BYZANTINES, RUSSIANS & TURKS INTERACT, 500-1500 Chapter 11, Honors

World Civilizations

WHAT THEMES TO LOOK FOR(ESSAY QUESTIONS ON TESTS)

• RELIGIOUS & ETHICAL SYSTEMS: In this chapter, they are most definitely a source of

conflict

• CULTURAL INTERACTION: Focus on how Byzantines affected the Russians, and what

cultural practices influences the Turks

• EMPIRE BUILDING: Violence & assimilation. A familiar story

• GEOGRAPHY: As usual

SECTION 1: BYZANTINE EMPIRE

• A “New Rome”

established in 330-

395

• Constantinople was

the capital

• Carried on traditions

of Western Empire

• Mare Nostrum no

more

• But Wait. Mr. Sitzmann,

please tell me more

about the Roman

Empire.

IF YOU INSIST• From Julius Caesar to Constantine (we’ve already gone over this).

• Terms and Things to know:

• Roman Empire: 0-350, became very large, almost too large

• Where was it? “Mare Nostrum”

• Why did it get so big? “Romanization”

• What problems led to Diocletian’s “Tetrarchy” in 293?

• Constantine, an ambitious Roman General….. In 310……… does what?

• Milvian Bridge vision…. Wow. How does this ultimately create a great

turning point in history?

• In “Constantines Sword”, what are James Carrroll’s insights about

Christianity and Constantine?

• -violence

• -Explosive growth

• -political

OVERVIEW OF ROMAN EMPIRE -> BYZANTINE EMPIRE GEOGRAPHY. ENJOY

NEW ROME, NEW SETTING

• Justinian, beginning in 527, regained much of the

lost Roman Empire, but from the new capital,

Constantinople. (Belisarius helped him a lot)

• To put in in perspective, imagine if we lost New

England to Canadian hordes, moved the capital

from Washington DC to, say, New Orleans, and then

took back New England with our President in a

New capital. It was sort of like that.

• One major change that had happened (driven by

Constantine), was that the Roman Empire was now

a CHRISTIAN empire. Very important.

• Emperors ruled with absolute power.

LIFE IN “NEW ROME”

• Latin language dying….in favor of….

• The Eastern Empire was similar, but in many ways different than the old Roman Empire.

Justinian realized this, and decided to……………….. Come on now…….

• JUSTINIAN CODE!

• Consisted of 4 Works:

• CODE

• DIGEST

• INSTITUTES

• NOVELLAE

• Byzantines also preserved knowledge, and promoted education

• Public Building Program was HUGE, rebuilt Constantinople….

• Fortifications, buildings, churches, you name it.

• The Crowning Glory was the….. ???

HOLY WISDOM!

LIFE IN “NEW ROME”, CONTINUED

• Pace of life was hectic. They can’t mean compared to now, but for their time, it

was. How so? List a few things that made their life hectic. What makes your life

hectic?

• Hippodrome! Fun, but maybe too much fun? Are there modern parallels?

• Watch a chariot race

• Nika Riots. Uh oh.

• Wife Theodora saved him, maybe empire?

HERE’S ANOTHER “THE EMPIRE FALLS” SLIDE

• Sounding very familiar:

• Religious quarrels

• Lack of leadership

• Riots

• Foreign threats

• BUT, there was a new cause……

• PLAGUE of Justinian. What were the statistics??

• The usual attacks from outside peoples also hurt. Who were they?

CHURCH DIVIDES

• We are talking about the Christian Church now.

• Begins in about 357, when St. Basil (wo lived in the Eastern empire) wrote rules for monks.

Remember now that the Bishop of Rome at the time was the leader of the Christian church…. And St.

John Chrysostom became a leader (Patriarch) of the eastern church. They just started developing

their own habits…..

• Icon Controversy. 730, Emperor Leo bans icons. Why??? This is really a test of Emperor authority

over church (we will pick this up much later in European history. Don’t get me started about the Investiture

Controversy of 1122)

• Let’s summarize. This all ends in 1054 with the East-West Schism. The church breaks into 2 over

religious doctrinal matters (and really authority). Book does not explain this at all. Weird.

