-
Wireless Tutorial
BroughTurner
NMS Communications
Oct
obe
r 9,
20
08
-
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w.n
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om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
Lan
dlin
e Su
bs
Mo
bile
Su
bs
Sourc
e: IT
U W
orld
IC
T In
dica
tors
, Jun
e 20
08
-
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w.n
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om
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nic
atio
ns.
com
The author would like to acknowledge
material contributions from:
M
arc
O
range
, In
terp
hase
Fo
rmerly
w
ith N
MS
Com
munic
atio
ns
M
urta
zaAm
iji, Te
llme
(A M
icro
soft
Subs
idia
ry)
Fo
rmerly
w
ith N
MS
Com
munic
atio
ns
Sa
muel S
. M
ay,
Pr
ice
W
ate
rho
use
Co
ope
rs
Form
erly
w
ith US
Ba
nco
rp Pi
per
Jaffr
ay
many
oth
ers
, as
note
d on sp
ecific
sl
ides
-
ww
w.n
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om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
Outline
Hi
story
and
evo
lutio
n of m
obi
le ra
dio
Br
ief h
isto
ry of
ce
llula
r w
irele
ss te
leph
on
y
Ra
dio
te
chn
olo
gy to
day:
TD
MA,
CD
MA,
O
FDM
A,
D
em
ogr
aph
ics
an
d m
arke
t tre
nds
toda
y
3G, 3.
5G, W
iMAX
, LT
E &
4G m
igra
tion
pa
ths
Ev
olvi
ng
netw
ork
arc
hite
cture
s
GSM
-M
AP (E
U) a
nd
IS
-41
(U
S) o
rigin
s
So
ftsw
itche
s, Vo
IPan
d SI
P in
N
ext
Gen
Ne
two
rks
(NG
N)
3G
PP &
NG
N co
nve
rge
nce
: re
lea
ses,
fe
atu
res
an
d sc
hedu
les
-
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nic
atio
ns.
com
Outline (continued)
Ev
olvi
ng
serv
ices
SM
S, M
MS,
lo
catio
n, ric
hpr
ese
nce
, vid
eo
IP
m
ulti
me
dia
su
bsys
tem
(IM
S) vs
. du
mb
pipe
Ap
plic
atio
ns
and
busi
ness
m
ode
ls
Kille
r a
pplic
atio
ns
& ki
ller
pla
tform
s
2-
side
d bu
sin
ess
m
ode
ls
Rela
ted
tech
nolo
gy, Is
sues
and
Futu
res
W
iMAX
, Ba
ckha
ul,
Blu
eto
oth,
N
ext
Ge
nW
iFi
M
obi
le de
vice
di
vers
ity /
appl
ica
tion
e
nvir
on
me
nts
-
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om
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nic
atio
ns.
com
Wireless Tutorial
Hi
sto
ry a
nd
Evo
lutio
n o
f Mo
bile
Ra
dio
Ev
olvi
ng
Netw
ork
Ar
chite
cture
s
Ev
olvi
ng
Serv
ices
Ap
plic
atio
ns
and
Busi
ness
M
ode
ls
Rela
ted
tech
nolo
gy, Is
sues
and
Futu
res
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atio
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com
Origins of Wireless Communications
18
64: Ja
mes
Clark
M
axw
ell
Pr
edi
cts
exis
ten
ce of
ra
dio
w
ave
s
18
86: He
inric
h Ru
dolp
h He
rtz
De
mo
nst
rate
s ra
dio
w
ave
s
18
95-19
01:
G
ugl
ielm
oM
arc
oni
D
em
on
stra
tes
wire
less
co
mm
un
ica
tion
s o
ver
incr
ea
sin
g di
sta
nce
s
Al
so in
th
e 18
90s
N
ikol
aTe
sla
, Al
exa
nde
r St
epa
no
vich
Popo
v, Ja
gdis
hCh
an
dra
Bo
se a
nd
oth
ers
, de
mo
nst
rate
fo
rms
of
wire
less
co
mm
un
ica
tion
s
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First Mobile Radio Telephone, 1924
Cou
rtes
y o
f Ric
h H
ow
ard
-
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nic
atio
ns.
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1 2
3 4 5
6 7
1 2
3 4 5
6 7
57
22
11 2
3 4 5
6 7
3
Cellular Mobile Telephony
An
ten
na
di
vers
ity
Cellu
lar
con
cept
Be
ll La
bs (19
57 &
1960
)
Fre
que
ncy
re
use
ty
pica
lly e
very
7
cells
H
an
doff
as
calle
r m
ove
s
M
odi
fied
CO sw
itch
H
LR, pa
gin
g, ha
ndo
ffs
Sect
ors
impr
ove
re
use
eve
ry 3
cells
po
ssib
le
-
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nic
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ns.
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First Generation (nearly all retired)
Ad
vance
d M
obi
le Ph
one Se
rvic
e (A
MPS
)
US tri
als
197
8; de
plo
yed
in Ja
pan (7
9) &
US (8
3)
800
MH
z; tw
o 20
M
Hz
ban
ds;
TIA-
553
No
rdic
M
obi
le Te
leph
on
y (N
MT)
Sw
ede
n, N
orw
ay,
D
em
ark
& Fi
nla
nd
La
un
che
d 19
81
450
MH
z; la
ter
at 90
0 M
Hz
(NM
T900
)
Tota
l Acc
ess
Co
mm
unic
atio
ns
Syst
em (T
ACS)
Br
itish
de
sign
; sim
ilar
to AM
PS; d
epl
oye
d 19
85
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2nd Generation 2Gdigital systems
Le
vera
ge te
chnolo
gy to
in
crease
ca
paci
ty
Spe
ech
co
mpr
ess
ion
; dig
ital s
ign
al p
roce
ssin
g
Utiliz
e/e
xtend
In
tellig
ent N
etw
ork
co
nce
pts
Im
pro
ve fra
ud
pre
ven
tion
; Ad
d ne
w se
rvic
es
W
ide
dive
rsity
of 2
G sy
stem
s
IS-54
/ IS-
136
No
rth Am
eric
an
TD
MA;
&
PDC
(Japa
n)
D
ECT
and
PHS;
iD
EN
IS-95
CD
MA
(cdm
aO
ne
)
GSM
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ns.
