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Braille 1 Braille Braille Type Alphabet (non-linear) Languages Several Creator Louis Braille Time period 1824 to the present Parent systems Night writing Early braille Braille Child systems French Braille English Braille Bharati Braille Chinese Braille Japanese Braille Korean Braille etc. ISO 15924 Brai, 570 Direction Left-to-right Unicode alias Braille Unicode range U+2800 to U+28FF [1] Braille /ˈbreɪl/ [2] is a tactile writing system used by the blind and the visually impaired, and found in books, on menus, signs, elevator buttons, and currency. Braille-users can read computer screens and other electronic supports thanks to refreshable braille displays. They can write braille with a slate and stylus or type it on a braille writer, such as a portable braille note-taker, or on a computer that prints with a braille embosser. Braille is named after its creator, Frenchman Louis Braille, who went blind following a childhood accident. At the age of 15, Braille developed his code for the French alphabet in 1824 as an improvement on night writing. He published his system, which subsequently included musical notation, in 1829. [3] The second revision, published in 1837, was the first digital (binary) form of writing. Braille characters are small rectangular blocks called cells that contain tiny palpable bumps called raised dots. The number and arrangement of these dots distinguish one character from another. Since the various braille alphabets originated as transcription codes of printed writing systems, the mappings (sets of character designations) vary from language to language. Furthermore, in English Braille there are three levels of encoding: Grade 1, a letter-by-letter transcription used for basic literacy; Grade 2, an addition of abbreviations and contractions; and Grade 3, various non-standardized personal shorthands. In the face of screen-reader software, braille usage has declined. Braille education remains important for developing reading skills among blind and visually impaired children as braille literacy correlates with higher employment rates.

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Page 1: Braille - WordPress.comBraille may also be produced using a computer with braille translation software and a braille embosser or a refreshable braille display. Braille has been extended

Braille 1

Braille

Braille

Type Alphabet (non-linear)

Languages Several

Creator Louis Braille

Time period 1824 to the present

Parent systems Night writing

•• Early braille

•• Braille

Child systems French BrailleEnglish BrailleBharati BrailleChinese BrailleJapanese BrailleKorean Brailleetc.

ISO 15924 Brai, 570

Direction Left-to-right

Unicode alias Braille

Unicode range U+2800 to U+28FF [1]

Braille /ˈbreɪl/[2] is a tactile writing system used by the blind and the visually impaired, and found in books, onmenus, signs, elevator buttons, and currency. Braille-users can read computer screens and other electronic supportsthanks to refreshable braille displays. They can write braille with a slate and stylus or type it on a braille writer, suchas a portable braille note-taker, or on a computer that prints with a braille embosser.Braille is named after its creator, Frenchman Louis Braille, who went blind following a childhood accident. At theage of 15, Braille developed his code for the French alphabet in 1824 as an improvement on night writing. Hepublished his system, which subsequently included musical notation, in 1829.[3] The second revision, published in1837, was the first digital (binary) form of writing.Braille characters are small rectangular blocks called cells that contain tiny palpable bumps called raised dots. Thenumber and arrangement of these dots distinguish one character from another. Since the various braille alphabetsoriginated as transcription codes of printed writing systems, the mappings (sets of character designations) vary fromlanguage to language. Furthermore, in English Braille there are three levels of encoding: Grade 1, a letter-by-lettertranscription used for basic literacy; Grade 2, an addition of abbreviations and contractions; and Grade 3, variousnon-standardized personal shorthands.In the face of screen-reader software, braille usage has declined. Braille education remains important for developingreading skills among blind and visually impaired children as braille literacy correlates with higher employment rates.

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Braille 2

History

Braille code where the word ⠏⠗⠑⠍⠊⠑⠗ (premier,French for "first") can be read.

Braille was based on a tactile military code called night writing,developed by Charles Barbier in response to Napoleon's demand for ameans for soldiers to communicate silently at night and without light.In Barbier's system, sets of 12 embossed dots encoded 36 differentsounds. It proved to be too difficult for soldiers to recognize by touch,and was rejected by the military. In 1821 Barbier visited the NationalInstitute for the Blind in Paris, where he met Louis Braille. Brailleidentified two major defects of the code: first, by representing onlysounds, the code was unable to render the orthography of the words;second, the human finger could not encompass the whole 12-dotsymbol without moving, and so could not move rapidly from onesymbol to another. Braille's solution was to use 6-dot cells and toassign a specific pattern to each letter of the alphabet.[4] At first, braillewas a one-to-one transliteration of French orthography, but soonvarious abbreviations, contractions, and even logograms weredeveloped, creating a system much more like shorthand.[5] Theexpanded English system, called Grade 2 Braille, was complete by1905. For the blind today, braille is an independent writing systemrather than a code of printed orthography.[6]

DerivationBraille is derived from the Latin alphabet, albeit indirectly. In Braille's original system, the points were assignedaccording to the position of the letter within the alphabetic order of the French alphabet, with diacritic letters and wsorted at the end.[7]

The first ten letters of the alphabet, a–j, use the upper four dot positions, 1, 2, 4, 5: ⠁⠃⠉⠙⠑⠋⠛⠓⠊⠚. These stand for thenumerals 1–0 in a system parallel to Hebrew gematria and Greek isopsephy. (Though the dots are assigned in noobvious order, the first three letters and lowest numerals, abc~ 123 ⠁⠃⠉, and the vowels, aei ⠁⠑⠊, have the fewestdots, whereas the even numerals 4680 are corners, ⠙⠋⠓⠚.) The next ten letters, k–t, are identical to a–j, respectively,apart from the addition of a dot at position 3: ⠅⠇⠍⠝⠕⠏⠟⠗⠎⠞:

Derivation of the 26 letters of the alphabet from the 10 numeric digits

a/1 b/2 c/3 d/4 e/5 f/6 g/7 h/8 i/9 j/0

k l m n o p q r s t

u v x y z w

The next ten letters are the same again, but with dots at both 3 and 6. Here w was left out as not being part of the basic French alphabet; the order is u v x y z ç é à è ù ⠥⠧⠭⠽⠵⠯⠿⠷⠮⠾.[8] The next ten, ending in w, are the same again,

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Braille 3

except that for this series position 6 is used without position 3. These are â ê î ô û ë ï ü ö w ⠡⠣⠩⠹⠱⠫⠻⠳⠪⠺.[9] The a–jseries lowered in dot space become punctuation; in English Braille these are: comma, semicolon, colon, period, (notused), exclamation point, parentheses, open question, (not used), close quotation: ⠂⠆⠒⠲⠢⠖⠶⠦⠔⠴. A and c, which onlyuse the top row, were lowered two spaces for the apostrophe and hyphen: ⠄⠤. (Along with the space, these are thezero characters of the first through third decade.) In addition, patterns based on the first decade shifted to the rightwere assigned to non-French letters (ì ä ò ⠌⠜⠬) or serve non-letter functions: ⠈ (superscript; in English the accentmark), ⠘ (currency prefix), ⠨ (capital, in English the decimal point), ⠼ (number sign), ⠸ (emphasis mark), ⠐ (symbolprefix).

The 64 braille cells[10]

decade numeric sequence shift right

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th shiftdown

Originally there had been nine decades. The fifth through ninth used dashes as well as dots, but proved to beimpractical and were soon abandoned. These could be indicated by what we now know as the number sign, thoughthat only caught on for the digits (1st → 5th decade). The dash of the sixth decade was simply dropped, producingthe modern fifth decade. See 1829 braille.Historically, there have been three ways of applying braille to a linear script: Under international agreement, mostbraille alphabets follow the French order for the 26 letters of the basic Latin alphabet, and there have been someattempts at uniformity for letters beyond these 26 (see international braille, though divergences remain, as in GermanBraille and the ligatures of English Braille). This agreement was made to avoid the chaos of each nation reorderingthe braille code to match the sorting order of its print alphabet, as in Algerian Braille, where the braille codes werereassigned to match the order of the Arabic alphabet (compare modern Arabic Braille, which uses the French sortingorder). A third system was to assign braille codes according to frequency, with the simplest patterns (and thereforequickest ones to write) assigned to the most frequent letters of the alphabet. Such systems were used in Germany andthe United States in the 19th century (see American Braille), but none are attested in modern use. A (sub)pattern insome alphabets has been to exploit the physical symmetry of braille cells iconically, for example, by assigning areversed n to ñ or an inverted s to sh (see Hungarian Braille and Bharati Braille, which do this to some extent).Finally, there are systems which don't order braille numerically at all, such as Japanese Braille and Korean Braille,which are based on more abstract principles of syllable composition.

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Braille 4

Form

Silver wedding bands with names Henri(que) andTita written in braille

Braille can be seen as the world's first binary encoding scheme forrepresenting the characters of a writing system.[5] The system asdevised by Braille consists of two parts:[6]

1. A character encoding for mapping characters of the French alphabetto tuples of six bits or dots.

2. A way of physically representing six-bit characters as raised dots ina braille cell.[11]

Within an individual cell, the possible dot positions are organized intotwo columns of three positions each. A raised dot can appear in any ofthe six positions to form sixty-four (26) possible subsets, including thearrangement in which there are no raised dots. For reference purposes,a particular arrangement may be described by naming the positions where dots are raised, the positions beinguniversally numbered 1 to 3, from top to bottom, on the left, and 4 to 6, from top to bottom, on the right. Forexample, dots 1-3-4 (⠍) would describe a cell with three dots raised, at the top and bottom in the left column and ontop of the right column, i.e., the letter m. The lines of horizontal braille text are separated by a space, much likevisible printed text, so that the dots of one line can be differentiated from the braille text above and below.Punctuation is represented by its own unique set of characters.Today different braille codes (or code pages) are usedto map character sets of different languages to the six bit cells. Different braille codes are also used for different useslike mathematics and music. However, because the six-dot braille cell only offers 64 patterns (26, including thespace), many braille characters have different meanings based on their context. That is, character mapping is notone-to-one.

In addition to simple encoding, modern braille transcription uses contractions to increase reading speed. (See:Contracted braille)

Writing braille

Braille typewriter

Braille may be produced by hand using a slate and stylus in which eachdot is created from the back of the page, writing in mirror image, or itmay be produced on a braille typewriter or Perkins Brailler. Becausebraille letters cannot be effectively erased and written over if an error ismade, an error is overwritten with all six dots (⠿). Interpoint refers tobraille printing that is offset, so that the paper can be embossed on bothsides, with the dots on one side appearing between the divots that formthe dots on the other (see the photo in the box at the top of this articlefor an example).

Braille may also be produced using a computer with braille translationsoftware and a braille embosser or a refreshable braille display.

Braille has been extended to an 8-dot code, particularly for use with braille embossers and refreshable brailledisplays. In 8-dot braille the additional dots are added at the bottom of the cell, giving a matrix 4 dots high by 2 dotswide. The additional dots are given the numbers 7 (for the lower-left dot) and 8 (for the lower-right dot). Eight-dotbraille has the advantages that the case of an individual letter is directly coded in the cell containing the letter andthat all the printable ASCII characters can be represented in a single cell. All 256 (28) possible combinations of 8dots are encoded by the Unicode standard. Braille with six dots is frequently stored as braille ASCII.

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Braille 5

LettersThe first 25 braille letters, up through the first half of the 3rd decade, transcribe a–z (skipping w). In English Braille,the rest of that decade is rounded out with the ligatures and, for, of, the, and with. Omitting dot 3 from these formsthe 4th decade, the ligatures ch, gh, sh, th, wh, ed, er, ou, ow and the letter w.

ch sh th

(See English Braille.)

