BROWNFIELDSI. INTRODUCTIONWHAT IS A BROWNFIELD?Inurban planning, abrownfield site(or simply abrownfield) islandpreviously used for industrialpurposes or some commercial uses. The land may be contaminated by low concentrations ofhazardous wasteorpollution, and has the potential to be reused once it is cleaned up.According to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (42 U.S.C. 9601) the definition of a BROWNFIELD SITE is: In general the term "brownfield site" means real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.

A brownfield by a small creek on the property of the old Standard Chlorine factory on the Hackensack River, April 20, 2004.Muncie Brownfield Project(http://157.91.22.196/DCGIS/munciebrownfields/index.html)

Brownfields may make you think of dirty, blighted, abandoned industrial property, but that image is too narrow. Though some brownfields are old industrial sites, others are commercial buildings with little or no environmental contamination. Brownfields could be: former service stations dry cleaners factories and warehouses parking lots lots where heavy machinery was stored or repaired abandoned railroads former railroad switching yards air strips bus facilities landfillsMany of these brownfields could be turned from possible liabilities into successful developments.DAMAGED SITESBrownfields are sites damaged by previous building or industrial activities. These sites may require extensive remediation to remove toxins such as lead, asbestos, gasoline, diesel, motor oil, pesticides and a host of other environmental contaminants.The contaminants may be found in the soil, sediments and sludge (accumulation of dirty oil). They may also be found in groundwater, surface water and leachate (liquid runoff from dumps seeping untreated into groundwater). Damage may also be caused by drainage for farming or decades of overgrazing by livestock.

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURETYPES OF BROWNFIELDS1. OilandPetroleumfacilities1.1. NaturalgasmanufacturingManufacturing natural gasfromcoaland oil involves distilling the gases produced by heating coal or oil.1.2. GasstationsSpills, overfilling, and leakages can occur at gas pumps, underground storage tanks, piping systems, andserviceareasatgasstations. Petroleum brownfields sites are some of the most common andeasiesttoremediateofthedifferenttypesofbrownfields.1.3. Oilproduction,distributionandrecyclingDrilling, refining, storing,transporting andrecyclingoilcancontaminatesoilswith avarietyofsubstancesusedinoilprocessing.Theseincludeoilsludge,acids,metals, enzene compounds, and waste oil additives such as PCBs (toxic and carcinogenic compounds).2. Manufacturing2.1. ChemicalanddyemanufacturingChemical and dye manufacturing facilities use a variety of chemicals, including acids, bases, dyes, polymers, plastics, surfactants, solvents, soaps, and waxes. Facilities often contain above and belowground storage tanks, waste piles and disposal pits, wastewater treatment plants and sludge lagoons or settling ponds.

2.2. OrdinancesitesOrdinance sitesarethosewhichproduce,construct,stockpile,ordiscardofmilitary supplies such as explosives and rifle rounds. Chemicals used at ordnance sites are often highly specializedaccordingtothesitesspecificfunction.3. Recycling3.1. AutomobilesalvageandmetalrecyclingThesefacilitiesrecoverreusableandrecyclablecarpartsandscrapmetal,suchasiron, steel, copper, brass, and aluminum. 3.2. DrumrecyclingDrum recycling involves cleaning, repairing and repainting drums to be reused. Many different chemicals are stored in drums, including acids, bases, corrosive liquids, reactive chemicals,flammablecompounds,andoils.4. Treatmentandrepairfacilities4.1. MetalplatingandfinishingThesefacilitiesimprovethedurability,corrosionresistance,orotherperformancemeasuresofmetalproducts.Materialsarecleaned,etched,plated,andfinishedina successionofcontainers.4.2. PaintshopsandautomobilebodyrepairPaint shopsandautobodyrepairshopscanproducecontaminantssuchastoluene, acetone(acolorless,flammableliquid),perchloroethylene(asolvent),and more. These contaminants mayleakintosoilsandgroundwater.4.3. WoodpreserverfacilitiesWoodpreserverfacilitiesconsistofdifferentsitesforeachstageinthewoodpreservationprocess,includingwoodpreparation,treatment,drying,andstorage. 5. Miscellaneous5.1. AgribusinessVarious businesses involved in food production such as agricultural chemical distribution sitescanbecomecontaminatedwithfertilizers,pesticides,andherbicides.5.2. AsbestospilesMining operations, ship building, industrial and domestic waste disposal, and building foundation excavation can create asbestos piles.5.3. LandfillsanddumpsBoth olderandnewerlandfillscanhaveoils,paints,solvents,corrosivecleaners, batteries, and gardening products. Landfills can also trap methane gas and hydrogen sulfide inthesoil,whichathighlevelscanbecomeexplosive.5.4. RailyardsRailyardsincludenetworksofrailwaytracks,storageareas,fuelingstations,andmaintenancesites. Rail cars carrying other chemicals and substances can spill or leak during unloadingandtransfer,thusawiderangeofsubstancescanbefoundatrailyards.Othertypesofmiscellaneousbrownfieldssitesincludemeatpackagingplants, mining sites and wastes, power generating facilities and utilities, quarries, print shops, and radiation mining,refining,andresearchsites.

