Cafes Notables de Buenos Aires. Tomo i 0

8/18/2019 Cafes Notables de Buenos Aires. Tomo i 0

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G>, K> J; @ +>-# @@; I @=K K@: ZD@] I @ >> @ >[;@K A> *@ ; @ I @> @@ (I > @> , 2,00 . K 0,82 .) > O+(:*(:, I I @ K . @ 1935. + @@ @>>K @ @ @ @@ C/(:;. A I@ E B #@@; "/; > =; @L @ @ @> ,@ I@] @ @ > @ I @@ > , > @ ] . @ LL@@ I @@ > Z>[ @ K L.* @ . + @ > @@ $ +> >>K , I , @ @ >. * @ @ *K @@, A>@@ $R, @ , @ NL C>, @ . +I> I K I >>> >@, . +K >= @ @ K @@ .A @ > K @ %K G@LM>L, K@ , @ I(.. I@ >>

@@@ @ = B> $@@: K N @ > > , K $ D> AO@; @ CN K +@ @ > >>.B@ A Y $@); I> @= .+ *(+4) (1) @ >@ > @ + *@ @FK @ *K @. B B [, @@ @ , I @ @] @@, @ @R@ >@L I>> C(( >.

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

>>K @ . + ):, II= @>@, J>K >@, @ I I G B@.@ 1925, I@ EI, @ >, A@@, @ , >@ K , I I I@ @ K> > , I I@ @@' .+ > @ @> I > > @ @ , @ @ @ @.+ B@ = @ B@ A, > @, # C@, " D>>@, P;C(:;, ";, P*/( $ K $> #. *@ @, I I @@, @ @ K>>I > @ I K . K @@ > , @ @ G #L@, @ @ @ @ 93*ML *, IK *>O .A @I @, >IK @ C @ *ML *, # B@$ @ @ . >> = I @=@ @ I K $@> L, $O@ *@ .@ K 1972, A@> *@, =@I@ B), @ @ A@@, > I@, @ . + = .@ @ >> I @ , I @ > : Z+ @=, @, @, # B@ $[.F @ I@I >= @ C *, I @ >> , K 1186 @ @. @ @K @

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@@K, N@ D>, * @ E@ ; $@; @ AK; #@ B @ $B>>; > D L @ _@> . @@, @ @ => = @ K , > @ @ , '', I @ >= IK C' B, @@@ 2442, > K $@K C> @ >M@ GO (1875-1944) > @ . + B>@ *> A @ @ C>@ $@ @ B@ A. H@ *@ H> (1908) @ >@ C 78(1910). + @ >M@ GO, @ I @, @ @ I C , , @ ->K > *@ @ @ @.> DM@, @ @ I C' B = >,>=, @ @ I , *@ CR> @, IK @ @ @K @ @@ N. A@ @>K . A I@, @ J> C>' B, C> C> 2607,

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A@. F@ I *@ @. F >, $, @ I @ C>@@ >. H F. + > @ @ , @ %, I I @ I> =,@ @ @K @ >>@ @ @.@ I 16 K >, @ 1960, I=@ =-I . % @ @ I= @ @ @K K, @> 1980, I@ F@ . F @, > C>M K $@.#> K >>, @ @ @ >. F 7 . $., >>K @ I @, I, I I@, K, @ > >= I @ N *>, , E@ *R,H *> E@ LL@, >@ >K, I , I , @ @K >= .BI@ 1980 @ 1982 C>M K $@ @K =@ @ > @ > @. >, $ $, D Q, # $@, @ C> $@ >, *> *>K, @ . I

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

A@ @ I @> #@ @] I I > Z>[. + @ @ @ @, @ @ >>>K, I> I >, @ I> I>, I>= @.F @, >= D@ * @ @ I>=-.A > *@ > > @ @ , I> I K @I I> I> >= >= I > C(; ( "()(, > ] (1879-1950) I=. I > I@%, 1927 @ K 1937 I@ I >> @ C>R@ A@ @ @ *> E@@@ I >.GK@] @ >@], = = @ , I> K>>I >. + >@ @ @.* @ A4( .A =@ , I> >> *@ +> C, >=@I@ B(:*( + N= @ I, > I@ @ @@ I @ K,@ @ =@ K > > I @>>.

