By: Justyn Wee Han NormanYu KitSicheng

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

John Rawls’ Theory of Justice

Celebrity Nude Leaks

Juvenile Case studies

CONTENTS

John Bordley Rawls

1921 – 2002

Born in Maryland, USA

Exposed to social inequalities from a young age

Witnessed the social inequalities and deprivation of

opportunities suff ered by others

Saw the lawlessness of WWII

Inspired him to create a set of principles of justice

Magnum opus – A Theory of Justice

JOHN RAWLS

A THEORY OF JUSTICE

Fairness

Original Position

First Principle

Second Principle

THEORY OF JUSTICE

Basis of his principles of justice

People decide upon the principles of justice from

behind a veil of ignorance, so as to prevent them

from tailoring the principles to their own advantage

Since all are similarly situated and no one is able to

design principles to favor his particular condition, the

principles of justice are the result of a fair agreement.

“Justice as fairness”

ORIGINAL POSITION

“Each person is to have an equal right to the

most extensive scheme of equal basic liberties

compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for

others.”

Political liberty

Liberty of conscience and freedom of thought

Freedom from oppression

Right to hold personal property

Freedom from arbitrary arrest and seizure.

FIRST PRINCIPLE

“Social and economic inequalities are to be

arranged so that they are both

reasonably expected to be to everyone’s advantage,

and

attached to positions and offi ces open to all. “

SECOND PRINCIPLE

Policies and inequalities have to benefit the

most disadvantaged members of society the

most

Positions and offi ces should be open to

everyone under fair and equal conditions

SECOND PRINCIPLE

The first principle should always be arranged

prior to the second

At no point in time should basic liberties be

compromised for the greater social and

economic advantages

BUT

Liberalism Founded on ideas of liberty and equality Most liberals believe that freedom is impossible without

equalityUSA

Democrats are liberals Most believe that

Everyone should have equal opportunities The government should provide some level of education and

healthcare to all people Richer people should pay more of their income in taxes than

poor people Liberties and freedoms are definite and should be protected

RELEVANCE

Man is good in nature

Crime is a product of poverty and deprivation, and

not the criminal’s fault

Thus, society is held responsible for criminal

behaviour for having failed to provide for the

criminal, and thereby creating the conditions that

brought about the corruption of a naturally-good

person. 

Focuses on Rehabilitative justice

LIBERAL CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

August 31st 2014

Collection of around 500 photos of celebrities

were posted on 4chan

Spread around Reddit, Imgur, Tumblr, etc

Believed to obtained via iCloud

Aka “The Fappening”

CELEBRITY NUDE LEAK

US PERSPECTIVE

PRIVACY

• Violence was mentioned 8 times – suggesting that the US is

taking a very fi rm stance against these hackers because they

believe privacy is a defi nite right that needs to be protected

and respected

CELEBRITY

• Suggests that this incident is part of a paparazzi culture that is

cultivated in US.

• Shows that in the US, celebrity news is seen to garner

“attention” and is thus “marketable”.

• The word “Hypocritical” seems to suggest that newspapers in

the US may have double standards when reporting on the

incident.

HACKERS

The words circled all have strong negative connotations attached to them, suggesting that the people in the US feel strongly against the hackers

Online privacy breaches may be dealt with more severely after this incident so as to serve as an example and as a form of deterrence

UK PERSPECTIVE

PRIVACY

This suggests that UK is also taking an opposing stance on

the hacking. However, strong negative words appear less

often, suggesting that UK is slightly more lenient towards

these hackers as compared to US. This might be because

the UK feels that although privacy is important, its

compromise is not that severe an issue.

CELEBRITY

The focus of the article is mainly about the perpetrator of the incident, but it also objectifi es celebrities.This suggests that the UK has a critical view of the incident and is trying to fi nd and punish the culprits so as to allow for catharsis.However, while doing so, it also objectifi es celebrities which suggests that

HACKERS

UK articles focus more on the hackers’ actions whereas US articles focus more the implications of the hackers’ actions.

