BUILDING STRONG HUMANITARIAN SUPPLY CHAIN ACTIVITIES THROUGH RESILIENCE IN DISASTER RELIEF IN PROBLEMATIC COUNTRY

BUILDING STRONG HUMANITARIAN SUPPLY CHAIN ACTIVITIES THROUGH RESILIENCE IN

DISASTER RELIEF IN PROBLEMATIC COUNTRY

(A CASE STUDY OF BORNO STATE, NIGERIA)

BY

ADEOSUN OPEYEMI ADEWUNMI - 2012131110239

HAMMED OLAMIDE CHRISTANAH - 2012131110240

JUNAID AZEEZAT TITILOPE - 2012131110241

AKINRINOLA VICTOR A. - 2012131110242

IMASUNU FESTUS IDOWU - 2012131110244

SUBMITTED TO

THE FACULTY OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AND STUDIES,

DEPARTMENT OF PURCHASING AND SUPPLY

THE POLYTECHNIC, IBADAN, ERUWA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD PF NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN

PURCHASING AND SUPPLY

NOVEMBER, 2014

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project work was carried out by of school of Business Communication and Study, Department of Purchasing and Supply, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Adeseun Ogundoyin Campus, Eruwa Ibadan, Oyo State in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of National Diploma (ND) in Purchasing and Supply under my Supervision.

______________________ ______________________MR. J.A. OKE DATEProject Supervisor

______________________ ______________________MR. A.O. OLADEJI DATEHead of Department

DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to the Almighty God, the Lord of the universe, the protector forgiver, and sustainer of making for the wisdom and knowledge bestowed on us throughout the course of this project and also to our living Parents for their moral and financial contributions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We want to use this medium for immeasurable praise, thanks and adoration to Almighty God, the Alpha and Omega, the owner of the Earth and Heaven for His mercies and protection upon our lives and for seeing us through our ND programme.

We must tender our unreserved appreciation to our project supervisor, Mr. J.A. Oke, for his wealth of knowledge, suggestions and fatherly concerns. Your efforts have made this project a reality.

Our appreciation also goes to the Head of Department, Mr. A.O. Oladeji and the entire staff of the Department of Purchasing and Supply for their joint contributions to the successful completion of our National Diploma (ND) programme.

Our greatest thanks and heartfelt gratitude goes to our “able and active” Parents Mr. and Mrs. Adeosun, Mr. and Mrs. Hammed, Mr. and Mrs. Junaid, Mr. and Mrs. Akinrinola, Mr. E and Deaconess R. Imasunu for their supports spiritually, morally, and financially from our first day one earth till date you

are Parents in a million, may you reap the fruits of your labour (Amen).

ABSTRACT

The project is based on “Building Strong Humanitarian Supply Chain Activities Through Resilient in Disaster Relief in Problematic Country” (A case study of Borno State). Risk Management and Response to Natural Disasters through Social Funds and Community-Driven Development Operations” is designed to help Task Teams on World Bank social funds and community-driven development (CDD) operations to identify disaster risk management issues in their programs and projects and to design and implement appropriate responses. It introduces the concepts and components of Community Based Risk Management (CBDRM) and their key relationship to the achievement of the development and poverty reduction objectives of the World Bank. Survey method was used in this research work, the questionnaire was administered to the total population of seventy (70) while Forty (40) responded. Chi-

square method was used to test the hypothesis. In conclusion, the study reveals: the meaning of Humanitarian Supply Chain, its significance and importance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGES

Title Page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Abstract v

Table of Contents vi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Objectives of the study 4

1.2 Research Questions 5

1.3 Research Hypothesis 6

1.4 Statement of the problem 7

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the study 8

1.6 Significance of the study 9

1.7 Definition of Terms 10

1.8 Historical Background of Borno State 12

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review 13

2.1 Meaning of Humanitarian Supply Chain 13

2.2 Meaning of Disaster Risk Management 26

2.3 The Role of social funds and community driven

development operation in disaster risk

management 36

2.4 Integrating community basked disaster risk

management into the project cycle 52

2.5 Developing disaster risk reduction (Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation) 55

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Research Methodology 57

3.1 Research Instrument 58

3.2 Population of the study 59

3.3 Sample Size 59

3.4 Method of Data Collection 60

3.5 Method of Data Analysis 60

3.6 Research Design 61

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Data Presentation 63

4.1 Data Presentation 63

4.2 Analysis and Interpretation of Data 64

4.3 Test of Hypothesis 89

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Summary of Findings 95

5.1 Conclusion 97

5.2 Recommendation 98

Bibliography 100

Appendix: Questionnaire 103

Acronyms & Abbreviations 108

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Humanitarian Supply Chain activities are branch of

logistics which specializes in organizing the delivery and

warehousing of supplies during natural disasters, or complex

emergencies to affected area and people. Although, they have

been mostly utilized in commercial supply chain.

Logistics is one of the most important tools now in disaster

relief operations. Type and quantity of the resources, way of

procurement and storage of the supplies, tools of tracking and

means of transportation to the stricken area or country

specialization of teams participating in the operation and plan

of cooperation between these teams are some important issues

that are concerned or connected directly to humanitarian

supply chain activities through resilience in disaster relief in

problematic Country.

However, developing supply chain to store all essential

goods are one of the tools utilized in disaster response

planning. Warehouses should be designed by taking

precautions for contamination or waste of materials and

organized in order to facilitate delivers to the desired area at

the desired time and quantities. Successful humanitarian

operations also presuppose that distribution centers and

located in the correct area, which is obviously near the region

that tends to be hit by a disaster or crises and can be indicated

through software or mathematical models. The responsible

authorities aim at maximization of distribution time, money

spent and number of distribution centers. Coordination of

delivery of goods, organization of team’s supplies and

equipment movement is realized by mobilization centers, which

are located near the affected region.

Ways of taking precautions before a disaster occur, is to

organize emergency response plans which will help preparation

and consequently mobilization in the time of the disaster. A

strong supply chain technique which can improve

responsiveness in inventory prepositioning this technique is

used for estimating item quantities required according to

specific safety stock level and order frequency or for searching

optimal creations for warehouse along facility location.

The use of supply chain is one of the major tool in

resilience in disaster preparedness among surveillance,

rehearsal warning and “hazard analysis” besides, success and

performance in Humanitarian Relief Chain is very unpredictable

demand, difficulty to obtain data from operations unpredictable

working environment lack of incentive for measurement due to

their non-profit characters very short lead time and unknown

variable like geography, political, religious, ethnic situation or

weather.

Technology is a key factor to achieve better results in

disaster supply chain (Logistics) implementing up-to-date

information or tracking system and using humanitarian supply

chain software which can provide real-time supply chain

information organization can enhance “decision making”

increase the quickness of the resilience effort. Biometrics for

identifying persons or unauthorized substances, wireless

telecommunications media technology for promoting donations

and medical technologies are some more aspect of technology

applied in humanitarian operation.

1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to advance the thought

and practices on supply chain relationship building in the

context of humanitarian logistics. However, the study intends

to achieve the following specific study:

i. To find out how strong humanitarian supply chain

activities can be built to relief countries that are in

disaster.

ii. To investigate the humanitarian aids supply chain and

discuss the extent to which certain business supply chain

concept particularly supply chain agility are relevant to

humanitarian supply chain activities.

iii. To enhance the speed of humanitarian aid, and which

depend on the ability of logistic to procure transport and

receive supplies at the site of the strong humanitarian

relief effort.

1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION

i. Who are the main actors involved and their responsibilities

within humanitarian relief supply chain?

ii. What are the phases in the general process of disaster

management?

iii. What are the supply chain strategies in humanitarian relief

supply chain?

iv. What are the critical success factors of humanitarian relief

supply chain?

v. What are the performance metrics in humanitarian relief

supply chain?

1.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

In research studies, some assumptions in respect of the

investigation are made. They are either true or otherwise, they

will determine the type of data to be collected, tested and

analyzed. In line with the mentioned problems and attempt to

examine the degree of correlation of the assumption with what

is really obtained out of the finding of the following:

Ho: Government has not been responding positively to the

disaster occurrences.

H1: Government has been responding positively to the


Ho: Humanitarian relief supply chain activities react very

slowly to the occurrences.