] @ @ = I N*;K @ -: @, I # B @ E@ *M @ >@ @. + I =@ >> @ I E " >>K @ I @ > @>=@ B, I, >> >K =, >>K >K >@; I = , J , I >, @ @@ >.*@ +>] @ >L D] >K >> I=@I I @ I@ . IK.

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

+ @> >>K @>, I I>> = ):, > @@ @ > I @ >. A $; *@>@ >@ @ >, , I @ @@@>, I @ C@ @ @ K 772 I >@ C@; @ I@ % I I@]@@>K. @ 1949, C C@>>, = -,=@ K. H @ @ H@M@ = @. , @>K I, @ >= @ I, = .+ @, I @ =@ >, @ @> , > @ @K >>K @> >,I I I>> @ >= . + @ F@ K> >@, > @ 1913 K @@ FJ @ D@,@ I J@ HR> K@ A@ $K.*@ @ > @ # E@ K> I >=, @ @>K I@I, = ] @] @ > K *@ > E * I *.+ , >>K >, >IK @ , I> K > , K

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100 F$("da Ga(deF:= 899, %?=:

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

@- I @ >. + @- @, K > @ @ >.+ I@ > I > @ >.A@ @ -, > > @ > >>@ @ > I LL@@. + - , I K >. > @ @ K> , @ I@ >@. + > @ LL@@ I @ @ @ >->. @ >>,@@ J@ @ >> @ = >; A C @ $ @ 1995, I @ I@ K BL C, A@@ @, A@ +.+ I, I I K @ @, I , >= @ I, I @ . @ = F> G@ > @I, I =K, , @->, >, >, , , >, @ @ K; @ I I >, @ I F@ @. +C@ @= F+( >IK .

@ @@ , A@ = ( =,, , > @ I ) .+ > * @M@ @ >>, > @A@@ MLL, @L > @@ G>O >E (E G>>K), @ > ; E *ML; > *, D>> LL @ >; @ N@ F@@; *>@, C>C@ G@ @ F> >; ZG[ E F>; F $@>> , K F *, @ C>

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

*@ *. +I @@ >I- @ , @ @ E HR >> D] >.A @L > I J $> B>> : Z+ - @ I > @ I@X[+ *@ @ F@ BRA@ K *@ *.A C, @@ *@ @ K , I @ @ FK, 1997: Z+ GO , I > @ @ >>@[.+ >= @ I > = @ >K@ >>>= . + I>>, @ @ @ , >=, I @ @ : I B @] >K I I@ @ 1935; C, @ >>, @ *@, A CL @ A> DN@, E # @ %>@ #; B], N>L *>], FN@J] @ B>@]@@; +- A@@@ @ @ K @ D @; E@ , GK@

@ A@O> +>; > @ B>L, C@L@, $@ @ F@ B@>; I > J @ ; > CO> A > @ @ F@ F@ B>>; A>> B>=; C> G> I @>;A>] >@ I J>>@ I@ K # . $@, @ >@, , N@ GO , >@ @> A@@ @.F@ , @@ , >K @.+ M< + G(*(, I @> A@@ * @ A@E, @ , I @ @ @@@ + @ , >

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-] @@: Z+ >. + K>. + >. + .+ @I. + K. + @. + @. + @. *. +. + >>. + @. + @=X[+ I@, N@ @ H GO, >K I @@JM;+ @ C((, >> >= @. =I @ >>, I, @ +K, FK @*K, I@ 8 .$. @ 11.$., L . + @> @, I, > >, >@ I@ @ > . + L @ I@, @, =, >@ @ . + >>, I @> >@ > C( N(*( @ 938 C@ *, @ $] @ I] , I > @ K @ 1937I@ I >>. I @> @ 1950, L)(; G( ( M(;: @( .A = >@ C( P(:, @ 1076 A>@ BI@ *, @ #B; @ N:;((: K >K,E@ CO; @ "()(:; > B+ @K >@ A@@ D] ; F>@@ I>=@-=; K G>] @>>@ =>; P(4 P((* GK CL * @ *@ F A@I A@O> +>] @, P*/@ C@> A@@@ >IK; @K>> > > @ >> = , @ @ @>K B@ A. A@> ] =@,@ >= @.+ >> >>] @, @ @ CN GO N ; 4 *> I >. @ , N@ I@ DO G@@ I Z >IK[.+ > I K $ > C, Z >@ @K L@ K[; I:;@ @ EHR > ($@ H> * @), # %@> *>, AR@ F@ >> D (>> D] @ A@) @

K; A+( + G(*( ( G]) K @ E@>>, @ @ @@ I I @ @ - >=, A> # F@M@L, @@ @ > @ @ N@ @ H >K . @] -, @ @ @= , >> @K >.