FormattingVarious formatting marks modify the letters that follow them. They have no direct equivalent in print. The mostimportant in English Braille are:

Capitalfollows

Numberfollows

That is, ⠠⠁ is read as capital 'A', and ⠼⠁ as the digit '1'.

PunctuationBasic punctuation marks in English Braille include:

Comma Semicolon Apostrophe Colon Hyphen Decimal point

Fullstop

(Period)

Exclamationpoint

Open quote,question mark

Closequote

Bracket(Parentheses)

Slash(Fraction)

⠦ is both the question mark and the opening quotation mark. Its placement before or after a word determines itsreading.⠶ is used for both opening and closing parentheses. Its placement relative to spaces and other characters determinesits interpretation.Punctuation varies from language to language. For example, French Braille uses ⠢ for its question mark and swapsthe quotation marks and parentheses (to ⠶ and ⠦⠴); it uses the period (⠲) for the decimal point, as in print, and thedecimal point (⠨) to mark capitalization.

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Braille 6

ContractionsBraille contractions are words and affixes that are shortened so that they take up fewer cells. In English Braille, forexample, the word afternoon is written with just three letters, ⠁⠋⠝ ⟨afn⟩, much like stenoscript. There are alsoseveral abbreviation marks that create what are effectively logograms.[6] The most common of these is dot 5, whichcombines with the first letter of words. With the letter ⠍ m, the resulting word is ⠐⠍ mother. There are also ligatures("contracted" letters), which are single letters in braille but correspond to more than one letter in print. The letter ⠯and, for example, is used to write words with the sequence a-n-d in them, such as ⠓⠯ hand.

afternoon(a-f-n)

mother(dot 5-m)

hand(h-and)

Unicode rendering tableThe Unicode standard encodes 8-dot braille glyphs according to their binary appearance, rather than following theirassigned numeric order. Unicode defines the "braille Patterns" character block in the hex codepoint range from 2800to 28FF. Dot 1 corresponds to the least significant bit of the low byte of the Unicode scalar value, and dot 8 to thehigh bit of that byte.Most braille embossers and refreshable braille displays do not yet support the Unicode rendering table; instead theyuse braille ASCII for 6-dot braille. Some embossers have proprietary control codes for 8-dot braille or for fullgraphics mode (where dots may be placed anywhere on the page without leaving any space between braille cells,hence continuous lines can be drawn in diagrams) but these are rarely used and are not standard.

Page dimensionsMost braille embossers support between 34 and 37 cells per line, and between 25 and 28 lines per page.A manually operated Perkins braille typewriter supports a maximum of 42 cells per line (its margins are adjustable),and typical paper allows 25 lines per page.A large interlining Stainsby has 36 cells per line and 18 lines per page.An A4-sized Marburg braille frame, which allows interpoint braille (dots on both sides of the page, positioned out ofphase so they do not interfere with each other) has 30 cells per line and 27 lines per page.

LiteracyA sighted child who is reading at a basic level should be able to understand common words and answer simplequestions about the information presented.[12] The child should also have enough fluency to get through the materialin a timely manner. Over the course of a child's education, these foundations are built upon in order to teach higherlevels of math, science, and comprehension skills.[12] Children who are blind not only have the educationaldisadvantage of not being able to see, but they also miss out on the very fundamental parts of early and advancededucation if not provided with the necessary tools.

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Braille 7

U.S. braille literacy statisticsIn 1960, 50% of legally blind, school-age children were able to read braille in the U.S.[13][14] According to the 2007Annual Report from the American Printing House for the Blind, there are approximately 57,696 legally blindchildren in the U.S. Out of those school-age children, only 10% use braille as their primary reading medium.[15]

There are numerous causes for the decline in braille usage, including school budget constraints, technologyadvancement, and different philosophical views over how blind children should be educated.[16]

A key turning point for braille literacy was the passage of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, an act of Congress thatmoved thousands of children from specialized schools for the blind into mainstream public schools.[14] Because onlya small percentage of public schools could afford to train and hire braille-qualified teachers, braille literacy hasdeclined since the law took effect.[14] Braille literacy rates have improved slightly since the bill was passed, in partbecause of pressure from consumers and advocacy groups that has led 27 states to pass legislation mandating thatchildren who are legally blind be given the opportunity to learn braille.[16]

In 1998–99, there were approximately 55,200 legally blind children in the United States, but only 5,500 of themused braille as their primary reading medium.[17][18] Early Braille education is crucial to literacy for a visuallyimpaired child. A study conducted in the state of Washington found that people who learned braille at an early agedid just as well, if not better, than their sighted peers in several areas, including vocabulary and comprehension. Inthe preliminary adult study, while evaluating the correlation between adult literacy skills and employment, it wasfound that 44% of the participants who had learned to read in braille were unemployed, compared to the 77%unemployment rate of those who had learned to read using print.[19] Currently, among the estimated 85,000 blindadults in the United States, 90% of those who are braille-literate are employed. Among adults who do not knowbraille, only 33% are employed.[14] Statistically, history has proven that braille reading proficiency provides anessential skill set that allows visually impaired children not only to compete with their sighted peers in a schoolenvironment, but also later in life as they enter the workforce.[16]

United KingdomThough braille is thought to be the main way blind people read and write, in Britain (for example) out of the reported2 million visually impaired population, it is estimated that only around 15–20 thousand people use braille. Youngerpeople are turning to electronic text on computers with screen reader software instead, a more portablecommunication method that they can also use with their friends. A debate has started on how to make braille moreattractive and for more teachers to be available to teach it.

Braille transcription

Braille on a box of tablets

Although it is possible to transcribe print by simply substituting theequivalent braille character for its printed equivalent, in English such acharacter-by-character transcription (known as uncontracted braille) isonly used by beginners.

