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wØZxq msL¨v cÂg el© AMÖnvqY-†cŠl 1415, wW‡m¤^i 2008 ISSN 1991-6655

cÂg el© wØZxq msL¨v AMÖnvqY-†cŠl 1415, wW‡m¤^i 2008bafed.net/pdf/BDec8.pdf · and Shafiul Alam.Published by Nazmul Haq, ... Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U© wØZxq fvlv I

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Page 1: cÂg el© wØZxq msL¨v AMÖnvqY-†cŠl 1415, wW‡m¤^i 2008bafed.net/pdf/BDec8.pdf · and Shafiul Alam.Published by Nazmul Haq, ... Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U© wØZxq fvlv I

wØZxq msL¨vcÂg el© AMÖnvqY-†cŠl 1415, wW‡m¤^i 2008

ISSN 1991-6655

Page 2: cÂg el© wØZxq msL¨v AMÖnvqY-†cŠl 1415, wW‡m¤^i 2008bafed.net/pdf/BDec8.pdf · and Shafiul Alam.Published by Nazmul Haq, ... Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U© wØZxq fvlv I

cÂg el©

Dc‡`óv m¤úv`K

m¤úv`KAvey nvwg` jwZd

wbe©vnx m¤úv`KkwdDj Avjg

gbRyi Avng`

wØZxq msL¨v AMÖnvqY-†cŠl 1415, wW‡m¤^i 2008

Page 3: cÂg el© wØZxq msL¨v AMÖnvqY-†cŠl 1415, wW‡m¤^i 2008bafed.net/pdf/BDec8.pdf · and Shafiul Alam.Published by Nazmul Haq, ... Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U© wØZxq fvlv I

cÂg el©

Dc‡`óv m¤úv`K

m¤úv`KAvey nvwg` jwZd

wbe©vnx m¤úv`KkwdDj Avjg

gbRyi Avng`

wØZxq msL¨v AMÖnvqY-†cŠl 1415, wW‡m¤^i 2008

Page 4: cÂg el© wØZxq msL¨v AMÖnvqY-†cŠl 1415, wW‡m¤^i 2008bafed.net/pdf/BDec8.pdf · and Shafiul Alam.Published by Nazmul Haq, ... Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U© wØZxq fvlv I

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKxBD‡b‡¯‹vi mn‡hvwMZvq ev‡dW I weBD-AvBBwW-Gi †hŠ_ cÖKvkbv

Bangladesh Shikkha Samoiki (Bangla Periodical), year-5, number-2, December 2008 edited by Abu Hamid Latif and Shafiul Alam.Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, BAFED, on behalf of Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development (BAFED) and BRAC University Institute of Educational Development (BU-IED),278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka 1205. Phone: 9668593, E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.bafed.org

Printed by Arka, 6/11 Eastern Plaza, Hatirpool, Dhaka-1205, Phone: 9661129.

Price Tk. 100.00 US$ 5.00

Dc‡`óv m¤úv`K : m¤úv`K : Avey nvwg` jwZdwbe©vnx m¤úv`K : kwdDj Avjgm`m¨ : ggZvR Rvnvb

k¨vgjx AvKei we‡eKvb›` nvIjv`vi

cÖ”Q`Aveyj gbmyi

gbRyi Avng`

m¤úv`Kxq cwil`

m¤úv`Kxq

Lye ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB AvšÍR©vwZK fvlv wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwRi ¸iæZ¡ w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| Avgv‡`i wkÿve¨e¯’v, cÖkvmb I Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡ÎI bZzb K‡i G fvlv †kLvi I e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv bZzbfv‡e Abyf‚Z n‡”Q| wKš‘ ev¯Íe‡ÿÎ †`Lv hv‡”Q bvbvgyLx D‡`¨vM I eûgyLx †Póv m‡Ë¡I Bs‡iwR wkÿvi ¸YMZgvb Avgv‡`i wkÿv_x©iv †hgb Avkvbyiƒc AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv, †Zgwb Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡ÎI G fvlvi e¨envwiK Kvw•ÿZ ̀ ÿZv evo‡Q bv| Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡q wKÛviMv‡U©b ̄ ‹zj cªwZôvmn kni I bM‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q eû Bs‡iwR gva¨g we`¨vjq| cÖvq Aa©kZ †emiKvwi wek¦we`¨vj‡q Bs‡iwR PP©v‡K mywbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Ges evRvi Pvwn`vi w`‡K ̀ „wó †i‡L evsjv welqwU‡K cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z †`Iqv nq wb| evsjv‡`‡ki Gme wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjv weewR©Z n‡jI Bs‡iwR fvlvi †Zgb DbœwZ N‡U‡Q e‡j g‡b nq bv| †`o ̀ k‡Ki †ewk mgq Av‡M †_‡K GUv ejv nw”Qj †hÑ 1972 mv‡ji ci Bs‡iwR fvlv‡K AeÁv I Ae‡njv Kivi d‡j mgMÖ evOvwj RvwZi wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î ̀ y`©kv N‡U‡Q, wkÿvi gvb wbgœgyLx n‡q‡Q| A_P 1974 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ̄ ^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g wkÿv KwgkbÑ Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U© wØZxq fvlv I AvšÍR©vwZK fvlv wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwR †kLvi Ici h‡_ó ̧ iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ †mw`‡K KviI ̀ „wó bv c‡o †ivlUv cwZZ nj evsjvfvlvi Ici| Gi g‡a¨ mgq A‡bK e‡q †M‡Q| G‡`‡k cÖv_wgK ̄ Íi †_‡K GgbKx cÖ_g †kªYx †_‡K wkÿv_x©‡`i Bs‡iwR †kLv‡bvi cvV I c×wZ cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjvfvlv †kLvi cÖwZ evOvwji AvMÖn Ggwb‡ZB K‡g G‡m‡Q| evsjv gva¨‡g cov‡kvbv KivUv GLb mvgvwRK gh©v`vqI A‡bKUv wb‡P †b‡g G‡m‡Q| Bs‡iwR bv-†kLvi ̀ vq †_‡K evsjvfvlv cÖxwZ A‡bKUv wZ‡ivwnZ n‡jI evsjvfvlvi wbR¯^ Ae¯’vbUv evsjv‡`‡k Kx ch©v‡q †Kvb ai‡bi D‡cÿv I wek„•Lj Ae¯’vq DcbxZ n‡q‡Q ZvI Avevi bZzb K‡i fveevi mgq G‡m‡Q|

1948 mvj †_‡K evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwe, 1952 mv‡j evOvwji fvlv Av‡›`vjb Ges GB fvlvwfwËK RvZxq Av‡›`vj‡bi dmj 1971 Gi gyw³hy× I ̄ ^vaxbZvi my`xN© c_cwiµgvi ci AvR bZzb K‡i Avgv‡`i fve‡Z n‡”Q evsjvfvlv cwiw¯’wZi K_v| cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii cvV¨cy¯Í‡K evsjv evbv‡bi mgZv weav‡bi Rb¨ 1988 mv‡j RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© †h D‡`¨vM †bq I cieZx© mg‡q evsjv GKv‡Wgx †h bxwZgvjv cÖYqb K‡i Zv‡Z Avkv Kiv wM‡qwQj Avgv‡`i cvV¨cy¯ÍK, msev` gva¨g Z_v evsjvfvlv e¨enviKvix‡`i g‡a¨ evbv‡bi GKUv k„•Ljv‡eva RvMÖZ n‡e| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hv‡”Q evsjvfvlvi cÖwZ Ag‡bv‡hvM, fvlvi ï×vïw×i cÖwZ AeÁv I fvlv e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î h‡_”QvPvi †e‡o P‡j‡Q| cÖwgZ evsjvi e¨envi‡KI †KD †KD mvs¯‹…wZK I †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgv‡iLvq †U‡b, ivRbxwZi wg‡kj NwU‡q evsjvfvlvi my›`i, me©RbMÖvn¨ cÖwgZ iƒc‡K †f‡O AvÂwjK iƒ‡ci cÖvavb¨ w`‡Z Pv‡”Qb| m„Rbkxj evsjvfvlvq cwieZ©b Avm‡e ¯^vfvweK, wKš‘ Zvi A_© G bq Gi h‡_”QvPvi NU‡e|

cÂv‡ki `k‡K Aveyj gbmyi Avng` cvK evsjvi KvjPvi MÖ‡š’ evsjvfvlvi g~jiƒc‡K e„nËi gqgbwms‡ni AvÂwjK fvlvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| H mg‡q evsjvfvlvq cvV¨cy¯ÍK iPbvi cw_K…r wcÖwÝcvj Aveyj Kv‡mg evsjv evbv‡b GKUv wbR¯^ ixwZ Z_v GK ai‡bi AwfbeZ¡ Avbvi cÖqvm †c‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ Ime †Póv mdj nq wb| Ab¨w`‡K 1952-i fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ¯^xK…wZ

Page 5: cÂg el© wØZxq msL¨v AMÖnvqY-†cŠl 1415, wW‡m¤^i 2008bafed.net/pdf/BDec8.pdf · and Shafiul Alam.Published by Nazmul Haq, ... Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U© wØZxq fvlv I

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKxBD‡b‡¯‹vi mn‡hvwMZvq ev‡dW I weBD-AvBBwW-Gi †hŠ_ cÖKvkbv

Bangladesh Shikkha Samoiki (Bangla Periodical), year-5, number-2, December 2008 edited by Abu Hamid Latif and Shafiul Alam.Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, BAFED, on behalf of Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development (BAFED) and BRAC University Institute of Educational Development (BU-IED),278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka 1205. Phone: 9668593, E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.bafed.org

Printed by Arka, 6/11 Eastern Plaza, Hatirpool, Dhaka-1205, Phone: 9661129.

