabloid, and a local one, Narodne novine, from Niš. A corpus is made from 14 editions of both newspapers, pub-lished in May and June 2011. A methodological framework used for this paper is a quantitative and qualitative discourse analysis. During the analysed period, 79 texts were registered, 60 in Kurir and 19 in Narodne novine).

Research results show that majority of texts was about ex-Yugo-slav countries, especially Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Mon-tenegro. Three most frequent topics, with almost the same percentage, were: criminal, war crimes and internal politics. Most of the texts from ex-Yugoslav countries were published in internal politics sections (45%), in both Kurir and Narodne novine, although both newspapers have sections about world events. Still, none of these texts was pub-lished on cover pages and the most of them were written as short news.

19

20

In the most of the texts an attitude of journalists toward events was neutral. Although Kurir is known by sensationalistic headlines, only 1/5 of them were of that kind.

Mirza SADIKOVIĆMalik GARIBIJAŠejla BEŠIĆStudents of the Department of JournalismFaculty of Political SciencesUniversity of Sarajevo

MEDIA REPORTING ABOUT THE REGION: THE CASE STUDY BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Subject for our research were news from Bosnia and Herzegovi-na, in period from May to June 2011. These were news connected to the countries of former Yugoslavia, and neighboring Romania, Hun-gary and Slovakia. For our research we took sample of 27 newspapers, 14 editions of Dnevni avaz and 13 of San. Our aim was to find and identify trends in reporting about region, and to find interesting facts in this reporting, in order to understand the problems and barriers that we should overcome so that in the future optimal level of reporting about the region would be reached. Through our results we tried to find epi-centers and eventual reasons of unfair and prejudiced reporting about countries and citizens of the region.

Quantitative analysis of content is the method that we used in our research, with the following categories: position in newspapers, sec-tion, size of the text, genre, authorship, occasion, visual presentation, location, topic, subject, object, value context, value attached by author, type of the title.

Results from the analysis of more than 150 articles show that in B&H there is a significant amount of reporting about the neighbor-ing countries, especially about first neighbors Serbia and Croatia. Also shortness and superficiality of these articles is obvious. There is a lot

21

of news taken from other media and too few in-depth analysis, expert analysis, interviews, etc.

Just as we supposed, the value context in texts is dominantly neg-ative. This additionally complicates the twisted situation and helps ris-ing and keeping the level of tensions in the region. One of the positive trends that we found was exchange of mostly positive news in Sports, Cultural and even Economy sections.

Iva ZOVKOHana GRGIĆKrešimir KATIĆ Students of the Study of JournalismFaculty of Political ScienceUniversity of Zagreb

MEDIA REPORTING ABOUT THE REGION: THE CASE STUDY CROATIA

This paper is focused on two Croatian daily newspapers Slobodna Dalmacija and 24 Sata and how they report about their neighbors and events in Croatia connected with the citizens of the neighboring coun-tries. The main aim of this research was to see which neighbor country is the most represented and in which context. The research was based on 77 articles from the daily papers in the period between May 4th 2011 and June 28th 2011. We used the method of discourse analysis because the language is essential for establishing the reality, it constrains what can be said and in what way. Discourse analysis is a way of expression and understanding the world. It forms the symbolical and valuable ho-rizon that produces certain knowledge about the subject and the object and constructs their identities and relationships. Our analysis showed that in majority of the articles the value attached by the author is still in a negative context. War crimes are still a major issue, especially because in the analyzed period, the arrest of Ratko Mladić received considerable media attention.

22

CSÕKE Csilla, MAFaculty of Political SciencesUniversity of Zagreb

CROATIAN NEWSPAPERS ABOUT THE SERBIAN MINORITY AND THE SERBIAN NEWSPAPERS ABOUT

THE CROATIAN MINORITY: REPORTING, PRESENTATION AND FRAMING

The relationship of the majority and minority is often decorated with tension and conflict, and also present the isolation. Also in the society relationship between the majority and minority plays a big role. This issue gains importance when it comes to minorities such as Serbs in Croatia and Croats in Serbia, because their relationship is de-termined by the political context. The relationship is complex, both on national basis, and also based on media. The media play an important role when it comes to the construction of stereotypes, especially when it comes to the former battle between the two nations.

Croatian daily newspapers Večernji list and Jutarnji list, and Ser-bian newspapers Dnevnik and Blic were analyzed in the period from 1.12.2010. to 1.02.2011. The method was content analysis and compar-ison is made between them. Particular emphasis is placed on historical, socio-political and cultural context of events. The work does not ad-dress past war crimes, or the relationship between those two countries, but based on relations of the majority and minority in Croatia and in Serbia and framing these minorities in the two countries.

The paper seeks to answer questions such as how often mentioned dailies report on the Serbian and Croatian minority, how much space is given to reporting, what genre are used, which cause reporting is-sues, value the context of the text, such as the reporting framework, the source of information, authorship and so on.

23

Jelena PETKOVIĆJovana VELJKOVIĆVesna RADOJEVIĆStudents of the Department of JournalismFaculty of Political SciencesUniversity of Belgrade


The monitoring was conducted in 14 editions of national dailies Politika and Press in May and June 2011 on the subject of reporting about the region.

This analysis is mandated to provide answers to questions on how the Serbian media have reported about the region, how often and what topics were addressed. The method used in the analysis was quanti-tative and qualitative method of discourse analysis. At a given time frame, sample included 59 newspaper articles related to nine countries from in the region. Greece and the Czech Republic are also included in the analyses, due to the current socio-political events, but also be-cause of cultural events which are important for the presentation of our country.

The average text size is medium, in the form of reports, main-ly placed in the section “Region”, indicating the author and neutral journalistic approach. Text follows the title block information and it is usually illustrated with photographs. Daily Politika has nearly twice as much news from the region in comparison to Press. This piece of data is quite expected, given the editorial concept of the oldest Serbian printed media, which is of general type, and focuses daily main topics in the country and abroad. Political news are most represented in the two newspapers analyzed. As for the treatment of certain countries, mostly intense coverage is noted about Croatia (40 percent), indicat-ing the need of local media to cover events in this border country with which certain political issues remained unresolved. It was recognized that most of the texts are related to current events, but only 5% is posi-tioned on the front page.

24

Jovana ŽIVKOVIĆMarija IVANOVIĆIvan OTOVIĆStudents of the Study of JournalismFaculty of Political SciencesUniversity of Montenegro

MEDIA REPORTING ABOUT THE REGION: THE CASE STUDY MONTENEGRO

Our paper is based on exploring how Montenegrin dailies report on their neighbors. There are couple of reasons why this is sensitive question. Among them, there are: society polarized in national, reli-gious and political ground; restricted and uncompetitive market as well as lack of journalistic professionalism.

It is clear that in a country where physical and moral integrity of journalist had been jeopardized several times, we cannot talk about free journalism. This situation becomes even worse with the fact that our audience does not have sufficient choice of newspapers and that political preferences are determined by what they read. So, if three newspapers cannot write a same report on what happened in country it is obvious there is big problem with reporting on region. We reached this conclusion by using qualitative method in researching three daily newspapers in two months period.

Results we got confirmed our premise that reporting of our media is politically influenced. Reports in Pobjeda, the only state financed newspapers, have more or less the same as attitude of powers. Inde-pendent one, Vijesti, goes for more critical reporting. While, the third newspaper Dan is mostly oriented towards the people dissatisfied with current government, social and economic situation, and relation to Ser-bia and its people.

These are some very serious obstacles for creating better rela-tions within the society as well as for creating more objective relation towards the Other.

25

Ksenija PAVKOVMilica TEŠIĆStefan ZLATKOVIĆVuk KEŠELJStudents of the Department of Media StudiesFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Novi Sad


In this paper we have analyzed in which way two daily news-papers from Serbia reported about neighbouring countries, as well as former Yugoslav countries. The main goal was to reveal what were the most present topics, genres and motives in reporting about others. The research is based on experience gained in the course “Media Dis-course Analyses”; considering the fact that “Media Discourse Analy-sis” is mainly interdisciplinary field, we have also relied on knowledge gained in other courses. For analyses we have used quantitative and qualitative analysis. Analyzed corpus includes 28 issues of two daily newspapers, Dnevnik and Blic, from Serbia in the time period of two artificially created weeks during two months, in which we have found 251 articles related to neighboring countries. In terms of genre, among those articles 169 are factual genres such as news and reports, and only 52 of them are analytic genres. On that fact we based our main conclu-sion – most of the articles deal with topics from neighbouring countries in a superficial manner. Moreover, most of the articles address to events in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and most of the topics are con-nected with war crimes. Therefore, the number of articles published in our corpus is consequence of a historical background, and mostly of wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia during the 1990s.

26

Norbert ŠINKOVIĆStudent of European Master StudiesUniversity of Novi Sad

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF SRPSKE NARODNE NOVINE – SERBIAN MINORITY THEMES

The paper analyzes Srpske Narodne Novine (Serbian National Magazine) during two months in the year 2011. This is the only publi-cation about Serbian minority in Hungary. In the focus of this work is the thematical offer and the main messages in this newspapers, which are reflected in the texts. Because of special relationship between Hun-garian and Serbian communities in this part of Europe, the work tried to detect the texts that refer to this topic.

Smiljana MILINKOV, MAProfessional associateDepartment of Media StudiesFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Novi Sad

“EXIT” TO RECONCILIATION: THE ROLE OF THE FESTIVAL IN OVERCOMING HATE

AND PREJUDICE IN THE REGION

Although today it is one of the best known music festivals in Europe, the importance of Exit does not lie only in making Serbia closer to music trends and in promotion of the country and Novi Sad as a tourist destina-tion, but also in connecting the youth of the region. After the wars and hatred that spread during the nineties was number of young people form ex-Yugoslav countries almost never crossed the neighboring, “enemy” borders, nor did they have a chance to hear different dialects. The Festival on Petrovaradin Fortress has shown that still music, positive energy and

27

good will can overcome all obstacles and to create new friendships from previously confronted sides. Today, when the young people from the re-gion can travel freely without many problems, except financial ones, the importance of Exit in connecting people perhaps seems wage. However, in the first years of the new millennium, after a decade of Serbian isolation it was very important to overcome those imposed obstacles.

Since researchers have not fully analyzed reconciliation and break-ing of hatred and prejudice as social apsects of the Exit, the support for the paper is found in public opinion surveys done by Novi Sad based Agency for applied psychology TIM during the Festival, as well as in the analysis of internet pages of Sarajevo daily Dnevni Avaz, Zagreb’s Jutarnji list and Belgrade’s Politika.

Laura SPARIOUSU, PhDAssistant professorDepartment of Romanian Language and LiteratureFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Novi Sad

SERBIAN AND ROMANIAN DAILY PAPERS ABOUT SEXUAL MINORITIES*

The aim of this paper is to research how Serbian and Romanian daily newspapers inform about sexual minorties. It is the intention of the author to analyse texts about this issue published in Serbian daily newspaper Blic and in Romanian daily newspaper Adevărul, in the period January 2010 - May 2011, according to the Codex that reffers to: text length, journalistic genre, authorship, cause of reporting, visual presentation, location, topic, subject, object, value context, text title. Having that in mind, attention will be placed on the question how the selected media present the event and what is similar and what is different in the topic that is being researched.

* This paper is an outcome of the research project "Digital media technologies and socio-educa-tional changes" (Project No. III 47020) which is implemented with financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia.

28

Mato BRAUTOVIĆ, PhDAssistant professorUniversity of Dubrovnik

Nataša RUŽIĆ, PhDAssistant professorFaculty of Political SciencesUniversity of Montenegro

REPORTING OF CROATIAN AND MONTEGRIN DAILY NEWSPAPERS ABOUT CROATIA AND MONTENEGRO

The paper will present the results of content analysis preformed on selected newspapers in the period 1st‒31st March 2011. The follow-ing daily newspapers have been analyzed: Pobjeda, Vijesti, Dan, Ju-tarnji list, Večernji list and Slobodna Dalmacija. Special attention is placed on thematic areas, such as political, social and cultural topic, war happenings 1991 ‒1995, reconciliation, cooperation, work of the Hague Tribunal and human rights. The catagories for analysis include localisms related to authors, easiness of usage that is related to graphic design of titles, respect of basic ethical postulates of journalism – fair-ness, balance, unbias, usage of sources and other general categories. The results obtained will be compared with the ones of the previous research oriented towrards credibility of journalism and media text in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Croatia.

29

Ognjen RADOVIĆ, MATeaching assistantBanja Luka College of Communications

MEDIA REPRESENTATION OF THE OTHER IN BIH - ANALYSIS OF MEDIA DISCOURSE OF THE CENTRAL NEWS PROGRAMS OF TWO PUBLIC BROADCASTERS

Although the content analysis of the Bosnia and Herzegovina me-dia is being implemented to some extent, further enrichment is needed in order to continue recognition of the basic determinants of action and interpretation of the BH reality through the prism of the BH media. For that reason, the main aim of this investigation was to analyze the contents of the central news programs of two public broadcasters in BH (FTV and RTRS) during parts of April of 2011.

The research included a qualitative analysis of editorial criteria and structure of the central news program (distribution of news) and qualitative content analysis of news that were broadcasted during cen-tral news programs. Subjects of interest were the editorial policy and the discourse used to describe the other (minority constituent people in bh. entities; for example - Croats and Serbs on FTV and Croats and Bosniaks on RTRS). Finally, the paper was enriched by the main public service ‒ BHT in order to create more complete picture of the descrip-tion of the other in the central news programs of public services.

30

2. Nove medijske tehnologije i društveno-obrazovne promene / New digital technologies and socio-educational educational changes

Marijana KOSANOVIĆ, PhDAssistant professorJelena ĐERMANOV, PhDAssistant professorSvetlana KOSTOVIĆ, PhDAssociate professorDepartment of PedagogyFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Novi Sad

INFORMATION LITERACY AS A DIMENSION OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHERS*

In this paper contemporary social context of “information soci-ety” is being observed as macro-pedagogical framework for changes in education. Implications of the exponential development of information and communication technologies are being analyzed in relation to cur-riculum renewal, professional roles and teachers’ functions and com-petencies.

Given that the learning is process based on information and that the information literacy is a basic form of literacy in the twenty-first century, authors emphasize the importance of training teachers for the innovative use of educational technology.

The central part is focused on the description of the structural-functional model of teacher professional development (Mishra& Koeh-ler) in which information literacy is an integral dimension of inter-related teachers’ subject-professional, pedagogical and technological

* This paper is an outcome of the research project "Digital media technologies and socio-educa-tional changes" (Project No. III 47020) which is implemented with financial support from the Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia.

31

knowledge. In conclusion, use of this model is recommended in teach-er development programs (INSET and PRESET) which are designed to improve information-technological competences of teachers in our country.