Braille characters are much larger than their printed equivalents, andthe standard 11" by 11.5" (28 cm × 30 cm) page has room for only 25lines of 43 characters. To reduce space and increase reading speed,most braille alphabets and orthographies use ligatures, abbreviations,and contractions to reduce space and to speed the process of reading.Virtually all English Braille books are transcribed in this contractedbraille, which adds an additional layer of complexity to English

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Braille 8

Braille book and the same book in standardinkprint

orthography: The Library of Congress's Instruction Manual for BrailleTranscribing [20] runs to over 300 pages. Braille transcription is skilledwork, and braille transcribers need to pass certification tests.

Fully contracted braille is known as Grade 2 Braille. There is anintermediate form between Computer Braille—one-for-one identitywith print—and Grade 2, which is called Grade 1 Braille. In Grade 1the capital-sign and Number sign are used, and most punctuation isshown using their Grade 2 values.

The system of contractions in English Braille begins with a set of 23words which are contracted to single characters. Thus the word but iscontracted to the single letter b, can to c, do to d, and so on. Even this simple rule creates issues requiring specialcases; for example, d is, specifically, an abbreviation of the verb do; the noun do representing the note of the musicalscale is a different word, and must be spelled out.

Portions of words may be contracted, and many rules govern this process. For example, the character with dots 2-3-5(the letter "f" lowered in the braille cell) stands for "ff" when used in the middle of a word. At the beginning of aword, this same character stands for the word "to"; the character is written in braille with no space following it. (Thiscontraction was removed in the Unified English Braille Code.) At the end of a word, the same character representsan exclamation point.Some contractions are more similar than their print equivalents. For example, the contraction ⟨lr⟩, meaning 'letter',differs from ⟨ll⟩, meaning 'little', only in adding one dot to the second ⟨l⟩: ⠇⠇ little, ⠇⠗ letter. This causes greaterconfusion between the braille spellings of these words and can hinder the learning process of contracted braille.[21]

The contraction rules take into account the linguistic structure of the word; thus, contractions are generally not to beused when their use would alter the usual braille form of a base word to which a prefix or suffix has been added.Some portions of the transcription rules are not fully codified and rely on the judgment of the transcriber. Thus,when the contraction rules permit the same word in more than one way, preference is given to "the contraction thatmore nearly approximates correct pronunciation."Grade 3 Braille [22] is a variety of non-standardized systems that include many additional shorthand-like contraction.They are not used for publication, but by individuals for their personal convenience.

Braille-reading techniquesSince braille is one of the few writing systems where tactile perception is used, as opposed to visual perception, abraille reader must develop new skills. One skill important for braille readers is the ability to create smooth and evenpressures when running one's fingers along the words. There are many different styles and techniques used for theunderstanding and development of braille, even though a study by B. F. Holland[23] suggests that there is no specifictechnique that is superior to any other.Another study by Lowenfield & Abel[24] shows that braille could be read "the fastest and best... by students who readusing the index fingers of both hands." Another important reading skill emphasized in this study is to finish readingthe end of a line with the right hand and to find the beginning of the next line with the left hand simultaneously. Onefinal conclusion drawn by both Lowenfield and Abel is that children have difficulty using both hands independentlywhere the right hand is the dominant hand. But this hand preference does not correlate to other activities.

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Braille 9

International uniformity

Braille plate in Duftrosengarten in Rapperswil,Switzerland

When braille was first adapted to languages other than French, manyschemes were adopted, including mapping the native alphabet to thealphabetical order of French – e.g. in English W, which was not in theFrench alphabet at the time, is mapped to braille X, X to Y, Y to Z, andZ to the first French accented letter – or completely rearranging thealphabet such that common letters are represented by the simplestbraille patterns. Needless to say, mutual intelligibility was greatlyhindered by this state of affairs. In 1878, the International Congress onWork for the Blind, held in Paris, proposed an international braillestandard, where braille codes for different languages and scripts wouldbe based, not on the order of a particular alphabet, but on phoneticcorrespondence and transliteration to Latin.[25]

This unified braille has been applied to the languages of India and Africa, Arabic, Vietnamese, Hebrew, Russian, andArmenian, as well as nearly all Latin-script languages. Greek, for example, gamma is written as Latin g, despite thefact that it has the alphabetic position of c; Hebrew bet, the second letter of the alphabet and cognate with the Latinletter b, is sometimes pronounced /b/ and sometimes /v/, and is written b or v accordingly; Russian ts is written as c,which is the usual letter for /ts/ in those Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet; and Arabic f is written as f,despite being historically p, and occurring in that part of the Arabic alphabet (between historic o and q).

Other braille adaptationsOther systems for assigning value to braille patterns are also followed, including the simple mapping of thealphabetical order onto the original French order. Some systems of braille start with unified braille, and then divergesignificantly based on the phonology and structure of the target languages, while still other braille systems arecompletely novel, adopting positional forms, or even syllabic braille cells composed of separate vowel andconsonant patterns.In the various Chinese systems, traditional braille values are used for initial consonants and the simple vowels. Inboth Mandarin and Cantonese Braille, however, characters have different readings depending on whether they areplaced in syllable-initial (onset) or syllable-final (rime) position. For instance, the cell for Latin k, ⠅, representsCantonese k (g in Yale and other modern romanizations) when initial, but aak when final, while Latin j, ⠚, representsCantonese initial j but final oei.Novel systems of braille mapping include Korean, which adopts separate syllable-initial and syllable-final forms forits consonants, explicitly grouping braille cells into syllabic groups in the same way as hangul. Japanese, meanwhile,combines independent vowel dot patterns and modifier consonant dot patterns into a single braille cell – an abugidarepresentation of each Japanese mora.

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Braille 10

Uses

500-lira coin with braille ("L. 500.") on thereverse.