Price Tk. 100.00 US$ 5.00

Dc‡`óv m¤úv`K : m¤úv`K : Avey nvwg` jwZdwbe©vnx m¤úv`K : kwdDj Avjgm`m¨ : ggZvR Rvnvb

k¨vgjx AvKei we‡eKvb›` nvIjv`vi

cÖ”Q`Aveyj gbmyi

gbRyi Avng`

m¤úv`Kxq cwil`

m¤úv`Kxq

Lye ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB AvšÍR©vwZK fvlv wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwRi ¸iæZ¡ w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| Avgv‡`i wkÿve¨e¯’v, cÖkvmb I Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡ÎI bZzb K‡i G fvlv †kLvi I e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv bZzbfv‡e Abyf‚Z n‡”Q| wKš‘ ev¯Íe‡ÿÎ †`Lv hv‡”Q bvbvgyLx D‡`¨vM I eûgyLx †Póv m‡Ë¡I Bs‡iwR wkÿvi ¸YMZgvb Avgv‡`i wkÿv_x©iv †hgb Avkvbyiƒc AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv, †Zgwb Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡ÎI G fvlvi e¨envwiK Kvw•ÿZ ̀ ÿZv evo‡Q bv| Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡q wKÛviMv‡U©b ̄ ‹zj cªwZôvmn kni I bM‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q eû Bs‡iwR gva¨g we`¨vjq| cÖvq Aa©kZ †emiKvwi wek¦we`¨vj‡q Bs‡iwR PP©v‡K mywbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Ges evRvi Pvwn`vi w`‡K ̀ „wó †i‡L evsjv welqwU‡K cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z †`Iqv nq wb| evsjv‡`‡ki Gme wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjv weewR©Z n‡jI Bs‡iwR fvlvi †Zgb DbœwZ N‡U‡Q e‡j g‡b nq bv| †`o ̀ k‡Ki †ewk mgq Av‡M †_‡K GUv ejv nw”Qj †hÑ 1972 mv‡ji ci Bs‡iwR fvlv‡K AeÁv I Ae‡njv Kivi d‡j mgMÖ evOvwj RvwZi wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î ̀ y`©kv N‡U‡Q, wkÿvi gvb wbgœgyLx n‡q‡Q| A_P 1974 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ̄ ^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g wkÿv KwgkbÑ Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U© wØZxq fvlv I AvšÍR©vwZK fvlv wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwR †kLvi Ici h‡_ó ̧ iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ †mw`‡K KviI ̀ „wó bv c‡o †ivlUv cwZZ nj evsjvfvlvi Ici| Gi g‡a¨ mgq A‡bK e‡q †M‡Q| G‡`‡k cÖv_wgK ̄ Íi †_‡K GgbKx cÖ_g †kªYx †_‡K wkÿv_x©‡`i Bs‡iwR †kLv‡bvi cvV I c×wZ cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjvfvlv †kLvi cÖwZ evOvwji AvMÖn Ggwb‡ZB K‡g G‡m‡Q| evsjv gva¨‡g cov‡kvbv KivUv GLb mvgvwRK gh©v`vqI A‡bKUv wb‡P †b‡g G‡m‡Q| Bs‡iwR bv-†kLvi ̀ vq †_‡K evsjvfvlv cÖxwZ A‡bKUv wZ‡ivwnZ n‡jI evsjvfvlvi wbR¯^ Ae¯’vbUv evsjv‡`‡k Kx ch©v‡q †Kvb ai‡bi D‡cÿv I wek„•Lj Ae¯’vq DcbxZ n‡q‡Q ZvI Avevi bZzb K‡i fveevi mgq G‡m‡Q|

1948 mvj †_‡K evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwe, 1952 mv‡j evOvwji fvlv Av‡›`vjb Ges GB fvlvwfwËK RvZxq Av‡›`vj‡bi dmj 1971 Gi gyw³hy× I ̄ ^vaxbZvi my`xN© c_cwiµgvi ci AvR bZzb K‡i Avgv‡`i fve‡Z n‡”Q evsjvfvlv cwiw¯’wZi K_v| cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii cvV¨cy¯Í‡K evsjv evbv‡bi mgZv weav‡bi Rb¨ 1988 mv‡j RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© †h D‡`¨vM †bq I cieZx© mg‡q evsjv GKv‡Wgx †h bxwZgvjv cÖYqb K‡i Zv‡Z Avkv Kiv wM‡qwQj Avgv‡`i cvV¨cy¯ÍK, msev` gva¨g Z_v evsjvfvlv e¨enviKvix‡`i g‡a¨ evbv‡bi GKUv k„•Ljv‡eva RvMÖZ n‡e| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hv‡”Q evsjvfvlvi cÖwZ Ag‡bv‡hvM, fvlvi ï×vïw×i cÖwZ AeÁv I fvlv e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î h‡_”QvPvi †e‡o P‡j‡Q| cÖwgZ evsjvi e¨envi‡KI †KD †KD mvs¯‹…wZK I †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgv‡iLvq †U‡b, ivRbxwZi wg‡kj NwU‡q evsjvfvlvi my›`i, me©RbMÖvn¨ cÖwgZ iƒc‡K †f‡O AvÂwjK iƒ‡ci cÖvavb¨ w`‡Z Pv‡”Qb| m„Rbkxj evsjvfvlvq cwieZ©b Avm‡e ¯^vfvweK, wKš‘ Zvi A_© G bq Gi h‡_”QvPvi NU‡e|

cÂv‡ki `k‡K Aveyj gbmyi Avng` cvK evsjvi KvjPvi MÖ‡š’ evsjvfvlvi g~jiƒc‡K e„nËi gqgbwms‡ni AvÂwjK fvlvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| H mg‡q evsjvfvlvq cvV¨cy¯ÍK iPbvi cw_K…r wcÖwÝcvj Aveyj Kv‡mg evsjv evbv‡b GKUv wbR¯^ ixwZ Z_v GK ai‡bi AwfbeZ¡ Avbvi cÖqvm †c‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ Ime †Póv mdj nq wb| Ab¨w`‡K 1952-i fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ¯^xK…wZ

Page 6: cÂg el© wØZxq msL¨v AMÖnvqY-†cŠl 1415, wW‡m¤^i 2008bafed.net/pdf/BDec8.pdf · and Shafiul Alam.Published by Nazmul Haq, ... Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U© wØZxq fvlv I

evsjv‡`‡ki fvlv-cwiw¯’wZAvwbmy¾vgvb

7 - 15

cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x©‡`i wkLb g~j¨vq‡b 2007 mv‡j AbywôZ mgvcbx cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ ch©v‡jvPbv

k¨vgjx AvKei, DËg Kzgvi ai, Rwniæj gwjøK17 - 30

wkÿvi ms¯‹vi I ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ wkÿvggZvR jwZd

31 - 37

cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡b GKwU bZzb c`‡ÿc: jvwb©s c¨v‡KR

gvgybyi ikx`, w`jiæev myjZvbv, †gvnv¤§` Zv‡iK ingvb39 - 50

evsjv‡`‡k gvbm¤§Z MwYZ wkÿv ms¯‹…wZi DbœqbAa¨vcK G.G.†K.Gg. jyrdz¾vgvb, wbqvR gvL`yg gynv¤§`

G.Gm.Gg. †ZŠwn`yj nvmvb51 - 60

MÖš’v‡jvPbvwkÿve¨e¯’v I cixÿv c×wZ wel‡q GKwU AbymwÜrmy Dc‡hvMx MÖš’

kwdDj Avjg61 - 63

†c‡q‡Q evsjvfvlvÑ AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv w`em wn‡m‡e 21†k †deªæqvwi‡K ̄ ^xK…wZ`v‡bi ci| G‡Z evsjv fvlvfvlx G †`‡ki gvby‡li `vwqZ¡ AviI †e‡o‡Q| G‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ fvlvfvlx RvwZ‡Mvôxi fvlvi AwaKvi I Zv‡`i wbR wbR fvlv‡K jvj‡bi ̄ ^xK…wZ I mn‡hvwMZvi cÖkœwUI GLb ̧ iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ †`Lv n‡”Q| ivóªfvlv evsjvmn G‡`‡ki Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôxi fvlv‡K msiÿ‡Yi `vwqZ¡ Avgv‡`i Ici e‡Z©‡Q|

Avgv‡`i wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î I RbRxe‡b evsjvfvlv cwiw¯’wZi m‡½ m‡½ Bs‡iwR I MwYZ wkÿvi Ae¯’vI ch©v‡jvPbvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡q c‡o‡Q| Bs‡iwRi K_v †Zv Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q| MwYZ wkÿvi cÖwZ wkÿv_©xi Abxnv I f‡qi Ab¨Zg KviY nj cÖv_wgK ¯Íi †_‡K †kªYxK‡ÿ MwYZ wkÿ‡Ki Afve| gva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK ch©v‡q weÁvb wkÿvi nviI K‡g Avm‡Q| ÁvbweÁvb wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î MwYZ fxwZ GKUv Akwb-ms‡KZ e‡U| myZivs Bs‡iwR wkÿvi w`‡K ̀ „wó cÖmvwiZ Kivi g‡Zv MwYZ wkÿvi Z_v weÁvb wkÿvi eZ©gvb PvjwP‡Îi w`‡K bRi w`‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov Avgv‡`i wkÿve¨e¯’vq cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii G wkÿvi GKK cvV¨cy¯ÍK wkÿv_x©‡`i wkLb Pvwn`vI cwic~Y©fv‡e c~iY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| ZvB wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ cwic~iK cvV-mvgMÖx †hgb `iKvi †Zgwb cÖPwjZ cvV¨eB¸‡jvi m‡½ wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ bvbviKg wkLbmnvqK mvgMÖxI `iKvi| weBDÑAvBBwWi jvwb©s c¨v‡KR G cwiKíbviB Awfb›`b‡hvM¨ cÖqvm| cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii cvV I wkLb mnvqK mvgMÖxi g‡Zv g~j¨vqbI AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cªv_wgK ¯Í‡ii mgvcbx cixÿv msµvšÍ M‡elYv I Zvi mycvwik¸‡jvI we‡ePbvi `vwe iv‡L|