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D-AMPS (usually called TDMA) & PDC
IS
-54
/ I
S-13
6 st
anda
rds
in US
TI
A
Spe
ech
co
ded
as
digi
tal b
it st
rea
m; a
ggre
ssiv
e
com
pre
ssio
n lim
its v
oic
e qu
alit
y
De
velo
pme
nt t
hro
ugh
19
80s;
ba
keof
f 198
7
De
plo
yed
1993
(P
DC
1994
)
ATT
Wire
less
&
Cingu
lar
use
d D-
AMPS
in
itially
M
igra
ted
to G
SM;
D-AM
Psn
ow
la
rge
ly re
tire
d
PDC
dom
inant 2
G ce
llula
r sy
stem
in
Ja
pan
M
igra
tion
to
3G
SM (W
-CD
MA,
) we
ll a
dva
nce
d; PD
C lik
ely
to be
ph
ase
d ou
t in
20
09-20
10
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iDEN(primary user was Nextel)
M
oto
rola
pr
opr
ieta
ry sy
stem
tim
e di
visio
n m
ulti
ple
ac
cess
tech
no
logy
; ba
sed
on G
SM
arc
hite
ctu
re
80
0 M
Hz pr
ivate
m
obi
le ra
dio (P
MR)
sp
ect
rum
jus
t be
low
80
0 M
Hz
cellu
lar
ban
d
Speci
al p
roto
col s
upp
orts
fa
st Pu
sh-to
-Ta
lk
di
gita
l re
pla
cem
en
t fo
r o
ld PM
R se
rvic
es
Ne
xtel h
ad
high
est
AP
RU in
US
m
ark
et du
e to
Di
rect
Co
nnect
pu
sh-to
-ta
lk se
rvic
e
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ns.
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DECT and PHS
Al
so use
s tim
e di
visio
n m
ulti
ple
acc
ess
Di
gita
l Euro
pean Co
rdle
ss Te
leph
on
y
focu
s o
n bu
sin
ess
use
, i.e
. w
irele
ss P
BX
very
sm
all
cells
(in bu
ildin
g)
wid
e ba
ndw
idth
(32
Kb
ps c
hann
els
)
high
qu
alit
y vo
ice
a
nd/
or
ISD
N da
ta
Pers
onal H
andi
phone
Serv
ice
Si
mila
r te
chno
logy
, bu
t hig
h de
nsi
ty u
rba
n de
plo
yme
nts
4
cha
nn
el b
ase
st
atio
n u
ses
on
e IS
DN
BR
I lin
e
lega
cy in
Ja
pan; s
till w
ide
ly de
plo
yed
in Ch
ina
to
day
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2G CDMA(cdmaOne)
Co
de Di
visio
n M
ulti
ple Ac
cess
a
ll u
sers
sha
re sa
me
fre
que
ncy
ba
nd
di
scu
sse
d in
de
tail
late
r a
s CD
MA
is b
asi
s fo
r 3G
Qu
alc
om
m de
mo in
19
89
cla
ime
d im
pro
ved
capa
city
&
sim
plifie
d pl
annin
g
Firs
t depl
oym
ent i
n Ho
ng
Kong
late
19
94
Major
su
ccess
in
Ko
rea (1M
su
bs by
19
96)
Ad
opt
ed
by Ve
rizon and
Sprin
t in US
Ea
sy m
igra
tion to
3G
(sa
me m
odu
latio
n)
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2G CDMA(cdmaOne)
TI
A st
anda
rd IS
-95
(A
NSI-9
5) in
19
93
IS-95
de
ploye
d in
th
e 80
0 M
Hz ce
llula
r ba
nd
J-
STD
-08
va
rian
t de
plo
yed
in 19
00 M
Hz
US PC
Sba
nd
Ev
olu
tion fix
es
bugs
and
add
s da
ta
IS-95
A pr
ovid
es
data
ra
tes
up
to 14
.4
kbps
IS
-95
B pr
ovid
es
rate
s u
p to
64
kb
ps (2.
5G)
Bo
th A
an
d B
are
co
mpa
tible
w
ith J-
STD
-08
.
Al
l varia
nts
de
sign
ed
for
TIA
IS-41
co
re netw
ork
s (A
NSI 4
1)
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ns.
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GSM
Global System for Mobile
O
rigin
ally
G
rou
peSp
cia
lMo
bile
joi
nt E
uro
pea
n effo
rt be
ginn
ing
in 19
82 fo
cuse
d on se
am
less
ro
amin
g acr
oss
Eu
rope
Se
rvic
es
lau
nch
ed
1991
tim
e di
visi
on m
ultip
le acc
ess
(8
use
rs pe
r 20
0KH
z)
900
MH
z ba
nd;
la
ter
ext
ende
d to
18
00 M
Hz;
th
en 19
00 M
Hz
Qu
ad-
ban
d w
orld
ph
ones
supp
ort
850/
900/
1800
/190
0 M
Hz
G
SM
dom
ina
nt w
orld
st
anda
rd to
day
w
ell
defin
ed
inte
rface
s; m
any
com
petit
ors
; lo
west
co
st to
de
plo
y
netw
ork
effe
ct (M
etc
alfe
s la
w) to
ok
hold
in
la
te 19
90s
-
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Distribution of GSM Subscribers
G
SM is
use
dby
81
% of
su
bscr
ibe
rsw
orld
wid
e
GSM
pl
us
3GSM
acc
ounts
for
88%
of a
ll mobi
le su
bscr
iptio
ns
As
iado
min
ate
sw
ith42
% of
a
ll m
obile
su
bscr
iptio
ns
AT
T &
T-M
obi
le US
A use
G
SM/3
GSM
in
US
to
day
Sou
rce:
W
irele
ss In
telli
gen
ce / G
SM As
soci
atio
n
GSM
Su
bscr
iber
s
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nic
atio
ns.
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1G, 2G, 3G M
ulti-Access Technologies
Cou
rtes
y o
f Pet
ri Po
ssi,
UMTS
W
orld
3.5G
, 4G
an
d fu
ture
w
irele
ss s
yste
ms
opt
imize
a
com
bin
atio
n of
fre
que
ncy
, tim
e an
d co
de m
ultip
lexin
g
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nic
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ns.