Željko VUČKOVIĆ, PhDAssociate professorFaculty of PedagogyUniversity of Novi Sad

Milica ANDEVSKI, PhDProfessorDepartment of PedagogyFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Novi Sad

MEDIA COMPETENCE AND “NEW” PEDAGOGICAL DISCUSSION OF COMPETENCE*

Debate on the competence in pedagogy had its own tradition, even before current discourse in pedagogy. Classical formulation of the field of media competence includes:

‒ Review of the media, ability to connect with the media analyti-cally, ethically and reflexively;

‒ Science of the media as knowledge about the media in the sense of information about media system, as well as the ability to use appropri-ate equipment within instrumentally-qualified skills;

‒ Using the media, through reception, as well as the sender; ‒ Innovative and creative creation of the media. Personal media competences find their source in standpoints, views

of the world, motives and auto-stereotypes within the conflict with me-


32

dia. Science of the media reflects professionally-methodical competences, competences oriented on activity and implementation, which are based on the ability to implement motivation, skills and experiences through activi-ties, as well as socially-communicative competences that include creative cooperation with the others in the implementation of joint plans.

Biljana RADIĆ-BOJANIĆ, PhDAssistant professorDepartment of EnglishFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Novi Sad

E-COLLABORATION AT THE TERTIARY LEVEL*

Despite the fact that the majority of secondary schools and univer-sities nowadays have their own websites which they use to share differ-ent kinds of information, a large number of teachers and teaching assist-ants tend to use other online resources for the purposes of communicat-ing with their students. One of the reasons is that the administration of a school or university website is too complex and sometimes not efficient enough so teachers opt for more a personalized means of communica-tion with their students. Working with forth-year students at the Depart-ment of English, Novi Sad, the author has been using platforms like Google Groups and PB Wikis, which is the primary topic of this presen-tation. The paper investigates how e-collaboration develops over time: students join the group, participate in its work and become contributors themselves. In order to establish the steps in the process of development, students’ contributions are analyzed as well as other students’ responses to various queries, problems and discussion topics. Students tended to be “group-shy“ at first, but over time the level of participation grows. For the purposes of substantiating the results of the analysis of students’


33

contributions, a questionnaire was administered the end of the semester. The results reveal the students’ angle, which is somewhat different from the author’s. This, in turn, functions as a pointer for the future concep-tion of online platforms, thus adding a new level to the e-collaboration.

Ivan ŠĆEPANOVIĆ, MPhilTamara KLIČEK, MPhilVesna ŠĆEPANOVIĆ, MPhilFaculty for Management, Novi Sad


THE YOUNG AND INTERNET USE*

Internet is global communication network with great opportuni-ties for new acquaintances, exciting socializations, unusual walks and encounters. In modern society, the significance and use of the Internet are increasing in case of the young population. The results of empirical researches, which study the young and their interests, indicate that the Internet is a new phenomenon and that it takes central position in social space of the young. From media-pedagogical standpoint in this context, it is worth discussing whether problematic relations of inclusion and exclu-sion are intensified by it.

Through the Internet, the young people form similar values and atti-tudes about common activities and interests and develop important intel-lectual competences in social networking. Generally speaking, groups of friends make a strong socialization influence, where it is mostly about the


34

groups that are self-formed, whose members share the same interest and experience themselves as special. Internet makes it possible to overcome the issue of space that limits social relations of the young, but it has also brought about the problems in development, especially if it is about out-casts or the ones who were exposed to aggression in the peer group.

What kind of habits in relation to the Internet do the students of the University of Novi Sad have?

How much time do they spend on the Internet, for which purposes do they usually use it?

This paper deals with the way in which the young, students of the University of Novi Sad, access the Internet and use it.

Goran BULATOVIĆ, PhDAssistant professorLjiljana Lj. BULATOVIĆ, MPhilProfessional associateOlja ARSENIJEVIĆ, PhDAssistant professorFaculty of Management, Novi Sad

DIGITAL JOURNALISM PYRAMID – AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO TRADITIONAL NEWS CREATION*

Under the influence of digital technology, the journalistic profes-sion is forced to redefine traditional ways of collecting and especially processing and presenting information and news. Owing to digital me-dia, collecting, processing and presenting information, its analysis and interpretation are no longer activities reserved only for professional journalists. On the one hand, there is an increasing number of people who distribute information on the Internet without basic knowledge of principles and techniques of the journalistic profession, and on the


other, there are more and more professional journalists who are, due to economic and technological changes, forced to adapt their texts to an increasing number of media, the habits of their users and commer-cial requirements of their owners, instead of adapting them only to one media as they used to. On the Internet, there is a growing number of those involved in citizen journalism as well as more and more “user-generated content”. Without neglecting traditional journalistic princi-ples, techniques and values encompassed in inverted news pyramid, we propose digital news pyramid whose concept should be to supplement the technique of journalistic writing and adapt it to the demands of new media and the habits of their users. Digital journalistic pyramid should be met with understanding, in particular of young journalists who have already been thinking and acting digitally, but also of editors in the media who want to improve their online and traditional publications by innovative approaches and to adapt them to contemporary trends. On the other hand, the use of digital and laid news pyramids for the pres-entation of information in digital media is a tool of citizen journalism and it is its opportunity to gain the credibility of the traditional one, no matter who performs it.

Dejan PRALICA, PhDAssistant professorDepartment of Media StudiesFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Novi Sad

PUBLIC CONTROL OF THE GOVERNMENT – “ISTINOMER“ WEBSITE CASE STUDY*

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the way in which journal-ists, and private citizens as well, as subscribed members of a website,


35

36

can control the authorities. The website www.istinomer.rs is a good ex-ample. It poses the question of responsibility for public speeches of politicians and other public figures. The original thing about Istinomer is that journalists quote, analyze and comment on important statements that appeared in the media, and then grade them on the criterion of truthfulness, i.e. their consistency and fulfilled promises. Consider-ing its method of functioning, Istinomer can be classified as a modern tendency in journalism, since the journalists, with the citizens’ help, collect and create a database about public figures’ speeches which is always accessible to the public.

Anka MIHAJLOV-PROKOPOVIĆ, MPhilTeaching assistantDepartment of JournalismFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Niš

THE INTERNET’S INFLUENCE ON RADIO IN SERBIA

The new tehnological possibilities which the internet offers to radio as listening to traditional radio on the internet and podcasts, provide new chances for that media. More than 75 percent of radio and television stations in Serbia have web sites. Almost all traditional forms of media which are influential or intend to be a significant part of the media system have developed their own online version. It is obvi-ous that the internet provides an influence on traditional radio – some forms of media advance rapidly to internet galaxy, others begin their lives on the net. Consequently, the quality of their web sites differ. For example, the famous radio and television station, B 92, has developed a web site which is satisfactory to very high standards, whilst web sites of local radio-stations are less developed and often refrain from using a range of services which are made possible by Web 2.0. The existance of a clear online strategy is one of the conditions for entering in the new digital age which can provide a wider audience.

37

Dubravka VALIĆ NEDELJKOVIĆ, PhDAssociate professorDepartment of Media StudiesFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Novi Sad

JOURNALISTS’ KNOWLEDGE ABOUT DIGITAL TELEVISION*

The aim of the research is to investigate how much are journalists from Vojvodina familiar with program advantages of digitalization, i.e. how much they are familiar with the basic terms that make new digital perspective towards television.

The main hypothesis, confirmed by research, is that television journalists and editors have very limited and modest knowledge about the questions of digitalization, although they should be the very leaders of that process.

* This paper is an outcome of the research project "Digital media technologies and socio-educa-tional changes" (Project No. III 47020) which is implemented with financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia

38

Brankica DRAŠKOVIĆ, MPhilTeaching AssistantJelena KLEUT, MPhilTeaching assistantDepartment of Media StudiesFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Novi Sad

INDIVIDUAL USER OF DIGITAL TELEVISION*

Digital television will introduce new services such as Electronic

Programme Guide, video-on-demand, home shopping, internet serv-ices and others. In contrast to non-digital television which offers pro-gramme that is standardised for all users, time dependant and one-way, digital television programming is hyper-fragmented and two-way. This leads to a shift from mass media audience (viewers) to users and con-sumers, from “media-to-provide” to “media-on-demand”, from “bardic TV” to market oriented television. The aim of this paper is to explore this shift in the context of digitalisation of television in Serbia.

The research is based on understanding that the practice of view-ing and using digital television will be influenced by user choices and practices of viewing non-digital television and on usage of internet. In addition to main focus, one node of research is aimed at investigating audience relations to Radio-Television of Vojvodina.

The research will be conducted in three phases: 1. Pre-digital era, before the introduction of digital TV in Serbian households, 2. Proto-digital era, at the moment of introduction of digital TV and 3. Digital TV era, once digital TV becomes rooted in daily routines of users. The method used in research are in-depth interviews with 15 respondents. The paper presents the findings from the first phase of research.

* This paper is an outcome of the research project "Digital media technologies and socio-edu-cational changes" (Project No. 47020) which is implemented with financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia.

39

Slađana ČABRILO, PhDAssistant professorFaculty of Business in ServicesUniversity Educons, Sremska Kamenica


Leposava GRUBIĆ-NЕŠIĆ, PhDAssociate professorFaculty of Technical SciencesUniversity of Novi Sad

FROM CHALLENGES TO OPPORTUNITIES: HOW TO USE DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN TRANSFORMATION OF

SERBIA INTO INNOVATION DRIVEN ECONOMY AND KNOWLEDGE BASED SOCIETY*

In order to meet the challenge of reinforcing its competitive posi-tion in the face of knowledge and digital era, Europe has launched Eu-rope 2020 – EU’s growth strategy, aimed to exit the crisis and prepare the EU economy for the challenges of the next decade. One of the main goals of the Europe 2020 is to achieve ‘smart’, sustainable and inclu-sive growth. This growth depends on ICT, societal and technological innovation and knowledge as key drivers of social and economic pros-perity and sustainable development. The Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) is one of the seven initiatives of the Europe 2020 Strategy. The objective of DAE is to maximise the social and economic potential of ICT, most notably the internet. Digital technologies change life style changing the way we do business, work, play and communicate.


40

This paper discusses the various actions of the Digital Agenda for Europe, in the context of how to use benefits of the digital era in order to transform Serbian economy and society making Serbia a better place to live and work. The main objective is to analyze Serbia’s readiness to maximize the potential of digital revolution in order to develop knowledge-based society in line with DAE, which promotes digital Europe, information and knowledge-based society, sustainable and intelligent development through the promotion of knowledge, innovation, education and the digital society. The analysis is particularly focused on the impact of digital technologies on the future growth and development of Serbia and its transformation into innovation driven economy and knowledge based society.

Ljubica DUĐAK, MPhilTeaching assistant

Leposava GRUBIĆ-NЕŠIĆ, PhDAssociate professorFaculty of Technical SciencesUniversity of Novi Sad


CHANGING ATTITUDES TO DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYEES IN THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY*

The basic economic resource is no longer raw materials, capital and labor (which shall cease to be the sole and definitive source of


41

wealth), but this knowledge. This affects the type, scope and schedule of events companies, which may threaten its survival. It is safe to con-clude that organizations that do not detect in time the emergence of a knowledge society in their environment and transform the organization of knowledge, that they understand and accept the changes occurring at the global level, slowly but surely going in the direction samolikvi-dacije.

Dynamic changes in business environment, and differentiated needs of economic and social structures, strategic innovation requires knowledge and training of employees. On that basis, establish a learn-ing organization and learning is viewed in the context of “lifestyle”, and not only as a preparation for life. Introduce the process of continu-ous learning and training and staff development requires an appropri-ate management, which takes place in the context of human resource management and global management of the organization.

The paper will cover one of the factors of external environment which is largely influenced by the changing attitude towards the devel-opment of employees and their knowledge. It is a technological devel-opment, or development of information technology and telecommuni-cations and media technologies.

Thanks to the development of information and telecommunication technologies, has increased the share of information and knowledge in production technologies and products, and this in turn led to changes in modes of communication (within the company, the company with the environment and the market itself) and organization (Internet, In-tranet).

42

Vladislava GORDIĆ PETKOVIĆ, PhDProfessorDepartment of EnglishFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Novi Sad

MEDIA, TECHONOLOGY AND GENDER: THE CHANGED STATUS OF CONTEMPORARY WOMEN’S WRITING*

Since Elaine Showalter coined the term gynocritics and offered a new perspective of women’s literary history, the newly emerged criti-cal practice has explored the creativity of women with an ambition to fight against the shortcomings of the literary canon dominated by men writers and built upon assumptions of male supremacy. Within a new framework, Showalter proposed a set of strategies and principles to study women’s writing in relation to female experience.

With the aspiration to examine the ways media and new digital technologies contribute to representations of gender and history in the novels written by women, the paper will relate to the Showalter’s most recent book, A Jury of Her Peers, which offers a survey of women’s writing in American literary history, and attempt at illustrating the radi-cal changes in the ways gender and literature are represented today.


43

Dušan RISTIĆ, MATeaching assistantDepartment of SociologyFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Novi Sad

INTERNET IN EVERYDAY LIFE: SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION*

Basic question raised in this paper is how the use of Internet and online communication affect sociability, especially in terms of estab-lishment of social contacts and communication? Online communica-tion is viewed as a “continuation” of social communication by other means. Its key feature is the presence of actors in real time and use of softwares and applications that provide visibility of text, audio or audio-visual communication. This type is just one form of computer-mediated communication. It is also the basis of social interaction and its consequences for social action are contradictory. The paper also dis-cusses social software as a technological basis for communication and social interaction. Although there are profound disagreements about aforementioned issues, some research suggests that the use of Internet and online communication does not change significantly the structure and routine of everyday life of users, but the content of activities, a way of spending time and establishing new patterns of communication and social interaction.


44

Anamaria FILIMON BENEA, MATeaching assistantDepartment of Philosophy and Communication Sciences Faculty of Political Sciences, Philosophy and Communication Sciences West University of Timişoara

INTERNET USERS, COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS

After the introduction of the internet in our life, media scholars, political scientists and sociologists started to debate about the role of the internet in society. The two areas of research that have received a special attention in the domain of internet effects are the digital divide and social capital. Digital divide researchers have pointed out the criti-cal gaps in society among different groups in the context of their access to new media and technology. Social capital researchers have focused on the influence of the internet on community life.

My article tries to find the role of community access to the inter-net in the context of the participation of individuals in their communi-ties and their satisfaction with community life.

How a person sees the internet greatly depends on how they use it. The internet has provided new ways to think about relationships, the individual and one’s sense of home. Living online is more than having a web page or an email address; being homed in cyberspace carries with it a set of assumptions about the world. (Star, 1995)

45

Zlatomir GAJIĆ, MPhilProfessional associateDepartment of Media StudiesFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Novi Sad

INTERVIEW AS JOURNALISTIC GENRE IN PRINT MEDIA AND ON THE INTERNET

Expansion of internet, as a new media, opens numerous questions of parallels between traditional journalistic genres and their application in information era. In the current transition phase of global transforma-tion of media landscape, internet has become similar to print media, in methodology of information gathering and distribution. From print media it has taken the traditional approach in processing journalistic topic. Print media genres are successfully applied and they live on in-ternet, but there remains a question about the possibilities and future changes with constant and fast development of technology.