C(: I > @ I@ I@

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E$ Ga* Ne(A. C:==?> 1669, & !:>

@ @= @ @ @ ;( (1) @ @ , @= C@. G>, @ > C( C;:

(C@ ) K @ , >> Z @ >@[. @ >@ @I @ 12., 1936, I@ I@@ I= > @, I@ E> @ 25 $K *, I @>,K #> $> I H:;@ C;: A= = @ @ @.@ , @ IK >@ K , @, >@ ZB[. @ , > , I@ I@ @ @@>, @ C C@>.

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

>>. + IK I >K @ J>>@ ( D.* #, A> > @ F@ C@, A> A,> $@, @ C> E>@, F>M@ G@LM>L, > *@@@ $> A@> *>M , @ > K K>. + - @ > >= @>@, @ @@ K @K.C@ @ @ I J@ E> G %, I @ @ @ @K @F(K >.

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102 E> G %, K, > @K @ @ @@.

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La G"(a$daA. C:==?> 1453, & !:>

B@ A , C@ , > @ @, >> . =@ L@] >. @ @@@@ @ @ @ [email protected]# @ @ / @ C@ * / >> > / I @ / K @, K > @ K / K > K / K > @. / $ @ LL[, M4/: L( B@ ;( @.+ - >IK @ > @ C@ A@, K @. @ @ J @K:"(; B( A;, $;

C@O >, @ 384 * *, @ @ , >@ @ K 1912, I@ >>@K C@K I >> >. @ I $@> @ F@M@L, @ @= @ *@

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K 1936 @ 1963: Z@ -, >= @ @ >> > > I@ @@ @ >@K J @ K > @ I , @ IK > > @ K>= >-@ @X[+ >, -, I > @ >@ @,@ @ @> @, I > @K :*;@, >IK @ K =@I@ ; J>, @ : >M@ GO, @ @ C>@@ @ @ @@@, @ *@ H>, @ B>@ A@; @@ D@ *>, I @ @@ @+M@ @ @ >@ L @ >; >>@ I> GIL; A> A, I # %@> L; @ HR> K@, I @ I@ @ @ K > : (4;(:; @ A >>. >= $ C>>, $O FN>J, D> > O, G@ @ G@ D, I @ @@ .+ > , @ @ C>>, I @ N $O $@ * @ A@, I I @@> 1963.+ P; @I, @ , @ L , I K @ .@ , @ *K, - I > 2 A.$., @ > @@ @. @*@K, @@ > I I @ @ K @, I > @ @ >, > I J@ I-, >, > - @ @L I>>-> > = >] > , @ @ -@ > . F J>: L: */*: ** (C>@ I) I# *@@; E=;( @ A>@ = > @ I $@@ I @, "( K *@ C> *.>, I ";, @ D M @ L(: $;(:,I + $ @ B@ A] -. */4+ ,P(: @ D @.> @ )-@ @K.A @ K => . +I I@, I > I

@ @ , . + > >G@>] @ I@ . A > = > ;(>>.@ , > K , @ >- > .@ @ , J(;;+( @. +I K@ @. JA;;+( I @ H(@ /-I@I > : Z@ B@ A, > ,> [.

Ld C"*A. : 599, :?>==?

Z+ > ] >=- C> #RL-W >> ? I #@@ T * @ @; I @ .WD $@ > ? #RL =

@> K @ > C>. I@] > @.[ (1) >= @ @ CML] , @= @@. J.$. #@@ CK C-, Z > >@[ @ I >> = @ @ > , @@@. A@ @ >K >.+ @ @ , @ A@ $K, @@ I I@@, = >> @K @ @ >>,I >J, > I>> @ >@ I@ I@ @ @ @.

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

(1) > CML, L: P4:, *@ E>, B@ A, F

E@, %, 1960.

M"(a%a( &= 1190, & C=>?