• Transubstantiation

• Nature of the Holy Spirit / Trinity

• More

• Of course they then competed with each other for converts. Lets LOOK

• Divides into Eastern Orthodox & Roman Catholic

SECTION 2: RUSSIAN EMPIRE

• Russians (Slavs) essentially born from Byzantine and Greek cultural influence

• Know general region where this culture was born (on next slide)

• Russia really began around 800 when Nordic travelers came down from Scandinavia, known as

“Rus”

• Novgorod founded in 862 by Rurik, then Kiev, by Ruriks son Oleg, around 880. (But are they

Russian now?)

• Kiev becomes Orthodox in 989 (so, Christian) with the help of Vladimir I. This is important.

• What does “The Primary Chronicle” say Vladimir did in his search?

• Know Rivers (3)

• Know Black Sea

• Know Baltic Sea

THE RISE & FALL OF KIEV

RISE: Credit Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054)

What did he do?

• Married off sisters and daughters to European powers

for trading alliances

• Created a legal code (sensing a theme here?)

• Built a library!

• Religious life prospered.

FALL: Blame his death

• He divided his realm (should’ve asked Charlemange

about this)

• Crusades disrupted trade

• Then, the biggie……. The…….. ????

MONGOL INVASIONS!• 1237 it all began. We’ll learn more about them in chapter 12, I promise.

• Horse-riding, ferocious warriors

• Their empire at it’s greatest was HUGE

• Batu Khan was their leader, and he destroyed Kiev

• They then ruled the area for 200 years, and it was known as the Khanate of

the Golden Horde

• Allowed Russians to follow

Their customs

• Tolerated religions

• Demanded absolute

Obedience and $$

Russian nobility went along

with the Mongols…

BACK

RUSSIA BREAKS FREE!

• How did this happen? What role did “Grand Prince” Ivan Moneybag

play (Ivan I)?

• What city emerged as the dominant city?

• Who did Ivan strategically invite to move to his city?

• Ivan III then openly challenged Mongol rule…. He took the name

“Czar”, and wanted to make a 3rd Rome…. Wow!

• 1480, at the Ugra River… it was over

• Let’s REVIEW

Ivan III tearing the khan's letter

to pieces, an apocryphal 19th-

century painting byAleksey

Kivshenko.

SECTION 3: TURKISH EMPIRES RISE IN ANATOLIA

• Know the geographical

term “Anatolia”

• Remember the Abbasid

Empire…. Their grip on

political power ends

around 945

RISE OF THE TURKS• This is also a story of Abbasid

decline…

• Know brief history of the “Seljuk”

people

• Chinese recorded information

(1300 BC) about the “Tu-Kiu”

nomads

• Abbasids noticed military skills of

the “Turks”

• “One obedient slave is better than

300 sons…” (mamelukes) [They

later would fight Napoleon!]

• Converted to Islam

• In 1055, conquered Baghdad!

• 1077-1308 “Sultanate of Rum”

TURKS DO SOMETHING SMART• What was it??

• Yes! They integrated Persian

people (vizier) into their kingdom

• They also adopted Persian

learning/culture, including Islam!

• Names and things to know

• Malik Shah (1055-1092)

• Vizier

• Rubaiyat

• Masjid-i-Jame (Great Mosque of Isfahan)

SELJUKS CONFRONT CRUSADERS & MONGOLS

• Know the basics of the Crusade, from the European point of view:

• Urban II, 1095 calls for a Holy War to take back the Holy Land, and help the Eastern

Christians (Alexius). They take back Jerusalem, lasted about 100 years

• 1187, Saladin (vs. King Richard I) won back the city, but agreed to visitation rights

• After more “crusades” from the west, Turks eventually consolidated their hold, but then, ni

1258……….

MONGOL INVASIONS!• 1258 it all began (again) with Hulagu. We’ll learn more about

them in chapter 12, I promise.

• Horse-riding, ferocious warriors; took Baghdad, burned down

the palace, had 10’s of thousands executed.

• Their empire at it’s greatest was HUGE

• And yet, as big as they got, they seemed just as quickly to

disappear into history….

• Out of the rubble of the Mongol invasions rose the Ottoman

(Turks)…… we know that!