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Copyright @ 2011 IILM Institute of Higher Learning. All rights
Reserved.Business Communication
OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONBARRIERS TO
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONIt arises from the inherent process involved
in sending and / or receiving messages among human beings.
Imperfections creep in from:
Different levels of thinking of individuals
Different mental filters arising from individual mental filters
conditioned by their knowledge, experience and opinions
Less than perfect mastery over the language of expression
Inadequacy of the language
Limitations arising from bounded rationality
Business CommunicationTriangle with three apexes Vicious
triangle in each individual, an integral part of ones being. three
apexes Thinking (Vichar), Saying (Upchar) and Doing (Achar).
What we think, we do not say (Human inadequacy, imperfect
language and insufficient linguistic capability)
What we say, we do not do (Semantic and psychological
deficiencies)
Like apexes of a triangle do not ever meet, this triangle would
always exist.
Business CommunicationHowever, through better awareness and
continual efforts for improving own personal skills, size of this
triangle can be reduced as shown below:
Thinking
Saying Doing
THINKING
SAYING DOING
Business CommunicationTYPES OF BARRIERS TO
COMMUNICATIONCommunication capability is a personal skill.
Barriers to effective communication within organizations happen
at the following three levels:
Personal barriers to communication
Group barriers to communication
Organizational barriers to communication
Business CommunicationPERSONAL BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
(1)Barriers at the individual levelObstructions caused in the
process of sending and receiving messages during the encoding or
decoding of ideas, words and phrases. In most languages, a word has
different meanings, depending upon the context in which it is used.
Each word has many synonyms but which one is the most suitable in
the given situation, is always an issue. These are known as
semantic barriers and may take the following forms:
Business Communication(i)Badly expressed message:
Lack of clarityLack of precisionPoorly chosen words and
phrasesCareless omissionsLack of coherencePoor organization of
ideasUse of jargonsInadequate vocabularyAwkward sentence
structure
(ii)Assumptions not clarified:
Messages are normally based on some assumptions that, if not
communicated to the receiver, may lead to incomplete message or
wrong interpretation of the messageBusiness CommunicationFaulty
translation:
Messages must use words and phrases that receiver is familiar
with so that he can understand and respond to them. This calls for
a great mastery and flexibility in the use of language on the part
of the sender. In the absence of suitable choice of vocabulary, the
message may not invoke the desired response from the receiver.
Use of specialist language:
Each specialist uses a lingua that is peculiar to that
profession. For example, MBAs use a different language that an
engineer and a technician uses a different language that an
ordinary workman. Illiterates use a different language that the
educated. Similarly, city dwellers use different words and phrases
than village folks. These act as roadblocks for effective
communication among them.
Business Communication(2)Barriers at the levels of
seniors(i)Attitude of the seniors:If attitude of the seniors is not
helpful either owing to lack of awareness or because of personal
agenda, messages will not flow freely to or from them unlike what
should happen in a well-lubricated organization structure.
(ii)Insistence on proper channel of communication:Some seniors
like to stay within the confines of the lines of communication as
depicted in a formal organization chart. They do not like bypassing
these lines of communication and think that these would amount to
thwarting of their authority
(iii)Fear of challenge to their authority:Some seniors tend to
hoard information going down / up as it may disclose their
weaknesses. They may also think if they do not share the
information, they would become more important.
Business CommunicationLack of confidence in the
subordinates:Some seniors perceive their subordinates to be less
competent and do not like the information going downwards for the
risk of its leakage and misuse.Ignoring communication:Some seniors
ignore the information from their subordinates deliberately in
order to maintain their importance. This can create a barrier in
the minds of subordinates who may loathe to provide information to
seniors. Lack of time:Some seniors are overburdened with work and
consequently have no time to provide information downwards, upwards
or horizontally.Lack of awareness:Some seniors do not appreciate
the critical importance and significance of maintaining a smooth
flow of information in all directions within and outside of the
organization. This also acts as a blocker of flow of communication
in the organization.
Business Communication(3) Barriers at the level of
subordinatesThese are: (i)Unwillingness to communicate:As a rule if
an employee feels giving information may be embarrassing, he would
not divulge it or would delay its flow as much as possible. They
often modify the information so as to protect their interests.
Wrong information can be very misleading too. Wrong information is
worse than no information. Lack of proper incentive:Lack of
motivation comes in the way of flow of information up or down the
lines of command and control. Similarly, if good suggestions from
subordinates are ignored or do not evoke enough response or
attention, it has a snowballing effect in the organization.
Subordinates do not feel enthused about giving suggestions for
improvement of products, processes and systems. This has been the
main reason for dismal failure of suggestion schemes in USA, Europe
and India.