Only 1 line out of 15 lines mentioned anything about the hackers’ punishment, whereas about 2/3 mentioned how and when the hackers got the photos

US Perspective Firmer stance against the leak A very aggressive stance towards hackers Due to culture Relook laws concerning cyber crime

UK Perspective Opposing stance against the leak Feel that hackers’ actions are wrong Focuses on different things as compared to US Using this incident for publicity

CONCLUSION

James Bulger

Jordan Brown

JUVENILE CRIME

MURDER OF JAMES BULGER

2 year old boy James Bulger was brutally

murdered by two 10 year olds, Robert Thompson

and Jon Venebles

Thompson and Venables were charged on 20

February 1993 with Bulger's abduction and

murder

MURDER OF JAMES BULGER

Found guilty on 24 November 1993

Youngest convicted murderers in modern English

history.

Sentenced to Custody until adulthood

Released under new identities and on a lifelong

licence in June 2001.

Venables was sent to prison for violating the terms of

his licences of release, and was released on parole

again in 2013.

-Belief in the good nature of the human race

-Belief that government and society should be at fault for social inequalities suff ered by Venebles and Thompson, who both grew up in broken families

-Should not be blamed due to these circumstances that were present in their lives

-Should be rehabilitated and integrated back into society

THOUGHTS ON PUNISHMENT

JORDAN BROWN MURDER CASE

Jordan Brown, aged 11, killed his father’s fiancée in

2009 with a shotgun

Double homicide as she was 8 months pregnant at

that time

Originally denied trial in a juvenile court and charged

as an adult, faced the prospect of life imprisonment

without parole

JORDAN BROWN MURDER CASE

In 2012, he was eventually tried in a Juvenile Court

after public protests

Judge Hodge sentenced Jordan Brown to be guilty for

fi rst-degree murder

Brown will be held in a juvenile rehabilitative

treatment facility only until August 2018, when he

turns 21.

JURISDICTION OF JUVENILE COURTS

Deals with off ences committed by persons aged 16

and below

Empowered with various options to deal with a

juvenile off ender, such as committing the off ender to

the care of a relative or another fi t person,

community service orders, probation orders,

detention and reformative training.

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE

Restorative justice is an approach to justice that

focuses on the needs of the victims and the

off enders, as well as the involved community

Instead of satisfying abstract legal principles or

punishing the off ender.  

It provides help for the off ender in order to avoid

future off ences.

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE

Victims take an active role in the process

Off enders are encouraged to take responsibility for

their actions

Repair the harm they've done—by apologizing,

returning stolen money, or community service

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE

Based on a theory of justice that considers crime and

wrongdoing to be an off ence against an individual or

community

Restorative justice that fosters dialogue between

victim and off ender shows the highest rates of victim

satisfaction and off ender accountability

TYPES OF SENTENCES

53.  The punishments to which off enders are liable under the

provisions of this Code are —(a)

death;

imprisonment;

forfeiture of property;

fi ne;

caning. (Caning shall be with a rattan.)

54.  “Imprisonment for life”, in relation to any prescribed

punishment under this Code or any other written law, means

imprisonment for the duration of a person’s natural life.

PROCEEDINGS IN COURT

Being Charged in Court

Application for Adjournment

Pleading Guilty/Claiming Trial

PROCEEDINGS IN COURT (SENTENCING)

Previous Convictions

Mitigation (Explain personal reasons/circumstances

for committing the crime to plead for leniency)

Victim Impact Statement (Considers how much victim

suff ered and dish out appropriate sentence)

Appeal

Restorative programs for youths focus on

rehabilitating and reintegrating them back into

society with suffi cient skills equipped.

It focuses on making the youths realize their wrong

doings and through programs like STEP-UP, help to

enhance their skills and reintegrate them back into

society.

Cases such as drug abuse and robbery due to being in

a gang are the common cases seen.

JUVENILE REHABILITATIVE PROGRAMS

The punishment for first-degree murder is

capital punishment by hanging.

PUNISHMENT FOR ADULTS

THE END