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1G
Separate Frequencies
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
Frequency
FDM
A -
Freq
uen
cy
Div
isio
n M
ulti
ple
Acc
es
s
-
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nic
atio
ns.
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2G
Tim
e Division M
ultiple Access (TDMA)
Frequency
Tim
e
200
KH
z
200
KH
z
200
KH
z
200
KH
z
On
e tim
eslo
t = 0.
577
ms
On
e TD
MA
fra
me
=
8
times
lots
-
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mu
nic
atio
ns.
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2G & 3G
Code Division M
ultiple Access
Sp
read
spec
trum
m
odu
latio
n
orig
ina
lly de
velo
ped
for
the
m
ilita
ry
resi
sts
jamm
ing
an
d m
an
y ki
nds
of i
nte
rfere
nce
co
ded
mod
ula
tion hi
dde
n fro
m th
ose
w
/o th
e co
de
All u
sers
sh
are
sa
me (la
rge) b
lock
of
sp
ect
rum
o
ne
fo
r o
ne
fre
quen
cy re
use
so
ft ha
ndo
ffs p
oss
ible
Al
l 3G
ra
dio st
anda
rds
base
d on CD
MA
CD
MA2
000,
W
-CD
MA
an
d TD
-SC
DM
A
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nic
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ns.
com
Cou
rtes
y o
f Su
resh
G
oya
l& R
ich
Ho
war
d
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nic
atio
ns.
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IMT-2000 Vision (from 1992) included
LAN, WAN and Satellite Services
Sate
llite
Mac
roce
llM
icro
cellU
rban
In-Bu
ildin
g
Pico
cell
Glo
bal
Subu
rban
Bas
ic Te
rmin
alPD
A Te
rmin
alA
udi
o/V
isu
al Te
rmin
al
-
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The 3G Vision
Un
ive
rsa
l glo
bal r
oa
min
g (1
sta
nda
rd, n
ot 7
)
3GSM
le
ads
, bu
t with
CD
MA
2000
&
Chin
a TD
-SC
DM
A
Mu
ltim
edi
a (vo
ice
, da
ta &
vide
o)
In
cre
ase
d da
ta ra
tes
(384
Kbps
to ?
Mbp
s)
Incr
ea
sed
capa
city
(m
ore
sp
ect
rally
e
ffici
en
t)
Da
ta-ce
ntri
c a
rchi
tect
ure
(A
TM a
t firs
t, th
en IP
)Bu
t de
plo
yme
nt t
oo
k lo
nge
r th
an
e
xpe
cte
d
No ki
ller
data
app
; ne
w sp
ect
rum
co
stly;
tele
com
bu
bble
bu
rst;
m
uch
of t
he vis
ion w
as
ven
dor-
driv
en
-
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nic
atio
ns.
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Original GSM substantially enhanced
W
ide
ly de
plo
yed
so sig
nifi
can
t pa
yba
ck fo
r en
han
cem
ents
Fr
equ
en
cy ho
ppin
g (to
o
verc
om
e fa
din
g)
Syn
chro
niza
tion
be
twe
en
ce
lls (m
inim
ize in
terfe
ren
ce)
D
FCA:
dy
nam
ic fre
quency
and
cha
nne
l ass
ignm
ent
Al
so use
d to
de
term
ine m
obile
s lo
catio
n
AM
R:
Ad
apt
ive m
ulti
-ra
te vo
code
r
trade
off
speech
and
err
or
corr
ect
ion bi
ts fo
r fe
wer
dro
pped
calls
8
codi
ng
rate
s: 12
.2,
10
.2,
7.
95, 7.
4, 6.
7, 5.
9, 5.
15 &
4.75
bp
s, pl
us
sile
nce
fra
mes
(near
0 bp
s)
dyn
am
ically
a
djust
to
ra
dio in
terfe
rence
co
ndi
tions
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GSM enhancements (continued)
DT
X
disc
ontin
uous
transm
issio
n
less
inte
rfere
nce
(ap
pro
ach
0
bps
durin
g si
len
ces)
m
ore
ca
lls p
er
cell
O
verla
ys w
ith re
use
pa
rtionin
g
3x in
o
verla
y (ce
ll e
dge
s); 1x
re
use
in
u
nde
rlay
HS
CSD
-hi
gh sp
eed
ci
rcuit-
switc
hed
data
a
ggre
gate
ch
an
ne
ls to
su
rpa
ss 9
.6
Kbps
lim
it(
64k)
G
PRS
-ge
nera
l pac
ket r
adi
o se
rvic
e
-
ww
w.n
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om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
GPRS -2.5G for GSM
G
enera
l pack
et r
adi
o se
rvic
e
first
in
trodu
ctio
n of
pa
cket
te
chno
logy
Ag
grega
te ra
dio ch
annels
su
ppo
rt hi
ghe
r da
ta ra
tes
(115
Kbps
)
subje
ct to
ch
an
ne
l ava
ilabi
lity
Sh
are
agg
rega
te ch
annels
am
ong
multi
ple use
rs
Al
l new
IP
-ba
sed
data
in
frast
ruct
ure
No
ch
ange
s to
vo
ice netw
ork
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
3G Standardization
IT
U (In
tern
atio
nal T
ele
com
munic
atio
n Un
ion)
R
adi
o st
anda
rds
and
spe
ctru
m
IM
T-20
00
ITU
sum
bre
lla na
me
fo
r 3G
w
hich
st
ands
for
Inte
rna
tion
al M
obile
Te
leco
mm
un
ica
tion
s 20
00
3G Pa
rtners
hip
Proje
cts
(3GPP
&
3GPP
2)
focu
sed
on e
volu
tion
of
a
cce
ss a
nd
core
n
etw
ork
s
Na
tion
al a
nd
regi
on
al s
tan
dard
s bo
die
s co
llabo
ratin
g,
i.e., AR
IB, TI
A, TT
A, TT
C, CW
TS. T1
, ET
SI
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
3G Radio technology deployed today
ED
GE
G
SM evo
lutio
n, i.e
. TD
MA
Le
gacy
; so
me
time
s re
ferr
ed
to a
s 2.