The current series of Canadian banknotes has a tactile featureconsisting of raised dots that indicate the denomination, allowing billsto be easily identified by visually impaired people. It does not usestandard braille; rather, the feature uses a system developed inconsultation with blind and visually impaired Canadians after researchindicated that braille was not sufficiently robust and that not allpotential users read braille. Mexican bank notes, Indian Rupee notes,Israeli New Shekel notes[26] and Russian Ruble notes also have specialraised symbols to make them identifiable by the visually impaired.

In India there are instances where the parliament acts have been published in braille, such as 'The Right toInformation Act' [27].In the United States, the Americans with Disabilities Act [28] requires various building signage to be in braille.

UnicodeBraille was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 1999 with the release of version 3.0.The Unicode block for braille is U+2800 ... U+28FF:

Braille Patterns[1]

Unicode.org chart [1] (PDF)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E FU+280x ⠀ ⠁ ⠂ ⠃ ⠄ ⠅ ⠆ ⠇ ⠈ ⠉ ⠊ ⠋ ⠌ ⠍ ⠎ ⠏U+281x ⠐ ⠑ ⠒ ⠓ ⠔ ⠕ ⠖ ⠗ ⠘ ⠙ ⠚ ⠛ ⠜ ⠝ ⠞ ⠟U+282x ⠠ ⠡ ⠢ ⠣ ⠤ ⠥ ⠦ ⠧ ⠨ ⠩ ⠪ ⠫ ⠬ ⠭ ⠮ ⠯U+283x ⠰ ⠱ ⠲ ⠳ ⠴ ⠵ ⠶ ⠷ ⠸ ⠹ ⠺ ⠻ ⠼ ⠽ ⠾ ⠿U+284x ⡀ ⡁ ⡂ ⡃ ⡄ ⡅ ⡆ ⡇ ⡈ ⡉ ⡊ ⡋ ⡌ ⡍ ⡎ ⡏U+285x ⡐ ⡑ ⡒ ⡓ ⡔ ⡕ ⡖ ⡗ ⡘ ⡙ ⡚ ⡛ ⡜ ⡝ ⡞ ⡟U+286x ⡠ ⡡ ⡢ ⡣ ⡤ ⡥ ⡦ ⡧ ⡨ ⡩ ⡪ ⡫ ⡬ ⡭ ⡮ ⡯U+287x ⡰ ⡱ ⡲ ⡳ ⡴ ⡵ ⡶ ⡷ ⡸ ⡹ ⡺ ⡻ ⡼ ⡽ ⡾ ⡿U+288x ⢀ ⢁ ⢂ ⢃ ⢄ ⢅ ⢆ ⢇ ⢈ ⢉ ⢊ ⢋ ⢌ ⢍ ⢎ ⢏U+289x ⢐ ⢑ ⢒ ⢓ ⢔ ⢕ ⢖ ⢗ ⢘ ⢙ ⢚ ⢛ ⢜ ⢝ ⢞ ⢟U+28Ax ⢠ ⢡ ⢢ ⢣ ⢤ ⢥ ⢦ ⢧ ⢨ ⢩ ⢪ ⢫ ⢬ ⢭ ⢮ ⢯U+28Bx ⢰ ⢱ ⢲ ⢳ ⢴ ⢵ ⢶ ⢷ ⢸ ⢹ ⢺ ⢻ ⢼ ⢽ ⢾ ⢿U+28Cx ⣀ ⣁ ⣂ ⣃ ⣄ ⣅ ⣆ ⣇ ⣈ ⣉ ⣊ ⣋ ⣌ ⣍ ⣎ ⣏U+28Dx ⣐ ⣑ ⣒ ⣓ ⣔ ⣕ ⣖ ⣗ ⣘ ⣙ ⣚ ⣛ ⣜ ⣝ ⣞ ⣟U+28Ex ⣠ ⣡ ⣢ ⣣ ⣤ ⣥ ⣦ ⣧ ⣨ ⣩ ⣪ ⣫ ⣬ ⣭ ⣮ ⣯U+28Fx ⣰ ⣱ ⣲ ⣳ ⣴ ⣵ ⣶ ⣷ ⣸ ⣹ ⣺ ⣻ ⣼ ⣽ ⣾ ⣿

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Notes1. As of Unicode version 6.1

Notes[1] http:/ / www. unicode. org/ charts/ PDF/ U2800. pdf[2] "Braille" is not a proper noun and is preferably not capitalized when not part of a proper name. Braille Authority of North America (2006).

"Capitalization Style for the Word "braille"" (http:/ / www. brailleauthority. org/ capitalization/ capitalization. pdf) (PDF).Brailleauthority.org. . Retrieved 7 November 2011.

[3] Louis Braille, 1829, Method of Writing Words, Music, and Plain Songs by Means of Dots, for Use by the Blind and Arranged for Them[4] Roy, Noëlle, "Louis Braille 1809–1852, a French genius" (http:/ / www. avh. asso. fr/ download. php?chemin=rubriques/ association/ dwnld/

& filename=Bio_Br_Paris_GB_060109. pdf), Valentin Haüy Association website, , retrieved 2011-02-05[5] Peter Daniels, 1996, "Analog and Digital Writing", in The World's Writing Systems, p 886[6] Daniels & Bright, 1996, The World's Writing Systems, p 817–818[7] Madeleine Loomis, 1942, The Braille Reference Book [for Grades I, I½, and II].[8] The values of the letters after z differ from language to language; these are Braille's assignments for French.[9] W had been tacked on to the 39 letters of the French alphabet to accommodate English.[10] The characters have been arranged by decade, with decade diacritics listed at left, and supplementary characters included on the right

according to their diacritic. See 1829 braille, where the 12 characters listed in the first line are used for shorthand and are found in this orderfor the 12 notes of plainsong notation, and French Braille, where the 'final' form of Braille's alphabet is laid out in the same way. However,modern tables often organize the supplementary characters differently: Those with a dot 3 are listed as a 6th group of 6 characters, and thosewith dots only on the right side are listed as a 7th group of 7, without anything in common with the columns the characters are listed under.