H1: Humanitarian relief supply chain activities react very fast

to the occurrences.

Ho: Through prevention and mitigation, the risk cannot be

completely eliminated.

H1: Through prevention and mitigation, the risk can be

completely eliminated.

1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Over the years, some countries have been in different

kinds of disaster which have claimed many lives and damaged

lots of properties in which immigrants have experienced low

income and economics in such problematic countries have wind

down.

During the cause of disaster, many are concerned

individuals or perhaps countries tending to lend a helping hand

in building strong humanitarian supply chain activities so as to

provide resilience in disaster relief. These efforts cannot be

without their problems. Some of the main problems are

religious differences which often lead to crises, the politics

which causes more disasters in the Country/State.

Another factor that lead to slow or weak building of strong

humanitarian supply chain in the state is lack of good roads

which hinders quick delivery of drugs to the medical specialists

attending to the victims.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The scope of this research work is about building strong

humanitarian supply chain activities through resilience in

disaster relief in problematic Country, and Borno State as a

case study.

LIMITATION

i. TIME: Time scheduled to study was very short; hence this

could not permit wide coverage.

ii. FINANCE: This is owing to the fact of limited financial

capacity.

iii. Lack of getting direct information from source (Borno

State) due to the high occurrence in the State.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study is to enlighten some

individuals or general public or researchers interested in

improving their knowledge on the subject and further reading

or studying about building strong humanitarian supply chain

activities through resilience in disaster relief in problematic

country.

The studying about the building strong humanitarian


problematic country aims to combine theory and practice to

develop an integrated supply chain resilience framework by

investigating the inter-dependencies between the strategic

literature based concept of supply chain resilience and

operational practitioner based disaster management processes.

This study also help the, to utilize the unique humanitarian

aid disaster supply chain management context, a two way

knowledge and learning flow between humanitarian and

disaster and also the commercial organizations is established.

Also the funding and research o the topic leads to development

of an integrated supply chain resilience framework capturing

the interplay of disaster in the country process and capabilities

required to build supply chain resilience.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

* PREPAREDNESS: During the preparedness phase,

government, organization and individual develop plans to

save lives, minimize disaster damage and enhance

disaster response operations.

* MITIGATION: Activities that either prevent the

occurrence of an emergency or reduce the community’s

vulnerability in ways that minimize that adverse impact of

a disaster for other emergency are example of mitigation.

* RESPONSE: The focus in the response phase is on

meeting the basic need of the people until more

permanent and sustainable solution can be found.

* RECOVERY: Recovery activities aim at restoring the

affected people lives and the infrastructure that supports

them.

1.8 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BORNO STATE

Borno State is a State in north-eastern Nigeria. Its capital

is Maiduguri. The State was formed in 1976 from the split of

North-Eastern State. Until 1991 it contained what is now Yobe

State.

History

The State is donated by the Kanuri and Babur while few

Shuwa Arabs ethnic groups are found. Shuwa Arabs are mainly

the descendant of Arabized Fulani people and is an example of

the endurance of traditional political institutions in some area

of Africa.

There, the emirs of the former Kanem-Bornu Empire have

played a part in the politics of this area for nearly 1,000 years.

The current dynasty gained control of the Borno Emirate in the

early 19th century and was supported by the British, prevented

a military defeat for the group and established a new capital for

the dynasty at Maiduguri or Yerwa (as referred to by the

natives) in 1905, which remains the capital to this day. After

Nigerian independence in 1960, Borno remained fairly

autonomous until the expansion of the number of states in

Nigeria to 12 in 1967. Local government reform in 1976 further

reduced the power of the emirs of the former dynasty, and by

the time of Nigeria’s return to civilian rule in 1979, the emirs’

jurisdiction has been restricted solely to cultural and traditional

affairs. Today, the emirs still exist, and serve as advisers to the

local government.

Mala Kachallah was elected governor of Borno State in

1999 under the flagship of the then APP (All Peoples Party) later

ANPP.

Ali Modu Sheriff was elected governor of Borno State in

Nigeria in April 2003. He is a member of the All Nigeria People’s

Party (ANPP). Ali Sheriff was the first governor in Borno State to

win the seat two consecutive times.

On 14 May 2013, President Goodluck Jonathan declared a

state of emergency in Northeast Nigeria, including Borno State

along with the neighboring states of Adamawa and Yobe. This

happened after fighting between Boko Haram and the state

armed forces killed as many as 200 people in the town of Baga.

A spokesman for the Nigerian Armed Forces declared that the

offensive would continue “as long as it takes to achieve our

objective of getting rid of insurgents from every part of

Nigeria”. The Nigerian Army has been accused of gross human

rights violations in carrying out these operations, with

witnesses accusing them of shooting people wear traditional

Muslim robes or the vertical scars typical of Kanuri people.

In July 2014, Borno State governor Kashim Shettima said

“176 teachers had been killed and 900 schools destroyed since

2011”.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

The purpose of this is to develop a guiding framework to

other interested researcher for building strong humanitarian


problematic country. The intention of this chapter is to explore

previous work in the area of disaster management and

humanitarian relief supply chain and to define the main

elements in successful humanitarian supply chain activities.

2.0 MEANING OF HUMANITARIAN SUPPLY CHAIN

Oxford dictionary (2003) defined “Humanitarian” as being

concerned with human welfare.

Wikipedia.com described “Supply Chain” as the processes

involved in the production and distribution of commodity.

Furthermore, Supply Chain according to www.google.com

defines supply chain as a system of organizations, people,

http://www.google.com/

activities, information and resources involved in moving a

product or services from supplier to customer.

Humanitarian Supply Chain defined, “it is a process by which

organization or people lend or give an helping hand or service

to people or community or country involved in any form of

problem that lead to loss of lives and properties by taking the

risk of transferring or transporting (logistics) foods, medical

kits, clothes from their place of location down to the region of

the affected community or country”.

Wikipedia also brings its own idea on humanitarianism

which states it as an ethic of kindness, benevolence and

sympathy extended universally and impartially to all human

beings.

Humanitarian has been an evolving concept historically

but universality is a common element in its evolution.

Humanitarian can also be described as the acceptance of

every human being for plainly just being another human,

ignoring and abolishing biased social views, prejudice, and

racism in the process, if utilized individually as a practiced

viewpoint, or mindset.

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

(2000) describes Humanitarian as one who is devoted to the

promotion of human welfare and the advancement of social

reforms, a philanthropist.

Collins English Dictionary (2003) also describes having the

interests of mankind at heart. It further states that it is also

relating to ethical or theological humanitarianism. It is also an

adherent of humanitarianism.

We will therefore check on approaches made by some

researchers/scholars about Humanitarian Supply Chain

Activities.

Thomas and Mizushima, (2005, p.60) describes

Humanitarian Supply Chain as the process of planning,

implementing and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow

and storage of goods and materials as well as related

information, from the point of the origin to the point of

consumption for the purpose of meeting the end beneficiary’s

requirements.

Encyclo.co.uk © (2014) describes Humanitarian Supply

Chain (logistics) as a branch of logistics which specializes in

organizing the delivery and warehousing of supplies during

natural disasters or complex emergencies to the affected area

and people. Although they have been mostly utilized in

commercial supply chain, logistic (supply chain) is one of the

most important tools now in disaster relief operation.

Lambert and Knemeyer (2004) gave their knowledge on

Humanitarian Supply Chain Relief share some common drivers

with their business counterparts. They also include that it is

also important to reach more beneficiaries in need and serve

them more quickly.

However, according Lambert and Knemeyer (2004),

Humanitarian Supply Chains have their share of unique drivers,

such as; increasing awareness; becoming better prepared for

the next disaster; gaining rapid access to accurate information

about what is needed; and providing better security in the field.

Kovacs and Spens (2007) discuss differences between

business logistics (supply chain) and Humanitarian Logistic

(supply). Compared to their business counterparts,

humanitarians face greater challenges in collaboration.

Coordination of many different aid agencies, suppliers and local

and regional actors, all with their own operating methods can

be very challenging.