75G
CD
MA
2000
M
ulti
Carr
ier
CDM
A
Evo
lutio
n of
IS
-95
CD
MA
UM
TS/3
GSM
(W
-CD
MA,
H
SPA)
Di
rect
Sp
read
CDM
A
De
fined
by
3G
PP
TD-SC
DM
A
Tim
e Di
visio
n Sy
nch
ron
ous
CDM
A
De
fined
by
Ch
ine
se Ac
ade
my
of Te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns
Tech
no
logy
u
nde
r th
e M
inis
try o
f Info
rma
tion In
dust
ry
Pair
ed sp
ectr
um
ba
nds
Pair
ed sp
ectr
um
ba
nds
Sin
gle
spec
tra
l ba
nd
with
tim
e di
visi
on
du
plex
ing
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
UMTS (3GSM) now m
arket leader
G
SM evo
lutio
n pa
th: W
-CD
MA,
HS
DPA,
HS
PA,
le
vera
ges
GSM
sdo
min
an
t po
sitio
n
Le
gally
m
anda
ted
in Eu
rope
and
els
ewhe
re
5 M
Hz
ea
ch w
ay
(sym
me
tric)
Re
quire
s su
bsta
ntia
l new
sp
ect
rum
Sl
ow
st
art
(behi
nd
CDM
A 20
00) b
ut n
ow
le
adi
ng
N
etw
ork
effe
ct bu
ilds
on G
SMs
80%
m
ark
et sh
are
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
CDMA 2000 Pros and Cons
Ev
olu
tion fro
m orig
inal Q
ualc
om
m CD
MA
(IS-95
)
Bette
r m
igra
tion st
ory
from
2G
to
3G
cd
maO
ne
ope
rato
rs d
ont
ne
ed ad
ditio
na
l spe
ctru
m
H
ighe
r da
ta ra
tes
tha
n UM
TS, a
t le
ast
a
t firs
t
Could
nt
com
pete
w
ith G
SMs
critic
al m
ass
Ev
en
Ve
rizo
n W
irele
ss ha
s de
cide
d to
jum
p sh
ip fo
r 4G
by m
ovin
g to
3G
SMs
Lo
ng
Term
Ev
olu
tion
(LT
E)
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
TD-SCDMA (Tim
e division synchronous CDMA)
Ch
inese
de
velo
pment (
IPR
ba
rga
inin
g to
ol w
ith W
est?
)
Late
to
m
ark
et, bu
t big
de
plo
yme
nt p
lan
s
Si
ngl
e sp
ectra
l band
u
npa
ired
spe
ctru
m; a
s lit
tle a
s 1.
6 M
Hz;
tim
e di
visi
on
dupl
ex
(TD
D) w
ith hi
gh sp
ect
ral e
ffici
en
cy
Go
od
ma
tch
for
asy
mm
etri
cal t
raffi
c!
Pow
er
am
plifie
rs m
ust
be
ve
ry lin
ear
re
lativ
ely
hard
to
m
eet
sp
ecif
ica
tion
s
In
tri
als
in te
n ci
ties
but o
nly
60K
hands
ets
so
fa
r
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
China 3G
La
rgest
m
obi
le m
ark
et i
n w
orld
(57
5 M
su
bs)
La
rge
st po
pula
tion
in
w
orld
(1.
3 bi
llion
)
Hom
e-br
ew
3G
st
anda
rd: TD
-SC
DMA
St
ill in
e
arly
tri
als
: 10
cit
ies,
15
K BS
s&
60K
han
dse
ts
3G lic
en
ses
un
likel
y u
ntil
th
is w
ork
s (20
09?
2010
?)
Like
ly 3G
usa
ge afte
r re
cent i
ndu
stry
re
-org
Ch
ina
M
obi
le:
TD
-SC
DM
A
Chin
a Un
ico
m: 3G
SM (U
MTS
)
Chin
a Te
leco
m: CD
MA
2000
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
3G Adoption
DoCoMoJapan (UMTS)
Pote
ntia
l to
disc
on
tinue
2G se
rvic
es
in 20
10
2G:
m
ova
3G:
FO
MA
Subs
crib
er G
row
th:
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
Cou
ntr
ySu
bscr
iber
s
Jun
e 20
07Su
bscr
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s
Jun
e 20
08G
row
th
Year
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11,73
267
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n7,
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12,64
075
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Fran
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7,95
841
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Italy
14,46
218
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824
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Unite
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13,10
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.1%
Euro
pean
To
tal (5
co
untri
es)
43,27
063
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46.6%
Unite
d St
ates
35,65
164
,207
80.1%
3G Subscribers (2Q 2008)
18
% o
n 3G
; 82
% o
n 2G
; 0.
01%
on
1G
EU
&
US 3G
pe
ne
tratio
n ra
tes
app
roa
chin
g 30
%
US pe
net
ratio
n o
verta
king
EU pe
ne
tratio
n ra
te Sou
rce
: co
mSc
ore
Mo
biLe
ns
3-m
onth
a
vera
geen
ding
Jun
e 20
08&
June
2007
All m
obile
subs
crib
ers
ages
13+
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
3G data-only subscribers
So
arin
g ado
ptio
n of
3G
US
B Da
ta M
ode
ms
in EU
Ac
cou
nt f
or
92%
of
a
ll 3G
da
ta by
tes
in Fi
nla
nd
in 2H
07
Info
rmas
EU da
ta fro
m M
ay
2008
on al
l 3G
de
vices
10
1.5M
3G
de
vice
s o
ut o
f 910
.8
M m
obi
le su
bscr
ibe
rs
If
~64
M
a
re ha
nds
ets
, th
en 37
M a
re 3G
da
ta m
odem
s
In
-St
at/
ABI R
ese
arc
h
In-St
at: 5M
ce
llula
r m
ode
ms
in 20
06
ABI R
ese
arc
h 30
0% gr
ow
th in
20
07, i.e
. 20
M?