[11][11] Originally by means of raised dots and lines, as in night writing.[12] Dr. Grover (Russ) Whitehurst, Research: Evidence Based Education Science and the Challenge of Learning to Read (http:/ / www.

childrenofthecode. org/ ), , retrieved 2009-04-20[13] American Foundation for the Blind: Programs and Policy Research, "Estimated Number of Adult Braille Readers in the United States"

(http:/ / www. braille. org/ papers/ jvib0696/ vb960329. htm), International Braille Research Center (IBRC), , retrieved 2009-04-15[14] Ranalli, Ralph (2008-01-05), "A Boost for Braille" (http:/ / www. boston. com/ news/ local/ articles/ 2008/ 01/ 05/ a_boost_for_braille/ ),

The Boston Globe, , retrieved 2009-04-17[15] American Printing House for the Blind (2008), "Facts and Figures on Americans with Vision Loss" (http:/ / www. afb. org/ Section.

asp?SectionID=15& DocumentID=4398), American Foundation for the Blind, , retrieved 2009-04-16[16] Riles, Ruby, "The Impact of Braille Reading Skills on Employment, Income, Education, and Reading Habits" (http:/ / www. braille. org/

papers/ jvib0696/ vb960311. htm), Braille Research Center, , retrieved 2009-04-15[17] American Printing House for the Blind (A.P.H.) (1999), APH maintains an annual register of legally blind persons in educational settings

below the college level (http:/ / www. aph. org), , retrieved 2009-04-15[18] Ebnet, Matthew (2001-06-30), "Braille Challenge Gives Young Blind Students a Chance to Shine" (http:/ / articles. latimes. com/ 2001/ jun/

30/ local/ me-16960), Los Angeles Times, , retrieved 2009-04-15[19] Riles Ph.D., Ruby (2004), "Research Study: Early Braille Education Vital" (http:/ / www. nfb. org/ Images/ nfb/ Publications/ fr/ fr14/

fr04se22. htm), Future Reflections, , retrieved 2009-04-15[20] http:/ / nfb. org/ images/ nfb/ documents/ pdf/ nls%205th%20ed-electronic%20version. pdf[21] Hampshire, Barry. Working with Braille. Paris: Unesco, 1981.[22] http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20050329073830/ http:/ www. geocities. com/ jyyne_2000/ grade3. htm[23] B.F. Holland, 'Speed and Pressure Factors in Braille Reading', Teachers Forum, Vol. 7, September 1934 pp. 13–17[24] B. Lowenfield and G. L. Abel, Methods of Teaching Braille Reading Efficiency of Children in Lower Senior Classes. Birmingham, Research

Centre for the Education of the Visually Handicapped, 1977[25] "International Meeting on Braille Uniformity" (http:/ / unesdoc. unesco. org/ images/ 0007/ 000711/ 071103eb. pdf). UNESCO. . Retrieved

2012-04-24.[26] Bank of Israel - Banknotes and Coins Catalog (http:/ / www. bankisrael. gov. il/ catal/ eng/ cat_all_eng. htm?series_num=10)[27] http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2006/ 07/ 04/ stories/ 2006070402351200. htm[28] http:/ / www. ada. gov/

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Braille 12

References

External links• Association Valentin Haüy (http:/ / www. avh. asso. fr/ rubrics/ association/ association. php?langue=eng& )• Alternate Text Production Center (http:/ / www. atpc. net/ )

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Article Sources and Contributors 13

