By

Dr. A. Mahrous

Helwan University - EGYPT

By

Dr. A. Mahrous

Helwan University - EGYPT

Our CollaboratorsOur CollaboratorsOur CollaboratorsOur Collaborators

AGASA (Japan)AGASA (Japan)AGASA (Japan)AGASA (Japan)

Chacaltaya (Bolivia)Chacaltaya (Bolivia)Chacaltaya (Bolivia)Chacaltaya (Bolivia)

KINDKIND ORIGENORIGEN COMP.COMP. ENERGYENERGY

Solar CRSolar CR Solar FlaresSolar Flares Protons &Protons &

Heavy ionsHeavy ions

100 MeV ~100 MeV ~

10 GeV10 GeV

ExtragalacticExtragalactic AGNAGN

Z-Burst &Z-Burst &

Protons & Protons & PhotonsPhotons

10101818 ~ ~

10102121 eV eV

Galactic Galactic Pulsars &Pulsars &

Supernova Supernova ReminantReminant

ProtonsProtons

Heavy ionsHeavy ions

101099~10~101515 eV eV

10101515~10~101818 eV eV

LHC at CERN (7 TeV) ProtonsLHC at CERN (7 TeV) ProtonsLHC at CERN (7 TeV) ProtonsLHC at CERN (7 TeV) Protons

3R3Rss

DDS-ES-E

The simulation shows that UHE photons with energies between 1019 and 1020.5eV start cascading in the Sun's magnetic field within three times radius of the Sun.

If we are trying to detect such cascading particles on the Earth with air shower arrays, these showers originated by a bunch of secondary particles developed in the Sun’s magnetic field should be detected within a solid angle:

= 3Rs2 / 4D2

S-E , Rs: Sun’s radius

6.12 10-4 sr from the Sun's position.

This means that the energy of the primary particles could reach 1027 eV

FOR MORE INFO...

What is the Maximum EnergyWhat is the Maximum EnergyWhat is the Maximum EnergyWhat is the Maximum Energy

Mahrous, A. & Inoue, N., Development of electromagnetic cascading in the Sun's magnetic field

Astronomy and Astrophysics, v.386, p.308-312 (2002)

Low Energy CR :

High Energy CR :

-SCR are dominant for energies < 1 GeV

- GCR are changing with Solar Activity

-SCR are dominant for energies < 1 GeV

- GCR are changing with Solar Activity

-The spectrum is almost a power low with index –3

-Slight steeping at 3x1015 eV (knee)

-Slight flattening at 3x1018 eV (ankle)

- Above 1020 eV, the flux is uncertain. The possible scenarios predicting Z-burst photons are dominant.

-The spectrum is almost a power low with index –3

-Slight steeping at 3x1015 eV (knee)

-Slight flattening at 3x1018 eV (ankle)

- Above 1020 eV, the flux is uncertain. The possible scenarios predicting Z-burst photons are dominant.

Gamma

Protons

GZKGZK

NNCRCR + N + Nairair 00 + + + K + K 0 0 22 = 8.4 x 10 = 8.4 x 10-17-17 s s + + = 2.6 x 10 = 2.6 x 10-8-8 s s + N+ Nairair ee++ + e + e-- “ “ Pair CreationPair Creation””ee + N + Nairair ee + + “ “BremsstrahlungBremsstrahlung””

Takeda,M., Sakaki,N, Mahrous,A., AGAS group “Energy determination in the Akeno Giant Air Shower Array experiment, Astroparticle Physics, Volume 19, Issue 4, p. 447-462 (2003).

FOR MORE INFO...

-Pressure »» atmospheric density »» absorption of CR

-Pressure »» atmospheric density »» absorption of CR

FOR MORE INFO...

Mahrous,A. Inoue,N.,” Variation Of Forbush-Decrease Amplitude With Some Shock Parameters”, 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Held 18 - 25 July 2004, in Paris, France., p.1910.

Pcut(,) : Geomagnetic cutoff rigidity in GeV Angle between incoming particle velocity and geomagnetic east-west direction Geomagnetic latitude

Chacaltaya 12 GeVChacaltaya 12 GeV

Depression in the counting rate Depression in the counting rate of cosmic rays.of cosmic rays.FD >> 30% & recov. Several daysFD >> 30% & recov. Several daysA : Amplitude of Forbush decreaseA : Amplitude of Forbush decrease

Mechanism :Mechanism :

The energetic The energetic solar phenomenasolar phenomena >>>> disturbance disturbance in interplanetary in interplanetary magnetic fieldmagnetic field >>>> reduction in low reduction in low energy CR energy CR intensity which intensity which detected on the detected on the Earth.Earth.