En
orm
ous
grow
th he
re, bu
t fro
m a
smal
l base
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
Diverse M
obile W
ireless Spectrum
Ban
dsFr
equ
enc
ies
(MH
z)R
egio
ns
GSM
/ ED
GE
UMTS
/ 3G
SMCD
MA
2000
TD-
SCD
MA
NM
T/CD
MA
450
460-
493
EU, gl
obal
XG
SM 45
045
0-46
7EU
, gl
obal
XG
SM48
047
8-49
6EU
, gl
obal
XG
SM 85
0 &
CDM
A 85
086
9-89
4US
XX
GSM
90
092
5-96
0EU
, gl
obal
XD
CS 18
0018
05-18
80EU
, gl
obal
XPC
S 19
0019
30-19
90US
XX
XIM
T 20
0019
20-19
80 &
2110
-21
70EU
, gl
obal
X
Chin
a 3G
1880
-19
20 &
2010
-20
25
& 23
00-24
00Ch
ina
X
AWS
1710
-17
55 &
2110
-21
55US
XX
700
MH
z74
6-76
4 &
776-
794
USX
XIT
U Pr
opos
al25
00-26
90EU
, gl
obal
X
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
Global Roaming Issues
M
ulti
ple vo
code
rs(A
MR,
EV
RC, SM
V,
, W
B?)
M
an
y sp
ect
ral b
ands
45
0, 80
0, 90
0, 17
00, 18
00, 19
00, 21
00, 25
00,
? M
Hz
At
le
ast
fo
ur
modu
latio
n va
riants
G
SM (TD
MA)
, W
-CD
MA,
CD
MA2
000,
TD
-SC
MD
A
Un
ivers
al
hands
et p
rosp
ects
Ad
van
ced
silic
on
; so
ftwa
re de
fined
ra
dio
St
ill n
ee
d: m
ulti
ple
a
nte
nn
as;
im
pro
ved
batte
ries
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
UMB
3.5G
(4G
?)Al
l IP
2007
+ //
20
10+
LTE
Migration Paths
CDM
A
GSM
TDM
A
PHS
(IP-Ba
sed)
64Kb
ps
GPR
S
115
Kbps
CDM
A 1x
RTT
144
Kbps
EDG
E
384
Kbps
2G
1992
-
2000
+20
01+
2003
+
1G
1984
-
1996
+
2004
+
TACSN
MT
AMPS
GSM
/G
PRS
(Ove
rlay)
115
Kbps
9.6
Kbps
9.6
Kbps
14.4
Kbps
/ 64
Kbps
9.6
Kbps
PDC
An
alo
g Vo
ice
Dig
ital V
oic
e
2.5G
Pack
et D
ata
2.75
GIn
term
edia
teM
ulti
med
ia
3GM
ulti
med
ia
PHS
TD-SC
DM
A
2 M
bps
?
9.6
Kbps
iDEN
(Ove
rlay)
iDEN
Sourc
e: U.
S. Ba
nco
rp Pi
per
Jaffr
ay&
NMS
WiM
AX
Up to
14
M
bps
(W-CD
MA)
UMTS
(HSP
A)
cdm
a200
0(1X
-EV
-DO
)
Up to
14
M
bps
(1X-
EV-DO
Revs
A &
B)
Up to
10
0 M
bps,
even
tual
ly
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
3.5G and 4G
4G
not f
orm
ally
de
fined,
pr
ojec
ted
to pr
ovid
e
100
Mbp
s (m
ovin
g) &
1 G
bps
(stat
ion
ary
)
Seam
less
ro
amin
g a
cro
ss h
ete
roge
ou
sn
etw
ork
s
Pre-4G
st
anda
rds
som
etim
es
prom
ote
d as
4G
W
iMAX
~
6 m
illio
n un
its b
y 12
/200
8?
Fla
sh-O
FDM
-
~13
m
illio
n su
bscr
ibe
rs in
20
10 ?
3G
PP Lo
ng
Term
Ev
olu
tion
(LT
E)
2010
la
un
ch
UMB
in 3G
PP2
e
xten
t of a
dopt
ion
is
un
certa
in
IEEE
80
2.20
-
ado
ptio
n u
nce
rtain
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
LTE highlights
So
phis
ticat
ed
multip
le acc
ess
sc
hem
es
D
L: O
FDM
A w
ith Cy
clic
Pre
fix (C
P)
UL:
Sin
gle
Ca
rrie
r FD
MA
(SC-
FDM
A) w
ith CP
Ad
apt
ive m
odu
latio
n and
codi
ng
QP
SK, 16
QAM
, a
nd
64QA
M
1/3
codi
ng
rate
, tw
o 8-
sta
te co
nst
itue
nt e
nco
ders
, an
d a
con
tentio
n-fre
e in
tern
al in
terle
ave
r
Ad
vance
d M
IMO
sp
atia
l multi
plexin
g te
chniq
ues
(2
or
4) x
(2 o
r 4)
dow
nlin
k a
nd
upl
ink
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
4G Technology
OFDMA
O
rthogo
nal F
requ
ency
Di
visio
n M
ulti
ple Ac
cess
Su
perc
ede
sCD
MA
use
d in
a
ll 3G
va
rian
ts
OFD
MA
= O
rthogo
nal F
requ
ency
Di
visio
n
Multi
plexin
g (O
FDM
) plu
s st
atis
tical m
ulti
plexin
g
Opt
imiza
tion
of
tim
e, fre
que
ncy
a
nd
code
m
ultip
lexin
g
Alre
ady
de
plo
yed
in 80
2.11
a &
802.
11g
WiF
i
Ups
WiF
ifro
m 11
M
bps
to 54
M
bps
& be
yon
d
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division M
ultiplexing
M
an
y cl
ose
ly-sp
ace
d su
b-ca
rrie
rs, ch
ose
n to
be
orth
ogo
na
l, th
us
elim
inatin
g cr
oss
-ta
lk &
gua
rd ba
nds
Va
ry bi
ts pe
r su
b-ca
rrie
r ba
sed
on in
stanta
ne
ous
rece
ived
pow
er
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
Statistical Multiplexing (in OFDMA)
D
yna
mic
ally
a
lloca
te use
r da
ta to
su
b-ca
rrie
rs b
ase
d o
n
inst
an
tan
eou
s da
ta ra
tes
an
d va
ryin
g su
b-ca
rrie
r ca
paci
ties
H
ighl
y e
ffici
ent u
se of
sp
ect
rum
R
obu
st a
gain
st fa
din
g, e
.g.
du
ring
mob
ile o
pera
tion
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
4G Technology -MIMO
M
ulti
ple
In
put M
ulti
ple
O
utp
ut s
ma
rt a
nte
nn
a te
chn
olo
gy
Mu
ltipl
e pa
ths
impr
ove
lin
k re
liabi
lity
an
d in
cre
ase
sp
ect
ral
effic
ien
cy (bp
s pe
r H
z), ra
nge
a
nd
dire
ctio
na
lity
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
4G Technology
SC-FDMA
Si
ngl
e ca
rrie
r m
ultip
le acc
ess
Us
ed
for
LTE
& UM
B upl
inks
Be
ing
con
side
red
for
802.