Some researches on Humanitarian Supply Chain

partnerships emerged recently. For example, according to

Tomasini and Van Wassenhove (2009) suggests that disasters

test the capacity of different actors (e.g. Government Agencies,

Military Units and Humanitarian organizations) to work

together. While these actors usually may have little reason to

collaborate, a disaster puts them under sudden pressure to

coordinate their capabilities to relieve suffering and save lives.

McLachlan et. al, (2009), Partners are crucial for MCC’s

operation; as a relatively small organization, they would be

much less effective without partners, being a faith-based

organization, MCC tries to choose local or regional partners who

have similar views. Having local partners provides several

advantages. Such partners have deeper connections with local

communities and local authorities. They also have a better

understanding of the local culture and value system. Other

critical partners for MCC include the Canadian Foodgrain Bank

and the WFP. One preliminary generalization from the MCC

(Mennonite Central Committee) case was to pick partners

carefully, focusing on their complementary capabilities and

compatibility or “like-mindedness” (McLachlan et. al, 2009).

Sheu (2007), Humanitarian Supply Chain (Logistics) is a

critical element of a successful relief operation as it focuses on

the efficient management of flows of goods, information and

services, to respond to the urgent needs of the affected

populations under emergency conditions, such as those

encountered during and after natural or man-made disasters.

In particular, effective and efficient supply chain

management enables Humanitarian organizations to make the

best use of resources, by matching the available supplies with

the highest priority needs in the shortest possible time, under

the constraint of limited funding (van Wassenhove, 2006).

According to van Wassenhove, L.(2006), Humanitarian

Logistics is an existing addition to the knowledge base of the

humanitarian sector. For many years, humanitarian supply

chain and logistics specialists have provided exceptional

(through often understand) services to delivery of aid. These

professionals often operate in volatile and changing

environments where day-to-day operations are unpredictable

and unplanned.

Humanitarian logistics provides readers with a

comprehensive overview of the sector, and the environment in

which supply chains are planned, managed and delivered.

The authors explain the complexities associated with

planning and managing humanitarian logistics (supply chain)

and the demands that they place on the professionals who

operate in this sector. It is widely recognized that although

commercial supply chain industries are perceived to be leading

on innovation. It is humanitarian logisticians who are often

delivering delivery innovative solutions and solving problems

under pressure, van Wassenhove and Tomasini successfully

epitomize the complex nature of humanitarian supply chain and

this result in a book that can be read and mastered not only by

sector specialists, but also by an interested public.

He further states that commercial best practice can be

combined with the experience and innovation continuously

demonstrated by humanitarian professionals to develop

humanitarian supply chain management and logistics as a

recognized entity.

Research and development concerning supply chain best

practice (processes) and technology can reduce the gap

between commercial and humanitarian logistics, research and

development requires collaboration between agencies,

commercial, industry and academia to be relevant and

innovative. Humanitarian supply chain is a good example of the

quality of research and development that such collaborations

can produce publications such as this are required to help to

define and steer development efforts in humanitarian supply

chain management and logistics.

According to Goldsby and Garcia – Dastugue, (2003),

Humanitarian Logistics (Supply chain) effectiveness should

instead be determined by its fit with the beneficiaries’

requirements, in other words, timely delivered within a given

budget.

Slack and Lewis, (2002), states that performance in

Humanitarian Logistics/Supply Chain can therefore be seen as

the result of the strategic reconciliation of relief organization’s

enablers (resources, processes and capabilities) and the

requirements of the beneficiaries (e.g. survivability, speed,

safety, sustainability) if there is a gap (unsatisfactory

performance), it is assumed that relief organizations will adapt

their strategies, thus dealing with the operational decision area

(allocation of resources, level of cooperation, outsourcing,

e.t.c.) in order to reach a strategic fit between the enablers and

requirements of the beneficiaries.

Seybolt (2009) presents the Humanitarian assistance

community – people in need, governments, UN agencies, NGOs,

Political Missions, Military units and Donors – as a complex,

open, adaptive system. Poor coordination among Humanitarian,

Political and Military organization is cited as an explanation for

performance gaps. Seybolt describes three (3) constraints on

network development;

The sudden, massive workload following a crisis;

The need for trust among the system’s actors; and

The political interests of certain actors.

He argues that information sharing can help overcome these

obstacles.

According to Podolny and Page (1998) networks foster

learning, enable the attainment of status or legitimacy, provide

for autonomy, and facilitate the management of resource

dependencies. They also note possible economic benefits to the

coordination enabled by networks.

In summary, the humanitarian community has been

criticized for its lack of coordination or collaboration. While

there are many challenges, the literature aimed at commercial

supply chains contains useful conceptual and empirical work on

relationships; including some guidance on relationship building,

which can be adapted to the humanitarian context.

2.2 MEANING OF DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

A disaster is defined as a serious disruption of the

functioning of a community or a society causing widespread

human, material, economic, or environmental losses that

exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope

using its own resources.

A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from

the combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability, and

insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential

negative consequences of risk (UN/International Strategy for

Disaster Reduction, 2004). Therefore, disasters are not

unpredictable and unavoidable events but rather unsolved

problems of development.

Furthermore, Disaster risk management (DRM) refers to

the systematic process of using administrative decisions,

organization, operational skills, and capacities to implement

policies, strategies, and coping capacities of the society and

communities to lessen the impacts of natural hazards and

related environmental and technological disasters. This

includes all forms of activities, including structural and

nonstructural measures to avoid (prevention) or to limit

(mitigation, preparedness, and response) the adverse effects of

hazards (adapted from UN/ISDR, 2004). DRM is usually divided

into three main areas of activity:

1. Disaster risk reduction (prevention, mitigation, and

preparedness),

2. Disaster response (rescue and relief ), and

3. Disaster recovery (rehabilitation and reconstruction).

While these areas of activity are often referred to as

separate “phases” or components of disaster management for

administrative funding and programming purposes, in reality

they overlap and affect each other.

Key Definitions

Disaster Risk Reduction

Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a conceptual framework of elements considered with the purpose of minimizing vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society in order to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards and to facilitate sustainable development. DRR is a cross-cutting and development issue.The process of DRR is a complex one consisting of political, technical, participatory, and resource mobilization components. Therefore, DRR requires collective wisdom and efforts from national policy and decision makers from

various government sectors and from representatives from civil society, including academic institutions, the private sector, and the media (UN/ISDR, 2004).

Disaster Response Disaster response refers to the provision of assistance or intervention during or immediately after a disaster to meet the needs of those affected. It is generally immediate and short-term (UN/ISDR Web site). The primary objective of this humanitarian assistance is to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity. It includes immediate post-disaster rescue and relief activities, such as the provision of food, water and sanitation, shelter, health services, and other assistance to the affected population. It also includes the protection of vulnerable people—for example, those involuntarily displaced from their homes by a hazard event or whose access to relief assistance may be affected by factors such as a disability (The Sphere Project, 2004).

Disaster Recovery Disaster recovery (rehabilitation and reconstruction) refers to the decisions and actions taken after a disaster with a view to restoring or improving the pre-disaster living conditions of the stricken community, while

encouraging and facilitating necessary adjustments to reduce disaster risk. Recovery affords an opportunity to develop and apply disaster risk reduction measures (UN/ISDR, 2004).

RISK REDUCTION

Disaster risk reduction is founded on the principle that the

adverse impacts of hazards can be managed, reduced, and

sometimes even prevented by taking appropriate actions to

decrease people’s exposure to hazards and their susceptibility

to hazard impacts. Conversely, understanding and increasing

people’s capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover

from hazard impacts is an essential component of reducing

vulnerability. DRR aims to enable societies to be more resilient

to natural hazards and to ensure that development does not

inadvertently increase vulnerability to those hazards.

Therefore, recovery activities should do more than merely

return disaster-affected people and institutions back to the

situation that existed before a disaster. In particular, the

recovery phase of a disaster response also offers opportunities

to strengthen the capacity of communities and their

governments to cope with the impact of disasters and to

reduce their vulnerability to future hazards and shocks — for

instance, through restoring destroyed mangroves as protection

against storm surge, increasing fishing opportunities, or

developing the disaster management skills of local government

authorities. Likewise, DRR should be incorporated into regular

development planning and programming to reduce or avoid the

negative impacts of future hazard events.