Ôevsjv‡`k wkÿv mvgwqKxÕi eZ©gvb msL¨vq Ic‡ii welq¸‡jv cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| Avgiv Avkv Kie ZiæY M‡elK I wkÿvfveyKiv wkÿvwelqK fvebv wb‡q AviI wjL‡ebÑ cÖwZev‡ii g‡Zv GeviI Avgiv †m Av‡e`b RvbvB|

m~wP

Page 7: cÂg el© wØZxq msL¨v AMÖnvqY-†cŠl 1415, wW‡m¤^i 2008bafed.net/pdf/BDec8.pdf · and Shafiul Alam.Published by Nazmul Haq, ... Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U© wØZxq fvlv I

evsjv‡`‡ki fvlv-cwiw¯’wZAvwbmy¾vgvb

7 - 15

cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x©‡`i wkLb g~j¨vq‡b 2007 mv‡j AbywôZ mgvcbx cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ ch©v‡jvPbv

k¨vgjx AvKei, DËg Kzgvi ai, Rwniæj gwjøK17 - 30

wkÿvi ms¯‹vi I ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ wkÿvggZvR jwZd

31 - 37

cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡b GKwU bZzb c`‡ÿc: jvwb©s c¨v‡KR

gvgybyi ikx`, w`jiæev myjZvbv, †gvnv¤§` Zv‡iK ingvb39 - 50

evsjv‡`‡k gvbm¤§Z MwYZ wkÿv ms¯‹…wZi DbœqbAa¨vcK G.G.†K.Gg. jyrdz¾vgvb, wbqvR gvL`yg gynv¤§`

G.Gm.Gg. †ZŠwn`yj nvmvb51 - 60

MÖš’v‡jvPbvwkÿve¨e¯’v I cixÿv c×wZ wel‡q GKwU AbymwÜrmy Dc‡hvMx MÖš’

kwdDj Avjg61 - 63

†c‡q‡Q evsjvfvlvÑ AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv w`em wn‡m‡e 21†k †deªæqvwi‡K ̄ ^xK…wZ`v‡bi ci| G‡Z evsjv fvlvfvlx G †`‡ki gvby‡li `vwqZ¡ AviI †e‡o‡Q| G‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ fvlvfvlx RvwZ‡Mvôxi fvlvi AwaKvi I Zv‡`i wbR wbR fvlv‡K jvj‡bi ̄ ^xK…wZ I mn‡hvwMZvi cÖkœwUI GLb ̧ iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ †`Lv n‡”Q| ivóªfvlv evsjvmn G‡`‡ki Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôxi fvlv‡K msiÿ‡Yi `vwqZ¡ Avgv‡`i Ici e‡Z©‡Q|

Avgv‡`i wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î I RbRxe‡b evsjvfvlv cwiw¯’wZi m‡½ m‡½ Bs‡iwR I MwYZ wkÿvi Ae¯’vI ch©v‡jvPbvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡q c‡o‡Q| Bs‡iwRi K_v †Zv Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q| MwYZ wkÿvi cÖwZ wkÿv_©xi Abxnv I f‡qi Ab¨Zg KviY nj cÖv_wgK ¯Íi †_‡K †kªYxK‡ÿ MwYZ wkÿ‡Ki Afve| gva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK ch©v‡q weÁvb wkÿvi nviI K‡g Avm‡Q| ÁvbweÁvb wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î MwYZ fxwZ GKUv Akwb-ms‡KZ e‡U| myZivs Bs‡iwR wkÿvi w`‡K ̀ „wó cÖmvwiZ Kivi g‡Zv MwYZ wkÿvi Z_v weÁvb wkÿvi eZ©gvb PvjwP‡Îi w`‡K bRi w`‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov Avgv‡`i wkÿve¨e¯’vq cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii G wkÿvi GKK cvV¨cy¯ÍK wkÿv_x©‡`i wkLb Pvwn`vI cwic~Y©fv‡e c~iY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| ZvB wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ cwic~iK cvV-mvgMÖx †hgb `iKvi †Zgwb cÖPwjZ cvV¨eB¸‡jvi m‡½ wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ bvbviKg wkLbmnvqK mvgMÖxI `iKvi| weBDÑAvBBwWi jvwb©s c¨v‡KR G cwiKíbviB Awfb›`b‡hvM¨ cÖqvm| cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii cvV I wkLb mnvqK mvgMÖxi g‡Zv g~j¨vqbI AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cªv_wgK ¯Í‡ii mgvcbx cixÿv msµvšÍ M‡elYv I Zvi mycvwik¸‡jvI we‡ePbvi `vwe iv‡L|

Ôevsjv‡`k wkÿv mvgwqKxÕi eZ©gvb msL¨vq Ic‡ii welq¸‡jv cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| Avgiv Avkv Kie ZiæY M‡elK I wkÿvfveyKiv wkÿvwelqK fvebv wb‡q AviI wjL‡ebÑ cÖwZev‡ii g‡Zv GeviI Avgiv †m Av‡e`b RvbvB|

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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 07

mvims‡ÿccÖRvZ‡š¿i ivóªfvlv evsjv nIqv m‡Ë¡I evsjv‡`‡k Rxe‡bi me©‡ÿ‡Î evsjvfvlv cÖ‡qv‡Mi KvRUv K‡i IVv hvqwb| Ab¨c‡ÿ Bs‡iwRgva¨g wkÿve¨e¯’vi Kj¨v‡Y ga¨weË cwiev‡ii mšÍv‡biv evsjv †_‡K `~‡i P‡j hv‡”Q| wØZxq fvlv wnmv‡e Bs‡iwR †kLvi Avek¨KZv Ab¯^xKvh©, wKš‘ wØZxq fvlv KL‡bv cÖ_g fvlvi ¯’vb wb‡Z cv‡i bv| evsjvfvlvi e¨envi wb‡q Avgv‡`i weåvwšÍ µ‡g e„w× cv‡”Q| k‡ãi AccÖ‡qvM, evbv‡bi wek„•Ljv, AKvi‡Y Bs‡iwR k‡ãi e¨envi, Bs‡iwRi AbyKi‡Y A¨vc÷ªwdi cÖ‡qvM BZ¨vw`i d‡j ï× evsjv †jLv ̀ yiƒn n‡q D‡V‡Q| A‡b‡K cÖPwjZ cÖwgZ evsjv‡K gvb‡Z Pvb bv Zv c~e© evsjvi †gŠwLK fvlv †_‡K A‡bKLvwb `~‡ii e‡j| ¯^vZš¿¨cÖqvmx †jLK‡`i hyw³i †Ri †U‡b hw` †KD e‡jb †h, iex›`ªbv‡_i fvlv Avgvi bq, Zvn‡j Zv ̀ yt‡Li KviY n‡e| evsjv‡`‡k Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôxi 45wU fvlv i‡q‡Q| Gme fvlv weKv‡ki bvbv ¯Í‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| Gme fvlvi Dbœq‡bi w`‡K Avgv‡`i g‡bv‡hvM †`Iqv `iKvi| evsjvfvlv PP©vi mv¤úªwZK cÖeYZvmn evsjv‡`‡ki fvwlK cwiw¯’wZ G cÖe‡Ü Dc¯’vcb Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¥e„Ëv‡šÍ 1952 mv‡ji GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Lye ̧ iæZ¡ †c‡q _v‡K| g‡b Kiv nq, GBw`b Avgv‡`i AvZ¥mvÿvrKv‡ii w`b| Gici †_‡K Rxe‡bi me©‡ÿ‡Î gvZ…fvlv‡K cÖwZôvi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q †h-evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i bZzb m~Pbv Avgiv K‡iwQjvg, Zv‡Z 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy‡×i exR A¼zwiZ n‡qwQjÑ hw`I bZzb ivóªcÖwZôvi wPšÍv 1952 mv‡j Avgv‡`i g‡b VuvB cvqwb| †m-mg‡q Avgv‡`i mgv‡jvP‡Kiv e‡jwQ‡jb, evsjv fvlvq Dchy³ cvV¨eB †bB, Zv wkÿvi evnb n‡e Kx K‡i! iex›`ªbv‡_i fvlv avi K‡i Avgiv Reve w`‡qwQjvg, cvV¨eB dzjMvQ bq †h †jv‡K kL K‡i Zvi †Kqvwi Ki‡e; hLb Pvwn`v n‡e, ZLb cvV¨eBI †jLv n‡e| mgv‡jvP‡Kiv cÖkœ Zz‡jwQ‡jb, Dchy³ cwifvlv bv n‡j D”Pwkÿvi †ÿ‡Î wKsev Awdm-Av`vj‡Z evsjvi e¨envi †Kgb K‡i n‡e! ea©gvb nvD‡R evsjv GKv‡Wgx cÖwZôv K‡i Avgiv e‡jwQjvg, me mgm¨vi mgvavb GLvb †_‡K †ewi‡q Avm‡e|

1956 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmbZ‡š¿ evsjv I D`©y‡K †`‡ki ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q ejv n‡jv, wek eQi c‡i Zv Kvh©Ki n‡e| Avgiv cvV¨cy¯ÍK-iPbvq Ges cwifvlv-cÖYq‡b D`&‡hvMx njvg| 1962 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq kvmbZ‡š¿ ivóªfvlv-m¤úwK©Z c~‡e©i weavb cybive„Ë n‡jv| Avgiv †KD ejjvg, ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjvi gh©v`vjvf Av‡iv Q eQ‡ii R‡b¨ wcwQ‡q †Mj; †KD ejjvg, cÖ¯‘wZi R‡b¨ Av‡iv Q eQi mgq cvIqv †Mj| mvi&& Avï‡Zvl evsjv‡K cÖ‡ewkKv cixÿvi evnb K‡i wM‡qwQ‡jbÑAvgiv Zv B›UviwgwW‡qU ev D”Pgva¨wgK ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z Kijvg Ges Avkv Kijvg,

*cÖeÜwU evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwUi 56Zg cÖwZôvw`e‡m (3 Rvbyqvwi 2008) cwVZ I evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ| cÖ‡dmi Avwbmy¾vgvb I evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwUi AbygwZµ‡g cÖeÜwU evsjv‡`k wkÿv mvgwqKx‡Zcybivq cÖKvk Kiv nj|** cÖ‡dmi B‡gwiUvm, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