Purpose: Detection of Cosmic Rays with primary energy greater than 1014 eV

Location:  Latitude= 16o 21 ´ South, Longitude=  68o 08 ´, Altitude= 5300 m  

Area: The experiment covering a circular area of 50 m radius

Working theory: The detection of CR depends on Air Shower phenomena

Purpose: Detection of Cosmic Rays with primary energy greater than 1014 eV

Location:  Latitude= 16o 21 ´ South, Longitude=  68o 08 ´, Altitude= 5300 m  

Area: The experiment covering a circular area of 50 m radius

Working theory: The detection of CR depends on Air Shower phenomena

Distribution of different types of detectors at Mt.Chacaltaya experimentDistribution of different types of detectors at Mt.Chacaltaya experiment

Construction of the density detector Construction of the density detector

40 scintillation detectors of area (0.25m2) & 4 detectors of area (1.0m2) used for detecting the electromagnetic and muonic components, with counting rate every 10 seconds.

40 scintillation detectors of area (0.25m2) & 4 detectors of area (1.0m2) used for detecting the electromagnetic and muonic components, with counting rate every 10 seconds.

Distribution of burst detectorsDistribution of burst detectors

The burst detector is a scintillation detector covered with 15 cm of lead. We have 32 detectors with area (0.25m2), which used for detecting the hadronic components and Muons

The burst detector is a scintillation detector covered with 15 cm of lead. We have 32 detectors with area (0.25m2), which used for detecting the hadronic components and Muons

A photo and scheme diagram of neutron monitor at Mt. A photo and scheme diagram of neutron monitor at Mt. Chacaltaya Chacaltaya

The Type: 12NM64 Neutron Monitor It is used for detecting the neutron component with counting rate 1 minute

The Type: 12NM64 Neutron Monitor It is used for detecting the neutron component with counting rate 1 minute

Monitor system of Chacaltaya experiment Monitor system of Chacaltaya experiment

This is the effect of CR on electronic devices !

This is the effect of CR on electronic devices !

Event of July 14, 2000Event of July 14, 2000

What is going on the Sun ?What is going on the Sun ?

What we detect on the Earth ?What we detect on the Earth ?

The sequence of the plots is the deviation from the average of DD, NM and counting rate of BD.

FIRST DECREASEFIRST DECREASE >> >> July 13 July 13 (9:20 UT)(9:20 UT)

Deviations of –2% & –5% for Deviations of –2% & –5% for DD&NM Continued for 6h for DD DD&NM Continued for 6h for DD & 13h for NM.& 13h for NM.

SECOND DECREASESECOND DECREASE >> >> July 15 July 15 at (13:30 UT) Deviation of –6% & –at (13:30 UT) Deviation of –6% & –10% for DD and NM Continued for 10% for DD and NM Continued for 18h for DD and 17h for NM.18h for DD and 17h for NM.

STABILITYSTABILITY in the counting rate of in the counting rate of NM during that second decrease for NM during that second decrease for about 4h, which is called two-step about 4h, which is called two-step FD.FD. It is indicated with a small red circle and enlarged in the outer circle in the same figure.

The counting rate of all the detectors returned to the normal state in July 19.

The sequence of the plots is the deviation from the average of DD, NM and counting rate of BD.

FIRST DECREASEFIRST DECREASE >> >> July 13 July 13 (9:20 UT)(9:20 UT)

Deviations of –2% & –5% for Deviations of –2% & –5% for DD&NM Continued for 6h for DD DD&NM Continued for 6h for DD & 13h for NM.& 13h for NM.

SECOND DECREASESECOND DECREASE >> >> July 15 July 15 at (13:30 UT) Deviation of –6% & –at (13:30 UT) Deviation of –6% & –10% for DD and NM Continued for 10% for DD and NM Continued for 18h for DD and 17h for NM.18h for DD and 17h for NM.

STABILITYSTABILITY in the counting rate of in the counting rate of NM during that second decrease for NM during that second decrease for about 4h, which is called two-step about 4h, which is called two-step FD.FD. It is indicated with a small red circle and enlarged in the outer circle in the same figure.

The counting rate of all the detectors returned to the normal state in July 19.

CME observed by C2 coronagraph of

SOHO/LASCO in July 14, 2000 at 10:54 UT

CME observed by C2 coronagraph of

SOHO/LASCO in July 14, 2000 at 10:54 UT

The figure shows the CME observed by SOHO/LASCO coronagraph during that flare.

The produced and largest flare occurred on the Sun in 2000 July 14, at (10:54 UT) was associated with a full-halo CME.

The expansion speed of the loop-like structure (indicated with arrows) was about 2000 km/s, this means that the arrival time of such CME to the Earth will be about 1.5 days, which will be verified from WIND satellite results in the next slide.

The figure shows the CME observed by SOHO/LASCO coronagraph during that flare.

The produced and largest flare occurred on the Sun in 2000 July 14, at (10:54 UT) was associated with a full-halo CME.