RESPONSE

Disaster-affected populations initially will require critical

life-saving support. At the same time, their communities,

institutions, and livelihoods will have been physically destroyed

or weakened by the impact of the crisis. Many households and

communities will begin a process of self-recovery as soon as

possible after a disaster, out of practical necessity. The

vulnerabilities that turned a hazard into a disaster in the first

place often get recreated in the process. For example, homes

may be reconstructed using the same building techniques that

caused them to collapse. Poor households may resort to selling

off their scarce productive assets in the immediate aftermath of

a disaster in order to meet their basic needs and become even

more vulnerable to future shocks.

International experience also has demonstrated the close

links between relief and recovery. The choices made regarding

the kinds of relief assistance to be provided, and how it is

provided, can facilitate or hinder the recovery of affected

communities (Christoplos, 2006a). For instance, following the

2005 Pakistan earthquake, instead of distributing expensive

winterized tents with a limited lifespan, the Pakistan Poverty

Alleviation Fund (PPAF) provided affected communities with

corrugated galvanized iron sheets and tools. The tools and

materials were used by communities to build themselves

temporary shelters using wood and other materials salvaged

from the rubble. They could be used later in permanent home

reconstruction.

The choices made regarding the provision of relief also

can have positive or negative impacts on reducing disaster

risks—for example, undertaking a rapid environmental impact

assessment to identify whether toxic substances have been

released into the environment following an earthquake (e.g.,

the chemical leaks from factories damaged by the May 2008

earthquake in China1) and then mounting a campaign to

reduce the threat to nearby communities.

For these reasons, relief needs to be carried out with a view to

supporting and reinforcing the early recovery and risk reduction

of disaster-affected populations.

RECOVERY

When a natural disaster strikes in a poor community, not

only does it cause serious loss of life and property, it often

takes away or threatens the livelihoods and futures of those

who survived. This is especially the case where productive

household members have been lost or permanently disabled.

For many households, not only will their short-term economic

and social vulnerability be increased, but their ability to cope

with future shocks may also be eroded. These pressures can

contribute to increased poverty and marginalization in a

society. They can aggravate tensions or conflicts that may have

already existed within or between communities prior to the

disaster.

In the case of slow-onset or regularly recurring hazard

events or shocks, many poor communities live in a constant

state of recovery, where temporary relief has become a

permanent coping strategy. For example, in Malawi drought

occurs with such frequency that people have little time to

recover before another drought hits. This has resulted in

deepening poverty, chronic food insecurity, and aid

dependency.

Thus, in order to be effective and sustainable, recovery

initiatives must be linked to the national and local development

context and processes, as well as an understanding of the

economic, social, and political conditions that existed prior to

the disaster. Some of these are likely to have been contributing

factors to the risk and vulnerability that turned the hazard

event into a disaster; others — for instance, underlying

structural issues—may have an impact on the strategies

adopted for recovery. Lack of understanding of these processes

can lead to poorly targeted and inappropriate assistance. This

is equally the case for infrastructure rehabilitation and

reconstruction. There are many examples of schools and health

centers rebuilt after natural disasters that could not afford

ongoing maintenance costs or the staff to run them.

2.3 THE ROLE OF SOCIAL FUNDS AND COMMUNITY

DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT OPERATION IN DISASTER

RISK MANAGEMENT

Social funds, together with community-driven

development (CDD) operations, are the main instruments by

which the World Bank engages with, and delivers assistance to,

communities in developing countries. Social fund/CDD

operations represent a large portfolio for the World Bank,

accounting for $14 billion in funding over 2000 – 2007 (De Silva

and Sum, 2008). They exist in nearly all low-income, IDA-

supported countries.

Social funds are government agencies or programs that

channel grants to communities for small-scale development

projects. They are typically used to finance a mixture of socio-

economic infrastructure (e.g., building or rehabilitating schools,

water supply systems, roads), productive investments (e.g.,

micro-finance and income-generating projects), social services

(e.g., supporting nutrition campaigns, literacy programs, youth

training, support to the elderly and disabled), and capacity-

building programs (e.g., training for community-based

organizations, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and

Local Governments).

Social fund sub-projects use community-driven

development approaches to ensure the active participation of

local actors. Support is usually focused on the poorest and most

vulnerable communities (De Silva and Sum, 2008).

International experience has shown that:

The effects of a disaster are first felt at the level of the

community, and the community is the first to respond

to a disaster.

Disaster risk reduction measures are most successful

when they involve the direct participation of the people

most likely to be exposed to hazards.

Investments in community-based preparedness and

early warning systems have proved to save lives,

protect property, and reduce economic losses.

Failure to understand the risk behavior and culture of

communities can lead to badly designed early warning

systems and risk awareness-raising campaigns.

The involvement of local people promotes self-reliance

and ensures that emergency management plans meet

local needs and circumstances.

Local communities are essential sources of indigenous

knowledge regarding hazards and mitigation.

Disaster relief and recovery responses that do not

directly involve the affected communities in deciding

their own needs and priorities frequently provide

inappropriate and unsustainable forms of assistance.

Organized communities are better able to demand

downward accountability.

A community-level focus facilitates the identification of

vulnerable groups.

Social funds and community-driven development

operations possess a number of characteristics that

lend themselves well to both reducing the risks posed

by natural hazards and responding effectively to natural

disasters (de Silva, 2008)

They are already established and working in countries at

both the local and national levels, including having a presence

in poor and often difficult-to-reach communities across a

country.

Because social fund/community-driven development

projects operate at national and local levels, unlike

most other Bank-funded projects, they are well

positioned to facilitate coordination and cohesiveness in

DRR and response.

They also are able to coordinate with several partners,

including government agencies, donors, NGOs, and the

private sector.

Their emphasis on poverty and vulnerability targeting,

as well as social inclusiveness, means that social

fund/community-driven development community-driven

development projects may already include the

communities and groups most at risk of being affected

by a natural disaster.

Social fund/community-driven development operations

are primarily engaged in community-level construction

and civil works programs that can be used for

emergency rehabilitation and reconstruction of basic

infrastructure and facilities following a disaster.

They also have flexible procedures for procurement and

disbursement that can be useful to more quickly

mobilize resources after a disaster.


have proven efficient management practices.


generally have effective public awareness campaigns

already in place that also can be used for disaster risk

management.

They have sound and participatory monitoring and

evaluation systems, based on solid baseline data and

cost-benefit analyses, which can be used for planning

and assessing post-disaster recovery solutions.


have a good track record for incorporating lessons

learned into longer-term development strategies.

The demonstrated capacities of social fund/Community-

driven development operations in disaster risk reduction,

response, and recovery are needed to deal with the rapidly

rising risk of natural disasters, particularly in poor and

vulnerable communities.

Natural disasters can have direct, indirect, and secondary

socio-economic costs:

Direct Costs — physical damage, including to

productive capital and stocks (industrial plants,

standing crops, inventories), economic infrastructure

(roads, electricity supplies), and social infrastructure

(homes, schools). The reported data on the costs of

disasters relate predominantly to direct costs.

Indirect Costs —downstream disruption to the flow of

goods and services, such as lower output from

damaged or destroyed assets and infrastructure and

the loss of earnings as income-generating opportunities

are disrupted. Disruption of the provision of basic

services, such as telecommunications or water supply,

for instance, can have far-reaching implications. This

category also includes the costs of both medical

expenses and lost productivity arising from the

increased incidence of disease, injury, and death.

However, gross indirect costs are also partly offset by

the positive downstream effects of rehabilitation and

reconstruction efforts, such as more activity in the

construction industry.

Secondary Costs—short- and long-term impacts of a

disaster on the overall economy and socio-economic

conditions, such as fiscal and monetary performance,

levels of household and national indebtedness, the

distribution of income and the scale and incidence of

poverty, and the effects of relocating or restructuring

the economy (Benson, 2002 in UNDP, 2004).

Natural disasters also can adversely affect social

relationships and networks, some of which are associated with

the resilience of communities to hazards. These “social capital”

costs are important but can be difficult to measure.

DISASTERS AND POVERTY

Vulnerability to risk and income shocks emanating from

natural disasters is one of the fundamental dimensions of

poverty. For this reason, disasters have been increasingly

recognized as a threat to sustainable development, poverty

reduction, and the achievement of a number of the Millennium

Development Goals.