*evsjv‡`‡ki fvlv-cwiw¯’wZ

**Avwbmy¾vgvb

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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 07

mvims‡ÿccÖRvZ‡š¿i ivóªfvlv evsjv nIqv m‡Ë¡I evsjv‡`‡k Rxe‡bi me©‡ÿ‡Î evsjvfvlv cÖ‡qv‡Mi KvRUv K‡i IVv hvqwb| Ab¨c‡ÿ Bs‡iwRgva¨g wkÿve¨e¯’vi Kj¨v‡Y ga¨weË cwiev‡ii mšÍv‡biv evsjv †_‡K `~‡i P‡j hv‡”Q| wØZxq fvlv wnmv‡e Bs‡iwR †kLvi Avek¨KZv Ab¯^xKvh©, wKš‘ wØZxq fvlv KL‡bv cÖ_g fvlvi ¯’vb wb‡Z cv‡i bv| evsjvfvlvi e¨envi wb‡q Avgv‡`i weåvwšÍ µ‡g e„w× cv‡”Q| k‡ãi AccÖ‡qvM, evbv‡bi wek„•Ljv, AKvi‡Y Bs‡iwR k‡ãi e¨envi, Bs‡iwRi AbyKi‡Y A¨vc÷ªwdi cÖ‡qvM BZ¨vw`i d‡j ï× evsjv †jLv ̀ yiƒn n‡q D‡V‡Q| A‡b‡K cÖPwjZ cÖwgZ evsjv‡K gvb‡Z Pvb bv Zv c~e© evsjvi †gŠwLK fvlv †_‡K A‡bKLvwb `~‡ii e‡j| ¯^vZš¿¨cÖqvmx †jLK‡`i hyw³i †Ri †U‡b hw` †KD e‡jb †h, iex›`ªbv‡_i fvlv Avgvi bq, Zvn‡j Zv ̀ yt‡Li KviY n‡e| evsjv‡`‡k Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôxi 45wU fvlv i‡q‡Q| Gme fvlv weKv‡ki bvbv ¯Í‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| Gme fvlvi Dbœq‡bi w`‡K Avgv‡`i g‡bv‡hvM †`Iqv `iKvi| evsjvfvlv PP©vi mv¤úªwZK cÖeYZvmn evsjv‡`‡ki fvwlK cwiw¯’wZ G cÖe‡Ü Dc¯’vcb Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¥e„Ëv‡šÍ 1952 mv‡ji GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Lye ̧ iæZ¡ †c‡q _v‡K| g‡b Kiv nq, GBw`b Avgv‡`i AvZ¥mvÿvrKv‡ii w`b| Gici †_‡K Rxe‡bi me©‡ÿ‡Î gvZ…fvlv‡K cÖwZôvi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q †h-evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i bZzb m~Pbv Avgiv K‡iwQjvg, Zv‡Z 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy‡×i exR A¼zwiZ n‡qwQjÑ hw`I bZzb ivóªcÖwZôvi wPšÍv 1952 mv‡j Avgv‡`i g‡b VuvB cvqwb| †m-mg‡q Avgv‡`i mgv‡jvP‡Kiv e‡jwQ‡jb, evsjv fvlvq Dchy³ cvV¨eB †bB, Zv wkÿvi evnb n‡e Kx K‡i! iex›`ªbv‡_i fvlv avi K‡i Avgiv Reve w`‡qwQjvg, cvV¨eB dzjMvQ bq †h †jv‡K kL K‡i Zvi †Kqvwi Ki‡e; hLb Pvwn`v n‡e, ZLb cvV¨eBI †jLv n‡e| mgv‡jvP‡Kiv cÖkœ Zz‡jwQ‡jb, Dchy³ cwifvlv bv n‡j D”Pwkÿvi †ÿ‡Î wKsev Awdm-Av`vj‡Z evsjvi e¨envi †Kgb K‡i n‡e! ea©gvb nvD‡R evsjv GKv‡Wgx cÖwZôv K‡i Avgiv e‡jwQjvg, me mgm¨vi mgvavb GLvb †_‡K †ewi‡q Avm‡e|

1956 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmbZ‡š¿ evsjv I D`©y‡K †`‡ki ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q ejv n‡jv, wek eQi c‡i Zv Kvh©Ki n‡e| Avgiv cvV¨cy¯ÍK-iPbvq Ges cwifvlv-cÖYq‡b D`&‡hvMx njvg| 1962 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq kvmbZ‡š¿ ivóªfvlv-m¤úwK©Z c~‡e©i weavb cybive„Ë n‡jv| Avgiv †KD ejjvg, ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjvi gh©v`vjvf Av‡iv Q eQ‡ii R‡b¨ wcwQ‡q †Mj; †KD ejjvg, cÖ¯‘wZi R‡b¨ Av‡iv Q eQi mgq cvIqv †Mj| mvi&& Avï‡Zvl evsjv‡K cÖ‡ewkKv cixÿvi evnb K‡i wM‡qwQ‡jbÑAvgiv Zv B›UviwgwW‡qU ev D”Pgva¨wgK ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z Kijvg Ges Avkv Kijvg,

*cÖeÜwU evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwUi 56Zg cÖwZôvw`e‡m (3 Rvbyqvwi 2008) cwVZ I evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ| cÖ‡dmi Avwbmy¾vgvb I evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwUi AbygwZµ‡g cÖeÜwU evsjv‡`k wkÿv mvgwqKx‡Zcybivq cÖKvk Kiv nj|** cÖ‡dmi B‡gwiUvm, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

*evsjv‡`‡ki fvlv-cwiw¯’wZ

**Avwbmy¾vgvb

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AwP‡iB Zv wWwMÖ ̄ ͇ii wkÿvi I cixÿvi evnb n‡q DV‡e| gynv¤§` Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`vi g‡Zv weÁvbx I G‡KGg Ave`yj Iqv‡n‡`i g‡Zv wPwKrmK ¯^ZtcÖe„Ë n‡q wb‡Ri wb‡Ri wel‡q cvV¨cy¯ÍK iPbvi D`&‡hvM wb‡jb| cwifvlv-cÖYq‡b cwЇZiv cÖejfv‡e cÖe„Ë n‡jb| Avwg GK cªeÜ wj‡L ejjvg, me cvwifvwlK k‡ãi mgZzj¨ evsjv cÖwZkã D™¢ve‡bi ̀ iKvi †bB - mveR‡Ri e`‡j Aei b¨vqvaxk wKsev †Uwj‡dvb-UªvsK K‡ji e`‡j `~ivjvcbx ev my`~ivjvcb cÖe©Z‡bi cÖqvm cwiZ¨vM KivB †kªq| Avgvi g‡Zv Ae©vPx‡bi G‡nb AhvwPZ civg‡k© gyiæweŸ‡`i †KD †KD wei³ n‡jb| ej‡jb, †QvKiv eyS‡Z cvi‡Q bv †h, cªwZkã ̂ Zwi bv nIqv ch©šÍ cwifvlv m¤ú‡K© kµ‡`i gyL eÜ Kiv hv‡”Q bv| Gi g‡a¨ Avevi evsjv fvlv I eY©gvjvi mijxKiY Z_v ms¯‹vi wb‡q wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Avgiv e‡oviKg KvwRqv euvwa‡q †djjvg| Gm‡ei †Zvqv°v bv K‡i RbmvaviY †`vKvbcv‡Ui bvgdjK evsjvq wjL‡Z _vKj, †gvUiMvwoi b¤^idjK evsjvq wj‡L GKRb mvsevw`K †Zv wewaf‡½i gvgjvi gy‡LvgywL n‡jb| 1970 mv‡j e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †NvlYv Ki‡jb, Zuviv ÿgZvq G‡j cwÐZ‡`i gyLv‡cÿx bv n‡q ZχÐB me©‡ÿ‡Î evsjv Pvjy K‡i †`‡eb| ï‡bwQ B‡›`v‡bwkqvq GgbUv N‡UwQj| †mLv‡b hLb Ij›`vR †_‡K evnvmv B‡›`v‡bwkqvq ivZvivwZ cwieZ©‡bi wm×všÍ nq, ZL‡bv †k‡lv³ fvlvwU wVKg‡Zv MwVZ nqwb| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿ‡Kiv †kªYxK‡ÿ e³…Zv w`‡Zb 80 kZvsk Ij›`vR kã e¨envi K‡i| miKvwi KvRK‡g©I †Zgb Ae¯’v| ZviciI eQi `y‡q‡Ki g‡a¨ bZzb fvlvi w¯’wZ n‡q hvq|