*@ CR> @, > I $@@, *@ @ A@ =@. @ 2021 *@ @@, >@ *@ A@ H>, >> >= .* IK, @ *@ @ A@ @ *@O * - >> >@ @@@ C@K. @ @ >, @ $ @ @. BK 1999 *@@ A@, I @ = @ , I@I >= @ @, @ I I >> > @@@@ :(:(=+ , @ @ @ @ > + A, = @@ *@. BK 1190/94 *@O * @ @ @ @. @ @ @ @@, @

@ @>K .BI@ 1920 @ 1948 C. D>> C -, >@ I IC> G>, F@ C@ I > 50 . IK, @ *@ @*, @ @ G, > @.@ 1948, >@ - @ @, $ @, I > Z= @ @=@ [. @I $@> . + @ I @ @@ K A> @ @ F@@, > @.+ #> K B@ A, L @ I @ G(+, C(( (+ G* I@ K K, @ 1998.

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

I > > @, @ *@ > C@. $, @> > @ >> >K.

Caf0 N)*a$"a&:= 3599, %:?

+ C@> DOL, *>, H@, $ B, DOL @ @@@ @ H@ *. + ;(: (1) > . % >, @ 3784 H@ *, E C(1883-1912) >.H =@I@ = M:(: H: @ L( *(* + )( I

@K > =, > @,> @@ >, @ -] . + K @ @> >K.A @ *> @ C@> DOL *, @ 3599 *> *, %> . @ > >@I @ >>, @ K . *>> @ @@. *>>.@ -I>= J @ > I > @ @ K>>I, @ > I= @ @ @ , @ @K >. A>I @ @ I > >.

+ @ @@ >, @ @>. + @ I I @ @ @ @ I@I@ .+I I@I, I I@ @K, @ @ *> * @ @ C@> OL *, @> > >> >>. +I@ @> > @ I@ >. + "/; K @ , > @ I,@ K I >. + > @, K, I > K@ @. $@K I>>, J> B: + ( M@ $; D@; > C-C> >K; C;; C> @ K EIH, @ . + I I>>, @ >> I > [email protected] > >> @ @J >@ I , @ >K.B@ @, I>> I > @ I > >, BO @ %; @K I=; > "( M((, =,@, :=( ( J >= @ . + > > K>>I. %> @ K K, J @*@K, 8 A. $. @. A K, @ @ @ @I >> @@ I > > *:.$. BOL > @N @ - @D, 1992. >K @. H @ F@@ @ E@@ $O F>@ > . BOL >> @ > @ K, LL, I @ I @-], @ @ 1987 - %> @. + I@I $. H C, I @ > @ >K @>> G>> . BOL = I@ -.A K@ >K I K @ >> > @ -I>=. A@> > @ , @ @ @ >= @ I >> >.

F>@, I@] , I=@ I. * = I >= @ = @ K.+ =@ @ @. + > @ K, K @ I > >, K @ K I K @.+ @ *> @ C@> DOL * > @, @ >@ -.*@ , K@ >> . @ I@ K, = >@.D@ K > @ I C> GO] @ @ +-I>= I *@ F A@. +K I @ @ @ I@ > >@ I >.A 92, @ , > C@> DOL * @ @H@ *] >.+ I@ @ K > K *> *. + > @ K.Z+I I @@![.

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$ @> @ @ B@ A, I @ @ 1889, I@ @@ @ @I > I> @ A> 14 K. BK , @ I >@ I N $>>@] I@ = @ @@. @

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

@> @ I@I .A @ >, @ @. +K I@ > (((;(: (1). @ + @, @ > 4(: (2)@ @] @. E C>K @. N$@, I >> @ @ > Z > K[, @ C>B@OL @ I +. C/ @ . $ @ . +K >=@ $] >@, >= A@> >, G>] , I > +G>> * @ *@ *.; $@ I = #LM> @ D *; @@ % > @ @ @ .$O@ C, L: +: =(;:; @ @, I I= =>K C> % C @ @. + @ CO@ * @ % C @ @ +>> *I @ , *ML, "; + M(;(+:($] >>); E #; A> C>>, @ @@ @ K B@ A; >L, @ @;

@@ I @ I G@ DOL, @ IK @ 40@ 48 I I@ @ @ C C@>. N $@@ @ K@ G> @ K>>I@ C@K, @ >> (:/ ( I@ .@ @ , : Z@ /@ K @ @ =@ / I @ @ Z4([ / KI =@ @ @. / -. / + >-J >IK @,/ I > @ / I@ @ / >K@ I @/> @ > ; K E> *@ @ > >> . @ *@K $] = = > , I@ @ A@@@ > @ @.A K @@@ K > > - @ @ 63. , M4/: L( B> @ J. / C@X / $ >!+ . +I @ @ @ . @ @>= K . $, (@ @ K.