Although the largest absolute economic losses from

disasters occur in higher-income countries, lower-income

countries suffer far more in relative terms. Losses can be up to

20 times greater as a percentage of gross domestic products in

developing countries than in industrial ones, while over 95

percent of all disaster-related deaths occur in developing

countries (World Bank/Disaster Risk Management Web site,

2008). While empirical studies demonstrate that most disaster-

affected households are partially able to smooth consumption

following a natural disaster, the evidence suggests that poor

households are less able to cope than the non-poor (Vakis et al,

2004). The poor are particularly exposed to natural disasters

and have limited access to the means to reduce their impacts.

First, the poor are more likely to reside in hazardous

locations and in substandard housing, which makes them more

susceptible to natural disasters. Institutional weaknesses in

governance, such as poor urban planning, may increase the

exposure and susceptibility of the poor (as well as the non-

poor) to hazards. The poor also tend to own fewer productive

assets and to have a greater dependence on their own labor to

meet their livelihood needs. This gives them fewer options to

cope with the impacts of the loss of assets or the death or

disability of household members. Many households will use sub-

optimal or even harmful coping options, such as reducing

consumption expenditures on food, health, and education or

trying to increase incomes by sending children to work. In

addition, exposure to natural hazards affects the income-

generating decisions of households. This can have long-term

implications in the form of lower future income streams, longer

recovery, and poverty traps.

Further to this, the poor have an important stake in public

infrastructure, which, when destroyed by a disaster, becomes

difficult to replace. Replacements are often delayed, and

reconstruction resources are diverted from other poverty-

reducing development projects (DFID, 2004).

Finally, informal arrangements constitute the main source

of risk management for the majority of the world’s poor. As

most lack access to comprehensive market and public

supported arrangements, largely due to socio-economic

barriers, poor households and communities use informal and

personal arrangements to protect themselves from risk.

Informal arrangements may be supplemented with semi-formal

arrangements, such as microcredit and micro insurance

(Mechler & Linnerooth-Bayer with Peppiatt, 2007; Bhattamishra

and Barrett, 2008). Both are key components of coping

strategies when a disaster strikes. At the same time, such

arrangements can become overwhelmed or eroded by natural

disasters. A massive earthquake affecting millions of people

over a wide area will stretch most indigenous coping systems,

just as repeated years of drought will exhaust communities’

food and cash reserves. The exposure of many households in

the same locality to the same or similar shock(s) is referred to

as “covariate shock.”5 These coping mechanisms also may be

inadequate for events that were not anticipated and for which

there is no prior experience, such as exposure to new or

increased risks through climate change. Disasters may lead to

or exacerbate the “poverty cycle,” as survivors, for instance,

take out high-interest loans or default on existing loans, sell

assets, or engage in low-risk, low-yield farming to lessen their

exposure to extreme events (Twigg, 2004).

Thus disasters can induce poverty. People who are living

on the margins of poverty can become poor and the poor can

become destitute due to their vulnerability and inability to

mitigate disaster impacts. The vulnerability of the poor also is

increased in countries that are both disaster-prone and in or

emerging from violent conflict, due to exposure to multiple

shocks and weak or non-existent governance structures. In

turn, conflict and insecurity have also arisen from the slow

buildup of disasters that result from a lack of resources, and

sometimes from increased vulnerability following a disaster

(World Bank/IEG, 2007c).

Rising Disaster Risk

Disasters triggered by natural hazards put development

gains at risk. At the same time, development decisions can

unwittingly contribute to perpetuating or increasing risk, as well

as increasing or creating new forms of vulnerability (UNDP,

2004). Increasing vulnerabilities stemming from population

growth, unplanned urbanization, globalization, environmental

degradation, and technological and socio-economic conditions

have combined with geological, hydro-meteorological, and

human-made hazards to increase disaster frequency and

impact. For instance, damage assessments from the bombing

and attacks of church & mosque gathering in Borno State by

the insurgents (Boko Harram) and in Niger-Delta region,

concluded that there was significantly more damage to human

lives and livelihoods.

Disaster mortality is already very low in industrial

countries and has been rapidly reducing in many developing

countries through a combination of better development

conditions and improvements in early warning, preparedness,

and response. However, as the frequency and impact of

disasters have increased, economic and social assets, along

with the livelihoods of affected populations, have become

increasingly at risk.

The uncertainties brought by climate change may also

erode and reverse the progress made in mortality reduction.

Impact of Climate Change

Climate change also is contributing to increasing disaster

frequency and impact.

Disaster types can be classified as geological (e.g., volcanic

eruptions, landslides, tsunamis, earthquakes), hydro-

meteorological (e.g., floods, droughts, typhoons, severe

storms), and biological (e.g., epidemics and pest infestations).

Climate variation is changing rainfall patterns,

temperatures, and typhoon paths (IPCC,

2007). In 2007 alone, Mexico suffered from its worst flooding in

five decades. Burkina Faso, Costa Rica, and Sudan were

affected by the most severe flooding in years. China

experienced its heaviest snowfall in 56 years, while Buenos

Aires had its first major snowfall since 1918. The South Indian

cyclone season also saw more activity than usual, with 10

storms and eight cyclones; two Category 5 hurricanes made

landfall in the same season in the Atlantic for the first time

since 1886. These events reflect the overall trend in recent

years of rising risks due to climate change (UNEP, 2008).

The poor are particularly sensitive and susceptible to the

impacts of climate change, as even small changes can have

devastating consequences on their livelihoods and stretch

coping capacities to the limit. “Those who depend on nature for

their living are increasingly unable to figure out what to expect

and what decisions to make (e.g., what or when to plant, given

changes in rainfall timing and intensity)”.

Overall, the changing patterns of natural disasters will

require better coordination and organization of local, national,

and international development and humanitarian actors to

support communities to reduce their risks and impacts. New

and innovative partnerships may also need to be forged at all

levels to find creative solutions to newly emerging challenges

and problems, such as the loss of traditional livelihoods or

living spaces.

2.4 INTEGRATING COMMUNITY BASKED DISASTER RISK

MANAGEMENT INTO THE PROJECT CYCLE

Communities often have different perceptions of relative

risk and priorities for action than external agencies. These need

to be understood and incorporated into calculations of project

risk and socio-economic cost-benefit analyses. They also need

to form part of a dialogue to combine community and

government priorities, interests, and capacities if sustainable

and relevant disaster risk reduction outcomes are to be

achieved.

Also, some communities or members of communities may

be unaware of certain hazards (e.g., if they have not yet

experienced the effects of climate change or not yet had an

earthquake or not had one for many years). There is evidence

of VCAs leading to better community hazard awareness and

identification (Benson and Twigg, 2007).

To achieve such outcomes requires comprehensive

engagement with communities, including robust dialogue and

information-sharing with them at each stage of the VCA

process.

Once national and/or local hazard, vulnerability, and

capacity assessments have been completed—either through an

(H)VCA, a modified RVA, or some combination of methods that

is most practical for the social fund/CDD operation concerned—

CBDRM sub-projects and activities can also be identified and

designed. This can be done with only modest adaptation of the

usual processes of geographic targeting, menu and eligibility

criteria, and an inclusive and participatory sub-project

identification and implementation process, as follows:

1. Target geographic areas that have been identified as

being both hazard prone and having high levels of

vulnerability through the project’s risk assessment

processes. Hazard and vulnerability mapping, linked to

existing poverty maps, would be an important element of

this work.

2. Include CBDRM activities in sub-project menus and

eligibility criteria.

3. Design socially inclusive disaster management sub-

projects that target the most vulnerable, including, but not

limited to, persons with disabilities, children, women, and

the elderly. Designs should be based on the needs and

priorities identified through community VCAs, in full

consultation with the government authorities.

4. Incorporate CBDRM into the information, education, and

communication activities undertaken by social fund/CDD

operations.

2.5 DEVELOPING DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

(PREVENTION, PREPAREDNESS, AND MITIGATION)

Disaster preparedness and emergency response systems

are typically designed for people without disabilities, for whom

escape or rescue involves walking, running, driving, seeing,

hearing, and quickly responding to instructions, alerts, and

evacuation announcements. The following are the steps to be

taken:

PREVENTION: Government should ensure that

activities to provide outright avoidance of the adverse

impact of hazards and means to minimize related

environmental, technological, and biological disasters.