Business CommunicationGROUP BARRIERS TO
COMMUNICATIONSInterpersonal barriers to communication. They occur
at the level of interaction within a group of employees members of
a section, department or team having members from different
specialist functions of the organization.A few major barriers to
communication are:
Premature evaluation of the sender:This happens when the looks,
dress or initial introduction to the subject in not impressive or
up to the preconceived standard and receivers have done premature
evaluation of the sender. This can also happen when the credibility
of the sender of message is low. Such barriers stop transfer of
information as senders beget a sense of futility. Such barriers can
be overcome by:Senders developing empathy for the receivers and
modifying the message to make it more acceptable to them. Receivers
listening to the speakers free from prejudice and commitment (2)
Inattentive listening:If the receiver is preoccupied with some
thing else and is concerned with other issues, he may fail to react
to the message, talk, bulletin, notice or circular. Since the
receiver is not able to give sufficient attention, the message may
fail to register in his mind. Business CommunicationLoss during
transmission of message:A message that has to pass through several
layers of organization structure or many stages before it reaches
the target may lose its accuracy. For oral messages, it is
estimated that accuracy is lost at every stage of its transmission
or relaying. Even in written messages, loss occurs because of
differences in interpretation, meanings and translation.
Loss of retention:Retaining messages in the memory is a
difficult process. It applies to both oral and written messages
that are circulated. However, if a copy of the written message is
available, persons can refer to it again and again. It is said that
people remember:10 % of what they read20 % of what they hear30 % of
what they see50 % of what they see and hear70 % of what they say 90
% of what they say as they perform the task
Business Communication(5)Undue reliance on written words:Senders
often place undue importance to written message. In spite of the
message being well drafted and presented, it may fail to make the
necessary impact because of lack of trust and confidence between
the parties. Messages, apart from being very good, should be
consonant with the organizations purpose and employees own
interest.(6)Distrust of the communicator:If the person who is
sending the message is prone to frequently countermanding, it leads
to delayed responses from recipients. Besides, they may not act
enthusiastically, perhaps, because they are waiting for amendment
to the original message! Failure to communicate:Arising from
lethargy or any other reason, managers may fail to inform the
concerned person(s). In such cases, even a subsequent message may
not invoke the right response because of the missing link!
Business CommunicationORGANIZATIONAL BARRIERS TO
COMMUNICATIONOrganizational policy:
Policies underpin strategy and facilitate their implementation.
Organizational policy should support flow of information in all
directions external and internal communication covering downward,
upwards and horizontal communications. If flow of communication is
not supported by firms policy, it will not be smooth and adequate
for the healthy functioning of the organization.
Organizational rules and regulations:
Some rules and regulations of the firm may come in the way of
free flow of communication and may require provision of proper
channels of communication. Such rules and procedures may inhibit
the flow of communication and need to be updated to bring them in
line with the demands of strategies and their
accomplishmentBusiness CommunicationStatus relationship:Greater the
difference in the level of status of the functionaries, greater is
the possibility of breakdown of communication between them. If a
person has to be frequently interacting with senior personnel, his
job gradation needs to be reviewed.
(4)Complexity of organization structure:Tall organizations
comprising of many layers of organization structure, delay flow of
messages from sender to the receiver. It increases the risk of
distortion of the message en route. In such firms, usually upwards
communication suffers very badly.
(5)Organizational facilities:Firms must provide facilities for
meeting and conference rooms, complaint / suggestion schemes etc.
They should encourage open door policies by senior managers and
executives. Companies should also organize gatherings for social,
cultural and sport activities as they also contribute to better
flow of information at both informal and formal levels. Business
CommunicationGATEWAY TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONSDeveloping a deep
understanding of the various barriers to communication must lead
the management to devising ways and means of overcoming these
barriers. Besides, every communicator must take specific steps to
improve conditions and eliminate roadblocks to effective
communication. American Management Association has formulated the
following commandments for effective communication:Clarifying ideas
before communicationKnowing purpose of communicationUnderstanding
physical and human environments of communicationConsulting others
in planning communicationContents and overtones of
communicationValue of communication to the receiverFollow up
actionImportance of communicationActions congruent with
communicationGood listening
Business CommunicationPRINCIPLES OF GOOD
COMMUNICATIONCommunication is directly influenced by the ability to
articulate issues concisely and convey to receivers in words and
phrases they are familiar with so as to persuade them to the
intended course of action. It is, therefore, a powerful skill to
cultivate. Following checklist comprising of 7 Cs and 4 Ss should
serve as good guideline for budding managers and leaders:(1)Seven
Cs of communicationCompleteness:Complete messages achieve the
desired results without having to incur additional time and
expenses is seeking clarifications and getting piece-meal replies.