16m
u
plin
k
Sim
ilar
stru
cture
and
perfo
rmance
to
O
FDM
A
Sin
gle
ca
rrie
r m
odu
latio
n w
ith D
FT-sp
rea
d o
rtho
gon
al
frequ
en
cy m
ulti
ple
xing
an
d FD
e
qua
liza
tion
Lo
wer
Peak
to Av
era
ge Po
wer
Ratio
(P
APR)
Im
pro
ves
cell-
edg
e pe
rform
ance
Tr
an
smit
effic
ien
cy co
nse
rve
s ha
nds
et b
atte
ry lif
e
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
The Ultim
ate m
etric:
bpsper Hertzper acre
per watt
3050
m
i.
1 2
3 4 5
6 7
1 2
3 4 5
6 7
57
22
11 2
3 4 5
6 73
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
Wireless Tutorial
Hi
story
and
Evolu
tion of M
obi
le Ra
dio
Ev
olv
ing
Netw
ork
Ar
chite
ctu
res
Ev
olvi
ng
Serv
ices
Ap
plic
atio
ns
and
Busi
ness
M
ode
ls
Rela
ted
tech
nolo
gy, Is
sues
and
Futu
res
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
Evolving Core
Netw
ork
Architectures
Tw
o w
idely
depl
oye
d arc
hite
cture
s to
day
3G
PP evo
lved
from
G
SM-M
AP
Use
d by
G
SM &
3GSM
o
pera
tors
(87
% of s
ubs
gl
oba
lly)
M
obi
leAp
plic
atio
nPa
rtde
fine
s si
gna
ling
for
mob
ility,
au
then
tica
tion
, e
tc.
3G
PP2
evo
lved
from
ANSI
-41
MAP
AN
SI-41
u
sed
with
AM
PS, TD
MA
& CD
MA
2000
G
AIT
(GSM
AN
SI In
tero
pera
bilit
y Te
am) a
llow
ed
inte
rope
ratio
n, i.e
., ro
amin
g
Evo
lvin
g to
co
mm
on
al
l IP
visio
n ba
sed
on 3G
PP
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
Typical 2G M
obile Architecture
BTS
B
ase
Tran
scei
ver
Stat
ion
BSC
B
ase
Stat
ion
Co
ntr
olle
r
MSC
M
obi
le Sw
itchi
ng
Cen
ter
VLR
Vi
sito
rLo
catio
n R
egis
ter
HLR
H
om
e Lo
catio
n R
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com
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GSM
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ANSI
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ca
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supp
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Lo
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manage
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LR:
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om
mu
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ns.
com
PSTN-to-M
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PSTN
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N
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SP)
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PLM
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om
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atio
ns.
com
BSS
Ba
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BSC
Ba
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om
mu
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ns.
com
2.5G/3G Adds IP Data
voice unchanged
3G N
etw
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La
you
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Mo
bile
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IP G
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IP G
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w.n
msc
om
mu
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com
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om
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com
EDGE
En
hance
d Da
tara
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for
Glo
balE
volu
tion
In
creas
ed
data
ra
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with
G
SM co
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tibilit
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still
200
KHz
ban
ds; s
till TD
MA
8-
PSK
mod
ula
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to
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terfe
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igra
tion pa
th: IS
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GSM
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volv
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com
3G Partnership Project (3GPP)
Defin
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Rele
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Spec
s co
mpl
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Firs
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plo
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Majo
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defin
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1998
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991Q
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DPA
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M
ultim
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S)6
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M
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AN, Po
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tegr
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74Q
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2009
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E, Al
l-IP
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Mu
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M
ulti
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Lo
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Term
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ne
w a
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sed
on O
FDN
m
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-
ww
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msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
3G rel99 Architecture (UMTS) S
S7
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BTS
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MSC
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HLR
AuC
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SC
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SGSN
GG
SN
PSTN
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N
CN
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Gr
Gn
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Abis
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H
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com
3G rel4 Architecture (UMTS)-Soft Switching
SS7 IP
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BSC
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Se
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HLR
AuC
GM
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w.n
msc
om
mu
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atio
ns.
com
3GPP rel5 Architecture -IP M
ultim
edia
Gb/
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A/Iu
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SS7 IP
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HSS
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-
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om
mu
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atio
ns.
com
3GPP2 Defines IS-41 Evolution
3r
d G
ene
ratio
n Pa
rtne
rshi
p Pr
ojec
t Tw
o
Ev
olu
tion of I
S-41
to
all
IP
more
di
rect
(sk
ips
ATM
st
age
), but n
ot
an
y fa
ster
G
oal o
f ulti
mate
m
erg
er
(3GPP
+
3G
PP2)
rem
ain
s
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RTT
IP pa
cket
su
ppo
rt (lik
e G
PRS)
1x
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O
Evo
lutio
n da
ta-o
ptim
ized
1x
EVD
V
aba
ndo
ne
d
3x
Trip
les
radi
o da
ta ra
tes
Un
ive
rsa
l Mo
bile
Br
oa
dba
nd
(UM
B) is
3.5G
/4G
pl
an
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
NextGenNetw
orks (NGN) Converging
3G
PP2
CD
MA2
000
mu
lti-m
edi
a do
ma
in (M
MD
) ba
sed
on 3G
PP IM
S R
5
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evo
lve
s N
GN
a
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tect
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base
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S
ITU-
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cus
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up
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ake
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a
gl
oba
l spe
c
ATIS
N
GN
Fo
cus
Gro
up
fo
rma
lly co
llabo
ratin
g w
ith ET
SI a
s o
f Apr
il 20
05
Pack
etC
abl
eR
ele
ase
2.