1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb n‡jv| 1972 mv‡j evsjvq msweavb iwPZ n‡jv| Zv‡Z ejv n‡jv, cÖRvZ‡š¿i ivóªfvlv evsjv| cwiKíbvi `wjj evsjvq cÖYxZ n‡jv, wecyj Drmv‡n miKvwi `߇i evsjvq bw_cÎ †jLv ïiæ n‡q †Mj, D”Pwkÿvi A‡bK †ÿ‡Î evsjv n‡q DVj evnb| D”P Av`vj‡Z evsjv cÖ‡ekvwaKvi †cj bv e‡U, wKš‘ wbgœ Av`vj‡Z Zv n‡q †Mj GK”QÎ | e‡ov wPwKrmK evsjvq e¨e¯’vcÎ wjL‡Z ïiæ K‡i w`‡jb| cvV¨cy¯ÍK wKQz wKQz evsjvq †jLv n‡jv e‡U, wKš‘ Zv h‡_ó bq| wel‡qi we‡kl‡Áiv cvV¨cy¯ÍK †jLvq †Zgb K‡i GwM‡q G‡jb bv wKsev welq-we‡klÁ I fvlv-we‡kl‡Ái †Zgb mn‡hvM NUj bv| Ggb Ae¯’vq Dcvq GKUvBÑ Bs‡iwR‡Z eBcÎ c‡o evsjvq cov‡bv Ges cixÿv †`Iqv| wKQzKv‡ji g‡a¨B Avwe®‹…Z n‡jv †h, Bs‡iwR‡Z Avgv‡`i `Lj µgk K‡g Avm‡Q| ZLb †`vl co‡Z ïiæ n‡jv evsjvi Nv‡o : evsjv-evsjv K‡i Avgiv Bs‡iwR‡K Ae‡njv K‡iwQ, Zv‡Z c„w_exi m‡½ Avgv‡`i ms‡hvM bó n‡Z P‡j‡Q| GB ÎæwU `~i Ki‡Z Bs‡iwR-gva¨g ¯‹z‡ji cÖv`yf©ve NUj| ¯^vaxbZvi Kj¨v‡Y ZZw`‡b evOvwj ga¨we‡Ëi wKwÂr abvMg n‡q‡Q| GK cyiæl Av‡M †h-ga¨weË evsjv fvlvi R‡b¨ cÖvY w`‡Z cÖ¯‘Z wQj, GLb AvšÍR©vwZKZvi LvwZ‡i †m wb‡Ri mšÍvb‡`i evsjv fvlv †_‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z cÖe„Ë n‡jv| Avgvi mšÍv‡biv mevB evsjv gva¨‡g †jLvcov wk‡L‡Q, Avgvi bvwZ-bvZwbiv mevB Bs‡iwR mva¨‡g cov‡kvbv Ki‡Q| Bs‡iwR ¯‹z‡j †Q‡j‡g‡q cov‡bvi mvg_©¨ hvi †bB, †mI AwZ Kó K‡i †mLv‡bB †Q‡j‡g‡q cvVv‡”Q GB Avkvq †h, †mLvbKvi wkÿvB Zv‡`i fwel¨r M‡o †`‡e| GLvbKvi wkÿv_©xiv ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ Bs‡iwR‡Z K_v ej‡Z fv‡jvev‡m| Zv‡`i AwaKvs‡ki †Pv‡L ¯^cœ cvðvZ¨ RM‡Z w¯’wZjvf Kivi, gš¿ A‡bKUv ÔAvgvi GB †`‡k‡Z Rb¥ †hb IB †`‡k‡Z gwiÕ| Gw`‡K evsjv we`¨vjq¸‡jv µgk nZkªx n‡q c‡o‡Q| Avgv‡`i †`‡k QvÎ msL¨v me©Î evo‡Q, Zv‡`i Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z AwaKmsL¨vq we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ n‡”Q, wKš‘ Dchy³ wkÿK memg‡q cvIqv hv‡”Q bv| Avgv‡`i fvlvwkÿvi c×wZI †bnvr

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx08

ÎæwUc~Y©| d‡j †ewki fvM QvÎQvÎx evsjv I Bs‡iwR †Kv‡bvUvB fv‡jv K‡i wkL‡Q bv| Avgiv Bs‡iwR‡Z `ÿZvnxbZvi R‡b¨ Avd‡mvm Kwi, evsjvi A`ÿZv Avgv‡`i †PvLKvb Gwo‡q hvq| †`kxq wkÿvc×wZ‡Z fvlvwkÿvi KvRUvq ¸iæZ¡ bv w`‡q cªwZKvi wn‡m‡e Avgiv wfb‡`kxq wkÿvc×wZ MÖnY K‡i e‡m AvwQ|

BwZg‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y GKmg‡q wm×všÍ n‡jv, ivóªcwZi Kv‡Q †hme bw_ hv‡e, Zvi mvigg© Bs‡iwR‡Z ̂ Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e (KviY IB we‡kl ivóªcwZ evsjv †Zgb fv‡jv Rvb‡Zb bv)| GB my‡hv‡M †hme bw_ ivóªcwZi Kv‡Q hv‡e bv, Zv‡ZI Bs‡iwR †jLv ïiæ n‡jv| Bs‡iwRwkwÿZ gvby‡li Afve, wKš‘ dvB‡j Bs‡iwR-†jLvi †jv‡Ki Afve †bB| gyw³hy‡×i we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQ‡jb, Ggb GK ivRbxwZwe`, nvB‡Kv‡U© gvgjv K‡i ivq †c‡q †M‡jb †h, wbgœ Av`vj‡ZI Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLv AviwR MÖnY Kiv n‡e| D”P Av`vj‡Zi weÁ wePviK‡`i †KD †KD evsjvq ivq wjL‡Z AMÖmi n‡jb e‡U, †KD †KD Avevi e‡j w`‡jb, Zuvi Av`vj‡Z evsjv Pj‡e bv| cwifvlvi cÖkœ bZzb K‡i D‡V‡Q| †KD †KD hyw³ w`‡”Qb †h, wkÿvi D”Pch©v‡q G‡m hLb Aw·‡Rb-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wb‡Z n‡e, ZLb wbgœch©v‡q Avi A¤øRvb-D`&Rvb †i‡L Kx n‡e, †Mvov †_‡KB AvšÍR©vwZK cwifvlvi g‡a¨ _vKvB †kªq|

Avcbviv GK_v fve‡eb bv †h, Bs‡iwR fvlvi cÖwZ Avwg wewØó| Avwg ev¯ÍweKB g‡b Kwi †h, GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK fvlv AvqË bv Ki‡j wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î Avgiv †ewk`~i AMÖmi n‡Z cvie bv Ges HwZnvwmK Kvi‡Y †mwU Bs‡iwRB n‡Z n‡e| Avwg ej‡Z PvB, wØZxq fvlv KL‡bv cÖ_g fvlvi ¯’vb wb‡Z cv‡i bv| GB wel‡q m‡PZb bv n‡j mgMÖ RvwZi R‡b¨ Avgiv Ggb weåvwšÍ m„wó Kie, hLb ÔcÖRvZ‡š¿i ivóªfvlv evsjvÕ - GB weavb A_©nxb n‡q co‡Z cv‡i|

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evsjv fvlvi e¨envi wb‡q Avgv‡`i weåvwšÍ µ‡g e„w× cv”Q| Gi R‡b¨ `vqx wKQz †jL‡Ki AwfbeZ¡wcÖqZv Ges wKQz mvsevw`‡Ki `vwqZ¡ÁvbnxbZv| AKvi‡Y kã †QvUv-e‡ov Kivi GKUv cÖeYZv Avgv‡`i Av‡Q| †hLv‡b dj ej‡j nq, †mLv‡b Avgiv djkÖæwZi fyj cÖ‡qvM Kwi; Avevi †hLv‡b cwi‡cÖwÿZ ejv DwPZ, †mLv‡b †cÖwÿZ ewj| †hLv‡b cÖ¯Íve †jLv Awf‡cÖZ, †mLv‡b wjwL cÖ¯Ívebv; PjvKv‡j †jLv †hLv‡b h‡_ó, †mLv‡b wjwL PjvKvjxb mg‡q| Ab¨Zg A_© A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ GK, Avgv‡`i GLv‡b Pj‡Q wewkó A‡_© : ÔAb¨Zg GKwU KviYÕ| mgvm †f‡O †jLv GKUv wbqg n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q, †hgb, msev`cÎ-weµq‡K›`ª wjwLZ n‡”Q msev` cÎ weµq †K›`ª-iƒ‡c| ÔiÕ Ges ÔGiÕ wefw³`ywU Av‡Mi k‡ãi m‡½ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e hy³ nq, †hgb, e¨w³i, Le‡ii| GB wbq‡g Avgiv iex›`ªbv‡_i KweZvi D‡jøL K‡i _vwK| GLbKvi †SuvK †`Lv hv‡”Q, iex›`ªbv_-Gi †jLv, Gfv‡e Pj‡j Kw`b c‡i KweZv-i iƒc †`L‡Z cv‡ev|

†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cwÎKv Av‡iv GK avc GwM‡q Bs‡iwR fvlvi wbq‡g A¨vcmUªwdi cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Q m¤^Ü c‡`i †ÿ‡Î| evsjvq EaŸ©Kgvi e¨envi wQj e‡Y©i Ae‡jvc †evSv‡ZÑZvI Bs‡iwRiB wbq‡g (†hgb, don't) : Gi D`vniY, Ôc‡i (Dc‡i), ewjÕ (ewjqv), KÕ†i (Kwiqv), †m-e¨envi GLb weij| EaŸ©Kgvi bZzb e¨envi †hUv msµwgZ n‡q‡Q KvMRÕi Kj¨v‡Y, †mUv c~e©eZ©x k‡ã -Gi hy³ nIqvi e`‡j (AweKj Õs Gi Av`‡j) EaŸ©Kgv I i (Õi) †jLv| GUv †hgb A‡hŠw³K, †Zgwb Agvb¨|

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AwP‡iB Zv wWwMÖ ̄ ͇ii wkÿvi I cixÿvi evnb n‡q DV‡e| gynv¤§` Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`vi g‡Zv weÁvbx I G‡KGg Ave`yj Iqv‡n‡`i g‡Zv wPwKrmK ¯^ZtcÖe„Ë n‡q wb‡Ri wb‡Ri wel‡q cvV¨cy¯ÍK iPbvi D`&‡hvM wb‡jb| cwifvlv-cÖYq‡b cwЇZiv cÖejfv‡e cÖe„Ë n‡jb| Avwg GK cªeÜ wj‡L ejjvg, me cvwifvwlK k‡ãi mgZzj¨ evsjv cÖwZkã D™¢ve‡bi ̀ iKvi †bB - mveR‡Ri e`‡j Aei b¨vqvaxk wKsev †Uwj‡dvb-UªvsK K‡ji e`‡j `~ivjvcbx ev my`~ivjvcb cÖe©Z‡bi cÖqvm cwiZ¨vM KivB †kªq| Avgvi g‡Zv Ae©vPx‡bi G‡nb AhvwPZ civg‡k© gyiæweŸ‡`i †KD †KD wei³ n‡jb| ej‡jb, †QvKiv eyS‡Z cvi‡Q bv †h, cªwZkã ̂ Zwi bv nIqv ch©šÍ cwifvlv m¤ú‡K© kµ‡`i gyL eÜ Kiv hv‡”Q bv| Gi g‡a¨ Avevi evsjv fvlv I eY©gvjvi mijxKiY Z_v ms¯‹vi wb‡q wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Avgiv e‡oviKg KvwRqv euvwa‡q †djjvg| Gm‡ei †Zvqv°v bv K‡i RbmvaviY †`vKvbcv‡Ui bvgdjK evsjvq wjL‡Z _vKj, †gvUiMvwoi b¤^idjK evsjvq wj‡L GKRb mvsevw`K †Zv wewaf‡½i gvgjvi gy‡LvgywL n‡jb| 1970 mv‡j e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †NvlYv Ki‡jb, Zuviv ÿgZvq G‡j cwÐZ‡`i gyLv‡cÿx bv n‡q ZχÐB me©‡ÿ‡Î evsjv Pvjy K‡i †`‡eb| ï‡bwQ B‡›`v‡bwkqvq GgbUv N‡UwQj| †mLv‡b hLb Ij›`vR †_‡K evnvmv B‡›`v‡bwkqvq ivZvivwZ cwieZ©‡bi wm×všÍ nq, ZL‡bv †k‡lv³ fvlvwU wVKg‡Zv MwVZ nqwb| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿ‡Kiv †kªYxK‡ÿ e³…Zv w`‡Zb 80 kZvsk Ij›`vR kã e¨envi K‡i| miKvwi KvRK‡g©I †Zgb Ae¯’v| ZviciI eQi `y‡q‡Ki g‡a¨ bZzb fvlvi w¯’wZ n‡q hvq|