ADVANTAGES: Reusing and rehabilitating damaged land instead of developing virgin land is a sustainable practice. It reduces pressure on undeveloped land resource. The development of brownfield remediation technology in developed countries has also prompted the cleanup and reuse of brownfields.

In almost all countries there are many cases of prime development areas like riverfront sites, industrial waste sites, abandoned warehouses and others with access to public transportation and inner-city core activity. These sites could be redeveloped into mixed housing and commercial projects, or community gardens and orchards, and many other land uses.BENEFITS OF BROWNFIELD REDEVELOPMENT Benefits to the community: Eliminating health and safety hazards; Eliminating eyesores; Bringing new jobs into the community: Bringing new investment into the community; Increasing the productivity of the land;INCENTIVES FOR BROWNFIELD REDEVELOPMENTLocal governments provide incentives for brownfield cleanup and redevelopment. Some of these incentives are provided directly to communities and local governments. Certain incentives are offered only to property owners. They include: Tax incentives; Grants and low-interest loans; Technical assistance; Liability protection; and Streamlined government oversight of cleanups.WAYS TO CLEAN UP A BROWNFIELDThe EPA shares how a professional cleans up a brownfield:1. Conduct an assessment. Search records to learn what the property has been used for. Was it a glue factory? A school? Often times, land has many uses over time. Ask neighbors what they have seen or heard. Walk around the premises to note important property features. Is trash lying around? Does the brownfield smell strange?2. Take samples of the soil and have them tested.This step confirms if contamination is absent or present. The EPA reports nearly one-third of the sites it has seen are 100 percent contamination-free.3. Form and execute plans to clean up the site.The pollutant present will determine how a site is cleaned up. Planting vegetation to remove chemicals trapped in the earth, removing a few feet of top soil or covering over contaminants with some kind of thick covering can work.REMEDIATION TECHNIQUESThere are several ways to apply remediation techniques in a contaminated brownfield depending on the type and location of the contaminant. Remediation techniques include removal of contaminants from the site; others are treated on site, while others are contained on site so as not to spread. An area with heavy-metal contamination may be designated for surface parking. Remedies for types of contaminants found at typical brownfield sites are now the subject of a new field of engineering called environmental engineering. New technology is targeted to sample, analyze and clean up environmentally contaminated areas. Our country is going through rapid urbanization and the need for more legislation on environmental protection is upon us. Brownfield redevelopment is very much a part of the effort to reduce our ecological footprint, which is the impact of human activity on the land and its finite resources. The most important consideration however is public safety and health.WHO ARE INVOLVE IN BROWNFIELD CLEANUP AND REDEVELOPMENT?A variety of private and public sector organizations may play a role in the course of cleaning up and redeveloping brownfield sites. Not all of these organizations will be involved at every site. Key players include State Environmental Agencies: Property owners or developers that decide to clean up brownfield sites, either for sale or reuse, may perform the cleanup under the oversight of a state environmental agency. State Economic Development and Planning Agencies: Some states provide economic incentives, such as low-interest loans, for the redevelopment of brownfield properties. Commercial Lenders: An increasing number of commercial lenders are willing to provide loans to support the cleanup and redevelopment of brownfields. Technical Consultants: Technical consultants can help design and implement the investigation and cleanup of environmental contamination on brownfields. Legal Counsel: Lawyers can assist in many aspects of the cleanup, redevelopment, and sale of brownfields by advising all interested parties. Citizens and Community Groups: State and federal cleanup programs may require public involvement such as opportunity for notice and comment from the public. Local Government Agencies: Local economic development, planning and tax agencies may provide incentives for brownfield redevelopments in order to attract investors and businesses to their communities, guide growth, and increase jobs. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): EPA is unlikely to be directly involved in the cleanup of brownfield properties, because most cleanups will be overseen by the states. Developers: Developers typically manage the entire process of cleaning up and adapting properties for new uses, but they may limit their involvement to determining and implementing marketable reuses of brownfields. Brownfield Developers and Investors: A new group of firms specializing in cleaning up and reusing brownfields has emerged in recent years. Real Estate Professionals: Real estate professionals can provide advice on the market for a particular property and can help locate buyers or developers.III. CASE STUDIESCHICAGO CENTER FOR GREEN TECHNOLOGYThe Chicago Center for Green Technology (CCGT) is renowned as an integrated model of energy efficiency and sustainable design. It functions as a demonstration facility for renewable energy technologies while promoting sustainable community development through a combination of educational programming, resources, and research.