The expansion speed of the loop-like structure (indicated with arrows) was about 2000 km/s, this means that the arrival time of such CME to the Earth will be about 1.5 days, which will be verified from WIND satellite results in the next slide.

2000 2000 km/skm/s

The sequence of the plots is :

(A) Proton flux in 7 channels covering the range “0.6~500 MeV”,

(B) Plot of X-ray flux in (Watts/m2 in two wavelength bands, Xl=0.54 A and Xs=18 A.

(C) The four magnetic field components: “Hp”parallel to the satellite spin axis, “He”parallel to the satellite-Earth center line and points earthward. “Hn”perpendicular to both Hp and He “Ht” is the transverse component.

-Solar proton events occurred in July 14 at (10:40 UT), reached a peak at (16:10 UT), and ended in July 16 at (04:00 UT).

-Occurrence of X-class X-ray flare in July 14, 2000 observed in both of the two-wavelength bands at (11:00 UT).

-A large disturbance occurred in the magnetic field components, which varied from positive 200 to negative 200 nT in July 15 at (19:00 UT).

The sequence of the plots is :

(A) Proton flux in 7 channels covering the range “0.6~500 MeV”,

(B) Plot of X-ray flux in (Watts/m2 in two wavelength bands, Xl=0.54 A and Xs=18 A.

(C) The four magnetic field components: “Hp”parallel to the satellite spin axis, “He”parallel to the satellite-Earth center line and points earthward. “Hn”perpendicular to both Hp and He “Ht” is the transverse component.

-Solar proton events occurred in July 14 at (10:40 UT), reached a peak at (16:10 UT), and ended in July 16 at (04:00 UT).

-Occurrence of X-class X-ray flare in July 14, 2000 observed in both of the two-wavelength bands at (11:00 UT).

-A large disturbance occurred in the magnetic field components, which varied from positive 200 to negative 200 nT in July 15 at (19:00 UT).

THE DETECTED SHOCKS :-S1 >> Date : July 13 at (09:13 UT)

V: 600 km/s

P: 10 P cc-1

- S2 >> Date : July 13 at (10:12 UT)

V: 650 km/s

P: 15 P cc-1

- S3 >> Date: July 14 at (15:32 UT)

NO DATA (detector saturation)

- S4 >> Date : July 15 at (14:15 UT)

V: 950 km/s

P: 50 P cc-1

THE DETECTED SHOCKS :-S1 >> Date : July 13 at (09:13 UT)

V: 600 km/s

P: 10 P cc-1

- S2 >> Date : July 13 at (10:12 UT)

V: 650 km/s

P: 15 P cc-1

- S3 >> Date: July 14 at (15:32 UT)

NO DATA (detector saturation)

- S4 >> Date : July 15 at (14:15 UT)

V: 950 km/s

P: 50 P cc-1

FIRST DECREASE >> July 13 (9:20 UT)

SECOND DECREASE >> July 15 at (13:30 UT)

STABILITY in the counting rate of NM during that second decrease for about 4h,

FIRST DECREASE >> July 13 (9:20 UT)

SECOND DECREASE >> July 15 at (13:30 UT)

STABILITY in the counting rate of NM during that second decrease for about 4h,

FIRST DECREASE >> S1&S2

SECOND DECREASE >> S4

STABILITY >> E1

FIRST DECREASE >> S1&S2

SECOND DECREASE >> S4

STABILITY >> E1

why we have one-step FD in July 13 and two-step FD in July 15 detected by NM ?why we have one-step FD in July 13 and two-step FD in July 15 detected by NM ?

Assuming the produced shock and its driver ejecta are moving towards the Earth. In case of the one-step FD observed in 2000 July 13, the position of the Earth was at the point “A”, at which, only the shock is passing through the Earth. In that case, the passing cosmic rays will suffer only one-step attenuation due to shock. On the other hand, as the case of the two-step FD detected in 2000 July 15, the position of the Earth could be at the point “B”, at which, both the shock and its driver ejecta is passing through the Earth. As the result, cosmic ray intensity will be reduced by two different levels of attenuation, one from the shock, and the other from the ejecta. Moreover, the time difference between such two levels of attenuation actually represents the thickness of the ejecta itself.

Assuming the produced shock and its driver ejecta are moving towards the Earth. In case of the one-step FD observed in 2000 July 13, the position of the Earth was at the point “A”, at which, only the shock is passing through the Earth. In that case, the passing cosmic rays will suffer only one-step attenuation due to shock. On the other hand, as the case of the two-step FD detected in 2000 July 15, the position of the Earth could be at the point “B”, at which, both the shock and its driver ejecta is passing through the Earth. As the result, cosmic ray intensity will be reduced by two different levels of attenuation, one from the shock, and the other from the ejecta. Moreover, the time difference between such two levels of attenuation actually represents the thickness of the ejecta itself.

July 13July 13

July 15July 15