Interview, as one of the key segment of journalism, both now and in past, follow this image completely, keeping the role of professional journalist (in opposition to citizen journalism) who is direct actor in finding and disseminating truth. Good and thorough preparation of a journalist for an interview is now made easier by unlimited possibili-ties of internet, with necessary caution in selecting the data. During the interview, a journalist has a role to guide the interviewee through questions and answers in order to create a unique image about his/hers attitude. While writing, in the introduction when he/she explains oc-casion and selection of an interviewee, part, a journalist demonstrated knowledge and skill, and the written text, with necessary linguistic, stylistic and technical adaptations keeps the full meaning of the inter-action that was achieved.

46

Sonja VUKOBRAT, MATeaching assistantFaculty of Management, Novi Sad

PERSONALITY AND DIGITAL MEDIA USE PRIMARILY AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION*

Past research dealing with personality in media environment were mainly aimed at determining the preference of the media and media content in the context of personality traits (Donohew, Palmgreen & Rayburn, 1987; Conway & Rubin, 1991; Finn, S., 1997) and the poten-tial adverse effects of media on mental health of individuals (Ferguson, J.C. et al., 2011). Recent studies, in line with rapid development of the Internet have mostly dealt with the characteristics of people who prefer social interaction via Web or relations among traits of personality and chosen content on the Web (Mingxin & Li, 2002; Correa, T., 2009). However, what remains unclear are the characteristics of the popula-tion uses the Internet primarily as a source of information as opposed to individuals who use the Internet as a medium designed above all for social activities and entertainment. The aim of this study is to deter-mine characteristics of the population, mainly personality traits, using new media dominant as the source of information.


47

3. Teorijski i metodološki pristupi u medijskim studijama / Theoretical and methodological approaches in media studies

Eva REŽNÁKOVÁPhD studentFaculty of Mass MediaPaneuropean University, Bratislava

AGENDA SETTING THEORY

This contribution discusses the agenda setting theory which deals with mass media and their influence on public opinion. This theory re-gards media as an importing tool that helps influence public opinion by setting the agenda in public debate as well as focus public attention on key public issues. Using agenda setting, media give some priorities to chosen issues and topics and determine which of them are perceived by public as important. This theory assumes that media have a huge power to establish what kind of information the audience gets and what part of the news is important for the audience.

The first who analyzes the imapct of the media on consumer’s perception was an american journalist Walter Lippmann. As the most important representatives of agenda setting theory are considered Prof. Maxwell McCombs and Prof. Donald Shaw.

Ivan DRANAČKA PhD studentFaculty of Mass MediaPaneuropean University, Bratislava

FRANKFURT SCHOOL AND CRITICAL THEORY

Frankfurt School is a philosophical school of 20th century, which emerged from German philosophical environment and its theoretical

48

program is based on critical theory of society. Leaders of the Frank-furt school were inspired by Karl Marx and the Hegelian dialectic, the other thought resources were the classic German philosophical tradi-tion - Kant - as well as Weber, Freud. Unlike then dominating materi-alistic Marxism, which determines the nature of cultural production, is the key of neomarxists of Frankfurt school the culture itself. Accord-ing to critics of the Frankfurt school, capitalist society is characterized not only by manufacturing goods, but also cultural goods, but culture produced by the cultural industry is losing its critical potential. As the most important representatives are considered Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, Erich Fromm and sometimes Jurgen Habermas.

Ioana VID, PhDAssistant professorDepartment of Philosophy and Communication Sciences Faculty of Political Sciences, Philosophy and Communication Sciences West University of Timişoara

TRENDS IN THE STYLISTICS OF THE CULTURAL REPORTAGE

Writing reportage is an art. But if the reporter does not use a cor-

rect documentation at the base of this art, we cannot talk about the re-portage as a journalistic genre. But since the information and the docu-ment are not enough to achieve a reportage, the reporter must have language skill to write a natural, expressive text and to transpose the reader where the event takes place. If the author’s notes are unapplied in the news, in the reportage, they are shown. The tone, morphology, syntax, pronunciation, regionalisms, colloquial language, and figures of speech – all are all the elements that give expressivity to the article.

„Mark Twain’s Principles” (acuracy, clarity, credibility and adapt-ing the style to the event) are applied to the reportage, as well as they are used when drafting any text belonging to the journalistic genre.

49

The journalism has evolved along with the language, but the lan-guage had also suffered changes becouse of the written press who has always been closely linked to the nonconventional language, the one spoken on the street. Thus, the press had to wait the start of a cohesive Romanian language and then to continue by itself in a personal lan-guage, which obviously will never forget where it started from.

The journalistic language obeys a rigour of communication caused by an institutional frame and established by a social-proffesional group, whose purpose is to achieve an effective communication as Luminiţa Roşca says in The journalistic text production. In the same book, she gives us three features of journalistic communication:

‒ the production act of messages is, in the same time, an indi-vidual act and an institutional one

‒ the receptional act is an individual one‒ the audience pressure leads to the major request of journalistic

communication: the message reachability. Finally, I will analyze several articles written by Andrei Pleşu for

a cultural magazine Dilema veche.

Jana ZJAK, MAPhD studentFaculty of Mass MediaPaneuropean University, Bratislava

TELEVISION SHOW PROGRAMS FROM THE VIEW

OF VISUAL STUDIES

The aim of thesis is to approximate theories of visual studies applied in television show programs for wide mass of people. Characteristic of television program is defined as a typical frame of reality. The moving picture in television is framed visual field and as so is a primary scope of one’s sight. This basic model of television perception is used to make deeper study of television picture itself with main cinematograph rules such as light, camera moving and shot size with comparison on history

50

of art theories such as perspective, framing or use of light. Visual stud-ies as a part of media studies deal with a components and a technology of medial scheme as a system. In complex research media as an entity it is inevitable to combine various media in the meaning of their message, technology and mutual share as well. Television program is coherence with film and fine arts.

Jana PIŠTEKOVÁ, MAPhD studentFaculty of Mass MediaPaneuropean University, Bratislava

SIGMUND FREUD THEORY IN TABLOID MEDIA WORLD

Infotaintment as a tool of commercialization resonates today in Slovak media. This trend is still getting stronger and stronger so even more after the economic crisis. Out of four TV channels from which three are privately owned redistribute profits from the small advertis-ing package. Commercialization of the media in Slovakia as well can no longer be affected or stopped. Commercial channels are working closely with tabloid press and TV news and sometimes even infotain-ment are in prime/ time forced to use certain elements that increase the volume of rating. Watching individual various television formats in Slovakia is monitored by people meters and shares and ratings are showing that in some situations people respond instinctively.

Sigmund Freud was an excellent observer of people and many of his arguments have held relevant content today. In this work I have applied and used some of his knowledge to the actual media environ-ment.

51

Dejan SREDOJEVIĆ, MPhilTeaching assistantAcademy of ArtsUniversity of Novi Sad

DICTION MISTAKES IN PRESENTING THE RADIO NEWS*

Speech sign is usually a sign of wider context since it transfers language information, but also information on the speaker, his emo-tions and his attitude towards the topic he is talking about as well as to his listeners. In everyday life, this all comes naturally because language is realised as a global sign even when the speakers are unaware of all the above-mentioned factors. On the other hand, radio news present-ers are usually unaware of the real context in which the speech takes place while reading the news, which results in the stage fright and bad diction. For this reason, speech form is often in contradiction to the content being presented and therefore becomes the hindering factor in decoding a message. This paper is based on 300 samples of radio news read by fourth-year students of the Department of Media Studies at the Faculty of Philosophy in Novi Sad. Typical examples are illustrated by spectrograms and recordings analysed by means of methods of experi-mental phonetics.


52

Vladimir BAROVIĆ, PhDAssociate professorDepartment of Media StudiesFaculty of Philosophy, Novi SadUniversity of Novi Sad

JOURNALISTIC ETHICS AND MEDIA WORK IN CRISIS SITUATIONS

This paper remarks that the large-scale commercialism of electron-ic and printed media leads to uncompromising struggle for market, in which many of ethical codes are being violated. Such situation arises in all fields of work in media, but particularly extreme cases are noticeable in crises which often lower the ethical criteria of acceptable photographs, recordings and the follow-up texts that are being released in media. In this paper, based on analysis of contents in media we discuss whether it is necessary to include new normative in present ethical codes, which would sanction the extreme examples of ethics violation. In the end, we accomplished connection between the need for bigger popularity/numerous edition and cherishing the dignity of contemporary moral sub-ject whose existence is jeopardized in ruthless media commercialism.

Mira VIDAKOVIĆ, PhDAssociate professorFaculty of Management, Novi Sad

ROLE OF MEDIA IN FORMATION OF UNIVERSAL VALUES*

Today, mass media plays a large part in forming the opinions of

all classes of societies, those of general public, consumers and even the


53

people who acquire and share information. Radio, television, print me-dia and Internet have become everyday routine of every person on this planet. Number of consumers of these media resources grows by the day. Mass media have the capability and power to control progression of the society. Although we cannot and should not stop the media as an embodiment of the freedom of speech, it is important to make them aware of their power of manipulation and that repercussions can harm society, because will is a propellant of the society.

Modern opinions are that the influence of mass media on indi-vidual members of society is virtually limitless. This paper examines how that unbounded power can shape the universal values of the whole society.

Mass communication is the term used to describe a way of social communication where a message can be distributed through means of mass media to a wider public and large number of people at the same. With emergence of the Internet and Web 2.0 mass communication gets it new aspect – two-way mass communication.

Informational age, in which we live right now, as well as creativi-ty, culture, knowledge and education have been completely globalized. Hence, global communication demands new definitions of mass cul-ture, cultural identity, artistic genres, etc. We are entering a society that knows not of limitation, segregation, isolation, a society in which uni-versal values as social policies are encouraged. Still, one of the main questions of contemporary society is how to keep your individuality but stay in the boundaries of these globalization tendencies, how to stay on the path to achieving “unified world”, which is based on eco-nomic and technological integration, and still avoid the dangers of cul-tural uniformity, serialization of a special cultural and politic entity?

ODABRANI RADOVI UČESNIKA NAUČNO-ISTRAŽIVAČKE ŠKOLE „MOSTOVI MEDIJSKOG OBRAZOVANJA 2011“

SELECTED PAPERS OF THE PARTICIPANTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH SCHOOL

“THE BRIDGES OF MEDIA EDUCATION 2011”

57

Jasna MERKLINPetra ZNOJ Urška ZALARStudent of the Department of CommunicationFaculty of Social SciencesUniversity of Ljubljana

REPORTING ABOUT NEIGHBORS IN SLOVENIAN DAILY NEWSPAPERS

1. Introduction

In this essay we will present and interpret data that we collected in two daily Slovenian newspapers and analyzed their content while in Novi Sad. In the quantitative-qualitative discourse analysis, supported by lectures of theory, we analyzed 27 newspapers, dating from 4th of May to 28th of June. We analyzed 20 items from Slovenske novice and 30 from Primorske novice.

Firstly, this report will explain the context of both dailies. Before the interpretation of results we will explain methodological settings of our research. Finally we will conclude our report with findings and make an overview how our newspapers reports about neighbor countries.

2. Context of newspapers

2. 1. Primorske noviceWeekly Nova Gorica which was first published in 1947 with the

circulation of 3200 and weekly Istrski Jadran which was published in 1950 with the circulation of 5000 merged into weekly Primorske nov-ice in 1963. Through the years Primorske increased its publishing to twice and later three times a week until 2004 when it became the first Slovenian regional daily. Its website begin to live in 1996. Publishing company Primorske novice d.o.o. is registered in Koper. Primorske novice is an informative and non-party daily that is regionally active but its readership belongs to a wider area. As of 2009, it is the only regional daily newspaper in Slovenia.

58

2. 2. Slovenske novice Slovenske novice was the first Slovenian tabloid paper. First edi-

tion was published in 1991 and until this day it has been a newspa-per with the biggest circulation in Slovenia. Publishing company ČGP Delo (Delo publisher) presumably founded a bypass company to estab-lish Slovenske novice (Bašič Hrvatin, 2007: 29). This explains identical ownership of newspapers – or rather Delo’s ownership over Slovenske novice. Its current circulation consists of 305.000 readers (National re-search of readership 2009 II-2010 I).

3. Reporting about neighbors: case Slovenia

Slovenia has four neighbor countries: Austria, Hungary, Croatia and Italy. With other countries in the region was connected to Yugosla-via, but it was first country to secede from federation in 1989.

It became member of European Union in 2004 and currently Slovenian government is left-sided. It has three minorities: in Austria, Hungary and Italy.

There was 1.619 media in 2009; within 1.178 printed media, 262 on-line publications, 100 radio stations, 79 TV stations and 9 dailies.

4. Methodology

Our analysis consisted of examining two daily Slovenian news-papers. We took in consideration editions published on 4nd, 7th, 14th, 19th, 23th, 27th and 31th May; as well as 4th, 8th, 11th, 16th, 20th, 24th and 28th Jun. Analyzed corpus consisted of 60 articles, 20 items from the Slovenske novice and 30 from Primorske novice.

Every piece of newspaper had at least one article about neighbor countries. Codex was constituted of 19 categories. Apart from basic cat-egories like date and title of newspaper the rest of codex demanded an analysis of Position in newspapers, section (or its title), size of the text, genre, authorship, occasion, visual presentation, location, topic, sub-ject, identification of subject, object, identification of the object, value context: subject about object, type of the title and notes to our easier understanding.

Aim of our research was to try to determine how much and in

59

what way Slovenian media report about the neighboring countries, Slovakia, Romania and the former states of Yugoslavia.

5. Results

5.1. Position of articles in newspaper and size of the textMost articles about neighbor countries were not on the front page

(92%). We can link this result with results that we got in category Size of the text. There were 68% of short news (34 articles) and only 12% of large articles (6 articles).

Short

Middle

Large

Figure 1. Size of the texts

5.2. GenreShort news was the main genre in analyzed articles (66%), fol-

lowed by reports (20%), feature articles (10%) and feature story (4%). There was no interview, commentary, reply, letter of the reader, vox populi, expert feature or other.

Shortnews

Report

Featurearticles

Feature story

Figure 2. Genres of the texts

60

5. 3. Authorship Most of all articles didn’t have authorship indicated (46%), jour-

nalists were signed under the text in 28% of articles and in 24% of articles the authorship belonged to news agencies.

Figure 3. Text autorship

5. 4. Occasion There was only one article which was considered as media initia-

tive (2%), followed by pseudo-event (6%). Most of articles covered actual events (92%).

5. 5. Visual presentationTwo categories were equally presented: only text (48%) and text

and the photo (48%). There were no text with caricature or text box, except in articles where text was fulfilled with more categories (4%).

5. 6. Location Most articles cover news from Italy or Austria (other countries

– 45%), followed by Croatia (35) and Serbia (12%). There were also one article from Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia. During the analysis there was not even one article from Hungary or Slovakia.

61

Serbia

Croatia

Romania

BiH

Montenegro

Macedonia

Figure 4. Reporting about neighboring countries

5. 7. TopicArticles mostly covered crimes (20%) and sport (20%), followed

by culture (12%), war crimes (10%), social issues (8%), regional cor-poration between two or more countries (5%), politics (4%), religion (4%), entertainment (4%), economy (2%) and minority issues (2%).