PREPAREDNESS: During these phases, activities and

measures taken in advance to ensure effective

response to the impact of hazards, including the

issuance of timely and effective early warnings and the

temporary evacuation of people and property from

threatened locations. Government, NGO, and

individuals need to develop plans to save lives,

minimize disaster damage and enhance disaster

response operations.

MITIGATION: Structural and non-structural measures

undertaken to limit the adverse impact of natural

hazards, environmental degradation, and technological

hazards.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter focuses on the method used in adopting

data collection.

Research Methodology involves the basic techniques

of Humanitarian Supply Chain Activities. It is to define the

method to follow in gathering the relevant information of

the study.

We have considered at this stage the validity and the

relationship of the required information.

The implication is that this particular result would

likely be arrived at, should incase or way another

researcher or interested person volunteer to carry out

research on this topic.

Research Methodology includes the following:

- Research instrument;

- Population of the study;

- Method of data analysis;

- Data analysis and;

- Research design.

3.1 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The research instrument of this study is the questionnaire

contains twenty-six (26) questions, which were designed to

elicit information on both demographic characteristics of the

respondents and on major problem of study.

Question 1 – 7 were on demographic attributes of the

respondent. This is because of the need to measure the

attitude of the respondents to the Humanitarian Supply Chain

Activities (such as Provision of Shelter, Water, Food, Health

Care/Medications, Money, Education and Securities) as tools for

Building Strong Humanitarian Supply Chain Activities Through

Resilience In Disaster Relief In Problematic Country.

Question 8 – 27 (sought) were designed to get information

from respondents (Borno State) to know whether they have

used Humanitarian Supply Chain how often they do so and

whether or not they have experienced positive change through

the Humanitarian Supply Chain Activities they adopted.

3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The population of this study can be considered to include

all the people or citizen or inhabitants of Borno State, but due

to the fact that the inhabitants were numerous and the current

situation in the State, the scope of this study were limited to

few inhabitants of Borno State, Nigeria.

3.3 SAMPLE SIZE

The sample size for this study was 40 respondents out of

the entire population of Borno State. Though this sample is

small compared to the entire inhabitants, it was due to the

inability of the researcher to possibly study the whole

population of Borno State inhabitants.

3.4 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

Data were collected through the research instrument

(questionnaire) administered to the people (travelers from the

State) of Borno State. This was adopted because it was realized

that the people (Stalites/travelers from/in the State) were in

best position to determine whether or not the (supply chain

activities) adopted by the Humanitarians or Philanthropists

have great impact in improving their performance.

3.5 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

The method of data analysis adopted in this study involves

the use of tables, with percentages and chi-square method as

well as other relevant statistics.

3.6 RESEARCH DESIGN

Data can be defined as the raw facts about society or an

organization. Data is the term going to all the facts and figures

that are generated by records of an event, and activity or a

situation.

TYPES OF DATA

PRIMARY DATA: this is a kind of data which have been

collected fresh; it is used by the respondent for a specific

purpose.

ADVANTAGES

1. It is suitable for problem under study.

2. It makes study of past event possible.

3. It is a way of setting sources of information.

DISADVANTAGES

1. The respondent gives bias answer.

2. The respondent may give inaccurate information.

METHOD OF COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA

PERSONAL INTERVIEW: This involves asking questions from

respondent face-to-face.

ADVANTAGES

1. More information can be obtained.

2. It saves time; that is the answer is received immediately.

3. It is very terrible.

SECONDARY DATA

This is the type of data obtained from data that have

already been collected for other purpose. Data collected from

this method must be used with great care because data may

not be exact kind of information needed.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 DATA PRESENTATION

This chapter deals with the analysis, presentation and

interpretation of the data collected during the field survey.

There is also greater need to analyzed the data collected since

all data issued in this research study were collected with the

use of questionnaire. The data collected shall be critically

analyzed by using appropriate statistical formula, such as

percentage and chi-square method. Forty (40) questionnaires

were returned out of seventy (70) that were administered. This

however presents seventy-one percent (71%) response rate.

The questions were meant for inhabitants of Borno State,

Nigeria.

4.2 ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH QUESTION

Respondents (Qualificatio

n)

Questionnaire Administered

Questionnaire

Returned

Percentage

O’Level 50 23 73

Diploma 16 4 20

Degree 4 3 7

Total 70 30 100

Source: Field Survey (2014)

From the data and table above, 23 out of 50 distributed

were administered to O’Level Holder (which also covers those

who are not educated) with the total returned of 73% while the

Diploma holder and Degree holder are 4 out of 16 and 4

questionnaire distributed respectively were administered with

20% and 7% from 30 returned.

TABLE 2

QUESTION 1: Demography

QUALIFICATIO

N

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE

O’Level 27 67.5

Diploma 12 30

Degree 4 2.5

Total 40 100


From the table above, out of the 40 respondents, 27 and 12

were chosen from O’Level, Diploma holders respectively while 4

were Degree holders. This grouping was done because they are

the major decision area in knowing fully well about the current

occurrence in the State.

TABLE 3: SEX DISTRIBUTION

QUALIFICATIO

N

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE

Male 16 40

Female 24 60

Total 40 100


From the table above, it shows that 40% of the respondents

were Male while the remaining 60% were Female.

TABLE 4: AGE DISTRIBUTION

AGE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

10 – 20 15 37.5

21 – 30 22 55

31 – Above 3 7.5

Total 40 100


The table above, shows that out of 40 respondents, 15 were

chosen from 10 – 20, 22 were chosen from 21 – 30 while 3 from

31 - Above.

TABLE 5: MARITAL STATUS

MARITAL STATUS RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

Married 32 80

Single 8 20

Total 40 100


The table above shows that out of 100% of the respondents,

80% were married while 20% were single.

TABLE 6: RELIGION

RELIGION RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

Christian 12 30

Muslim 28 70

Total 40 100


The table above shows that out of 100% of the respondents,

70% were Muslims while 30% were Christians.

TABLE 7: EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

EDUCATIONAL

QUALIFICATION

RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

O’Level 35 87.5

Diploma 4 10

Degree 1 2.5

Total 40 100


From the table above, out of 40 respondents, 35 and 4 were

chosen from O’Level, Diploma holders respectively while only 1

was Degree holder.

TABLE 8: LENGTH OF SERVICE

LENGTH OF SERVICE RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE

Below 5 Years 30 75

5 – 9 Years 6 15

10 – 14 Years 4 10

Total 40 100


The above table shows the length of service of the respondents

which shows the below 5 years were 75%, 5 – 9 years are, out

of 40 respondents, 35 and 4 were while 10 – 14 years were

10% of the percentage of the respondents.

TABLE 9: RANKS/POSITIONRANKS/POSITION RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE

Top Level 8 20

Middle Level 13 32.5

Low Level 19 47.5

Total 40 100


The table above shows that out of 40 respondents, 8 were in

Top level, 13 were in Middle Level while 19 were in Low Level.

TABLE 10: Who are the main actors involved and their

responsibilities within humanitarian relief supply chain?

Question 8: Do you think language incoherent

contributes to disaster in the State?

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE

Strongly Agreed 10 25

Agreed 20 50

Disagreed 7 17.5

Strongly Disagreed 2 5

Undecided 1 2.5

Total 40 100


From the analysis above, it shows that, 25% Strongly Agreed,

50% Agreed, 17.5% Disagreed, 5% Strongly Disagreed while

2.5% are undecided by the respondents to the response about

language incoherent in the state.

TABLE 11: Who are the main actors involved and their

responsibilities within humanitarian relief supply chain?

Question 9: Has Government been responding positively

to the disaster occurrences?

RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

S


Agreed 11 27.5

Disagreed 16 40

Strongly Disagreed 5 12.5

Undecided 2 5

Total 40 100


The analysis indicates the proportion of Government response

to disaster occurrences, 15% Strongly Agreed, 27.5% Agreed,

40% Disagreed, 12.5% Strongly Disagreed while 5% are

undecided by the respondents.