Complete messages from the sender help to build his image, goodwill
and credibility. It saves time and cost. Following guidelines are
useful:
Check 5Ws (What, When, Where, Who and Why) and IH (How) of
themessage Answer all questions raised meticulouslyGive some extra
information rather than holding it back
Business Communication(ii)Conciseness:Conciseness is saying
message in the fewest words without sacrificing understanding by
the receivers. It is the opposite of wordiness or verbosity. By
eliminating unwanted words, importance and emphasis of messages is
increased. Remember that brevity is the soul of wit. Following
guidelines would serve better:Omit hackneyed expressionsAvoid
repetition and long winding sentencesInclude relevant facts but
with courtesyOrganize message logically and effectively
(iii)Consideration:Always prepare message keeping receivers in
mind. Ideally, senders should put themselves in receivers position
and then visualize their needs and wants. Thereafter, they would be
able to craft messages that are more in tune with receivers
requirements. One should gift wrap whatever one wants to say or
write. This requires an attitude, empathy and human touch. It leads
to better understanding of the human nature. Following directions
should be useful:Focus on you instead of I or weHighlight benefits
of the message to the receiverEmphasize positive and pleasant
aspects of factsImbibe integrity in to the message
Business Communication(iv)Concreteness:The message should be
specific, definite and vivid. Communicators should conscientiously
avoid vague and general statements. Some good rules to follow
are:Choose vivid and image building words in the messageUse direct
and action verbs Use specific facts and figures(v)Clarity:Special
efforts are required to see that messages getting across are fully
understood by receivers although they may not have identical
experience, education and opinions. Every individual has a unique
mental filter that gives different meanings to messages although
the text is the same. Following tips will be useful:
Always choose short, familiar and conversational words and
phrasesEndeavour to achieve appropriate lengths for sentences and
paragraphsSupport the message with examples, illustrations and
audio-visuals
Business CommunicationCourtesy:Courtesy comes from ones innate
desire to respect others. Courtesy brings in new friends and
strengthens old friendships. However, one has to develop a
you-attitude and being sensitive to others. A few good rules
are:Omit expressions that hurt, are irritating and
be-littleApologize in good faithAnswer mail regularly and
properlyBe appreciative, thoughtful and honestly factual
Correctness:Messages done in a perfect way grammatically may
fail to achieve their purpose because receivers found them
insulting, humiliating and overbearing. Correctness can be ensured
by adopting following rules:
Using correct level of language in tune with the
receiversIncorporating only accurate data and evidenceChoosing the
right words, phrases and sentencesOrganizing matter systematically
in to paragraphs of appropriate size
Business CommunicationFour Ss of communication:Besides the
above, following four principles have become popular:
(i)Shortness:Shortness economizes on words. Message should be as
brief as possible. Good rules are:Avoid high sounding and bombastic
wordsDo not use complex words, phrases and ideasUse simple, common
and popular vocabulary
(ii)Simplicity:Simplicity impresses. There is a famous KISS
principle in communication it says that the message should be kept
short and simple. A few golden hints are:Choice of simple words and
ideas comes from clarity of tellers thoughts Confused persons
employ confusing words that leave the reader in a mazeClarity of
ideas germinate use of simple words and phrases
Business CommunicationStrength:Strength of message convinces
receivers about the desirability of the idea(s). Messages should
deliver the conviction of the teller. Guidelines are:Half-hearted
statements add a touch of falsehood to the messageIf sender is
convinced, the message carries the strength of his
convictionStrength of the message comes from senders
credibilitySincerity:The quality of sincerity appeals to everyone
especially the receivers of messages. If receivers keen sense of
observation senses a situation of make-believe, the entire process
of communication would fall through. Adopting the following rules
will go a long way:
A sincere approach becomes evident to receiversSincerity gets
reflected in the way they communicateSincerity adds to the
credibility of sendersBusiness CommunicationAcknowledgmentsWe wish
to acknowledge the people who actively contributed to the writing
and delivery of the learning material
Author
Prof. Manohar L. Gulati
Presenter
M.Sadiqur Rahman, Fullbright Scholar, Lecturer, Employability
Skills & Business Communication
A special thanks to the technical support team who were
instrumental in the design and implementation of this presentation.
Contact DetailsFor further information, please contact:
IILM Institute for Higher Education 3, Lodhi Institutional
Area,Lodhi Road, New Delhi- 110003
Email: [email protected] : www.iilm.edu