Regional coopertionWar crimes

Crimes

Economy

Politics

Minority issues

Figure 5. Topic of the texts

62

5. 8. SubjectSubject in analyzed articles were mostly subjects from regional/

neighboring countries (35%), followed by representatives of the worlds of culture, education, science, sport (21%), citizens (15%), military and police (12%), state bodies and organs (6%), economic experts, compa-nies, businessmen (4%), provincial, county canton and local bodies and organs (2%) and journalists (2%). In analyzed pieces there is no international organization implied as a subject, no science expert or ethnic minority representatives.

Figure 6. Main subjects in the texts

5.9. ObjectMost covered objects in the analyzed articles were representa-

tives of the world of culture, science, education and sport (25%), then citizens (21%), military and police (15%), followed by subjects from regional/neighboring countries (13%), economic experts, companies, businessmen (8%), state bodies and organs (6%) and political parties (2%). Some categories are not covered in analyzed articles, such as provincial, county canton and local bodies and organs, science expert or ethnic minority representatives.

63

Figure 7. Main objects of the texts

5.10. Value contextFirst, analyzed articles showed that evaluation: subject about

object was mostly positive (43%), but followed closely with negative (37%) and last – neutral (20%).On the other hand, value attached by an author about topic was mostly neutral (72%), but more negative (16%),then positive (12%).

5.11. Type of the titleRealistic type was the most frequent type of the title (52%), fol-

lowed by sensationalistic (30%) and metaphorical (18%).

64

6. Conclusion

Most articles cover news from Italy or Austria, followed by Croatia. During the analysis there was not even one article from Hun-gary or Slovakia. Most of the examined articles cover news from Italy, and that is expected, because Primorske novice has its headquarters near the border with Italy. If the analysis included only Slovenske nov-ice, number of articles mentioning Croatia would took the first place. Third most covered country was Serbia, which is connected to the case of Ratko Mladić, who was arrested in that time.

Other countries had one or two articles, but they were not rel-evant, like news from Romania, in which bird crashed into the plane, but nothing really happened.

There is almost no “first page stories”, which is also connected to the size of the text, which is usually small and genre, where the most common genre is short news. In analyzed articles there is not any inter-view, commentary or vox populi.

Texts are mainly concerned with the (war) crimes (connected to the case of Ratko Mladić) and sport. There are no articles about cooperation between countries in the region in relation to the media, education and science. Subject in texts are mainly government institu-tions and representatives of sport and culture, slightly less subjects are citizens or representatives of police or army. Representatives of ethnic minorities are not mentioned as a subject.

To expose main findings of our research, we must emphasize that articles were mainly short news, texts were mainly concerned with the (war) crimes and sport, there were lots of negative items connected to Croatia, representatives of ethnic minorities were not mentioned, there was no article connected to Hungary even though it is our neighbor and there is no topic connected to cooperation among countries in the region or with neighbors.

65

References

Limb, Peter (1992). „Alliance Strengthened or Diminished?: Rela-tionships between Labour & African Nationalist/Liberation Movements in Southern Africa. Retrieved 7th May 1992, URL: http://neal.ctstateu.edu/history/world_history/archives/limb-l.html.

Radovanović, Milorad (1986). Sociolingvistika. Novi Sad: Književna zajednica Novog Sada - Dnevnik.

Primorske novice. 2011. Analysis of the daily (May, June). Ljubljana: Delo d.d.

Primorske novice Accessible on: http://www.primorske.si/.Reynolds, Susan (1983). Medieval Origins: Gentium and the Commu-

nity of the Realm. History, 68: 375-390.Sperber, Dan (1990). „The Epidemiology of Beliefs“, in The Social

Psychological Study of Widespread Beliefs, ed. C. Fraser & G. Gaskell (Oxford: Clarendon Press): 25-44.

Slovenske novice. Accessible on: http://www.slovenskenovice.si/.Slovenske novice. 2011. Analysis text of the daily (May, June). Ljublja-

na: Delo d.d.

66

FRUNZĂ-ȚOGOE Andreea-AidaPÂNTEA Ana-Alexandra SZOFRAN Gabriel Students of the Department of Philosophy and Communication Sciences Faculty of Political Sciences, Philosophy and Communication Sciences West University of Timişoara

MEDIA REPORTING ABOUT THE REGION: THE CASE STUDY ROMANIA

We analyzed two Romanian newspapers: Click!, a popular tabloid and another daily newspaper called Jurnalul National.

Click!

Click! (former Averea) is an Romanian tabloid newspaper owned by Adevarul Holding media trust. It is a very popular tabloid that re-ached the top position is sales in 2009 with 208.903 copies sold on issue.

Before becoming a tabloid, Averea used to be a daily newspaper dealing with general subjects, but also a lot of economical and financial ones. It used to have a popular Christian-democratic orientation and it first appeared in May 2005 under Sorin Rosca Stanescu. It became a full-time tabloid in March 2006 with the help of a very aggressive media campaign. The newspaper became a part of Adevarul holding in October 2006, when it was bought by media tycoon Dinu Patriciu for over 560.000 Euros. In 2007 the name Averea was changed to Click!

Now a few words about Adevarul Holding: it is one of the biggest and most influential media trusts in Romania and it contains several printed newspapers as well as their online versions. Adevarul (The Truth), Adevarul de seara (The Evening Truth - a free newspaper that sustains itself through advertising), Forbes, Ok! Magazine, Dilema Veche (The Old Dilemma) and Click! are some of the most popular newspapers of the trust. Adevarul Holding is also the owner of the

67

Ukrainian daily newspaper Blik. Dinu Patriciu, the owner is a contro-versial person and he was often accused of having a great influence in Romania’s politics.

Tabloids usually come in smaller dimensions than the usual newspapers and they treat subjects that are considered superficial and sensational and Click! is no exception. It also has an online version and three other printed versions for women, healthcare and cooking (Click Pentru femei, Click Sanatate and Click Pofta Buna). Click! is a tabloid with very low standards. There is basically nothing it wouldn’t publish and the pictures in the printed and online versions have por-nographic innuendos more often than not. Still, Click! remains in a top position in the preferences of the readers, being one of the most popular publications in Romania. Scandals almost always occupy the front pages and the information published is not very well documen-ted most of the time. But the audience doesn’t seem to mind that, preferring to read about the scandals, VIPs and other frivolous things instead of reading a serious newspaper. Click! deals with almost any subjects, from politics to the weather, but the articles are written in a very sensationalist way.

Jurnalul National

Jurnalul National is one of the most important and appreciated newspapers in Romania. It has been around for years and people see it as one of the few quality newspapers still on the market. The first issue of Jurnalul National first appeared in 1993 and it was made in Bucha-rest. It is a part of the Intact Media Group, a very powerful Romanian media trust.

The owner of Intact Media Group is Dan Voiculescu, a powerful Romanian tycoon and the founder of the Conservative Party. He runs the trust with Romanian equity only. Intact owns 6 national TV cha-nnels, 11 publications and 3 radio stations.

Some of the journalists working for Intact Media Group are very well known in Romania. A few of them even have their own TV shows like Mircea Badea, Marius Tuca or Victor Ciutacu. Others are well known writers, like Mircea Cartarescu and some are just appreciated foe their articles, like Ion Cristoiu and Radu Tudor.

68

Jurnalul National has 24 pages, in a big format, both colored and in black and white. In 14 of the 24 pages there are advertisements. The articles are placed in regard to their subject in different sections: “Events”, “Investigations”, “Reportage”, “Analysis”, “Politics”, “Eco-nomic-Buisness”, “Foreign”, “Cultural” and many others depending on the situation.

The newspapers format and graphics are similar to those of the British Guardian. Jurnalul National also has an online version where the public is able to read most of the articles. It is also a serious website and people mostly consider it a valid source of information. The prin-ted newspaper costs 1.5 lei (about 36 dinars) alone and about 11.9 lei with a book (about 285 dinars). Its target audience is formed of people between 20 and 50 years of age and with an income and studies above average.

Reporting about neighbors

For two months we analyzed two Romanian newspapers Click! and Jurnalul National. During this time frame the most important ar-ticles that had any information about neighboring countries and the Region had a share of 47% in Click! and 53% in Jurnalul National. We were surprised that both publications have a share close to 50%, taking into consideration that tabloids usually approach more sensati-onal topics.

We have found 15 articles about neighboring countries. Only one of this news could be found on the front page in 27th May in Jurnalul National and it was about Ratko Mladić. The rest of the articles were in special sections of international news or were very short and could be found on the last page of the newspaper. All of the 15 articles appeared in different sections in the following way: 20% politics, 20% war cri-mes, 13% sports, 13% social affairs, 13% economy and 20% in other sections.

After analyzing the articles we noticed that 40% of them were very long, taking up more than half a page, 33% were medium in len-gth and 27% were very short.

69

Regarding the genre of the articles, 53% were reports, 27% were short news, 13% were opinions and 7% were a combination of these.

We noticed that the reports were predominant in Click!, as well as in Jurnalul National. In 80% of the cases the articles were signed by their author and in 20% of the cases the articles were signed by the press agency.

In most of the articles the current events had a share of 73%, media initiatives were 13% and press conferences were also 13%. That means that current events have priority in both newspapers. The visual presentation in both publications was structured in the following way: text with photo had a share of 40%, text with more categories has also 40%, text with textbox had 13% and simple text had 7%.

From the 15 analyzed articles three were about Serbia, three were about Bulgaria, one was about Hungary and the rest were from other European countries.

Most of the topics were related to war, politics, economy, enterta-inment, social events and sports.

The context these articles were presented in was a negative one in 53% of the cases, a neutral one in 33% of the cases and a positive one in only 13% of the cases. Both newspapers had a majority of realistic headlines with 67% and the sensationalistic headlines had a share of 33%.

70

NÁNÁSI AnitaTÓTH ZsuzsaVRAZSOVITS Rita Students at the Department of Communication and Media StudiesFaculty of ArtsUniversity of Szeged

MEDIA REPRESENTATION OF NEIGHBOURS IN HUNGARIAN PRINT MEDIA

I The object of the research

In our analysis (Media representation of our neighbours in Hun-garian printed media) we concentrated on the Hungarian newspapers Blikk and Délmagyarország. We focused on the pieces that were pu-blished in May and June 2011.

Which countries are our neighbours? We are geographically in neighbourhood of seven countries: Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Ser-bia, Croatia, Slovenia and Austria. We focused on other countries beca-use of the historical and geographical connection, for example Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Czech Republic.

II Method

During our work we used quantitative and qualitative methods as well. We will tell our results and our conclusions in the next sec-tion.

In Hungary, although the concept of objective informing exists, papers hardly keep themselves away from influence of political and economic powers. For tabloids (Blikk) the base theory is “bad news is good news”. Blikk is a daily tabloid published by the publisher Rin-gier from Schwitzerland. It was first published in May 1994. Since

71

2004 it has been published in a coloured form. It is the most popular newspaper in Hungary. Délmagyarország is a regional daily newspa-per about public life.

III Hypothesises

Before the introduction of our findings we would like to present our hypothesis: We expect that Blikk as a tabloid will have shorter, less deep investigation of the background information and we expect that Délmagyarország will report much more from the foreign happenings than Blikk. We have another expectation and that is that we will find many articles about our neighbours and about their political, economic and public lives.

IV Analysis

The location was the most important part of our representation. Most of the articles were about Serbia, because of the case of Ratko Mladić. The second and third countries were Romania and Slovakia. Its first reason may be the neighbouring cooperation, and that Hungary is in strong connection with these neighbours. The second reason may be the great number of Hungarians who live in those countries next to the border. On the other hand we did not find so many articles about our other neighbours (Macedonia and Slovenia).

72

Serbia

Croatia

Romania

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Montenegro

Slovenia

Countries

Figure 1. Locations represented in the sample

One of the most interesting results in these newspapers is that the section’s 35% was about sport, and then came the crime and the politi-cs only with 21% and 17%. Our hypothesis was that in the Hungarian media the neighbours get bigger attention than others and of course we thought the field will mainly the politics and minority, but as you can see this hypothesis is wrong.

SportPoliticsLocalCrimeAccidentTourismHistoryEconomyCulture

Figure 2. Sections in which texts appeared

73

We cannot give definite answer without researching, but we can give feasible explanation. Probably the reason is that in Hungary sport has got history.

Take for instance Ferenc Puskás, a well-known Hungarian football player. Or nowadays, our water polo team is the only one in the world who was able to win the Summer Olympic Games 3 times running. We have had the most effective kayak-canoe team in the world since 1994 with the world’s best athlete, Katalin Kovács who won 31 times in kayak world championships. Hungary won 160 gold, 144 silver and 164 bronze medal at the Olympic Games, and that means we are in the first 10 nations (in the official top list).

The reason maybe that with these successes the Hungarian people pay big attention to sport, and the media follow this as well.

On the other hand there is another reason. At this time of the year (May, June 2011) there were more big sport events in the region (Euro-pean Senior Canoe Sprint Championships in Belgrad, Serbia, or the Ice Hockey World Championship in Bratislava, Slovakia).

Most of the articles were short (67%) and only 10% of them were on the front page. It means three articles from the thirty.

The longest one was about the Treaty of Trianon because of its 91st anniversary (4. June 1920). It mainly told about the past, the hi-story with a lot of data and details. So we came to the conclusion that we pay more attention to our past than necessary. The other two articles were about sport as in most of the articles.

63% of the articles were short news with only one or two senten-ces and only 20% were reports.

V Conclusion

The expectations were different from the results of the research. Most of the articles were not about politics, economics and crimes, but sports. We found only 30 articles about our neighbours although we expected more. These articles were about the most important actual events. So Hungarian people (or at least the readers of these newspa-

74

pers) are not well-informed about the region. In these two months Dél-magyarország and Blikk focused mainly on the western part of Europe. We must ask – even though Hungary is in the center of the region – why these newspapers pay less attention to its neighbouring countries (which all have Hungarian minorities).

75

Dušan ALEKSIĆNeven OBRADOVIĆ Ana ŠURDILOVIĆStudents at the Department of JournalismFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Niš

MEDIA REPORTING ABOUT THE REGION IN SERBIAN NEWSPAPERS KURIR AND NARODNE NOVINE

Introduction

In the research on Serbian media writing about the countries in the region (region means neighbouring countries, Slovenia, Austria and Slovakia) we have analyzed two daily newspapers – Kurir and Narodne novine. The tabloid Kurir is published on the territory of whole Serbia with the average daily circulation of around 160.000, while the local daily newspapers from Niš, Narodne novine, has a daily circulation of around 5.000. The corpus consists of seven issues of both newspapers published in May and June 2011.

The subject of the research is writing of these two Serbian daily newspapers about the neighbouring countries. The way these media have structured an image on others is investigated through the analy-sis of the texts on the neighbouring countries – the representation of themes from these countries is determined as well topics reported, the reporting value context, diversity of sources and the way in which it was reported. Besides, the professinal characteristics of reporting have been analyzed like genre, vusual prezentation, headlines, text size, etc.

The objective of the research is to determine the place and role of reporting on the countries neighbouring Serbia and in the observed region in creation of the media relationship towards these countries through the analysis of content and form – form of expression used by journalists that wrote about the neighbouring countries.

