702131/702831 European Architecture A

Byzantine second period

First Period: 527-565under Justinian

followed by struggles with the Persians, and then with the Saracens, followed by the Iconoclastic Controversy

Second Period: 867-1185 867-1059: revival under the house of Macedonia

1081-1185 under the Comneni: most surviving Byzantine structures are of this period.

the empire was struggling with the Seljuk Turks, and was now attacked by the Normans and the Venetians

the Fourth Crusade attacked Constantinople, which fell in 1204

Third Period:1261-1453under the House of Palaeologus.

he Empire now reduced to Constantinople, Salonika and Greece, was no longer wealthy, and simplicity was the keynote.

Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453

H Irene (or Eirene), Constantinople, 532, 564, 740MUAS 4,448, S10,007

H Irene

plan and section

Cecil Stewart, Early Christian, Byzantine and

Romanesque Architecture [vol II of Simpson's History

of Architectural Development] (London

1954), p 75

H Irene: isometric viewJ A Hamilton, Byzantine Architecture and Decoration (London 1956 [1933]), pl 16

H IreneMUAS 15,932

H Irene

MUAS 15,448

Byzantine plan types of the First Period

Hellenistic basilica[St John Studios &c]

domed basilica[H Sophia]

domed centralised church[H H Sergios & Bakchos]

cruciform[Church of the Apostles, Constaninople]

later Byzantine dome and drum

on cross-in-square church

form

J H Acland, Medieval Structure: the Gothic Vault

(Toronto 1972), p 36

ancient world in AD 300Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Ancient

History(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1988 [1967]), p 87

church sites in Armenia(including parts of modern Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan and Georgia)

Miles Lewis

Church at Garni, Armenia, AD C6th-7thview of partly reconstructed foundations

Miles Lewis

Cathedral Church (of the Vigilant Powers, or of St Gregory), Zwartnots[Zuart’noc’], Armenia, AD 641-666: reconstruction & plan

Christina Maranci, 'The Architect Trdat',Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, LXII, 3 (September 2003), p 299

Cathedral, Zwartnots: view of naveMiles Lewis

Zwartnots Cathedral

reconstructed elevation by T Toramanian

Cyril Mango, Byzantine Architecture (New York

1985 [1976 (Milan 1974)]), p 104

Zwartnots Cathedral

vine relief; basket Ionic capital; double block capital

Miles Lewis

Zwartnots

Church at Gagkašen,

north-eastern Turkey, c 1001-5

Christina Maranci, 'The Architect Trdat', pp 299,

298

Stone church model from

Sisian, ?C7th

Maranci, 'The Architect Trdat', p

298

St Hripsime, Vagarshapat, 618: plan

Hamilton, Byzantine Architecture, p 144

St Hripsime, Vagarshapat: Miles Lewis

St Hripsimeinterior of the dome; detail of the corner lobe

Miles Lewis; Mango, Byzantine Architecture, facing p 113

Lake Van, Turkey, seen from the island church of from AchtamarMiles Lewis

Church of Achtamar, 915-

921

Miles Lewis

Achtamar: plan

Davies, Aght'amar, fig 11, facing p 20

Achtamarinterior looking east

Miles Lewis

Achtamar

exterior of north (nw) arm

with relief of Adam and Eve

Miles Lewis

Metekhi Church, Tblissi, Georgia,

C9th & C13th

Miles Lewis

ICONOCLASM(the breaking of images)

ban imposed by Leo III, 737

pre-existing prejudice against depicting the human figure

the influence of Islam

the Mediterranean world in 562

McEvedy, Atlas of Medieval History, p 31

the Mediterranean world in 626

McEvedy, Atlas of Medieval History, p 35

the Mediterranean world in 737

McEvedy, Atlas of Medieval History, p 39

Monastery of Al Oda, southern Turkey, probably C8th-9th

view south-west from the cave mouth of the Red Hall (church)Miles Lewis

Al Oda: plan

Anatolian Studies, VII (1957), p 154

Al Oda: west wall of the Red HallMiles Lewis

Al Oda, Red Hall: detail of the decoration & inscriptionMiles Lewis

the cross-domed plan in the Byzantine second period

Church of the Akataleptos (Kalenderhane Cami), Istanbul, mid C9th

Hagia Sophia, Salonika, early C8th

Nea, or Nea Ecclesia, Istanbul, 880

Church of Constantine Lips, Istanbul, 930

Church of the Saviour in the Chora Istanbul, C11th-14th

Church of the Akataleptos (Kalenderhane Cami), Istanbul, mid C9th:view from the south-west

T F Mathews, Byzantine Churches of Istanbul: a Photographic Survey (University Park [Pennsylvania], no date [c 1976]), p 176

theAkataleptos:

view from the north-west

Mathews, Byzantine Churches of Istanbul,

p 174

the Akataleptos: planRichard Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture [Pelican History of Art]

(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1965), p 207

Hagia Sophia, Salonika, early C8th, reconstructed 1907-1910)view from the north-east; isometric section

Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 114, p 206

Hagia Sophia,Salonikainterior

Miles Lewis

Hagia Sophia, Salonika: view of the dome: Miles Lewis

Nea, or Nea Ecclesia, Istanbul, 880: planMUAS 15,447

Nea Ecclesia

Church of Constantine Lips,

Istanbul, c 930

(St Mary Panachrantos -the Immaculate - or

Fenari Isa Cami)

MUAS 15,453

Church of Constantine Lips, modern view Mango, Byzantine Architecture, pl XIV

Church of Constantine Lips, reconstruction view by Megaw

Slobodan Curcic, 'Architectural Significance of Subsidiary Chapels in Middle Byzantine Churches', Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, XXXVI, 2 (May 1977), p 110

Kharie Djami, Istanbul, C11th-14th(St Saviour in the Chora, Kharie Cami)

restored plan; exterior view

Stewart, Early Christian, &c, p 100MUAS 13,780

Kharie Djami (Church of the Saviour in the Chora)original & final plans

Stewart, Early Christian, &c, p 100 ; J E N Hearsey, City of Constantine 324-1453(London 1963), p 100

Kahrie-djami: inner narthex, looking south

Keskin Color, Istanbul, no 123

Kahrie-djami: inner narthex - mosaic vault of the second bay, showing the Virgin blessed by the priests

Keskin Color, Istanbul

the Kahrie-djamiview into the Parekklesion

exterior from the south-east

Keskin Color, Istanbul, no 127Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 187

Byzantine church of cross-in-square plan

Stewart, Early Christian, &c, p 60

Greece

Holy Apostles, Agora, Athens, C10th

Kumbelidiki, Kastoria, ?C12th-13th

Hosios Lukas, Phocis: Katholikon, c 1020,Theotokos, c 1040

Church of the Convent of the Assumption, Daphni, c 1080

Holy Apostles, Agora, Athens, C10thMiles Lewis

Holy Apostles, Athens: the iconostasis. Miles Lewis

Holy Apostles, Athens: view of dome.Miles Lewis

Holy Apostles, Athens: west frontMiles Lewis

Kumbelidiki, Kastoria,

?C12th-13th

from the south-west

Mango, Byzantine Architecture, pl XIII

H Basilios, Kastoria, Macedonia, C11th: view from the north-eastKrautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 133

Hosios Lukas, Phocis: Katholikon of St Luke, c 1020 (left) and Theotokos, c 1040 (right)Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, p 114

Hosios Lukas: isometric sectionKrautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, p 360

Hosios Lukas,the Katholikon

interior detail looking north-west

BB & H Lewis

Katholikon, Hosios Lukas: interior detail & mosaic of the baptismAndré Grabar Byzantium: Byzantine Art in the Middle Ages (London 1966), p 125

Katholikon, Hosios Lukasview of the chancel; detail of the dome and conch

Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, p 115; Grabar, Byzantium, p 64

Katholikon, HosiosLukas

mosaics of St Gregory the

Thaumaturge, and of of two saints

Grabar, Byzantium,pp 49, 29

Katholikon, Hosios Lukas: mosaic of the crucifixion, in the narthex

Lassus, Early Christian and

Byzantine World, p 115

Church of the Convent of the Assumption,

Daphni, c 1080

Hannibal 2/306, 2/302

Daphniinterior looking west; plan

MUAS 15,599Hamilton, Byzantine Architecture,

p 202

Daphni: detail of the Baptism in a squinch: Hannibal 5/302

Daphni: interiors, looking west & east up to the domeMUAS 15, 818; 14,474

Daphni

the domedetail of the Pantocrator

MUAS 15,821Hannibal 2/301

the Balkans

St John the Baptist, Nessebar, Bulgaria

Italy

Sta Fosca, Torcello

S Marco, Venice

St John the Baptist, Nessebar, c 900:view & plan

Velizar Velkov, Nessebur (Sofia 1995), pp 43, 42

Torcello: the Duomo, campanile & Sta FoscaBrian Lewis

Sta Fosca, Torcello: front view & planPru Sanderson; Stewart, Early Christian, &c, p 90

Sta Fosca, Torcello

exterior of the east end

GiandomenicoRomanelli [ed], Venice Art and Architecture (2 vols, Cologne 1997), II, p 56

St Mark's [S Marco], Venice, [c 830] 976, c 1070-3; 1120, 1204; C15thhttp://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/venice-san-marco-pictures/pnice4_120.jpg

Church of the Holy Apostles, Constantinople, 532

as illustrated in an illuminated manuscript

reconstructed plan

Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, frontispiece

E H Swift, Roman Sources of Christian Art(New York 1951), p 47

St Mark's, VeniceMUAS 10,275

Holy ApostlesContantinople

St Mark's

interior looking east

Scala VM1

St Mark's Venice: view at gallery level; plan

MUAS 15,631

St Mark’s

view of domes

http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/venice-san-

marco-pictures/int-ceiling.jpg

S Marco: Genesis domehttp://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/venice-san-marco-pictures/int-genesis-cupola.jpg

the creation mosaicPeter Meyer, Byzantine Mosaics: Torcello, Venice, Monreale, Palermo, Cefalù (New York, c 1952]), pl V

St Mark's, the Creation: detail of the creation of fish and fowlMeyer, Byzantine Mosaics, pl VI

St Mark's, exterior detail of the roofMiles Lewis