1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb n‡jv| 1972 mv‡j evsjvq msweavb iwPZ n‡jv| Zv‡Z ejv n‡jv, cÖRvZ‡š¿i ivóªfvlv evsjv| cwiKíbvi `wjj evsjvq cÖYxZ n‡jv, wecyj Drmv‡n miKvwi `߇i evsjvq bw_cÎ †jLv ïiæ n‡q †Mj, D”Pwkÿvi A‡bK †ÿ‡Î evsjv n‡q DVj evnb| D”P Av`vj‡Z evsjv cÖ‡ekvwaKvi †cj bv e‡U, wKš‘ wbgœ Av`vj‡Z Zv n‡q †Mj GK”QÎ | e‡ov wPwKrmK evsjvq e¨e¯’vcÎ wjL‡Z ïiæ K‡i w`‡jb| cvV¨cy¯ÍK wKQz wKQz evsjvq †jLv n‡jv e‡U, wKš‘ Zv h‡_ó bq| wel‡qi we‡kl‡Áiv cvV¨cy¯ÍK †jLvq †Zgb K‡i GwM‡q G‡jb bv wKsev welq-we‡klÁ I fvlv-we‡kl‡Ái †Zgb mn‡hvM NUj bv| Ggb Ae¯’vq Dcvq GKUvBÑ Bs‡iwR‡Z eBcÎ c‡o evsjvq cov‡bv Ges cixÿv †`Iqv| wKQzKv‡ji g‡a¨B Avwe®‹…Z n‡jv †h, Bs‡iwR‡Z Avgv‡`i `Lj µgk K‡g Avm‡Q| ZLb †`vl co‡Z ïiæ n‡jv evsjvi Nv‡o : evsjv-evsjv K‡i Avgiv Bs‡iwR‡K Ae‡njv K‡iwQ, Zv‡Z c„w_exi m‡½ Avgv‡`i ms‡hvM bó n‡Z P‡j‡Q| GB ÎæwU `~i Ki‡Z Bs‡iwR-gva¨g ¯‹z‡ji cÖv`yf©ve NUj| ¯^vaxbZvi Kj¨v‡Y ZZw`‡b evOvwj ga¨we‡Ëi wKwÂr abvMg n‡q‡Q| GK cyiæl Av‡M †h-ga¨weË evsjv fvlvi R‡b¨ cÖvY w`‡Z cÖ¯‘Z wQj, GLb AvšÍR©vwZKZvi LvwZ‡i †m wb‡Ri mšÍvb‡`i evsjv fvlv †_‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z cÖe„Ë n‡jv| Avgvi mšÍv‡biv mevB evsjv gva¨‡g †jLvcov wk‡L‡Q, Avgvi bvwZ-bvZwbiv mevB Bs‡iwR mva¨‡g cov‡kvbv Ki‡Q| Bs‡iwR ¯‹z‡j †Q‡j‡g‡q cov‡bvi mvg_©¨ hvi †bB, †mI AwZ Kó K‡i †mLv‡bB †Q‡j‡g‡q cvVv‡”Q GB Avkvq †h, †mLvbKvi wkÿvB Zv‡`i fwel¨r M‡o †`‡e| GLvbKvi wkÿv_©xiv ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ Bs‡iwR‡Z K_v ej‡Z fv‡jvev‡m| Zv‡`i AwaKvs‡ki †Pv‡L ¯^cœ cvðvZ¨ RM‡Z w¯’wZjvf Kivi, gš¿ A‡bKUv ÔAvgvi GB †`‡k‡Z Rb¥ †hb IB †`‡k‡Z gwiÕ| Gw`‡K evsjv we`¨vjq¸‡jv µgk nZkªx n‡q c‡o‡Q| Avgv‡`i †`‡k QvÎ msL¨v me©Î evo‡Q, Zv‡`i Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z AwaKmsL¨vq we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ n‡”Q, wKš‘ Dchy³ wkÿK memg‡q cvIqv hv‡”Q bv| Avgv‡`i fvlvwkÿvi c×wZI †bnvr

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx08

ÎæwUc~Y©| d‡j †ewki fvM QvÎQvÎx evsjv I Bs‡iwR †Kv‡bvUvB fv‡jv K‡i wkL‡Q bv| Avgiv Bs‡iwR‡Z `ÿZvnxbZvi R‡b¨ Avd‡mvm Kwi, evsjvi A`ÿZv Avgv‡`i †PvLKvb Gwo‡q hvq| †`kxq wkÿvc×wZ‡Z fvlvwkÿvi KvRUvq ¸iæZ¡ bv w`‡q cªwZKvi wn‡m‡e Avgiv wfb‡`kxq wkÿvc×wZ MÖnY K‡i e‡m AvwQ|

BwZg‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y GKmg‡q wm×všÍ n‡jv, ivóªcwZi Kv‡Q †hme bw_ hv‡e, Zvi mvigg© Bs‡iwR‡Z ̂ Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e (KviY IB we‡kl ivóªcwZ evsjv †Zgb fv‡jv Rvb‡Zb bv)| GB my‡hv‡M †hme bw_ ivóªcwZi Kv‡Q hv‡e bv, Zv‡ZI Bs‡iwR †jLv ïiæ n‡jv| Bs‡iwRwkwÿZ gvby‡li Afve, wKš‘ dvB‡j Bs‡iwR-†jLvi †jv‡Ki Afve †bB| gyw³hy‡×i we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQ‡jb, Ggb GK ivRbxwZwe`, nvB‡Kv‡U© gvgjv K‡i ivq †c‡q †M‡jb †h, wbgœ Av`vj‡ZI Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLv AviwR MÖnY Kiv n‡e| D”P Av`vj‡Zi weÁ wePviK‡`i †KD †KD evsjvq ivq wjL‡Z AMÖmi n‡jb e‡U, †KD †KD Avevi e‡j w`‡jb, Zuvi Av`vj‡Z evsjv Pj‡e bv| cwifvlvi cÖkœ bZzb K‡i D‡V‡Q| †KD †KD hyw³ w`‡”Qb †h, wkÿvi D”Pch©v‡q G‡m hLb Aw·‡Rb-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wb‡Z n‡e, ZLb wbgœch©v‡q Avi A¤øRvb-D`&Rvb †i‡L Kx n‡e, †Mvov †_‡KB AvšÍR©vwZK cwifvlvi g‡a¨ _vKvB †kªq|

Avcbviv GK_v fve‡eb bv †h, Bs‡iwR fvlvi cÖwZ Avwg wewØó| Avwg ev¯ÍweKB g‡b Kwi †h, GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK fvlv AvqË bv Ki‡j wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î Avgiv †ewk`~i AMÖmi n‡Z cvie bv Ges HwZnvwmK Kvi‡Y †mwU Bs‡iwRB n‡Z n‡e| Avwg ej‡Z PvB, wØZxq fvlv KL‡bv cÖ_g fvlvi ¯’vb wb‡Z cv‡i bv| GB wel‡q m‡PZb bv n‡j mgMÖ RvwZi R‡b¨ Avgiv Ggb weåvwšÍ m„wó Kie, hLb ÔcÖRvZ‡š¿i ivóªfvlv evsjvÕ - GB weavb A_©nxb n‡q co‡Z cv‡i|

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evsjv fvlvi e¨envi wb‡q Avgv‡`i weåvwšÍ µ‡g e„w× cv”Q| Gi R‡b¨ `vqx wKQz †jL‡Ki AwfbeZ¡wcÖqZv Ges wKQz mvsevw`‡Ki `vwqZ¡ÁvbnxbZv| AKvi‡Y kã †QvUv-e‡ov Kivi GKUv cÖeYZv Avgv‡`i Av‡Q| †hLv‡b dj ej‡j nq, †mLv‡b Avgiv djkÖæwZi fyj cÖ‡qvM Kwi; Avevi †hLv‡b cwi‡cÖwÿZ ejv DwPZ, †mLv‡b †cÖwÿZ ewj| †hLv‡b cÖ¯Íve †jLv Awf‡cÖZ, †mLv‡b wjwL cÖ¯Ívebv; PjvKv‡j †jLv †hLv‡b h‡_ó, †mLv‡b wjwL PjvKvjxb mg‡q| Ab¨Zg A_© A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ GK, Avgv‡`i GLv‡b Pj‡Q wewkó A‡_© : ÔAb¨Zg GKwU KviYÕ| mgvm †f‡O †jLv GKUv wbqg n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q, †hgb, msev`cÎ-weµq‡K›`ª wjwLZ n‡”Q msev` cÎ weµq †K›`ª-iƒ‡c| ÔiÕ Ges ÔGiÕ wefw³`ywU Av‡Mi k‡ãi m‡½ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e hy³ nq, †hgb, e¨w³i, Le‡ii| GB wbq‡g Avgiv iex›`ªbv‡_i KweZvi D‡jøL K‡i _vwK| GLbKvi †SuvK †`Lv hv‡”Q, iex›`ªbv_-Gi †jLv, Gfv‡e Pj‡j Kw`b c‡i KweZv-i iƒc †`L‡Z cv‡ev|