Article Sources and ContributorsBraille  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=522986369  Contributors: -Kerplunk-, AED, AVand, Aalexandros888, Aaron Simon, AaronBockover, Adityamajali, Aitias, AlanLiefting, Alerante, Alexius08, Alexwilliamscaa, Allens, Allstarecho, Altenmann, Am00nz0r5, Amitafec, AnAj, Anaxial, Anbu121, Andre Engels, Andrei Iosifovich, Andrewpmk, Animum,Antandrus, Arcadian, Arjun01, ArnoldReinhold, Ascidian, Ashley Y, AutomaticStrikeout, AxelBoldt, Baa, Bart133, Barticus88, BasicallyGood, Bellthorpe, Berria, Bevo, Bfinn, Bhugh,Bhumiya, Bjcubsfan, BlindEagle, Blueaster, Bmastenbrook, Bobo192, Bongwarrior, Bonzo, Borgx, Boro, Briaboru, Brian the Editor, Brion VIBBER, Britzfritz, Bryan Derksen, Byronknoll, CJWithers, CWY2190, Calabe1992, Cameltrader, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canderson7, Cannona, Capricorn42, CaseyPenk, Cbdorsett, CharlotteWebb, Chessmasterx, Chinasaur, Chris thespeller, Chris55, Chrismagnus, Chuck Smith, Chzz, Circeus, Cjnm, Clorox, Cognatus, CommonsDelinker, Computer97, Conversion script, Coopman86, Corvus cornix, Courcelles, Crazynas,Credulity, Cuaxdon, Curps, Cutienemo04, Cwtyler, Cybercobra, Cynical, DGG, DMahalko, DRTllbrg, DVD R W, Daedalus969, Daelin, Damian Yerrick, DanielHolth, Danzella, DaredevilMC,Dave314159, David Regimbal, David.Monniaux, Dbenbenn, Dbolton, DePiep, DeadEyeArrow, Deepak D'Souza, Deflective, Denelson83, DerBorg, DerHexer, Desiboo228, Dillard421,Discospinster, Dj tricky, Dmazzoni, Dmodlin71, Dmpatierno, Dominik92, Dominus, DopefishJustin, Dotlady, Dpbsmith, Dprophet68, Dreish, Drmccreedy, E Pluribus Anthony, Ebehn,Editor2020, Egmontaz, Eliasen, Eliz81, Elliskev, Elvey, EmilJ, Emperorbma, Enviroboy, Epbr123, Epson291, Eric Shalov, Eric119, Erik9, Es.ntp, Eshabraille, Etaonsh, Eupedia, Everyking,Factitious, FastLizard4, Fayedizard, Fibonacci, Fieldday-sunday, Fishmuffin, Fleminra, Font, Foxandpotatoes, Fram, Frap, Frosty0814snowman, Fæ, Gadev, Gadfium, Gilliam, Gimboid13, GogoDodo, GoingBatty, Golgofrinchian, Gorobay, Graham87, Greatgavini, Gringer, Gusme, Gz33, Harlock jds, Hawkeye413321, Haydenjrules, HenryLi, Hforrest1503, Hhanke, Hippietrail, Hsoj190,Hu12, Ian Maxwell, Ianamiryokuteki, Ianml, Indyboosler, Insanity Incarnate, Instantnood, Iseeaboar, J.delanoy, JAn Dudík, JPG-GR, Jab416171, Jcvamp, Jeandré du Toit, Jeepday, Jeffmatt,Jerseyboy123, Jesuschex, JiMidnite, Johndrinkwater, Johnian144, Johnny1988, Jon Ascton, Jonathan Webley, Jpgordon, Jung dalglish, Just1morerifle, Jwissick, KFP, Karen Johnson, Karl-HeinzWellmann, Kat384, KayEss, Kesac, Kh80, Khukri, Koavf, Korg, Kostisl, Kragen, Ksn, Kufat, Kwamikagami, Kyng, L'Aquatique, Lantay77, Leszek Jańczuk, Leuqarte, LindsayH, Longhair,Loren.wilton, Lrcg2012, LuK3, Lugnad, Luna Santin, M C Y 1008, MASA, MC10, MFH, Magdielm, Mahali syarifuddin, Mahmudmasri, Mao63, Mark Richards, Markjoly, Martin-C, Martin451,Mate Juhasz, Materialscientist, MathsIsFun, Matt Crypto, Merriam, Michael Hardy, Mikemill, Mikespedia, Miquonranger03, Mirokado, Mitchan, Mormegil, Mscuthbert, Möchtegern, Nabla,Naiveandsilly, Namazu-tron, Naniwako, Naohiro19, Nesnad, Neutrality, NewEnglandYankee, Nihiltres, Nodekeeper, Nolanus, Nom du Clavier, Nunh-huh, Obersachse, Oblivious, Oda Mari,Odie5533, OlEnglish, Ont, OwenX, Oxana879, Oxymoron83, PMHauge, Palefire, Palica, Patrick, Pauswa, Pengo, Petri Krohn, Pevarnj, Pfranson, PhilipO, PhilippWeissenbacher, Pichpich,PigFlu Oink, Pinethicket, Piratenoir, Plinkit, Pmsyyz, Pne, Pratheepps, Pseudo daoist, Puellanivis, Purpleice, Purplelantern72, Quadell, Quebec99, Qvarie, R'n'B, RJASE1, RW Marloe,Raghu13uk, Ragib, RainbowOfLight, Rakave, Raso mk, RazorICE, ReallyNiceGuy, Reaper Eternal, RedHillian, Regulov, Renata, Retired username, RexNL, Ricardosj, Rich Farmbrough,Richard Brooks MK, Roland zh, Romanm, Ronhjones, RootBeerKisses, RoyBoy, Rrburke, Ruakh, Rueckk, Rumping, RussBlau, RxS, SS2005, Sakimori, Sakurambo, Samppi111,SamuelThibault, Sarang, Sardanaphalus, Saveur, Sburke, Scarpy, SchfiftyThree, SchreiberBike, Sekelsenmat, Seth ze, Severinus, Shagunag, Shalom Yechiel, Shanes, Shantavira, ShelfSkewed,Silas S. Brown, Silver dot, Silverxxx, Silvrous, Sir Sputnik, Sjö, SkeletorUK, Sladen, Snek01, Snezzy, Snowolf, Snyjlee, Spiffy sperry, Stambouliote, StephanCom, Stephen Henry Davies,Stephenb, SteveStrummer, StevenDH, Stwalkerster, Sun Creator, Suruena, Switchercat, Syndicate, T-Base Communications, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, TSP, TTE, Tango, Tanuki Z, Tarikash,Technopat, The Anome, The Magnificent Clean-keeper, The Man in Question, The Thing That Should Not Be, Thnidu, Tholme, Thumperward, Tide rolls, Tim Starling, TimVickers, Tnxman307,Tobias Bergemann, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Tohuvabohuo, Tomatzu, Tombomp, Tower falcon, Travelbird, TreasuryTag, Treekids, Trevie, Trondtr, Trotter, Trounce, Ulflarsen, Ultratomio, UnaSmith, Unukorno, Valenciano, Vanisaac, Vasco, Vicenarian, Vilerage, Virtlink, Warrior4321, Wavelength, Wayne Slam, Wayward, Wdchk, Webber123, Weichbrodt, Wicked.bojke, Widr,WikHead, Wiki Wikardo, Wikipelli, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yath, Yorick8080, ZeroOne, Zoe.r, Zorakoid, Zujua, தொழில்நுட்பம், Ὁ οἶστρος, 712 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Braille B2.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_B2.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:3247's Image Wizard/Scripts/braille.plFile:Braille R.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_R.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:3247's Image Wizard/Scripts/braille.plFile:Braille A1.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_A1.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: User:3247's Image Wizard/Scripts/braille.plFile:Braille I9.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_I9.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:3247's Image Wizard/Scripts/braille.plFile:Braille L.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_L.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:3247's Image Wizard/Scripts/braille.plFile:Braille E5.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_E5.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Made by using User:3247's Image Wizard/Scripts/braille.pl.File:Braille closeup.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_closeup.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Lrcg2012File:DSC 4050-MR-Braille.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DSC_4050-MR-Braille.jpg  License: Attribution  Contributors: Christophe.moustier, Editor at Large,Matilda, Para, Suruena, Walter, 3 anonymous editsFile:Braille C3.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_C3.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:3247's Image Wizard/Scripts/braille.plFile:Braille D4.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_D4.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:3247's Image Wizard/Scripts/braille.plFile:Braille F6.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_F6.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:3247's Image Wizard/Scripts/braille.plFile:Braille G7.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_G7.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:3247's Image Wizard/Scripts/braille.plFile:Braille H8.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_H8.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:3247's Image Wizard/Scripts/braille.plFile:Braille J0.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_J0.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:3247's Image Wizard/Scripts/braille.plFile:Braille K colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_K_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille L colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_L_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille M colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_M_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille N colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_N_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille O colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_O_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille P colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_P_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille Q colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Q_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille R colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_R_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille S colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_S_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille T colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_T_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille U colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_U_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille V colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_V_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille X colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_X_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille Y colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Y_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille Z colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Z_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille W colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_W_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille NULL.