76

Hypothesis

Initial hypotheses:As • Narodne novine is a local newspaper, more texts on neigh-bouring countries could be found in Kurir published on the ter-ritory of whole Serbia, therefore covering much more topics.Factual forms of the journalist expression (news, reports) pre-•vail the analytical forms of expression (article, comment). There are no reasearch texts in either of these two newpapers. A large number of texts in both newpapers refer to the former •Yugoslavian republics.A large number of texts in both newspapers refer to the un-•solved problems among the former Yugoslav republics like war crimes, succession, cross-border crimes.As these are foreign countries, the majority of texts are taken •over from the news agencies.Due to the dreary past of the Balkans in the texts prevails a •negative relationship towards the object. As • Kurir is considered a tabloid – “illustrated daily newspa-per of smaller format dominated by the sensationalism in the processing techniques“ (Todorović, 2006: 20), the headlines are mostly sensationalistic.

Methodology

This paper used quantitative-qualitative discourse analysis of two daily newspapers – national newspaper Kurir, as a tabloid, and the local Niš newspaper Narodne novine. 14 issues published in May and June 2011 of each publication have been analyzed. The analysis was conducted by filling in the predetermined code sheet.

Analysis

Within the analyzed period 79 texts have been found on neigh-bouring countries. Out of this number 60 have been found in Kurir (76%) and 19 in Narodne novine (24%). None of the texts have been on the front page.

77

Analysis of KurirThe majority of texts, 24, that makes 40% out of total number of

texts published in Kurir, could be found under the “News“ section. It is worth mentioning that under this section there also were texts on hap-penings in Serbia itself. Under “Black chronicle“ there were 13 texts (22%), but even these events have not been detached from the happen-ings in Serbia. In Kurir there is a section “Planet” with texts on non ex-YU countries. Within the analyzed period, 11 such texts have been published (18%).

Due to the fact that Kurir is a tabloid, the attention has been paid to the happenings in show-business. These texts could be found under the section titled “Stars”, and within the analyzed period there were 8 texts on celebrities from the neighbouring countries (13%). The re-gional sports events were covered in 4 texts published under the sec-tion “Sport” (7%).

The majority of texts were short (few sentences). Kurir published 44 short texts (70%). There were 6 medium size texts (10%) (up to one third of page), while 10 texts (17%) were published covering half or more than half of the page.

As far as genres are concerned, the most represented were news (42 texts, 70%). The second place belongs to reports (10 texts, 17%). There were 3 interviews (5%). One was with an Albanian who was driving the corpses of Serbians whose organs have been removed in Kosovo (8th June, “I Felt the Smell of Blood“), another was a confes-sion of a woman molested in the Remetinec camp in Croatia (24th June, „I Survived Hell!”) and an interview with the Big Brother win-ner, Marjana Čvrljak (28th June, “I Put a Shame on My Family“). Two articles have been published (3%) – one on decision of the Montenegri-an Parliament that the historical fact is that Serbia had forcibly annexed Montenegro in 1918 (8th May, „Montenegrians Rape the History“) and one on the conflict between the state of Montenegro and the Serbian Orthodox Church in this country (19th May, “Milo Abolishes SOC!”). There were 2 texts (3%) that could not be classified in either of genres. Regarding the arrest of Ratko Mladić, a survey was conducted with the statesmen in the region (2%), (27 May). There were no other genres.

The majority of texts have not been signed (32 texts, 53%). 25 texts have been signed (42%). Only for one article, on vaccination of

78

cattle after antrax epidemics in Bulgaria (20th June, “They’re vacci-nating a cattle” ), the news agency was stated as a source, while the two texts have been signed by the editorial staff of Kurir. These texts referred to the problems of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montene-gro (19th May, “Milo Abolishe SOC!”) and crimes of Dragan Parav-inj (28th June, “Bloodshed of Dragan Paravinja”). The motive for texts was almost always a current affair (58 texts, 97%). Only 2 texts (3%) ensued as the result of media initiative. These are a confession of woman molested in the Remetinec camp in Croatia (24th June, “I Survived Hell!”) and the texts on the business affairs of the former Croatian vice president Ivo Sanader with Serbia (23rd May, “Sanader’ Business with Serbians”).

As for the visual presentation, in 27 cases (45%) there was only a text without accompanying elements, while 21 texts (35%) were illustrated by a photo. 11 texts were with photo, text box or other elements (18%), while 1 article (2%) had only text box as an addi-tion.

The majority of texts – 30 (48%), have been on Croatia, although some of them referred to two or more countries. 14 texts have been published (22%) on happenings in Bosnia and Hezegovina, 9 (14%) on Montenegro, 2 (3%) on Macedonia and 1 (2%) on Romania. There were 7 texts on other neighbouring countries – Bulgaria and Albania (11%).

Thematic area with majority texts was black chronicle (15 texts, 25%). This area has been followed by politics, entertainment and war crimes, while other themes occurred in almost even percentage. The order looks as follows:

Black chronicle – 15 texts (25 %)•Politics – 9 texts (15%)•Entertainment – 8 texts (13%)•War crimes – 7 texts (12%)•Other – 7 texts (12%)•Social topics – 3 texts (5%)•Sports – 3 texts (5%)•Religious topics – 2 texts (3%)•Minority affairs – 2 texts (3%)•

79

The biggest attention was paid to the referendum in Bosnia and Herzegovina (5 texts, 8%).

The subjects in the texts had mainly been citizens from the neigh-bouring countries – 19 texts (32%). Next are the representatives from provinces/counties/cantons/local bodies – 16 texts (27%). Third place belongs to the people from entertainment – 7 texts (12%). Representa-tives from culture, education, science, sports were subjects of 4 texts (7%). The same number of texts were dedicated to the representatives of army and police forces. 3 texts (5%), were dedicated to the govern-mental bodies, as well as to the subjects belonging to neither of these categories. Economic experts, companies, businessmen were subjects of 2 texts (3%), while one article (2%) was dedicated to the civil so-ciety..

As far as objects are concerned, the citizens were objects in 10 texts (33%), represented as follows:

Others – 6 texts (20%)•Army, police – 5 texts (17%)•Governmental bodies – 2 texts (7%)•

In 37 texts (61%) it was impossible to define the subject.In the majority of cases, the attitude of the subject towards the

object was negative (23 texts, 74%), in 4 texts (13%) it was neutral, with the same number of positive ones.

The attitude of the journalists to the event was mainly neutral – 58 texts (97%). Yet, in two texts (3%) the attitude of the author was negative. These are texts on decision of the Montenegrian Parliament that the historical fact is that Serbia had forcibly annexed Montenegro in 1918 (8 May, “Monenegrians Rape History”) and the text on the Pope’s visit to Croatia (4 June, “The Croats Provoke Us”).

Majority of headlines were of informative character (37 texts, 62%), although the significant number of sensationalistic headlines have been noticed (17 texts, 28%). The headlines of 6 texts (10 %) were metaphoric.

Analysis of Narodne novineIn the analyzed issues of Narodne novine 19 texts have been dedi-

cated to the neighbouring countries, much less then in Kurir with 60 of them. None of these texts found its place on the front page.

80

The majority of texts could be found in the “Chronicle” section (7 texts, 37%), followed by “World” section (6 texts, 32%). These sec-tions also refer to the situation in Serbia and to the cooperation of Ser-bia with neighbouring countries. Narodne novine is not a tabloid, and the texts are based on facts and information genres are not painted with the opinion of the journalists. Narodne novine do not write about show-business, they mostly deal with political topics.

As for the size of the article, the most represented was short news form consisting of few sentrences. This kind of texts comprises 68%, followed by medium size texts (32%), with no long texts at all.

When speaing of genres, only two types have been found in the analyzed texts – news in 12 texts (63%) and reports in 7 texts (37%).

Majority of texts have not been signed by authors – even no initials. 10 texts (53%) were like this, while 6 texts (32%) were news taken over from the news agencies. Two texts were taken over from other media (11%), with only one signed by the author (5%).

As for the motive, all of them refereed to the current affairs, mak-ing 100%.

The most represented form of visual presentation was text ac-companied with photo – 11 texts (58%), followed by plain text – 7 texts (37%), with only one text with more elements (5%). There are no other forms of visual presentation.

The majority of texts were dedicated to Bosnia and Herzegovina – 7 texts (37%), followed by Croatia with 4 (21%), Montenegro with 2 (11%) and other countries also with 2 (11%). One article was dedi-cated to Hungary, Slovenia and Macedonia each, as is 5 % for each mentioned country.

The war crimes were major thematic area in Narodne novine within the analyzed period. 8 texts were dedicated to this topic (42%). 5 texts were about politics (26%). The rest of the texts were dedicated to other topics:

Multilateral cooperation – 2 texts (11%)•Economy – 2 texts (11%)•Black chronicle – 1 article (5%)•Entertainment – 1 article (5%)•

81

Subjects were mainly representatives of governmental bodies – 7 texts (37%). Next are citizens with 4 texts (21%), army and police forc-es with 3 texts (16%) and one text was dedicated to the show-business celebrity (5%).

As far as object is concerned, the governmental representatives and army forces and police representazives share an equal percentage. 3 texts are dedicated to both categories (38%), one text was dedicated to citizens (13%), and one to the governmental bodies.

When speaking of the subject’s attitude towards object it is negative in 4 texts (50%), neutral in 3 texts (38%) and positive in one (12%).

Journalists have been neutral, making 100%. Out of 19 texts, all had information title, making again 100%.

Comparative analysisFrom the analysis presented, one can notice that both Kurir and

Narodne novine report on news in ex-YU countries and in Serbia under the very same section.

Based on the complete analysed material (Kurir and Narodne no-vine), we come to a conclusion that the prevailing texts are the short ones (57 texts, 72%). 12 medium size texts have been observed (15%), while all long texts were published in Kurir (10 texts, 13%).

As for the genres, the news is prevailing (54 texts, 68%). Next is a report with 17 texts (22%). News and reports are mutual genres for both newspapers, while other genres have been observed only in Kurir.

When speaking of authors, majority of texts have not been signed (42 texts, 53%). Other sources of information are as follows:

Journalist – 26 texts (33%)•Agency – 7 texts (9%)•Other media – 2 texts (3%)•Something else – 2 texts (3%)•

The current affairs was a topic of majority of texts (77 texts, 97%).

Only Kurir published two texts originating from media initiative.As far as visual presentation is concerned, only text and text +

photo were equally represented:Only text – 34 texts (43%)•Text + photo – 32 texts (41%)•

82

Text + more categories – 12 texts (15%)•Text + text box – 1 text (1%)•

Most off the texts were dedicated to ex-YU countries, especially Croatia – 34 texts (41%). The complete order is as follows:

Croatia – 34 texts (41%)•Bosnia and Herzegovina – 21 texts (26%)•Montenegro – 11 texts (13%)•Other countries – 9 texts (11%)•Macedonia – 3 texts (4%)•Romania – 2 texts (2%)•Slovenia – 1 article (1%)•Hungary – 1 article (1%)•

Most texts were dedicated, in almost equal percentage to the crimes, war crimes and political events. There were only few other topics.

Black chronicle – 16 texts (20%)•War crimes – 15 texts (19%)•Politics – 14 texts (18%)•Entertainment – 9 texts (11%)•Something else – 7 texts (9%)•Multilateral cooperation – 6 texts (8%)•Sports – 3 texts (4%)•Social affairs – 3 texts (4%)•Religious topics – 2 texts (3%) •Economy – 2 texts (3%) •Minority affairs – 2 texts (3%)•

Common topics of Kurir and Narodne novine were referendum in Bosnia and Herzegovina (7 texts, 9%) and anniversary of the crime in Dobrovoljačka street (3 texts, 4%).

Major subject in most of the cases were citizens (23 texts, 29%) and politicians (22 texts, 28%). The third position belongs to the show-business celebrities (8 texts, 10%). Others are represented in smaller percentage:

Governmental bodies – 7 texts (9%) •Army and police – 7 texts (9%) •

83

Representatives from culture, education, science and sports – 4 •texts (5%)Someone else – 3 texts (4%)•Economic experts, companies, businessmen – 2 texts (3%)•International organizations – 1 text (1%) •Political parties – 1 text (1%) •NGOs – 1 text (1%) •

The object could be defined in 38 texts. Out of this, 11 texts

(29%) were dedicated to the citizens. The second position belongs to army and police forces with 8 texts (21%). The third position is shared with 6 texts each by politicians (16%), and the category „someone else“. 4 texts were dedicated to International organizations (11%), and 3 to governmental bodies (8%).

The attitude of the subject towards the object was negative in 27 texts (69%), neutral in 7 (18%) and positive in 4 texts (13%).

The attitude of journalist was, in most cases, neutral (77 texts, 97%). Two texts with negative attitude were observed in Kurir (3%).

Majority of headlines were information (56 texts, 71%). All headlines in Narodne novine were like this, while 17 sensationalistic headlines (22%) and 6 metaphoric were found in Kurir (8%).

Conclusion

The first hypothesis that more texts will be found in • Kurir as national newspaper was confirmed. The majority of texts (60 out of 79) is from Kurir (76%).Hypothesis that the factual forms of journalist expression •(news, reports) prevail over analytical forms of expression (ar-ticle, comment) was completely confirmed. News and reports comprise 90% of analyzed material. It was also evident that there were no research texts in either newspapers. As expected, majority of texts are dedicated to ex-YU repub-•lics, proving this hypothesis completely – 85% texts refer to ex-YU countries, especially to Croatia and Bosnia and Herze-govina.

84

Hypothesis that large number of texts in both newspapers re-•fers to the unsolved problems among ex-YU countries, such as war crimes, succession and cross-border crimes was partially confirmed. Although 19% of texts are dedicated to war crimes, significant number of texts (20%) refers to the crimes within the countries themselves and internal affairs of these countries (18%).

Besides, the majority of texts in Narodne novine (42%) are dedi-cated to war crimes, so the separate analysis of this newspaper con-firms the hypothesis.

The hypothesis that, due to the fact that these are foreign coun-•tries, most ot the texts are to be taken over from news agencies was rebuted. In majority of cases, the authors were not signed (53%). Only in 7 texts news agencies are mentioned as a source of information (9%).Due to a dreary past of the Balkans the negative attitude of the •subject towards object prevails. This hypothesis was complete-ly confirmed. The attitude of the subject towards the object was negative in 69% of cases.As • Kurir is a tabloid, it was expected that majority of headlines would be of sensationalistic type, but only 28 % of such head-lines were detected, debuting this hypothesis.

The trend of the modern journalism in printed media to strive to short factual forms is evident in the two analyzed newspapers. The lack of analytical texts does not contribute to the reconcilliation in the Balkans. Here we think of Kurir and other tabloids, as tablod jour-nalism is usually collection and dissemination of contents of populist character, mainly opposite to the official political attitudes (Todorović, 2006: 20). Combination of low price and circulation of 160.000 cop-ies, can easily brings us to a conclusion how influential Kurir can be on the population in Serbia, especially on the less educated portion of population. The largest number of texts in both newspapers inevitably refers to the problems like war crimes, cross-border crimes and crimes within the borders of the countries involved in our research work, while more texts on culture, education, economic cooperation among the neighbouring countries would be a much faster path to establish-

85

ment of better relationships and brighter future in the Balkans and in the South East Europe. This particularly refers to economic and trade topics, as the wellknown thesis says that trade reduces probability of wars among states and is present through almost complete history of political thinking Frensis Fukujama, theoretician, claims that tendency to individual freedom, enrichment, private happiness, leisure and easy living made war lose much of its “charm”, if any (Stevanović, 2008: 230). So, besides more analytical writing about the sensitive topics one turn is needed when the neighbouring countries are concerned. Besides entertainment and show business comprising a lot of space it is neces-sary to have more texts on arts, culture film and sports, but in fair-play manner, tipical for sports, and not in a manner that will additionally stir up already flared intolerances among ex-YU countries. The current sta-tus certainly leads to no prosperity and cooperation needed to the South East European countries for further progress in economical, political, social and any other aspect.