†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cwÎKv Av‡iv GK avc GwM‡q Bs‡iwR fvlvi wbq‡g A¨vcmUªwdi cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Q m¤^Ü c‡`i †ÿ‡Î| evsjvq EaŸ©Kgvi e¨envi wQj e‡Y©i Ae‡jvc †evSv‡ZÑZvI Bs‡iwRiB wbq‡g (†hgb, don't) : Gi D`vniY, Ôc‡i (Dc‡i), ewjÕ (ewjqv), KÕ†i (Kwiqv), †m-e¨envi GLb weij| EaŸ©Kgvi bZzb e¨envi †hUv msµwgZ n‡q‡Q KvMRÕi Kj¨v‡Y, †mUv c~e©eZ©x k‡ã -Gi hy³ nIqvi e`‡j (AweKj Õs Gi Av`‡j) EaŸ©Kgv I i (Õi) †jLv| GUv †hgb A‡hŠw³K, †Zgwb Agvb¨|

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evbv‡bi wek„•Ljv Gi †P‡q wKQz Kg bq| evsjvq Zrmg k‡ãi evbvb wbw`©ó wQj ms¯‹…Z wbq‡g, wKš‘ Z™¢e, Aa©-Zrmg I we‡`wk k‡ãi evbv‡bi †Kv‡bv wbqg wQj bv| GB AivRKZv `~i Kivi R‡b¨ KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq‡K iex›`ªbv_ Aby‡iva K‡iwQ‡jb evbvbwewa †eu‡a w`‡Z| 1936 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq evsjv evbv‡bi wbqg cÖeZ©b K‡i| G-wb‡q A‡bK evK&-weZÐv nq, Z‡e iex›`ªbv_ wb‡R GB ixwZ †g‡b Pj‡eb e‡j †NvlYv Kivq mK‡jB Zv AbymiY K‡ib ev AbymiY Ki‡Z m¤§Z nb| Zvi Av‡MB Aek¨ wek¦fviZx wb‡R‡`i cÖKvkbvi R‡b¨ Av‡iK cÖ¯’ wbqg ̂ Zwi K‡i Ges iex›`ªbv‡_i eBcÎ †mB wbqgvbyhvqx Qvc‡Z ïiæ K‡i| KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wbq‡g A‡bK weKí ivLv n‡qwQj : Mvwo-Mvox, cvwL-cvLx, evwo-evox, Pzb-P‚b, cye-c~e BZ¨vw`| Avevi, KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq I wek¦fviZxi wewa‡Z wKQz †f` wQj| †hgb, ¯¿xwj½ Ges RvwZ, fvlv I we‡klY-evPK k‡ãi †k‡l KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wbq‡g CKvi Ges wek¦fviZxi wbq‡g BKvi nq| GK RvqMvq †avevbx, evOvjx, Bs‡iRx, †ikgx; Ab¨‡ÿ‡Î †avevwb, evOvwj, Bs‡iwR, †ikwg| weKí †e‡o hvIqvq weåvwšÍ evoj| d‡j cvV¨cy¯ÍK †_‡K ïiæ K‡i msev`c‡Î I mvwnZ¨K‡g© GKB k‡ãi evbvb‡f` memg‡qB †Pv‡L co‡Z _vKj| MZ kZvãxi Avwki `k‡K evsjv‡`k RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© cÖv_wgK wkÿvi ch©v‡q cvV¨eB‡Z evsjv evbv‡bi mgZvweav‡bi GKwU D`&‡hvM †bq| c‡ii `k‡K evsjv GKv‡Wgx cÖwgZ evbvb cÖeZ©‡bi Av‡iKwU D`&‡hvM MÖnY K‡i| GB `y-†ÿ‡Î wbq‡gi mvgvb¨ †ni‡di _vK‡jI †gŠwjK HK¨ GB †h, Gi †Kv_vI evbvb ms¯‹vi ev D™¢veb Kiv nqwb| †hLv‡b n«¯^-`xN© `y‡qiB weavb Av‡Q, †mLv‡b (Aí K‡qKwU `„óvšÍ Qvov) n«¯^ B ev D M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB Mvwo, cvwL, evwo, evOvwj, Bs‡iwR †bIqv n‡q‡Q, ev` †M‡Q Mvox, cvLx, evox, evOvjx, Bs‡iRx| mgv‡jvP‡Kiv e‡j‡Qb, evOvjxi ̀ xN© CKvi jyß nIqvq Zvi gh©v`vnvwb n‡q‡Q| wØgZcÖKv‡ki GKUv `vwqZ¡ mgv‡jvPK‡`i Av‡Q eBwK!

Iw`‡K KjKvZvq Avb›`evRvi †Mvôx Zv‡`i cÖKvkbvi R‡b¨ Ges cwðge½ evsjv AvKv‡`wg me©mvavi‡Yi e¨env‡ii R‡b¨ evsjv evbv‡bi wbqgvewj ̂ Zwi K‡i‡Q| evsjv evbv‡bi mgZvweav‡bi GZ eûgyLx cÖqvm CwáZ djjv‡fi c‡ÿ nq‡Zv AšÍivqB n‡q‡Q|

Zv †nvK, wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk cÎcwÎKvq †Kv‡bv wbqgB AbymiY Kiv n‡”Q bv| †KD †KD g‡b Ki‡Q, evsjv fvlv †_‡K †evanq C ev E Kvi †jvc K‡i †`Iqv n‡q‡Q, d‡j Zviv hÎZÎ BKvi-DKvi Pvwj‡q w`‡”Q| GKvwaK cwÎKv m¤£gvZ¥K ÔZuvivÕ k‡ã P›`ªwe›`y cwinvi Kivi wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Q| evsjv fvlvq hZw`b Avcwb-Zzwgi †f` _vK‡e, ZZw`b Zuviv-Guiv Ges Zviv-Givi cv_©K¨ eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †jLK‡K †`LwQ T I R‡qi hy³eY© Ä †f‡O b&R wjL‡Z| Zv‡`i nv‡Z mÄq I mÄxe n‡q DV‡Q mb&Rq I mb&Rxe| Avgiv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB hw` e¨w³MZ cQ›`-AcQ›`‡K mevi Ic‡i Pvwc‡q w`‡Z PvB, Zvn‡j gvrm¨b¨v‡qi cybivwef©ve Qvov Dcvq Kx!

Av‡iK cªeYZv †`Lv hv‡”Q PjwZ evsjv k‡ãi e`‡j Bs‡iwR kã e¨envi Kivi| Kÿ, Mvwo, evwo ewR©Z n‡”Q, iæg, Kvi I wewìs Zvi RvqMv wb‡”Q| evsjvq wPiUv Kvj Avgiv GKZjv-†`vZjv e‡j Gjvg, GLb Bs‡iwRi evsjv K‡i cÖ_g Zjv, wØZxq Zjvi g‡Zv KzrwmZ e¨envi Pvjy n‡”Q| Avevi, wZb Ly‡bi gvgjv bv e‡j wUªcj gvW©vi †Km ej‡j evsjvfvlx cvVK †ewk eyS‡e e‡j a‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q| †Zgwb UK Ad w` UvDb| g‡b nq, evsjv msev`cÎ covi Av‡M cvVK‡K Bs‡iwR wkÿv K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx10

GB e³„Zv †jLvi mg‡q mycÖwZwôZ GKwU cwÎKvq gyw`ªZ GKwU evK¨ †Pv‡L coj : ÔwZwbmn cuvPRb‡K †MÖßvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|Õ IB mvsevw`K‡K GK_v ejvi mvnm Kvi Av‡Q †h, ÔwZwbÕ †MÖßvi nb, ÔwZwbÕ†K †MÖßvi Kiv hvq bv, †MÖßvi Kiv hvq ÔZuv‡KÕ Ges evK¨wU ÔZuv‡K Ges Av‡iv PviRb‡K †MÖßvi Kiv n‡q‡QÕ ej‡j h_v_© n‡Zv| Aek¨ GLb A‡b‡K ej‡Qb,Ñ Zvi g‡a¨ fvlvZvwË¡KI Av‡Qb, ï×vï‡×i aviYv Avgv‡`i ms¯‹vigvÎ, Avm‡j ï× ev Aï× e‡j wKQz †bB| j¨vVv Pz‡K †Mj|

wZb

evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi GKwU Aby‡gvw`Z Bs‡iwR cvV Av‡Q| Avw` msweav‡bi Bs‡iwR fv‡l¨ evsjv fvlvi cÖwZkã wQj Bengali| 1988 mv‡j Aóg ms‡kvabxi Øviv Zv e`‡j Bangla Kiv nq| Avgv‡`i A‡b‡KiB g‡b co‡e, cvwK¯Ív‡bi AvBqye Lv‡bi kvmbKv‡j D`©y cÖPvi-gva¨‡g Ôc~e© cvwK¯ÍvbÕ I ÔevsjvÕ Ges Bs‡iwR cÖPvi-gva¨‡g ÔevsjvÕ k‡ãi e¨envi Pvjy n‡qwQj| Gikv`-Avg‡ji evsjv‡`‡k Bs‡iwR‡Z Bangali i e`‡j Bangla †jLvi ixwZ cybtcÖewZ©Z nq|

GB cwieZ©‡bi hyw³Uv †evSvi †Póv Kiv hvK| cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvq hLb A‡b¨i fvlv I RvwZ-evPK kã e¨envi Kiv nq, ZLb Zv †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î AweK…Z _v‡K, †Kv_vI †Kv_vI cwiewZ©Ziƒ‡c M„nxZ nq| evsjvq Avgiv dviwm, D`©y, wnw›` ewj, Avevi wmsnwj, Bs‡iwR, divwm, Rvg©vb ewj - KL‡bvB wmbnvjv, Bswjk, d«u‡mR, W‡qk& ewj bv| Bs‡iRiv divwm‡K †d«Â I Rvg©vb‡K Rvg©vb e‡j| Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖvq AvovB k eQi a‡i †e½wj ejv n‡”Q| cwieZ©bUv Bs‡iwRfvlx †KD Kij bv, Avgiv Kijvg| KviY wK?