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_NULL.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 3247's Image Wizard, Sarang, Umherirrender, VanisaacFile:Braille Accent.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Accent.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 3247's Image Wizard, Sarang, Umherirrender, VanisaacFile:Braille_Currency.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Currency.svg  License: 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File:Braille Ç colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Ç_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille É colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_É_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille À colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_À_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille È colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_È_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille Ù colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Ù_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille Ò colored.svg  Source: 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Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille Ö colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Ö_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille Decimal colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Decimal_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:KwamikagamiFile:Braille Cursive colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Cursive_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:VanisaacFile:Braille Comma colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Comma_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:VanisaacFile:Braille Semicolon colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Semicolon_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:VanisaacFile:Braille Colon colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Colon_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:VanisaacFile:Braille Period colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Period_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:VanisaacFile:Braille QuestionMark colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_QuestionMark_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille ExclamationPoint colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_ExclamationPoint_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille Bracket colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Bracket_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:VanisaacFile:Braille QuoteOpen colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_QuoteOpen_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille Asterisk colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Asterisk_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:VanisaacFile:Braille QuoteClose colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_QuoteClose_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille ContractionPrefix colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_ContractionPrefix_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0  Contributors: VanisaacFile:Braille Correction colored.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Correction_colored.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: VanisaacFile:Alianca braille.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alianca_braille.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: LuistravassoImage:Braille Writer.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Writer.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Gveret Tered, Korrigan, MASA,WardenFile:Braille Å.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Å.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Critén, Sarang, Vanisaac, ÖFile:Braille SH.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_SH.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Alno, Dmazzoni, Sarang, VanisaacFile:Braille Ô.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Ô.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 3247's Image Wizard, Sarang, Umherirrender, VanisaacFile:Braille CapitalSign.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_CapitalSign.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 3247's Image Wizard, Sarang, Umherirrender,VanisaacFile:Braille NumberSign.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_NumberSign.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 3247's Image Wizard, Sarang, Umherirrender,VanisaacFile:Braille Comma.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Comma.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 3247's Image Wizard, Sarang, Umherirrender, VanisaacFile:Braille Semicolon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Semicolon.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 3247's Image Wizard, Kenmayer, Sarang,Umherirrender, Vanisaac, 1 anonymous editsFile:Braille Apostrophe.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Apostrophe.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 3247's Image Wizard, Sarang, Umherirrender,VanisaacFile:Braille Colon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Colon.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 3247's Image Wizard, Sarang, Umherirrender, VanisaacFile:Braille Hyphen.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Hyphen.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 3247's Image Wizard, Sarang, Umherirrender, VanisaacFile:Braille DecimalPoint.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_DecimalPoint.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 3247's Image Wizard, Sarang, Umherirrender,VanisaacFile:Braille Period.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Period.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 3247's Image Wizard, Sarang, Umherirrender, VanisaacFile:Braille ExclamationPoint.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 3247's Image Wizard, Sarang,Umherirrender, VanisaacFile:Braille QuoteOpen.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_QuoteOpen.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 3247's Image Wizard, Sarang, Umherirrender,VanisaacFile:Braille QuoteClose.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_QuoteClose.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 3247's Image Wizard, Sarang, Umherirrender,VanisaacFile:Braille Bracket.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_Bracket.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 3247's Image Wizard, Sarang, Umherirrender, VanisaacFile:Braille ST.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_ST.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Alno, Dmazzoni, Mahali syarifuddin, Sarang, Vanisaac

Page 15: Braille - WordPress.comBraille may also be produced using a computer with braille translation software and a braille embosser or a refreshable braille display. Braille has been extended

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 15

File:Braille N.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_N.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:3247's Image Wizard/Scripts/braille.plFile:Braille ContractionPrefix.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: 3247's Image Wizard, Sarang,Umherirrender, VanisaacFile:Braille M.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_M.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:3247's Image Wizard/Scripts/braille.plFile:Braille AND.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_AND.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Alno, Billinghurst, Dmazzoni, Sarang, VanisaacImage:Braille on tablet box.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_on_tablet_box.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:TrounceImage:Braille book.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braille_book.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Karl-Heinz WellmannFile:Rapperswil - Duftrosengarten 20080222 005.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rapperswil_-_Duftrosengarten_20080222_005.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Roland zhFile:500 lira coin with braille.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:500_lira_coin_with_braille.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Дема ЮрійВолодимирович

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