(1) A((;(:: A > >>K I K Z[.(2) M(:: A@@@ @ @ @.

La Pe($aA. D: #=: : 1899, L B:

Z+ @ @K @@ @@@, Z# >[, @ = @ , @ *ML @ % * I - I @: @. @ I >> L( M((, I >@ G@ER I AO@ B @ N C@ >K . A L(P@ G=, I >> J I F@ C@, >K >@, *> C>K @, @ @ #, >K @, K @] @ . $ IK E @( , @ 275 *ML *, "+- I . + - I > =@I@ L(: F: I F >K @.A @ BI@ @ @L@ *, I @ @ @ \], >=

> # B @@ , >@ >> L( C(4(, >K@ K = P(; (= P(; I @ @ # B @$K 25, 1901), F@ Q @ @ K @. + > @ @ - @ # B, I G()(+, @ *ML @ C * (K > >> >), I,@ 1911, K @, A@> >>> @. @ K, E A>, Z @] [ >K - II L( ", > @ # B, C(4;, Q, >K @ >O @ *.A@ - @ # B I K @ A@>= >K, C>@ $, I I @ @ %I >@. H - I>> "/ D M(@ BI@ *. > @@@ @K, = #@@, E@ ]%>> @ @ $@> . BK K I @=@I@ >. C>@], @ 1927, @=] K @.

* - I >K @K > . +K : C(;, I @> \], @ *ML@ $@L *; ;( @ 1043 BI@ *; 4( @ >O @ BI@ *; O; @ >O @> C *, I >>@ @ ; D(; @>O *; >> - I = > >> >, > @ % @ B@@ *; M(;4@ 1145 % *; $*;( @ *ML @ $@ B@; L(B


106/120

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

*@ = I @@.+I F@ @ @> I.+ @ A> #L @ @ 1973. H > K, @ A4( M(, K D@> @, I A>G@LM>L @ > E @ , I >.+ > > A> #. >; DN@ $@; $ =; C> *; @ R> $R, B>C@, H @ %N E. M@; > > C.@; @ O @ $OC@R@ CN, @ I @ # >.H, @ @ L, > , I >= @@ > >=. @ *K @, A@] @ @ @ @ .A -I>= @, I@, @ @ @ 2 J 4 K, I K.@ @, # >] I@K > I>> K.A>> > >@ I>> >> # B] .

Pe*"* C$L=? 505, & !:>

@ 1890, #>> = >@, I @ IK I @ ")K =) , = >.@ @ I @ 500 #] >=, K @@ J> @ > B@ A.

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A >> I@ - I @L > > >,@ @ @, @ @, > @. + @> @ @@ -@ @ I, @ -, >J >@.A I @ I @ >= @ @ @ @ ,=@ I I> I @@ @ > K.+ > > K @: C>R@+; >=I @ @ >@, I , 1892, I@ C>R@ I >> @ @ >L $K, @ @> , I @ B .+ > @ @L J I > , @>= >@ @ @@ > = > @K. A @ >,@ @K >@ > @@ @ > , I>@ @ . A @@ >, > #*E, I I@ @, @ =. *K @, @I L @ I@ I @ . AO, @ = E B @> @>K

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

>L H>, I @ J@ 90 K, @ @ I @ @ @ P(( G . + @ J>>@ >K =@ L( B(::; >@K I@ >> >@. @ @ >> K 1025 F> *, >L B.>L B > @= @ I@> . + ):, > K >@, @@ @ @@ I @ @, >@@ @ K > >, G@ >, >@ @ > @ @ >@ ( >= >> @ K >] I@ I=) @ K >>, I @ @ > IK @ > K: Z@ K > K @ I K I@[.+ +@> @ , #-, @ >@ . A>> I@ @ K> @ J K H@ >K, M;*:;, C/)( P(;(:. + > @=> .

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A@ @ >=, @ > @K@ @ I@ @ @ @ * + >= >> J @ K @B K G>, *@, K @ G *.[

@ 2135 *@ *, B >K > 1901 1914. I I > # @> >], G B]I= @ "/) @ >.@ @, E> >K @.ZF , B@ A @ J >, @= @> I @ [.