0
alig
nin
g w
ith po
rtion
s o
f 3G
PP
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
3GPP
Re
leas
e 4
3GPP
IM
S R5
3GPP
IM
S R6
TISP
AN R1
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2 M
MD
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T NG
N FG
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NG
N FG
Pack
et Ca
ble
2.0
3GPP
IM
S R7
Fo
llow
ing
3GPP
le
ad
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
IMS / NGN Vision
O
ne co
re netw
ork
fo
r any
acc
ess
Ba
sed
on
IP
W
irelin
ea
nd
wire
less
tra
nsp
are
ncy
Ba
sed
on
IE
TF st
anda
rds,
w
ith e
xte
nsi
on
s
Ac
cess
and
bandw
idth
w
ill be
co
mm
odi
ties;
serv
ices
are
th
e di
ffere
ntia
tor
Pe
r-se
ssio
n co
ntro
l sup
ports
pe
r-a
pplic
atio
n qu
alit
y o
f se
rvic
e (Q
oS)
gu
ara
nte
es
and
per-
app
lica
tion
bi
lling
Vo
ice
is jus
t app
licatio
n
Ea
sily
inte
gra
ted
with
o
the
r a
pplic
atio
ns
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
IMS Story: Convergence
Source: Team Analysis, Lucent
Trad
itio
nal
Se
rvic
es
TV Caller ID
Phone Tools
Push to Talk
Wireline
Packet
Cable
Wireless
Wifi
WiM
ax
OSS/ BSS
Access
Delivery
Media
Functions
Subscriber
Data
Application
OSS/ BSS
Access
Delivery
Media
Functions
Subscriber
Data
Application
OSS/ BSS
Access
Delivery
Media
Functions
Subscriber
Data
Application
IMS
Serv
ices
Subscriber D
ata
Media Functions
IP M
ultim
edia Subsyste
mIP M
ultim
edia Subsyste
m
OSS/ BSS
Application
Application
Application
TV Caller ID
Phone Tools
Push to Talk
Wireline
Packet
Cable
Wireless
Wifi
WiM
ax
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
IMS / NGN Value Proposition
G
enera
te new
re
venue fro
m new
se
rvic
es
Pe
r-se
ssio
n co
ntro
l allo
ws
IMS
to gu
ara
nte
e Qo
Sfo
r e
ach
IP
se
ssio
n, a
nd
ena
ble
s di
ffere
ntia
l bill
ing
for
app
lica
tion
s &
conte
nt
Re
duce
ca
pita
l spe
ndi
ng
Co
nve
rge
a
ll se
rvic
es
on
co
mm
on
in
frast
ruct
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Fo
cus
limite
d re
sou
rces
on
co
re co
mpe
ten
cies
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
3GPP R7/TISPAN IMS Architecture
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
IMS Session (i.e. Call) Control
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
So far, only for New Applications !
M
ost
m
ajor
m
obi
le ope
rato
rs ha
ve de
ploye
d a SI
P in
frast
ruct
ure
of
so
me so
rt
CSCF
spe
r st
rict I
MS
or o
the
rwis
e
In
u
se fo
r n
ew
a
pplic
atio
ns
like
Push
to
Ta
lk (P
TT)
Fi
xed
ope
rato
rs m
ovin
g to
so
ftsw
itche
sfo
r co
nve
ntio
nal v
oic
e, bu
t
Mobi
le vo
ice ca
lls st
ill use
ci
rcuit
switc
hing
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
Long Term
Parallels: IN & IMS
Inte
lligent N
etw
ork
IP M
ulti
medi
a Sy
stem
Fr
ee ope
rato
rs fro
m equ
ipm
ent p
rovid
er
lock
-in
Se
para
te app
licat
ions
from
ba
sic
call c
ontro
l
Ope
n pr
oto
cols
and
APIs
fo
r app
licat
ions
Intelligent Netw
ork Application Successes
Fr
eePh
one, M
obi
le (H
LR), P
re-pa
id, Vo
ice m
ail,
10
ye
ar
sum
mary
:A
few
app
licatio
ns,
ve
ry w
idely
depl
oye
d
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
Wireless Tutorial
Hi
story
and
Evolu
tion of M
obi
le Ra
dio
Ev
olvi
ng
Netw
ork
Ar
chite
cture
s
Ev
olv
ing
Serv
ices
Ap
plic
atio
ns
and
Busi
ness
M
ode
ls
Rela
ted
tech
nolo
gy, Is
sues
and
Futu
res
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
Mobile Service Revenues
>
$8
00 bi
llion
in
20
07, gr
ow
ing
6%-7%
pe
r ye
ar
>
$1
tri
llion by
20
12
Voic
e se
rvic
es
dom
inat
e: 81
%
SMS
serv
ice
s: 9.
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All o
the
r n
on
-vo
ice
se
rvic
es:
9.