References

Todorović, Neda (2006). Tabloidni žurnalizam. CM: Časopis za upravljanje komuniciranjem, 1: 19–33.

Stevanović, Branislav (2008). Demokratski principi i političko kulturne vrednosti. Niš: Filozofski fakultet.

86

Iva ZOVKOHana GRGIĆKrešimir KATIĆ Students of the Study of JournalismFaculty of Political ScienceUniversity of Zagreb

MEDIA REPORTING ABOUT THE REGION: THE CASE STUDY CROATIA

In the research we have conducted during The Bridges of Media Education conference which took place in Novi Sad (2011) we have analyzed two Croatian daily newspapers: Slobodna Dalmacija and 24 sata. The focus was on how they report about neighboring countries. The main aim was to find out which neighboring countries are the most represented, why and in what context. The two mentioned newspapers Slobodna Dalmacija and 24 sata have circulation of around 75,000. We have analyzed 77 articles chosen through the sampling procedure explained below.

The method used was that of discourse analysis, which looks at the language as essential for establishing the reality and constrains what can be said and in what way. Although, the term ‘discourse’ has numerous ways of usage in linguistics and other social studies, the an-gle we find very important is how Michel Foucault has put discourse as “a social construction of reality, a form of knowledge” (Fairclough, 1995, in Gillespie and Toynbee, 2006: 122). It was exactly what we were trying to find out: how neighbors are represented in two daily newspapers and how media language can paint us a picture of those we share borders with. The two approaches are very interesting for this paper and that is of UK linguist Norman Fairclough and the Dutch linguist Teun van Dijk because they “attempt to draw connections be-tween the use of language and the exercise of social power” (Gillespie and Toynbee, 2006: 122)

In short, regarding the historical background of the 90s Croatia was a Socialist Republic, part of a six-part Socialist Federative Re-public of Yugoslavia along with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia,

87

Montenegro, Slovenia and Serbia (including the autonomous prov-inces of Vojvodina and Kosovo which after 1974 were largely equal to the other members of the federation). From 1991 to 1995 Croatia fought in War of Independence, against Yugoslav National Army that at that time consisted mostly of conscripts from Serbia and Montene-gro. Media wise, situation has changed significantly. During the 90s and before war propaganda was used as a military strategy. But on the other hand we can say that by the year 2000 there was a huge progress in the work of media, huge progress towards the democracy of me-dia.

Methodology

SampleThis research is focused on 77 articles from two Croatian daily

newspapers: Slobodna Dalmacija and 24 Sata. The articles were from period between May 4th 2011 and June 28th 2011.

MethodologyFor researching how Croatian newspapers report about their

neighbors and events in Croatia connected with the citizens of the neighboring countries we used discourse analysis. The chosen method helped us to “focus on knowledge about language beyond word, clause, phrase and sentence…taking in consideration the relationship between language and the social and cultural context in which the texts occur” (Paltridge, 2006: 2). Discourse analysis shows how use of language presents “different views of the world and different understandings…how language is influenced by relationships between participants” (Paltridge, 2006: 2).

The term discourse analysis was first introduced by Zellig Harris in 1952 even though we can find the earliest examples in the 1930s. Except examining the language beyond the sentence, Harris was in-terested in non-linguistic behavior. He made an observation that there are typical ways of using language in particular situations that share not only particular meanings but also characteristic linguistic features associated with them (Paltridge, 2006: 2).

88

Forms of discourse analysis are numerous and come from differ-ent disciplines. Each discipline understands the role of different dis-course, different aspects are emphasized.

Some approaches support the idea that our language and way of speaking does not reflect the world, identities and relationships in a neutral manner, but language is essential for the establishment of real-ity – it limits what can be said and enables us to speaks.

In discourse analysis we have four elements: objects that were given statements, subjective positions or places from which to speak, conceptual bipolar oppositions and pictures of the world.

VariablesVariables used in this research were: 1. Topic: regional cooperation (cross border cooperation) between

two or more countries, war crimes, crimes, economy, politics (activities of state/provincial/local bodies/politicians etc.), mi-nority issues, social issues, culture, democracy (human rights), multiculturalism, religious topics (ecumenism), entertainment (showbiz), sports.

2. Subject (carrier of the action or attitude, whose activities are being presented): international organizations, subject from re-gional/neighboring countries, state body and organs, provin-cial, county, canton and local organs and bodies; military, po-lice; political parties; economic experts, companies, business-man; science experts, NGO, representatives of the worlds of culture, education, science, sports; citizens, ethnic minorities representatives; journalists, other, no subject.

3. Identification of the subject (name, surname and position or the name of the institution).

4. Object: international organizations, subject from regional/neighboring countries, state body and organs, provincial, county, canton and local organs and bodies; military, police; political parties; economic experts, companies, businessman; science experts, NGO, representatives of the worlds of culture, education, science, sports; citizens, ethnic minorities repre-sentatives; journalists, other.

89

5. Identification of the subject (name, surname and position or the name of the institution).

6. Value context – subject about object: positive, negative, neu-tral.

7. Value attached by the author (journalist or other) to the topic: positive, negative, neutral.

8. Type of the title: realistic, sensationalistic, metaphorical.

Analysis and interpretation of data

The focus of this research was to see how the two daily newspa-pers report about citizens from neighboring countries. One of the tasks of this paper is to show what the context of articles is and which coun-try is the most represented. It was interesting to see how much space is covered by domestic newspapers concerning topics about neighboring countries.

Research has found 61% articles reporting about neighbors in Slobodna Dalmacija and 39% in 24 Sata. Very important date in the researched period was 27th of May 2011 because accused war criminal and a former Bosnian Serbs military leader Ratko Mladić was arrested and extradited to Hague the day before. That day, 28 articles (36%) in both newspapers were related to Ratko Mladić and the topics of articles were his years spent in hiding, his war crimes, his actions in war and the procedure arrest. Some of the headlines were “He hated Muslims”*, “He came here, defeated us and burn down and our lives were never the same”** (written in dialect). Probably because of these events, 25% of topics in analyzed period were placed on the front page. When it comes to sections in newspapers, 81% articles were placed in news section, 5% in show section, 1% in sport, 5% in regional section and black chronics takes only 1% in analyzed period. This analysis has shown that 43% of articles were written in the large form. Interesting, 40% were written in short form and only 17% as middle text.

If we talk about text journalistic genres, in both newspapers there was 47% short news. Longer forms, such as report takes 38%. Other

* Source: 24 Sata, 27th May 2011** Source: Slobodna Dalmacija, 27th May 2011

90

form such as interview, feature articles, commentary and feature story are significantly under-represented. There are only two articles writ-ten in the form of an interview and feature articles. Commentary form was found in five articles and feature story in three. Other genres; re-ply, letter of the reader, vox populi, expert feature and hybrid genre are not represented in any article. Contrary to the expectations, 88% of analyzed articles were signed by the author. Some of them were signed only by initials and some with full journalist name. Only 10% of articles don`t have authorship. In 77 analyzed articles, only one was signed by a news agency.

In analyzed period 90% of the articles were about recent events, which were mostly related to arrest of Ratko Mladić. Most of the news were represented with text and photo (79%) and few (13%) with text-only. When it comes to the location of reporting, most of the news was related to Serbia (25%). Bosnia and Herzegovina takes 9%, Slovenia 5% (the subject was mainly co-operation between Borut Pahor and Jadranka Kosor), only one article was connected to Montenegro and Romania and two were about Macedonia. In analyzed period, some news items were about other countries from Europe (10%). In these 77 articles, the main topic is still war crimes (39%), after war crimes, 18% of articles were about politics and 10% were about regional coopera-tion between two or more countries. To be more precise, it was mostly about inter-governmental cooperation. Considering the past they have, neighboring countries are still struggling with social issues. Due to that fact, social issues take 6% of the topics in analyzed material. Signifi-cantly, in the analyzed material, minority issues are not represented. Only three articles were on culture.

During the research period, topics such as democracy (human rights) and multiculturalism were not represented. In these analyzed newspapers reporting about neighbors was focused on citizens (31%) from neighboring countries. Other subjects were state institutions rep-resentatives (18%), military and police (11%). Subjects in analyzed articles were Ratko Mladić, Borut Pahor, Milorad Dodik and Dragan Paravinja.

When we talk about reporting about others, the biggest problem is the way reporting was done. Headlines such as “Hungarians are not all the same”,“Robbers from the Republika Srpska rage in Slavonski

91

Brod”, “Belgrade Media boosting with lies the tourists who want to go to the Adriatic coast”* continue to show negative context in reports on neighbors. The authors (journalists or others) are still taking a stance while reporting, with negative 48%, neutral 40% and 12% positive context. Sensational headline was found in 60 cases and that is an alarming number.

Conclusion

Croatia was a Socialist Republic, part of a six-part Socialist Fed-erative Republic of Yugoslavia along with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro and Slovenia. After years of living together the nineties have brought changes. During the Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) and other Yugoslav wars, many journal-ists used war propaganda as a military strategy. Today, after 20 years, journalists are still struggling with honest reporting on their neghbors, especially those coutries they were at war with. In analyzed period a large number of articles about the arrest of Ratko Mladić can be linked to this historical circumstances. When it comes to the neighbors, war crimes are still main topics. Other topics such as social issues, coop-eration and minority issues are barely or not even mentioned. Our two analyzed newspapers, Slobodna Dalmacija and 24 Sata tend to have sensational headlines, very often with negative context. The examples of good reporting are very rare. Therefore, this research should indicate problems and assist in their resolution.

References

Gillespie, M. and Jason Toynbee (2006). Analyzing Media Texts. The Open University Press.

Paltridge, B. (2006). Discourse analysis: an introduction. Continuum International Publishing Group.

* Source: Slobodna Dalmacija

92

Jelena PETKOVIĆJovana VELJKOVIĆVesna RADOJEVIĆStudents of the Department of JournalismFaculty of Political SciencesUniversity of Belgrade


I Media context

Politika is the oldest daily newspaper in Serbia and the Balkans. It was founded by Vladislav Ribnikar, and the first issue came out on the streets of Belgrade on 25th January back in 1904. By the end of the last century, “Politika AD”, as a media house – except the printing, press releases and its own sales network across the country, also had its own radio and television. In 2002 it got a business partner – German media company WAZ (West Allegmeine Zeitung), which owns half of the house. During the rule of Slobodan Milošević, the paper with several other electronic and print media was characterized as a regime media. Editorial board, journalists and their texts further anchored the govern-ment. After 2000 the situation in this field is changing, primarily due to changes in editorial policy.

Press is a daily created in 2005 as a result of disagreements of journalists from the daily Kurir. This newspaper is a semi-tabloid that monitors political, economic and other issues which are relevant for the Serbian region.

II Method

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of media discourse is a meth-od that was used in research. The main goal of this method is the in-terpretation of the meanings of media content as part of social aimed, ideological and political context. The American sociologist Bernard Be-

93

relson believes that content analysis a research technique aimed to reach an objective, systematic and quantitative description of manifest content of communication tools. Content includes words, images, music, move-ment, or other common symbols expressed messages (Plačko, 1990).

III Analysis and Comments

We have analyzed 14 editions daily newspapers Politika and Press published during May and June 2011. The aim of this analysis was to gain an insight into how and in what way these two papers report about the countries in the region. There were total 59 articles, of which 39 in Politika, and 20 articles found in Press.

In terms of position in the newspapers, 95% of articles do not take the place of the front page. This leads to the conclusion that the news from the region, the editors think, do not deserve attention or they are not significant enough for the local public. What is interesting is that only three articles whose titles were on the front page are from Croatia. However, all three texts have indirect relations with Serbia (the news of the arrest of Ratko Mladić first appeared in Croatia, the arrest Parav-inja, victory of Croatian participant in Serbian reality program).

In Politika, almost half of texts were found in section called “Re-gion”, while most articles in Press were found in section “Globus”. Interestingly, under the section “Region” Press treats Serbian districts (Moravički, Timočki, Braničevski and other.). When it comes to cul-ture and sport, these two fields have reached the lowest percentage, only 3%. In both papers majority of text are of medium size, which means that most of the reports, followed by news and hybrid genres.

37%

29%12%

22%

Report News Hybrid form Other

Figure 1. The representation of genres

94

When the authorship of the text is in question, more than half of the articles were signed with full name or initials of journalists, which indicates the professionalism and collegiality. Further research revealed that more than ten articles were taken from a domestic or foreign news agencies. There is an equal number of articles retrieved in this way, analyzed in both papers. However, there is a doubt that some of the authors signed the texts which are also taken from news agencies. This is supported by the fact that some news in both papers are interpreted in a very similar manner.

Most of the articles reported on actual events, just a few are the result of media-initiated events, and only two reports from press con-ferences, so-called “pseudo-events”. Importantly, the period of study coincides with the period in which the arrest of Ratko Mladić is made, when most of the articles in the newspaper were dedicated to this sub-ject. Ratko Mladić in this study is not being treated as a foreigner, thus no articles devoted to this subject have been analyzed as reporting about the countries in the region.

In terms of visual presentation, we can say that photographs are obligatory. More than half of the texts are accompanied by photographs, but there is a large number of unsigned photos or the ones taken from agencies, particularly in Press. None of 59 analyzed texts included a chart, which confirms the previous mentioned information that most of the texts are in the form of news and reports, and only a few in more serious journalistic forms (articles, expert support, etc.).

text+photo

only text

text+ morecategories(photo andother)text + text box

Figure 2. The visual presentation of text

95

The largest number of articles was reporting on events in Croatia. The data was expected, given the circumstances of history and some still unresolved political issues. Much smaller, but the same number of texts (6-7) is reporting on Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. In addition to the countries ‘neighbors’, the analysis also includes articles about the events in Greece, because of the traditional Serbian-Greek friendship and mutual interests of one country to another.

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

Croatia

Other countries (Greece and other)

Montenegro

Bosnia and Herzegovina

other neighbour countries

Figure 3. Countries that are the subject of newspaper articles reporting

Political and social issues are usually the ones written about, which indicates that Serbian citizens are interested in political developments in the region. Articles most often reported about subjects from the region (representatives of national, provincial and other authorities) and citizens. Eminent names such as former Croatian official, Stjepan Mesic and Ivo Sanader are most interesting to public. More articles originated from Politika, because this newspaper has its own corre-spondents in the region. Therefore, journalist is often characterized as a subject, because he has a role of commentator. A number of articles (6 of them) is related to war crimes (probably there would be more if Ratko Mladić was taken as a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina), and 4 texts are about religious, entertainment and sports events. It is interesting that there is not highe interest in this subject, because of popularity of entertainment and sports programs in Serbia.