E$ P((e)A. :?> 1700, B==>

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@ K 1887, F $@> C@ = >. B@ A I 433.375 @@, I 204.734 I A@@@ @228.651 @. F >, 138.166 I >@ @ 39.562 *@

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

> I. + ): I @ I>>, @ > @ @ I @ >@ >J @.+ @-> > = @ @ -,@ I@ >= >> K @ I @> > @ @.A I@ >@ >> @ I. + @, I , @ @ I .*@ @@ >- @ I> I>> >@ J > >>.@ @ @ @ , @>K @ >, I K @ B(: ; > B @ P(@(P*; P PK 180 => >K >. + > @@, = @ .A G>, I @ @@ @ @->; >@; $ I, @ > I K> @ >@, > @. + , I>> @@, K.A> >K >, >@ I >= @ @, =K @ > @I, @ I >= ,

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E " (+ @@>) I > > @KX >> @@ I@ @O @- - I I> @ GIL-, @ I $> K@,X, @@ @ @ @> K @>, I @U ; K I X[(1).

@ 302 T *, @ $@ *, @ $@@, >@K E> @O - >. I >@ >@ @ GK I> @ A>@ GL $M>, 1583 B@ A @ @@.@ K, E:*@ G@R@ > @ B@ A (G@@ B@A @) J K 1860, I@ B@ A I @ >K K.@ 1920, > @ T @ $@ * I @ I @ @ B @O. A @ HR> K@ @ J@> >> @ @K %@] *K > @ G@, I > ZK @@ , @ E> > I > > @@L( P:(.+ "/; @ , ): @ @ >= I I>@@ @ I K >@ >@, >=@, I @ .+ ] 300 .@ @ B@ A]%@> *> @ *> A, E@@ @ EJ

*@.+ @ @ @ = > I>>>IK K @ , C> $N@L$, $@> BK, F@ B> +(> ,#@L G>. #> K >> Z@> LL[, => @, K> > *ML B, I@ , > @@ .$@K > @ >>K I I@ I L. H I >@ @, I, I@ I > @, > I@, A@>, >> @ > @@ @I.+ I@ K K >I>K K =>K. BK @ @K@ I =. @O >. @ 1980 >@ @. + >>, I > >>K, I %@ N@ DO > , @ 1912, @ L K> >.+ I > =. F@>K, @@@ C4: P4(; (( ( P:=(* + '(: H:;*(: (@@C@ @ H> A),I $@>

@@@] >, = ):, @- @ @ @ 1979.@ T> A>@O@ @ = @ @ .+ @ I >>I@: I> @ C@ G@ B@ A %@> > >> @ @ >. +@ K @ = >, >@ @ > @ R@ C>>@, @ I@ @ @ @ @ @@ @ @ > =, @@@> @ @.

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(1) E@ *M. A;: + . *J B> 1998.

Ba( SeddD> 695, :?>==?

F 1822 1849, 25 $K * I >> D> F, *@ C, AL@ 25 $K, > I @ $K >> @ 1888 I @ @@. @>K >= >@ @ @ K@ @ *@ %>M .25 $K *. @ @ *., I > I $@ @ @ CR A. *@ %>@ .+ >>>K =@I@ E )( >I K @ = K >>K A@, > (@IK >> A>A.) @ >, , @ @@@ > @. B @ , @ @> 1980, @ @ > @B@ A I > @ 25 $K *.B K >, @ >, , >> > @ @ @ > =@I@ " @". + @I I>=I > K > @ >> > @@ @ "/B; B( , "44@: B( , @ "/ O*(, I I@ I I@ @>K @ @ @=.B , I>> =@I@ , @ @K @

> >=, 700]. @ @ @ 758 25 $K *., E "( @ >>K >L @ @P @@ I @ @ A 1963. IK >@ @ > I @ 778, @@ A@*=> @ , I @ >],@] @ >@] J @ > @@ I >: &: (+ "/ L(:; I @ . A@] > L(: ": B(: I > @ K >@>K @= I> K >K I>.

@ 1980 I@ K > I@ >> @>, 25 $K *. @ K>. + K *@ B r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

@>>K @.@ I K, *@ > @ @ @@ > @ @ @ B@ A.