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Sourc
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Rese
arch
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
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o
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-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
Non-Voice M
obile Services
SM
S; M
ulti
medi
a M
ess
age
Se
rvic
e (M
MS)
3G
-32
4M Vi
deo te
leph
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Loca
tion-ba
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serv
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sh-to
-Ta
lk (V
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w/o
Qo
S)
Rich
pr
ese
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(in
stant m
ess
agi
ng)
Fi
xed-
mobi
le co
nve
rgence
(F
MC)
IP
M
ulti
medi
a Se
rvic
es
(w/ Q
oS)
Vi
deo
sh
arin
g (co
nve
rsa
tion
al v
ide
o o
ver
IP)
Co
nve
rged
Al
l IP
netw
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s
the
Visio
n
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
BTS
BSC
MSC
VLR
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SC
AE
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Short M
essage Service (SMS)
Po
int-t
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int,
sho
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16
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tem
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sign
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gch
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ne
l(MAP
o
r IS
-41
)
SMSC
st
ore
s-a
nd-
forw
ard
s SM
Ss;
deliv
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re
ports
SM
E is
an
y da
ta te
rmin
al o
r M
obi
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atio
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MS
SME
SMS-
GM
SC
PSD
N
SC
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GM
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MSC
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Serv
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Sho
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-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
Del
ive
ry(M
T)R
epo
rt
Subm
issi
on(M
O)
Re
port
SCM
S
SMS Transport
De
livery
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issio
nre
port
O
ptio
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lin 3G
PP2
M
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aitin
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Serv
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nte
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form
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at a
m
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cou
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de
live
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to M
S
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SC
HLR
in
form
s SC
th
at th
e M
S is
aga
in re
ady
to
re
ceive
Al
l mess
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s ove
r si
gnalin
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u
sua
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SC m
ay
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oha
ve IP
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ptio
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., a
con
ne
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tern
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pr
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-
ww
w.n
msc
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mu
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atio
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com
Multim
edia
Message Service Principles
N
on
-re
al-t
ime
, m
ulti
-m
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am
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age
se
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Text
; Sp
eech
(A
MR
co
ding)
Au
dio (M
P3, sy
nth
etic
MID
I)
Image
, gr
aph
ics
(JPEG
, G
IF, PN
G)
Vi
deo
(MPE
G4,
H
.26
3)
Will
evo
lve
with
multim
edi
ate
chno
logi
es
Us
es
IP da
ta pa
th&
IP pr
oto
cols
(not S
S7)
W
AP, HT
TP, SM
TP, etc
.
Ad
apt
sto
te
rmin
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apa
bilit
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m
edi
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(JPEG
to
G
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m
edi
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pe co
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ns
(fax
to im
age
)
SMS
(2G) te
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al i
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r-w
ork
ing
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
MMS Principles(continued)
M
Ms
can
befo
rwa
rde
d(w
/o do
wn
loa
din
g), a
nd
ma
yha
ve a
valid
itype
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O
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o
r m
ulti
ple
a
ddre
sse
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Ad
dress
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by ph
on
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ber
(E.16
4) or
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ail a
ddre
ss(R
FC 82
2)
Exte
nde
dre
porti
ng
su
bmis
sion, st
ora
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live
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adi
ng,
de
letio
n
Su
ppo
rts a
n M
M Bo
x, i.e
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m
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ptio
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ppo
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(RTP
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P)
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
MMS Architecture
PLM
NHL
RSN
MM
5*
SNM
MS
Rela
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PDN
SNSN
MM
4
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MM
1
MM
S Us
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MM
6
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lay
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ver
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3
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lega
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ail,
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UM
S, SM
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Appl
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MM
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taba
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WSP
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TTP
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, PO
P/IM
AP
-
ww
w.n
msc
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mu
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com
3G-324M Video Services
Us
es
3G da
ta ba
ndw
idth
w
/o IM
S or
IP
Leve
rage
s hi
gh sp
eed
circ
uit-
switc
h da
ta pa
th
64 Kb
ps H
.32
4 vid
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st
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H
.26
3 o
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PEG
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o co
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Live
vid
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bu
t als
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ips,
vid
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stre
am
ing
and
Inte
ract
ive Vo
ice
& Vi
deo Re
sponse
M
S to
M
S; M
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In
tern
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DN
via
ga
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; M
S to
/fro
m Se
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De
sign
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video te
leph
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bu
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ly use
d fo
r In
tera
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Vo
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Vide
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sponse
(IV
VR)
-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
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ns.
com
Gateway: 3G-324M to M
PEG4 over RTP
Para
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TP st
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s
over
IP
n
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to vid
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Gat
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M
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tro
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ISD
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-
ww
w.n
msc
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mu
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com
Video m
essaging system for 3G-324M
Audi
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vid
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con
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lm
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plex
H.22
3
64kb
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Con
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go
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ww
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ns.
com
No
de B
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Typical Platform
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msc
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mu
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com
Location
O
rigin
ally
dr
iven by
e91
1 re
quire
ments
in
US
Se
vera
l ye
ars
late
bu
t fin
ally
de
live
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Pote
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nue fro
m lo
catio
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sed
serv
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Se
vera
l tech
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al a
ppro
ach
es
In
-n
etw
ork
tech
no
logi
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(me
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rem
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at c
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H
an
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t te
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olo
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s
N
etw
ork
-a
ssis
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hands
et a
ppro
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Pl
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add
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netw
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in
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lo
catio
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d m
obi
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catio
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O
pera
tors
pe
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gnific
ant p
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is
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msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
Location Technology
Ce
ll id
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tity:
cr
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bu
t ava
ilabl
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/o o
pera
tor
invo
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me
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Ba
sed
on
tim
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min
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sta
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SM BT
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Base
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TDO
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Tim
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iffere
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AO
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gle of A
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d o
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tellit
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G
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loba
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tion
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Syst
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GPS
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GPS
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ww
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Location-BasedServices
Em
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se
rvic
es:
E9
11 -
Enha
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d91
1
Law
fuli
nte
rcept
, i.e
., lo
cate
susp
ect
Ne
twork
in
tern
al
Tr
affic
& co
vera
gem
easu
rem
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St
illla
rgely
theore
tical(a
tleas
t via
ope
rato
rs)
Va
lue
-a
dded
pers
on
als
erv
ice
s: fri
en
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der;
di
rect
ion
s
Co
mm
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erv
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upo
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from
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arb
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s
In
depe
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f ope
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ing
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AP
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com
US E911 Phase II Architecture
PDE
BSC
PDE
MSC
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Acce
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Emer
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Auto
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catio
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Iden
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Base
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msc
om
mu
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atio
ns.
com
3GPP LoCationService (LCS) Architecture
LMU
CN
BTS
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VLR
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LMU
Lo
catio
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Clie
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(Typ
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(LMU
type
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LCS
sig
nal
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over
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AP
LCS
sign
alin
gin
B
SSAP
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RLP
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R-R
RC/
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LCS
sign
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g(L
LP)
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R/B
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LCS
sign
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go
ver
R
ANA
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-
ww
w.n
msc
om
mu
nic
atio
ns.
com
MakingLocation Requests
M
LP
Mobi
le Lo
catio
n Pr
oto
col
fro
mLo
catio
n In
tero
pFo
rum
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