Politika is newspaper that tries to respect the so-called rule of the second source, so even in the same articles both subject and object can

96

be found. Politika cherishes more detailed explanation, what presup-poses many statements. Press in this regard is different, so the news, mostly taken from the agencies, are dealing with the same issues, but much closer. The representatives of show business, generally as ob-jects, found a place in this newspaper.

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%

Neutral Positive Negative

Figure 4. The attitude of the subject about the object

As mentioned, most articles originated from Croatia, with which

our country has unresolved issues, therefore, as seen in the previous chart, position of the subject about the object is generally negative. In terms of news from Montenegro, they are mainly related to conflicts of the Serbian Orthodox Church with the local church authorities. Ar-ticles from this country, with which, until recently, we were in one country, are mostly talking about bad relations between states and pro-mote more conflict level. In Politika whose texts are author generally, and in Press, the journalists rarely expressed a negative attitudes.

Politika daily, because of its editorial policies and issues to deal with, has mostly informational headlines (81%). At the same time, Press which tends toward sensation, with large headlines and pictures of larger size, has a metaphorical and sensationalist headlines. There are articles dealing with show business. Regarding this point of view, we can conclude that it is more important that titles are informative, even though topics from the region were mainly political in charac-ter.

97

IV Conclusion

Based on the analysis of selected editions of these two newspa-pers, we can concluded that the region takes on topics from the mo-notonous kind of reporting that is not positioned high in the press. When we state this we mean primarily the fact that there was only 3 texts on the front pages, out of 60 analyzed. Topics that are closely related to political relations with countries in the region, particularly with Croatia, take up most of the space. It must be noted that on Tues-day, 31th May there were no news from the region in both papers. This in turn leads to the conclusion that editors select topics from the region in a certain pattern, not taking into account the needs of its readership. However, the genre that dominated is a report, which sup-ports the papers because news are supplemented with additional news and explanatory statements. What further shows the bias of reporting on neighbors is the fact that a large number of articles have analyzed direct or indirect relations with Serbia. So, we can say that they were published because of this fact.

The main conclusions of the study are the following:1. Socio-political issues are treated more as compared to other

topics,2. The value of the subject according to the context of the object

is negative,3. There is neutral journalistic approach.

Although with most neighbors we were once part of one country, according to media reports about them that cannot be even guessed. The disintegration of the country caused the disintegration of a net-work of correspondents. According to professor Dubravka Valić, after 2000 the situation is changing and countries are starting to be inter-ested in what happens to their neighbors, primarily due to the large number of immigrants. However, after more than a decade from dem-ocratic change, the media picture of the neighbors is not significantly different.

98

References

Plačko, Ljudevid (1990). Analiza sadržaja. Zagreb: Institut za društvena istraživanja Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.

Savić, Svenka (1993). Diskurs analiza. Novi Sad: Filozofski fakultet Novi Sad.

Linkshttp://www.politika-ad.r1. shttp://www.pressonline.rs2. /http://www.novinarska-skola.org.rs/NNS/documents/Izvod 3. Diskusija.pdf

99

Jovana ŽIVKOVIĆMarija IVANOVIĆIvan OTOVIĆStudents of the Study of JournalismFaculty of Political SciencesUniversity of Montenegro

(UN)ETHICAL ISSUES IN REPORTING ABOUT RATKO MLADIĆ ARREST IN MONTENEGRIN NEWSPAPERS

How media report about neighbours

Our analysis of media reporting on regional countries is based on 164 articles from newspapers Pobjeda, Vijesti and Dan. Articles were mostly considering topics such as: political (especially on euro-integra-tion processes of regional countries and arrestment of the Hague induct-ees), economical problems and official statements. Most of them are not biased, in content they tend to look like agency news. First look can lead to wrong conclusions about unbiased reporting of media in Montenegro. It’s the same it reported about less important events, which don’t call for people’s attention. But, problems start when our media report news such as arrests, refugee status, slow pace on the way to the EU. Then, we get a true picture – each editorial board has its own version of what happened. It is impossible that in a free, democratic society there is just one true editorial policy, worth for everyone. We don’t want to suggest it is a right solution, rather we want to show an example where the differences be-tween texts were just too big. This is a complex problem of our society if we have in mind current situation in Montenegro, where no one is willing to set with a compromise, where people tend to divide into groups and where media just strengthen prior beliefs.

We have used quantitative method to find out how many news from region we reported on, selected by: origin country, authorship and top-ics included. The results, as can be seen in Figure 1, show domination of news from Serbia (63%), followed by news from Croatia (17%) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (10%). Montenegrin media didn’t give much at-tention to what is going in Macedonia, Slovenia, Romania or Hungary.

100

Most news related to Serbia are published in Dan. There is even special section named “Serbia”. In sections named “Periskop” and “Church” there is many news related to Serbia as well. Bosnia and Herzegovina in this daily is divided – section named “Republic of Srp-ska”, tells us a lot on events there, though news from Federation are not that frequent. Editorial policy of Dan is open in its tendency of representing Serbian minority in Montenegro and in region.

Serbian sports results are also well covered in sport section of Dan. Whereas Vijesti report about most important sports events, Pob-jeda is focused on national sport.

Figure 1. Representation of news by country of origin

Figure 2. Authorship structure

10%

63%

2% 2% 1%2%

1%1%

101

Authorship of texts is shown in Figure 2. As can be seen, 10% of texts are not signed by author, 74% of texts are signed by name or initials structure, while agency news constitute 15% of the analyzed texts. We think it is good that most of the texts are signed. Our read-ers are familiar with authors and this automatically affects the level of information credibility. Also, percentage of news taken from agencies is important because those are mainly objective, unbiased information. Number of articles taken from other media is negligible since most of these texts are critics in literature, articles of well-known journalists, analytics, and writers from region, such as: Svetislav Basara, Teofil Pancić, Muharem Bazdulj, David Albahari and others. This way we have an opportunity to get another picture from region, helping us to get better insight.

Figure 2. Structure of authorship

Newspapers mostly write about regional cooperation (26%), sports (20%) and politicians’ activities (16%). Vijesti used to write a lot on Euro-integration processes of Croatia, and Serbian cooperation with the Hague Tribunal. Politicians’ statements were differently con-textualized in all three newspapers regarding the problems related to war crimes. As we were expecting, inner and foreign affairs of regional countries, sports and economy receive most of the attention, while they write less about other important question, such as human rights, multi-culturalism and democracy in practice.

102

Figure 3. Representation of topics

Conclusion we got through the whole sample shows too large inclusion of regional news (especially from Serbia), sometimes even prior to local and national news. This is especially the case with Dan, as a newspaper people could think it is from Serbia if they are not in-formed well.

Reporting about Ratko Mladić arrest

We dedicated the second part of our paper to the question of qual-ity of reporting about the Other in Montenegro. Now, we excluded numbers and statistics and started to look on texts through their quality characteristics. We looked at how stories are contextualized. In our opinion, it’s not that important are media reporting on some event, but how they do it. We decided to show how this looks in practice by tak-ing an example about arrest of Ratko Mladic, commander of Serbian forces during the war in Yugoslavia.

Analysis showed some similarities, but also very big differences in reporting of these dailies.

103

When it comes to space provided for this topic – it’s pretty big in each newspaper. The news was covered in couple of pages and on the cover as well. In Dan it was just half of cover, since the same day the news was published, Dan was writing about 7th year since the murder of their editor-in-chief, Duško Jovanović. Beside those two, Dan had two more news on cover, obviously less important. Vijesti also put this story on their cover, and gave it so big importance that they had just one more small news on the cover. This news had most of media space in Pobjeda, where it was the only topic on the cover. This exhausts all similarities, and beyond this we have three completely different angles of the story with huge oscillations in story reporting.

We said that all three newspapers gave a lot of space for report-ing on this event. It is correct, if we look at quantity. In quality – they tend to diverse a lot, and differences can be easily noticed. The first difference refers to the cover page itself and photo selection following the news. In Pobjeda, we can see short history of Mladić’s career. One photograph shows him surrounded by soldiers giving a candy to a Bos-nian child a moment before the beginning of operation in Srebrenica. Other photograph shows Mladić laughing and dancing with someone. On the third one we can see Mladić nowadays, old, pale and sick. On the forth photo we can see caves of war victims in which Mladić took part, fighting on Serbian side. Pobjeda has chosen different way of representing the story, neither celebrating it, nor misrepresenting the importance of this event. Headline “End of 15-years long farce” shows that. Cover is not sensationalistic, photos are chosen carefully so they would represent the whole context of Mladić’s life and career.

Cover of Vijesti is most surprising among these. They chose new angle that is not usual, if we have in mind their reputation of the news-paper that never use sensations to sell the paper and that is gaining more trust each year. Still, their headline is “Dead Bosnian souls com-ing for him”. Photographs show Mladić being taken by police, and another one, where he looks old, weak and pale. On the cover there are no photos representing him from period when he was commander of Serbian forces, nor any other attempt to place him in relation to victims. It seems as if Vijesti wanted to show to the audience that he is so weak now and his life is over. We had an impression that this whole text was written for people mostly influenced by his doings the.

104

Most interesting cover for analysis is the one from Dan. As we already mentioned, in Montenegro choice of dailies is strictly coin-cides with political opinion. Everyone knows that news from Dan are mostly oriented towards Serbian nationality. That has a lot of impact on how the story was written. No matter how much they support Serbian people, still these journalists should not give direct support to Mladić. There is no organization based on human rights respect rules which would consider this a good practice. Their angle of story was aimed not to ruin a picture of Ratko Mladić as a hero, a picture some people have. On the cover is his image waving to soldiers. He looks strong, healthy, there is nothing that refers to what happened with him later on. Head-line corresponds with picture – “General Ratko Mladić arrested”.

After analysis of cover page and headlines’ context we started reading carefully all the articles, comments and boxes that were talking about this story. They were in four to five pages in every newspaper.

In Pobjeda, content with some mixed genres was related to their headline. Focusing the moment “end of the farce” they printed com-ments of world known politicians, such as: Obama, Sarcozy, Merkel, Del Ponte, Kosor. Further on, they wrote an article about why did Ser-bian government waited so long for his arrest and how did it happen just at the moment when there was a meeting of world’s most devel-oped countries in Dovile. Also they have published a statement of the European Commissioner for EU enlargement Stephen Fille stating that only problem for Serbia to get into EU now is Kosovo. They have also published reactions from the region. Pobjeda writes how hard this news was for thr people from Republic of Srpska and how people in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina were excited. Also, state-ments of Montenegrin and Serbian officials who were congratulating on arrest of Mladić were published. The very last article in Pobjeda is focused on his past, actually his life. Headline says: “Just go, com-mander. In fresh meat only”, and it is written in detail, from his com-munist past until now. This is the only moment where readers’ attention is focused on crime he ordered, while everything else is about how he fell in the arms of justice.

In Vijesti, we notice that after sensationalistic headline, article on three pages of the newspapers is not that much related to it. After they got our attention with the cover, they stepped back. New headline –

105

“Why they waited for so long?” makes the focus of the story. They do not mention his current state, but, as Pobjeda, they write about reasons why the arrest did not happen before. On the other page we can read details of his life, since birth in 1942, until the moment his family re-quested to declare him dead (source Reuters).

All the statements are published in an article titled – “Good news for justice in Europe”. There are some elements showing up in Vijesti that we did not notice in Pobjeda. First of all, they published comments of victims’ cousins under the headline – “He said no one would be hurt”. Couple of emotional statements show grief and pain and relief had mothers of killed children. Second, there was picture and com-ment about things that happened in Lazarevo village near Zrenjanin after the arrest was made. This picture shows how Lazarevo villagers are blocking the road for journalists, take Serbian flags and say sup-porting words for their ‘hero’. Third element we found here, unlikely in Pobjeda, is part where journalist of Vijesti is speculating on Mladić surpassingly hiding in Montenegro for a while.

Dan report is very different. Despite differences we have seen between Vijesti and Pobjeda, readers could still grasp the approval of the arrest of a killer and man accused for crime against humanity. But, Dan does not have that positive attitude. One of the key elements of cover – “Mladić as a dignified soldier” – is everywhere. Besides three of his photos, there is a photo of Boris Tadić, president of Serbia, and another one of house in Lazarevo, where Mladić is arrested. Headline is the same as on the cover, and everything is said carefully so not to hurt honor of the former commander. Some of them say: “That is how Mladić spoke” (where were some quotes of him, about homeland, Serbs, and evil we should say no to); “From praises to challenges” (where we could read reaction of Serbian officials, which are though all positive and non challenging as they write in headline), and “Happy and satisfied” (ironically quoted statements from world politicians on this arrest). One of the most important details of these articles in Dan is the way they refer to Mladić, never mentioning him as a murder, criminal, just that he is accused. This is the only Montenegrin daily that had sent reporters to Mladić’s village Bozanovice, “birth place of war commander of Republic of Srpska”. Here we can see journal-ist’s support to the general, defiance to his arrest and denial things he

106

did. The article headline is “Birthplace in silence and fear”. There are some photos, with words of support to Mladić. “No one who ever met Mladić would think he is capable do things is accused for” and “This was expectable, since we know who is in power in Serbia. They would sell their own mother just to get into EU”, these are some statements of people living here. Journalist adds, “Both young and old, everyone feels sorry for their hero”.

Polarization of politics in Montenegro is the main reason for fear when media are reporting on such big things. Closed minds, belief in only one ‘right’ side in politics and division into ‘us’ and ‘them’ takes us to surprising critical thinking towards any event, person or organi-zation. If we have in mind that most of people in Montenegro do not read all three newspapers, but just one of them, and if we are aware that two out of three are pretty much strict, we can say there is a problem. Media are then creating closed groups of people not ready to discuss with each other. This might be a big obstacle for development of civil society, democratic consciousness and free journalism in Montenegro.

Conclusion

Our research deals with the problem of representation our neigh-boring countries in everyday media life. Perspective of the results is based upon many lectures we had on our university when we were differentiating dailies through their political/ideological orientation, as well as our own media monitoring prior this research. In Montene-gro, belief that each daily has its own ideological background and that they edit and publish texts mostly upon this is taken for granted, so we wanted to see if this is correct.

This research makes one think more on socio-political relations of Montenegro and its neighboring countries because it is more visible in the way we report on them. Questions we thought about were moreo-ver about diversity of countries presented and topics covered through articles in different sections.

This research proved that Pobjeda, the only state financed daily newspaper, supports the ruling party in Montenegro with its texts and

107

does not criticize any of governmental decisions. That is why the man-ner of reporting on neighboring countries and number of articles on this topic are obviously influenced by relations our government has with these countries.

As they appeared in 1997 in order to improve media scene in Montenegro, Vijesti, within their relation to our neighbors, keep the professional distance and report on events depending on their actuality and/or their influence on domestic activities. Still, we can notice liberal ideas through the texts and the way they are edited.

Dan is an independent daily newspaper where most of the atten-tion goes to national issues and Montenegrin- Serbian relation.