Chicago Center For Green Technology Aerial View

SITE HISTORYThe 17-acre property, in which the Chicago center for Green Technology is located, was being used by the Sacramento Crushing Company to recycle construction and demolition debris. In 1995, however, the City of Chicagos Department of Environment (DOE) discovered that the Sacramento Crushing Company had violated the conditions of its recycling permit. Unable to process the oversupply of waste material, the company began to pile the debris on site, leading to the creation of an unregulated landfill. The property was then covered in 600,000 cubic yards of construction waste and debris and the accumulated waste was dumped into 70 foot-high piles, some of which sank 15 feet into the ground. The property was commonly referred to as an environmental mess by city officials and media reports at the time.Although no contaminants of concern were found on the property, clearing the site of construction and demolition debris took 18 months and cost $9 million. The DOE also sold salvageable waste material to other recycling facilities and to city departments that used them as inputs in their own infrastructure projects. Potential buyers for the property usually would have had to compensate the city for the remediation and clean-up costs. In the end, the city was left with a vacant lot and a derelict building that nobody wanted.PROJECT DEVELOPMENTIn 1999, the property had been cleared of the environmental mess left by the Sacramento Crushing Company and prepared for development led by the Chicago-based architectural firm Farr Associates, which is a design team of environmentally conscious professionals. The team opted to design and build the CCGT according to the US Green Building Councils (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System.The total cost to clean and redevelop the brownfield property and vacant building at 445 N. Sacramento Boulevard was $14.4 million. Clearing the construction and demolition waste that was illegally stored on-site by the Sacramento Crushing Company cost $9 million. The remaining $5.4 million was used in the construction and renovation of the CCGT building and property with funds from a settlement between the City of Chicago and the Commonwealth Edison Company. Construction of the Chicago Center for Green Technology was completed in 2002 and was subsequently certified LEED Platinum in January 2003.

BUILDING FEATURESIts LEED Platinum headquarters building, known as Rancho Verde, has won numerous awards for its innovative, environmentally sensitive approach to the redevelopment of a brownfield site. 1. Sustainable SitesLocated within 1/2 mile of a Metro Rail station and within 1/4 mile of two bus lines. Majority of the material accumulated on the site was recycled or salvaged for reuse. Bike storage, showers, and changing facilities for bicycle commuters. Recharging stations for electric vehicles Preferred parking for carpools. The brownfield site, which had been turned into a dumping ground for construction and demolition materials, was cleaned by the city at a cost of nine million dollars

2. Water EfficiencyFour water-storage cisterns catch rainwater used for irrigation, reduce flow into sewers, and have a combined capacity of 12,000-gallon. Native plants minimize maintenance and water needs Green roof on a portion of the project also reduces stormwater runoff.CCGT GREEN ROOF

CCGT RAIN GARDEN

3. Energy And AtmosphereExtensive daylighting displaces the need for some artificial lighting Expected 24% savings in lighting energy over standard systems. Insulated, spectrally selective, low-e glazing. Heat and air conditioning registers are located near occupants with low velocity output.