TABLE 12: What are the phases in the general process of

disaster management?

Question 10: The education and training programmes

reduce disaster?

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE

Strongly Agreed 5 12.5

Agreed 20 50

Disagreed 6 15


Undecided 5 12.5

Total 40 100


The analysis above indicates that, 5 respondents Strongly

Agreed, 20 Agreed, 6 Disagreed, 4 Strongly Disagreed while 5

are undecided by the respondents.

TABLE 13

Question 11: The losses are so much that the

Government cannot help all the victims

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE


Agreed 18 45

Disagreed 3 7.5


Undecided 1 2.5

Total 40 100


The analysis above indicates that, out of 40 respondents

chosen 15 Strongly Agreed, 18 Agreed, 3 Disagreed, 3 Strongly

Disagreed while 1 was undecided by the respondents.

TABLE 14

Question 12: Does the occurrence in the State cause the

downfall of the State’s economy?


S


Agreed 16 40

Disagreed 4 10


Undecided 2 5

Total 40 100





TABLE 15: What are the supply chain strategies for

Humanitarian Relief Supply Chain?

Question 13: Awareness rising are cross-cutting

elements that strengths all aspects risk management?


S


Agreed 15 37.5

Disagreed 9 22.5


Undecided 5 12.5

Total 40 100




Disagreed while 5 were undecided.

TABLE 16

Question 14: If the countries act firmly and immediately

to reduce their vulnerability and strengthen their

resilience, they will be able to protect lives?

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE


Agreed 19 47.5

Disagreed 3 7.5


Undecided 1 2.5

Total 40 100


The above analysis indicates that, out of 40 respondents



TABLE 17

Question 15: Risk cannot be completely eliminated?

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE


Agreed 15 37.5

Disagreed 5 12.5


Undecided 2 5

Total 40 100


The above table analyze that, out of 40 respondents


Disagreed while 2 were undecided by the respondents.

TABLE 19: What are the critical success factors of


Question 17: The use of supply chain is one of the major

tools in resilience disaster preparedness?

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE


Agreed 16 40

Disagreed - -


Undecided 2 5

Total 40 100



chosen 9 Strongly Agreed, 16 Agreed, 13 Strongly Disagreed

while 2 were undecided by the respondents in knowing the

critical success factors of Humanitarian Relief Supply Chain.

TABLE 18

Question 16: Government organization and individuals

needs to develop plans to save lives and minimize

disaster damage?

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE


Agreed 18 45

Disagreed 2 5


Undecided 2 5

Total 40 100




Disagreed while 2 were undecided by the respondents.

TABLE 20:

Question 18: Government of the State collaborate with

the foreign experts in stopping the disaster and putting

an end to the occurrence?

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE


Agreed 17 42.5

Disagreed 7 17.5


Undecided 4 10

Total 40 100





TABLE 21

Question 19: Providing security for protection of lives

and properties are the main thing that will reduce the

risk?

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE


Agreed 26 65

Disagreed 1 2.5


Undecided 1 2.5

Total 40 100




Disagreed while 1 was undecided.

TABLE 22: What are performance metrics in


Question 20: Providing of daily needs and health

medications will go a long way in helping the situation?

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE


Agreed 18 45

Disagreed 3 7.5


Undecided 4 10

Total 40 100


The table above analyze that, out of 40 respondents



TABLE 23

Question 21: Disaster can be avoided through

preparedness?

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE


Agreed 17 42.5

Disagreed 4 10


Undecided 4 10

Total 40 100


The table above analyze that, out of 40 respondents


Disagreed while 4 were undecided about whether disaster can

be avoided through preparedness.

TABLE 24

Question 22: Humanitarian relief supply chain activities

react very fast to the occurrences?

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE


Agreed 14 35

Disagreed 8 20


Undecided 7 17.5

Total 40 100


The table above analyze that, 9 Strongly Agreed, 14

Agreed, 8 Disagreed, 2 Strongly Disagreed while 7 were

undecided out of 40 respondents.

TABLE 25

Question 23: Through prevention and mitigation, the

risk can be eliminated?

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE


Agreed 21 52.5

Disagreed 3 7.5


Undecided 2 5

Total 40 100





TABLE 26

Question 24: Logistic is one of the most important tools

now in disaster relief operation?

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE


Agreed 19 47.5

Disagreed 3 7.5


Undecided 2 5

Total 40 100





TABLE 27


tools in relevance disaster preparedness?

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE


Agreed 17 42.5

Disagreed 4 10


Undecided 4 10

Total 40 100


The table above analyze indicates that, out of 40

respondents 12 Strongly Agreed, 17 Agreed, 4 Disagreed, 3

Strongly Disagreed while 4 were undecided.

TABLE 27


tools in relevance disaster preparedness?

RESPONDENT

S

PERCENTAGE


Agreed 21 52.5

Disagreed 3 7.5


Undecided 2 5

Total 40 100


The table above analyze indicates that, out of 40

respondents 13 Strongly Agreed, 21 Agreed, 3 Disagreed, 1

Strongly Disagreed while 2 were undecided.

4.3 TESTING OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

To further comprehend the building of strong

humanitarian supply chain activities through resilience in

disaster relief in problematic Country. The formulated

hypothesis shall be tested using chi-square test statistics. The

statistic hypotheses are the null hypothesis (H I) all of which are

tested as 5% level of significance, chi-square test statistic is

used to compare the expected value with the observed value.

Where x2C = Test Statistic

Oi = The observed frequency

Ei = The expected frequency

X2t = Critical Value

N1 = Degree of Freedom

Hypotheses that are formulated in order to reject the

alternative hypothesis is called null hypothesis and it is

denoted by 110. The rejection of 110 lead to the acceptance of

alternative hypothesis which denoted by 111.

Chi-square analysis procedure

i. Formulated the null hypothesis and alternative the

null hypothesis (Ho) specific parameter value to be

rejected or to be accepted (H1)

ii. Specify the significance level to be used.

iii. Computation of the statistic x2c. This is the value

based on the same used to determine whether the

null hypothesis should be rejected or accepted.

iv. Established the critical value (x2t) from a statistic.

v. Make the decision the computed value and the

degree of freedom is also determined.

Decision rule – If the calculated value is greater than the table

value reject Ho and accept H1.

Hypothesis 1

Ho: Government has not been responding positively to the

disaster occurrences.H1: Government has been responding positively to the disaster occurrences.

OI EI OI – EI (OI – EI) E(OI – EI)EIA 6 8 -2 4 0.5

B 11 8 3 9 1.13C 16 8 8 64 8D 5 8 -3 9 1.13E 2 8 -6 36 4.5Tota

l40 x2c =

15.26Source: Field Survey

Degree of Freedom = (R – 1) (C – 1)

= (4 – 1) (2 – 1)

= (3) (1)

From chi-square talk at 95% level of significance 0.05 at 3

degree of freedom x2t at 0.05 = 7.8

Decision Rule: If x2c < x2t reject Ho and accept H1 i.e. 15.26 >

7.8, reject Ho and reject H1.

Conclusion: since the table is less than computed value, we

reject the H0 and accept H1 which says that “Government has

been responding positively to the disaster occurrences”.

Hypothesis 2

Ho: Humanitarian relief supply chain activities react very

slowly to the occurrences.H1: Humanitarian relief supply chain activities react very fast to the occurrences.

OI EI OI – EI (OI – EI) E(OI – EI)EIA 9 8 1 1 0.125B 14 8 6 36 4.5C 8 8 0 0 0D 2 8 -6 36 4.5E 7 8 -1 1 0.125Tota

l40 x2c = 4.75

Source: Field Survey


= (4 – 1) (2 – 1)

= (3) (1)



Decision Rule: If x2c < x2t reject Ho and accept H1 i.e. 4.75 >

7.8, reject Ho and reject H1.

Conclusion: Since the table is less than computed value, we

reject the H0 and accept H1 which says that “Humanitarian

relief supply chain activities react very fast to the occurrences”.

Hypothesis 3

Ho: Through prevention and mitigation, the risk cannot be

completely eliminated.H1: Through prevention and mitigation, the risk can be completely eliminated.