In general, media in Montenegro report depending on their own political choice without criticizing it. This way, they totally suppress public opinion. Media scene is as polarized as the society itself. This work shows one shot of that polarization and demonstrated how the citizens of Montenegro can get different, even opposite, impressions about a single event.

108

Ksenija PAVKOVMilica TEŠIĆStefan ZLATKOVIĆVuk KEŠELJStudents of the Department of Media StudiesFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Novi Sad

MEDIA REPORTING ABOUT THE REGION IN SERBIAN DAILIES DNEVNIK AND BLIC

The goal

The main goal of this paper is to determine the ways in which two daily papers, one of which has a national coverage and the other is a provincial, report on the developments and the events in the countries from the region. As a region we considered only those countries bordering with the Republic of Serbia, as well as Slovenia because it is the former member republic of Yugoslavia. The paper tries to determine the way in which these two newspapers are reporting about neighbours in the context of topic, occasion, attitudes of journalists towards the subject and so on.

Special attention has been devoted to the analysis of reporting on the former Yugoslav republics, especially Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovi-na, given the hictorical background. We attempted to determine whether the media reporting on these republics has progressed over the last 20 years, or not. What had changed and in what way, comparing to media coverage during the war and immediately after its end, when the domi-nant media image of these republics was extremely negative, and when the „media campaign was the predecessor of military campaign, and the verbal violence produced physical violence“ (Thompson, 1995: 2).

Method

The subject of this study was the analysis of the discourse as a „unit greater than the sentence that was achieved between the inter-locutors in some context in written, spoken, or printed form“ (Savić,

109

1993: 29–33). To be more precise, we analyzed the discourse of print media coverage in relation to developments in the countries bordering with Serbia, with special emphasis on the former Yugoslav republics. Discourse analysis is suitable for the analysis of media content because discourse analysis questions the way in which text recipients recognize its parts and their coherence“ (Lakić, 2010: 8). In other words, in adi-tion to the linguistic structure of a newspaper text as a message, the dis-course analysis is taking into account the context as „an entire reality surrounding the sign“ (Savić, 1993: 80). For this analysis, particularly important were socio-political, historical and cultural contexts.

As a unit of analysis we chose a newspaper article which in its struc-ture contains one or more information about the countries of the region, and includes text itself, title, genre, byline and other accessories (i.e. pho-tograph, illustration, chart etc). For the analysis of the corpus, quantitative and qualitative methods were used. The quantitative part of the analysis refers to filling out the table based on a code that contains a list of 19 cat-egories, all of which were surveyed. The qualitative part of the analysis relates to the interpretation of the data. Bearing in mind that discourse analysis is dominantly an interdisciplinary field, during the interpretation we used knowledge gained in various sciences during our studies.

Corpus

The analyzed corpus comprises of 251 texts found in the dailies Dnevnik and Blic, during two artificially created weeks in May and June 2011. It is very important to note that on May 26th 2011, a former Yugo-slav army general Ratko Mladić, who was indicted for war crimes, was arrested. Reporting on this event greatly affected our corpus – out of 251 texts, more than a hundred were related to Mladić and war crimes.

Media context

BlicThe daily newspaper Blic was started in 1996 as an opposition

paper. Its beginnings are associated to student protests that took place

110

in Belgrade in 1996 and 1997. Blic is one of the first papers in Serbia to resemble a tabloid. Big photographs were used on a daily basis, and this practice sent out the message that texts are only there to fill in what cannot be seen on a photo, and not the other way round. Applying this pattern, which is characteristic for tabloids (big photograph with little text) presented itself as an excellent move, because in the last couple of years Blic has been one of the papers with the kightes circulation in Serbia.

Even though on many occasions the selection of topics and the approach to reporting made it look borderline tabloid, over the years Blic turned out to be a very credible paper.

DnevnikUnlike Blic which is famous for numerous big photographs,

Dnevnik has a tendency towards broadsheet journalism. Its headlines are rarely sensational, and the texts are mainly factual. On one hand it seems as if the journalists are putting much effort into notifying their readers on wide range of topics, but on the other hand one can get the impression that certain article’s only purpose is to fill up the empty space on a page.

This paper was started in 1942 under the name Slobodna Vojvo-dina, but it was not until 11 years later that it got the name it has today. During the 80’s Dnevnik was one of the most read papers in Vojvodina province, but in the last decade its circulation dropped significantly. As a province paper, Dnevnik should base its reporting on the events closely conected to people living in Vojvodina, but very often this newspaper covers topics about the Balkans and rest of the world, that cannot be found in national papers.

Analysis and discussion

Cover pageWhen it comes to news preview, very few of them made it to the

front covers of the paper (17 in Blic, and only 8 in Dnevnik). This result should not come as a surprise, given the fact that Dnevnik is a paper with provincial coverage, while on the other hand Blic is distributed

111

nationwide. This means that both dailies are expected to focus mostly on reporting about events taking place in the country in which they are printed. Texts that were announced on the front cover were in most cas-es the ones concerning Ratko Mladić and his arrest. This event was the main topic of media reporting in Serbia at the time. While on one hand the news of his arrest could not be classified as the coverage of neigh-bouring countries, since he was arrested in Serbia, on the other hand this event concerns the entire region, because according to the indictment, Mladić was responsible for genocide in Bosnia during the nineties war. Bearing in mind that search for him went on for years, it is fully justified for his arrest to be the main topic of reporting in all newspapers, and the fact that it found its place on the covers should not come as a surprise either. Still the fact remains that his arrest disrupted the true picture of reporting on neighbouring countries, since many articles were devoted to this event (Figure 1). Final results of this analysis surely would have been way different if the analyzed newspapers dated from another, pref-erably earlier period – texts would have been fewer, and almost none of them would have found its place on the cover page.

Figure 1. Topics on the front page

SectionWhile Blic has no separate section for reporting on the region

which means that news concerning neighbours can be found in almost every section, Dnevnik on the other hand does have a separate page

112

called The Balkans. However, section “The Balkans” is not the only one in which Dnevnik reports on developments in neighbouring coun-tries, but these news can also be found in “Politics” section, especially when they concern international cooperation between Serbia and its neighbours. Texts outside “The Balkans” section are more extensive and thorough, while the articles in it are in most cases taken from news agencies.

It is notable that Dnevnik puts its focus on political processes, in accordance with the image it tries to maintain for decades, which implies not writing about show business. On the other hand Blic has a special section called Entertainment in which they write about show business stars not necessarily of Serbian descent, but the ones from the region (Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina) who enjoy great popularity in Serbia. Bearing in mind that Blic presents itself as a semi tabloid, presence of this kind of topics is not surprising, and is somewhat justified. Other than section about politics in both papers, and the Entertainment column in Blic, on other pages one is likely to come across only a few texts related to neighbouring countries.

Genre, authorship, headlines and accessoriesSpeaking of genre, vast majority of texts are news and reports,

and there is a significantly fewer feature articles, interviews and other genres (Figure 2). While on one hand presence of factual genres is

Figure 2. Genre

justified, because weekly papers are the ones that should conduct more thorough and detailed analysis of a certain event, on the other hand one

113

should bear in mind that weeklies focus only on a certain number of the most important issues from the previous week, and therefore do not have enough space to analyze all the events.

While reporting on next door developments during May and June 2011 the two dailies, in most cases used to inform their audience about what happened, without putting any effort to analyze or investigate the events. Such tendency towards basic genres comes as a direct conse-quence of superficiality. In other words, information is only presented as a „mirror reflection of reality“, therefore by only answering to 5W+H questions and often leaving out the answer to question why, journalists only present the events without any further analysis.

According to proponents of the concept of message as an inter-pretation of reality, this way of presenting information is inappropriate because „only the answer to the question why can give the adequate answer, lack of which reduces the informativeness of message itself“ (Radojković and Miletić, 2005: 175). Consequently, one can conclude that issues from neighbourhood are treated superficially, without further analysis, giving readers correct, but not complete information. Given the historical background between Serbia and former Yugoslav republics, especially Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, we think that issues concerning these countries should be treated way more thoroughly.

One should never forget the overall media coverage during the nineties war, when most of Serbian media offered its audience war-mongering propaganda resting on all possible forms of manipulation – disinformation, distorting the facts, demagogy, lack of evidence and questioning. During those years, public was manipulated and lead to believe in such media model which identified and branded the ene-my. It is known that media manipulation in adition to its direct ef-fects, produces long term consequences as well. These lasting effects are reflected in the „transformation of individual and collective values and acceptance of cultural patterns suggested by mass media content/messages“ (Radojković and Miletić, 2005: 204). Taking this into ac-count, we can conclude that a large number of reading audience still sees Croats and Bosniaks as enemies. In order to change this picture, a much more detailed and complex analysis of the nineties conflicts is necessary, but also more attention should be paid to reporting on cur-rent events concerning the cooperation of the three countries.

114

When it comes to sources of information in the column The Bal-kans, Dnevnik uses articles taken from news agencies. While on one hand it can be considered as a lack of interest and non-engagement, on the other it is absolutely justified, given the fact that Dnevnik is a pro-vincial paper. Taking that into account, news form Vojvodina should be emphasized, while the worldwide events should be treated with less engagement, just so the readers know that something happened. This is exactly why news agencies are the main source of information when it comes to reporting on neighbours and other countries (Figure 3). In addition to that, in most cases in both Dnevnik and Blic, there is no indication of the authorship, so the possibility remains that all those articles might have been taken from the agencies as well. It should be mentioned that in both dailies there is a certain number of signed texts, either with full name or initials, which tells us that both Dnevnik and Blic are still trying to publish their own articles and not just copy liter-ally every news from the agencies.

Figure 3. Authorship

In most cases article equipment is as basic as it can be – title and text, while somewhat smaller number of articles is accompanied by photos. Only a small number of texts has a richer equipment (pho-tographs, charts and text boxes), but that is the case only in articles related to the arrest of Ratko Mladić, an event thoroughly covered by all the media.

115

The analysis results have shown that informative titles were the most common ones (181), after which are metaphorical (65), while there was only 11 sensational headlines. This comes as surprise be-cause one would expect Blic, a semi-tabloid paper to have way more sensationalism in its headlines.

Occasion, Location, TopicThe occasion for writing the vast majority of texts was cur-

rent event (Figure 4); such reporting is a standard manner in daily

Figure 4: Reporting occasion

newspapers – they inform readers about current events. There is much smaller number of pseudo events, and media initiative at least - it oc-curs mostly when it comes to Ratko Mladić. In some texts, journal-ists presented residents of the village where Mladić was arrested as a source of information – without their names, surnames or initials; that puts media initiative in the case of Mladić under a question. On one hand, this is totally correct, since the source may request to remain anonymous (according to journalistic rules), but on the other hand, this anonymity leaves room for manipulation. Little media initiative can be justified by the fact that both analyzed dailies focus on the events in Serbia, and that they probably do not have their staff in other coun-tries. However, the absence of foreign journalists is not a justification

116

for the absence of media initiative; by telephone, and especially via Internet, one can now easily communicate with people all around the world. Journalists can easily contact the sources from abroad, and cre-ate a unique story.

When it comes to location, the analyzed sample shows that most of the events were reported from Serbia (Figure 5). Although it seems that this has nothing to do with its neighbours and countries in the region, we should take into account the fact that Ratko Mladić was arrested in Serbia. Serbia is followed by Croatia, Bosnia and Herze-govina and Montenegro. A large number of news is subsumed under the category “other” countries, but in most of them location is Nether-lands and the Hague, which is again related to Ratko Mladić.

Figure 5. Location

Mladić’s arrest has also had influence on the topics which were treated, therefore there are far more articles on war crimes than those that could be classified into any other category (Figure 6). If the articles on the Hague fugitive were excluded, most attention would be devoted to politics and the black chronicle. It is interesting that Blic has more articles about show-business than both papers have about black chroni-

117

cle together. Sport news were also present, but that is expected, since every newspaper in the sports pages, writes not only about the success of national teams and players, but also about the results of all relevant matches. The analysis shows that only two articles were related to mi-nority issues (one in Blic and one Dnevnik), which is very strange, especially for Dnevnik – considering the fact that large number of mi-norities lives in Vojvodina, especially those of Hungarian origin. Also, as far as the location is concerned, there was a very few news from Hungary ‒ only seven. Although the Hungarian community in Vojvo-dina has a daily paper in their own language, it should not be an excuse for the absence of articles about them.

Figure 6. Topic

Value context Even though a journalist should not give his own opinion on the

subject he is writing about (except in the case of a commentary), and should remain objective about the matter at hand, in some cases it is noticeable that a journalist is expressing his own attitude regarding the subject. When we are considering Blic and Dnevnik, the journalists were neutral in the vast majority of analyzed texts (218), but there were cases when value context was positive (40) and negative (16). This way, a journalist is influencing the reader and (being aware of it or not) trying to force his own opinion on the reader, thus breaking the ethical code of the profession.

118

Conclusion

Results of the analysis show that daily newspapers Blic and Dnevnik have in the May and June 2011 given a lot of attention to events from neighbouring countries. Yet, regardless of the fact that, speaking of quantity, enough space was given to the events from neigh-bouring countries, coming to the quality of the texts at hand, it is quite noticeable that there is a lack of analytic genres, which means that reporting is overall quite shallow.

The arrest of Ratko Mladić was a central topic of media reporting in the period that was being analyzed, creating a distortion in the sam-ple and creating somewhat wrong image about Serbian media report-ing about countries from the region. The majority of the news was from Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, but taking the histori-cal context and the wars in the nineties in Bosnia and Croatia, this re-sult is quite expected because one of the key factors deciding whether a certain event is going to be in the media or not is cultural closeness” (Valić-Nedeljković, 2002: 42). In addition, strategic and political goals of Serbia are almost the same as the ones that aforementioned coun-tries are striving to, mainly regarding EU integrations, and therefore it is logical that many texts are dedicated to things happening in these countries.

For the lack of texts regarding other neighbours we can find no excuse, especially considering Dnevnik, since in the province of Vojvodina lives a vast percent of minorities. This is why journalists should make contact with minority institutions, so they could report about events from other neighbouring countries.

119

References

Miletić, Mirko i Radojković, Miroljub (2005). Komuniciranje, mediji i društvo. Novi Sad: Stylos.

Savić, Svenka (1993). Diskurs analiza. Novi Sad: Filozofski fakultet Novi Sad.

Tompson, Mark (1995). Proizvodnja rata: mediji u Srbiji, Hrvatskoj, Bosni i Hercegovini. Beograd: Medija centar Radio B92.

Valić Nedeljković, Dubravka (2002). Praktikum novinarstva. Beograd: Privredni pregled.

Lakić, Igor (2010). Lingvistička analiza diskursa pisanih medija. Medijski dijalozi, 3(7). Retrieved: 28th August 2011, URL: <http://www.med-dij.com/MedDij7/007-018%20Medijski%20dijalozi%2 0-%20Lakic.pdf>.

Tannen, Deborah Discourse analysis. Retrieved: 29th August 2011. URL: <http://www.lsadc.org/info/ling-fields-discourse.cfm>.

Documents

Book of Abstracts Knjiga sažetakaodsek.medijskestudije.org/.../11/Mostovi-medijskog-obrazovanja-2011.pdf · dijama i nove digitalne tehnologije i društvene i obrazovne promene