Ba( S+( E>?:> :> 299, & ':

299 E @ *. + @] , >@ I @ @ B> *. + L = >>I@ = IK @ E @*.@ 1967, B * @ @ @ *@ +> @ @ E @ @ B> *. + ] : Z+ @ @ * E B@ A] @@ K @ GK @ 1580[.B * F@ K> >@ I > @ K 1910

K H. @ C. *.* @ I@ @> L ;( +< +:((L@ I @ I@I =@, .+I >@@ >@= . + . + > > >= @ I. + I@ > @ @@ K. $@K , @ @ F@ C@, @ II@, @ G> @ @ @ I@ , $@@, I I K $MJ L, I @ >@ @ , > I >> I @ ,

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

@ Q @K.+ @@ A@ I I> J@ >L $K E@O *, @ >= I@ * (K HR>

K@) @ A@ I L K @@ >I@ 1583, K 1884. A@ $K] K I @.+ IK, +@ > @ >=@ @ @I [email protected]>, @K@@ >@ K, @ I I #>@, K >@ C>, @ @ A@@ F>K,K *@ $O@ >, C@>>K] .@ 1893, K A@] > @@, +@ I @I @ >K. + I , @ 825 @ 829, @ > 4-:/( , , >=, , @ I @ @@@ @-; > /; */*(; 4 >;/ >;/ */> > @ */K, @ K @@ > @K @.+@] @I I@, F@ @ , C>@ C, >@ I >> @ >= , >= A@> F@, @I [email protected] > > @ @ , @ @ >, J@ @@ @ >@, I >> @F@ K> >@. @ >, +@ @@> AK @I.@ , > -I>= I >@- I@ I @ @.+ @ >@ >>, >= @ A@, @ >> @ >= @ A@: A>@@ *@ (IK +K $O >@N @); C:( "4, #K-H>> @, I I@ F GO #, @ @K , @ >> . > @.+ ): @ I >. + @ = @ I@ @ > > >K I , I @ @> = @ > @ @ >@ I @ . $ @ @ @@,

@@ @ I@ K , N #$@ B>N, FN>J B>, A@ $O $@>, > CN@, @>, C> +>>@, * > * I@ @ @ @K >@ J I@ @ >>] >@.+ B+(, > @ @ > > (@ @ @ @. F ,A>@, @ > L( =((: ;) (@ I>> >). I @ > I Q +@ = > I@ 1926 @ 1943; C: Z @ J I > X[. B@; GM@ E>L>; B@ @> $O@, A K, E@ . ; A> @ GR@ +>R@ I ZL( P([] $@ @ $K, 25, 1926. + *@ I F GO *@L;@ D F>, I @ @K @ I I@; @ T> G@LM>L +QR@ @ F@ # B@ML I @K @ I @ @.A@ @ @ L( P(, I @@ B>

F@M@L $@ (I > $ C( "; (> CN+@), A>@@ *@, $> +. >, C> G> (I @M( ( M( @>>), F GO #, @B@@, A @@, A C, %>M >, C> > T, CN +, K G, # @>>, B*@@@, CR , > $, CM> C>>,> C, E@ G, $> > , > *>, T>*>@ OL, C@ %>N J>, #> $>, E>, @ N *L >>K, #> $, #O C> E@@ @@ C@>> C@>>.

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12 de c*+b(eB@> 331, A=:

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@ E@ B, .+ >@ >> > @; @-, @I I; > @ >> >, I@ >> I I . A@ , > @ $:*;; @ ": PC;; @ B:; M; C K>-> B+, I> > I@- @ > I@ > I>> I >, @@@. A >@ @ I >@-

@ @ I @>K. A >@ @ @K @@@, @ @.+ @ >K @ E )*/ + );, @ @ I>>. + , $@, > =@I@ P G>.+ = > @ > J] . + >K@@. A@ > , C> $> C@, >> , I> K@ > I I@: Z] @ @ @ I @. A@ >. %I ] K J. C>>![. C> @@ @ : Z@+K @ FK @ @@. > @, ,@ @ , >=> @ C> D F> @G $ F>T; ;( @ $ B; @ K I >$@, @ @ I @ K I>>, I I >[.] @ @ @ @ , - @, @ @>K : , @@ @ > > I (4;: ;(; , @ @ >> K E@ B>O@ *@, @ F(* > = I >>

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