OI EI OI – EI (OI – EI) E(OI – EI)EIA 13 8 5 25 3.125B 21 8 13 169 21.125C 3 8 -5 25 3.125D 1 8 -7 49 6.125E 2 8 -6 36 4.5Tota

l40 x2c = 38

Source: Field Survey


= (4 – 1) (2 – 1)

= (3) (1)



Decision Rule: If x2c < x2t reject Ho and accept H1 i.e. 38 > 7.8,

reject Ho and reject H1.

Conclusion: Since the table is less than computed value, we

reject the H0 and accept H1 which says that “Through

prevention and mitigation, the risk can be completely

eliminated”.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The purpose of this study is to establish a frame work

through which the concept of “Building Strong Humanitarian

Supply Chain Activities through Resilience in Disaster Relief in

Problematic Country”. The first chapter gave a general

introduction of the study. It talked about the history of Borno

State, Nigeria. Likely, statement of the problem of the study,

scope, significance of the study for better understanding of if

there be any need for furthering research work on this

particular topic. The limitation of the study as well as the

method used in collecting the data cannot be excluded.

The second chapter reviewed the contribution of various

scholars with regard to Building Strong Humanitarian Supply

Chain Activities through Resilience in Disaster Relief in

Problematic Country.

The chapter reveals meaning of humanitarian supply

chain, meaning of disaster risk management, The Role of social

funds and community driven development operation in disaster

risk management, integrating community basked disaster risk

management into the project cycle. It also explains further on

by giving out the strategies needed in developing disaster risk

reduction (Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation).

Chapter 3 and 4 deals with research methodology which

stated the method that was used in carrying out the research

work likewise the method of analyzing the data collected while

the analysis and presentation of data collected were discussed

critically in order to arrive to the finding and objective of the

study.

The chapter reveals the chi-square method and

percentage which were used in analyzing the research works

for better understanding and more appropriate to read.

5.2 CONCLUSION

Logistics is a very important tool in averting natural disaster

having Humanitarian Supply Chain activities as its branch which

specializes in organizing the delivery and warehousing of

suppliers during natural disasters. Type and quantity of the

resources, way of procure and storage of the suppliers, tools of

tracking and means of transportation, specialization of teams

into fields of operation and plan of cooperation are issues

related to it through resilient in disaster relief in affected area.

The use of supply chain is one of the major tool in resilient in

disaster preparedness among surveillance, rehearsal, warning

and “hazard analysis”. Precautions such as organizing

emergency response plans help in preparedness towards

disaster.

Technology serves as a key factor to the development of

supply chain through biometric for identifying person or

unauthorized substances, wireless communications e.t.c.

In conclusion, the enhancement of the speed humanitarian

aid, which depends on the ability of logistic to procure transport

and receive supplies at the site of humanitarian relief effort, is

the major rationale behind this context.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

This research was in depth of the effect of Building Strong

Humanitarian Supply Chain Activities through Resilience in

Disaster Relief in Problematic Country in view of result of the

tested hypothesis and response from questionnaire.

We recommend that

i. Government has been responding positively to the


ii. Based on research, Humanitarian relief supply chain

activities react very fast to the occurrences.

iii. With the research made, risk can be completely eliminated

through prevention and mitigation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000)

Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (2004) Building

Disaster Risk Reduction in Asia: A Way Forward, ADPC Looks

Ahead to 2015. Bangkok: ADPC.

de Silva, S. (2008) “Role of Social Funds and Community

Driven Programs in Natural Disaster Management,”

Presentation to Trust Fund for Environmentally and Socially

Sustainable Development Meeting on Adaptation to Climate

Change, Helsinki, May. Washington, DC: World Bank

(unpublished).

de Silva, S., and J. Sum (2008) Social Funds as an

Instrument of Social Protection: An Analysis of Lending Trends,

FY 2000-2007. Washington, DC: World Bank/HDNSP.

Encyclo.co.uk © (2014)

Goldsby and Garcia – Dastugue, (2003): Supplier

Relationship Management – Journal of business logistics vol. 26

Kovacs and Spens (2007): “Logistics theory building” –

Journal of Supply Chain Management. Risk Management in

regional humanitarian relief operations.

Lambert and Knemeyer (2004): in their December 2004

article titled “We’re in this together – Harvard Business Review”

McLachlan et. al, (2009), Environmental Health Perspectives

Oxford dictionary (2003) – meaning of Humanitarian

Podolny and Page (1998): Network forms of organization

Seybolt (2009): Harmonizing Humanitarian Aid Network

Sheu (2007), Humanitarian Supply Chain (Logistics)

Slack and Lewis, (2002), Manufacturing Strategy Linked to

Project Life Cycle.

Thomas and Mizushima, (2005, p.60) A community-based

approach to supply chain design

Tomasini and van Wassenhove (2009): Article titled – “from

preparedness to partnership”. Humanitarian Logistics

van Wassenhove, L.(2006): Humanitarian aid logistics:

Supply chain management in high gear – Journal of the

operational research society (2006) 57, 475 – 489.

Benson and Twigg (2007): Tools for Mainstreaming Disaster

Risk Reduction: Guidance Notes for Development

Organisations. Geneva: ProVention Consortium.

http://www.proventionconsortium.org/themes/default/pdfs/tools

_for_mainstreaming_DRR.pdf

Twigg J (2007): Characteristics of a Disaster-resilient

Community: A Guidance Note. London: DFID.

http://www.sheltercentre.org/shelterlibrary/publications/578.ht

m

QUESTIONNAIRE

INSTRUCTION – Please tick the appropriate option for the

question below.

Section A

1. Demography

2. Sex: Male ( ) Female ( )

3. Marital Status: Single ( ) Married ( ) Divorce ( )

4. Religion: Muslim ( ) Christian ( ) Others ( )

5. Educational Qualification: O’Level ( ) Diploma ( )

Degree ( )

6. Length of service: Below 5 years ( ) 5 – 9 years (

) 10 – 14 years ( )

7. Ranks/Position:Top Level ( ) Middle Level ( )

Low Level ( )

SECTION B

Respond Codes

Agree (A)

Strongly Agree (SA)

Disagreed (D)

Strongly Disagreed (SD)

Undecided (U)

S/N QUESTIONS A SA D S

D

U

8. Do you think language incoherent

contributes to disaster in the State?

9. Has Government been responding

positively to the disaster occurrences?

10. The education and training programmes

reduce disaster?

11. The losses are so much that the

Government cannot help all the victims

12. Does the occurrence in the State cause

the downfall of the State’s economy?

13. Awareness rising are cross-cutting

elements that strength all aspects in risk

management?

14. If the Countries act firmly and

immediately to reduce their vulnerability

and strengthen their resilience, they will

be able to protect lives.

15. Risk cannot be completely eliminated.

16. Government organization and individuals

needs to develop plans to save lives and

minimize damage.

17. The use of supply chain is one of the

major tools in resilience disaster

preparedness.

18. Government of the state collaborate with

the foreign experts in stopping the

disaster and putting an end to the

occurrence.19. Providing security for protection of lives

and properties are the main thing that

will reduce the risk.

20. Provision of daily needs and health

medications will go a long way in helping

the situation.

21. Disaster can be avoided through

preparedness.

22. Humanitarian relief supply chain

activities react fast to the occurrences.

23. Through prevention and mitigation the

risk can be eliminated.

24. Logistic is one of the most important

tools now in disaster relief operation.

25. The use of supply chain is one of the

major tools in relevance disaster

preparedness.

26. Technology is a key factor to which to

achieve better result in disaster supply

chain.

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CBDM: Community-based disaster managementCBDRM: Community-based disaster risk managementCDD: Community-driven developmentDFID: Department for International Development (U.K.)DRM: Disaster Risk ManagementDRR: Disaster Risk ReductionIDA: International Development AssociationIEG: Independent Evaluation GroupIPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeNGO: Nongovernmental organizationVCA: vulnerability and capacity analysisUNDP: United Nations Development ProgrammeUNEP: United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural OrganizationUN-OCHA: United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian AssistanceUSAID: United States Agency for International Development

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BUILDING STRONG HUMANITARIAN SUPPLY CHAIN ACTIVITIES THROUGH RESILIENCE IN DISASTER RELIEF IN PROBLEMATIC COUNTRY