4. Materials and ResourcesNo CFCs are used in any building materials or systems. No HCFCs are used in any building materials. Recycling center encourages occupant participation. 100% of the original building's structural shell was retained in the rehabilitation. 84% of all construction waste was diverted from the landfill. 36% of all building materials have recycled content, including: drywall, cellulose insulation, linoleum, ceiling tiles, rubber flooring, gravel, fill materials, steel, tile, MDF board, and fireproofing. Over 50% of the building materials (excluding mechanical and plumbing systems) were manufactured or assembled within 300 miles of the construction site. The elevator runs on canola oil.

5. Indoor Environment QualityA construction indoor air quality management plan was designed and implemented by the contractor Low-VOC materials.

PNC PARKHISTORY PNC Park sits on land that began as wetlands formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers. During Pittsburghs period of industrial growth, these wetlands were progressively converted for industrial use. Previous tenants have included coal gasification plants, railroad yards and steel mills.Location: Allegheny County Pittsburgh Size: 14.7 Acres Features: Flat land, riverfront Location Owner: Sports and Exhibition Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County Current Use: Stadium Past Use: Mixed commercial and residential Contaminants: Petrochemicals PNC PARK Aerial View

Total construction cost: 216 million dollars

SITE TIMELINE 1910s: Area used for freight storehouses and riverfront storage 1970s-1990s: Area occupied by Three Rivers Plaza, GE Supply co. among other tenants. 1999: Environmental Site Assessment begins, small amount of petrochemical contamination found April 1999: Ground broken March 2001: First game played

TOPOGRAPHYPNC Park stands on the banks of the Ohio River in the Northside neighborhood of Pittsburgh. It occupies 14.7 acres of riverfront real estate north of the Three Rivers Park Walkway. PNC Park sits between the Fort Duquesne Bridge and the Roberto Clemente Bridge. It is a short walk away from Heinz Field and the Andy Warhol Museum. The former site of the Three Rivers Stadium which stood between PNC Park and PNC Park now serves as a parking lot for both stadiums.Historical Site of PNC Park from the Report of the Flood commission of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1912

SITE ASSEMBLY AND CONTROLThe current site of PNC Park was previously owned by more than 30 different entities. Previous tenants included a GE Supply Company building, a building owned by Wesco and several town homes and stores. These properties were all purchased and assembled prior to construction by SEA.

View of PNC Park from the Allegheny River

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSThere was a minor amount of petrochemical contamination detected during the 1999 assessment; the contaminated soil was cleaned up in accordance with the guidelines of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. SOCIAL/COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE PNC Park is home to the Pittsburgh Pirates, a storied MLB franchise. The area is predominantly commercial, and the Pittsburgh municipal government has ambitions to make it a major shopping and entertainment center. The new rail extension being built nearby will bring more people to enjoy this area. CURRENT STATUS

View from inside PNC Park looking South EastPNC Park has been praised by fans and critics alike, ESPN ranked PNC Park as the best stadium in baseball in 2001. Recently ABC News ranked PNC Park as one of the top seven baseball stadiums in the country. Seats at the stadium continue to be affordable and PNC Park is one of only a few stadiums to allow guests to bring their own food.

IV. CONCLUSIONWe therefore conclude that Architects as well as builders have a very large role in the society, and also for the environment. One way to have an effective urban planning is by performing a brownfield process which we all know as reusing and rehabilitating a damaged land which is called Brownfields. It is a sustainable practice since it reduces pressure on undeveloped land resource, using a contaminated land to treat and remove contaminants instead of developing virgin lands.

V. REFERENCES Brownfields and Land Revitalization of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/overview/glossary.htm) Site Planning and Design Handbook by Thomas H. Russ(http://globalnation.inquirer.net/propertyfocus/propertyfocus/view/20080710-147593/Whats-a-brownfield) Brownfield Definitions

(Top of Form http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownfield_land) What is a Brownfield? On How Stuff Works(Top of Form http://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/brownfield.htm) Brownfields Center and Environmental Law Institute(Top of Formhttp://landarchs.com/latest-news-in-landscape-architecture-2/) Types of Brownfields(http://www.swarthmore.edu/Documents/academics/es/BrownfieldsReport.pdf) PNC Park Case Study(http://www.cmu.edu/steinbrenner/brownfields/Case%20Studies/pdf/pnc-park.pdf)