GKwU AK&m‡dvW© wWKkbvwii beZg ms¯‹i‡Y Bangla fyw³‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, GUv Bengali i iKg‡di| iK‡gi †f`B hw` nq, Zvn‡j e`‡ji Avek¨KZv Kx? g‡b nq, fvi‡Zi evsjv Bengali Avi evsjv‡`‡ki evsjv Bangla, GUv Rvbv‡bvB wQj Avgv‡`i AwfcÖvq| m¤cÖwZ gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª GB aviYvUvB cÖkªq †c‡q‡Q gvB‡µvmd&U †Kv¤úvwbi Kv‡Q|

fvi‡Zi evsjv I evsjv‡`‡ki evsjv †h Avjv`v fvlv, AšÍZ Zv Avjv`v nIqv DwPZ, Avgv‡`i K‡qKRb †jLK †mK_v GLb †Rvi w`‡q ej‡Qb| Zuv‡`i e³e¨ A‡bKUv GiKg : †dvU© DBwjqg K‡j‡R evsjv M‡`¨i †h-m~Pbv n‡qwQj, Zv ms¯‹…ZvbyM, Zv‡Z evOvwji gy‡Li K_v ev` c‡o wM‡qwQj| ew¼gP›`ª-iex›`ªbv‡_ †h-mvay M`¨ iƒcjvf K‡i, †mLv‡bI †gŠwLK eywj †Zgb ̄ ’vb cvqwb, Z‡e Zuv‡`i mvay wµqvc` DËi I c~e© evsjvi †gŠwLK wµqvc‡`i mwbœKUeZx© wQj| cÖg_ †PŠayix hLb mvayfvlvi D‡”Q` NwU‡q mvwn‡Z¨ PjwZ fvlv cÖeZ©‡bi mdj Av‡›`vjb Ki‡jb, ZLb wZwb †m-PwjZ fvlv‡K ¯’vcb Ki‡jb GKvšÍB cwðge‡½i †gŠwLK fvlvi wfwˇZ| GB cÖwgZ fvlv c~e© evsjvi †gŠwLK fvlv †_‡K A‡bKLvwb c„_K, myZivs Avgv‡`i c‡ÿ Zv gvb¨ Kiv Avek¨K bq| Avgiv evsjv‡`‡ki †gŠwLK fvlvi wfwˇZ, AvcvZZ ivRavbx XvKvq PjwZ †gŠwLK fvlvi wfwˇZ, Avgv‡`i cÖwgZ evsjv M‡o ZzjeÑ †hgb KjKvZvi fvlv‡K †K›`ª K‡i cÖg_ †PŠayix GKw`b K‡iwQ‡jb|

welqUv wb‡q GL‡bv ZK©weZK© Pj‡Q| Kvwj I Kjg gvwmKc‡Î MZ Q gvm a‡i GB g‡Zi c‡ÿ-wec‡ÿ hyw³ Zz‡j aiv n‡”Q| †mme iPbv †_‡K evwÃZ M‡`¨i `y-GKUv bgybv D`a„Z Kiv Avgvi Avj‡m¨i AbyK~j n‡e| c~e© evOjvi fvlv MÖ‡š’i m¤úv`K Gev`yi ingvb wj‡L‡Qb :

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 11

Page 13: cÂg el© wØZxq msL¨v AMÖnvqY-†cŠl 1415, wW‡m¤^i 2008bafed.net/pdf/BDec8.pdf · and Shafiul Alam.Published by Nazmul Haq, ... Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U© wØZxq fvlv I

evbv‡bi wek„•Ljv Gi †P‡q wKQz Kg bq| evsjvq Zrmg k‡ãi evbvb wbw`©ó wQj ms¯‹…Z wbq‡g, wKš‘ Z™¢e, Aa©-Zrmg I we‡`wk k‡ãi evbv‡bi †Kv‡bv wbqg wQj bv| GB AivRKZv `~i Kivi R‡b¨ KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq‡K iex›`ªbv_ Aby‡iva K‡iwQ‡jb evbvbwewa †eu‡a w`‡Z| 1936 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq evsjv evbv‡bi wbqg cÖeZ©b K‡i| G-wb‡q A‡bK evK&-weZÐv nq, Z‡e iex›`ªbv_ wb‡R GB ixwZ †g‡b Pj‡eb e‡j †NvlYv Kivq mK‡jB Zv AbymiY K‡ib ev AbymiY Ki‡Z m¤§Z nb| Zvi Av‡MB Aek¨ wek¦fviZx wb‡R‡`i cÖKvkbvi R‡b¨ Av‡iK cÖ¯’ wbqg ̂ Zwi K‡i Ges iex›`ªbv‡_i eBcÎ †mB wbqgvbyhvqx Qvc‡Z ïiæ K‡i| KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wbq‡g A‡bK weKí ivLv n‡qwQj : Mvwo-Mvox, cvwL-cvLx, evwo-evox, Pzb-P‚b, cye-c~e BZ¨vw`| Avevi, KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq I wek¦fviZxi wewa‡Z wKQz †f` wQj| †hgb, ¯¿xwj½ Ges RvwZ, fvlv I we‡klY-evPK k‡ãi †k‡l KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wbq‡g CKvi Ges wek¦fviZxi wbq‡g BKvi nq| GK RvqMvq †avevbx, evOvjx, Bs‡iRx, †ikgx; Ab¨‡ÿ‡Î †avevwb, evOvwj, Bs‡iwR, †ikwg| weKí †e‡o hvIqvq weåvwšÍ evoj| d‡j cvV¨cy¯ÍK †_‡K ïiæ K‡i msev`c‡Î I mvwnZ¨K‡g© GKB k‡ãi evbvb‡f` memg‡qB †Pv‡L co‡Z _vKj| MZ kZvãxi Avwki `k‡K evsjv‡`k RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© cÖv_wgK wkÿvi ch©v‡q cvV¨eB‡Z evsjv evbv‡bi mgZvweav‡bi GKwU D`&‡hvM †bq| c‡ii `k‡K evsjv GKv‡Wgx cÖwgZ evbvb cÖeZ©‡bi Av‡iKwU D`&‡hvM MÖnY K‡i| GB `y-†ÿ‡Î wbq‡gi mvgvb¨ †ni‡di _vK‡jI †gŠwjK HK¨ GB †h, Gi †Kv_vI evbvb ms¯‹vi ev D™¢veb Kiv nqwb| †hLv‡b n«¯^-`xN© `y‡qiB weavb Av‡Q, †mLv‡b (Aí K‡qKwU `„óvšÍ Qvov) n«¯^ B ev D M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB Mvwo, cvwL, evwo, evOvwj, Bs‡iwR †bIqv n‡q‡Q, ev` †M‡Q Mvox, cvLx, evox, evOvjx, Bs‡iRx| mgv‡jvP‡Kiv e‡j‡Qb, evOvjxi ̀ xN© CKvi jyß nIqvq Zvi gh©v`vnvwb n‡q‡Q| wØgZcÖKv‡ki GKUv `vwqZ¡ mgv‡jvPK‡`i Av‡Q eBwK!

Iw`‡K KjKvZvq Avb›`evRvi †Mvôx Zv‡`i cÖKvkbvi R‡b¨ Ges cwðge½ evsjv AvKv‡`wg me©mvavi‡Yi e¨env‡ii R‡b¨ evsjv evbv‡bi wbqgvewj ̂ Zwi K‡i‡Q| evsjv evbv‡bi mgZvweav‡bi GZ eûgyLx cÖqvm CwáZ djjv‡fi c‡ÿ nq‡Zv AšÍivqB n‡q‡Q|

Zv †nvK, wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk cÎcwÎKvq †Kv‡bv wbqgB AbymiY Kiv n‡”Q bv| †KD †KD g‡b Ki‡Q, evsjv fvlv †_‡K †evanq C ev E Kvi †jvc K‡i †`Iqv n‡q‡Q, d‡j Zviv hÎZÎ BKvi-DKvi Pvwj‡q w`‡”Q| GKvwaK cwÎKv m¤£gvZ¥K ÔZuvivÕ k‡ã P›`ªwe›`y cwinvi Kivi wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Q| evsjv fvlvq hZw`b Avcwb-Zzwgi †f` _vK‡e, ZZw`b Zuviv-Guiv Ges Zviv-Givi cv_©K¨ eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †jLK‡K †`LwQ T I R‡qi hy³eY© Ä †f‡O b&R wjL‡Z| Zv‡`i nv‡Z mÄq I mÄxe n‡q DV‡Q mb&Rq I mb&Rxe| Avgiv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB hw` e¨w³MZ cQ›`-AcQ›`‡K mevi Ic‡i Pvwc‡q w`‡Z PvB, Zvn‡j gvrm¨b¨v‡qi cybivwef©ve Qvov Dcvq Kx!

Av‡iK cªeYZv †`Lv hv‡”Q PjwZ evsjv k‡ãi e`‡j Bs‡iwR kã e¨envi Kivi| Kÿ, Mvwo, evwo ewR©Z n‡”Q, iæg, Kvi I wewìs Zvi RvqMv wb‡”Q| evsjvq wPiUv Kvj Avgiv GKZjv-†`vZjv e‡j Gjvg, GLb Bs‡iwRi evsjv K‡i cÖ_g Zjv, wØZxq Zjvi g‡Zv KzrwmZ e¨envi Pvjy n‡”Q| Avevi, wZb Ly‡bi gvgjv bv e‡j wUªcj gvW©vi †Km ej‡j evsjvfvlx cvVK †ewk eyS‡e e‡j a‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q| †Zgwb UK Ad w` UvDb| g‡b nq, evsjv msev`cÎ covi Av‡M cvVK‡K Bs‡iwR wkÿv K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx10

GB e³„Zv †jLvi mg‡q mycÖwZwôZ GKwU cwÎKvq gyw`ªZ GKwU evK¨ †Pv‡L coj : ÔwZwbmn cuvPRb‡K †MÖßvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|Õ IB mvsevw`K‡K GK_v ejvi mvnm Kvi Av‡Q †h, ÔwZwbÕ †MÖßvi nb, ÔwZwbÕ†K †MÖßvi Kiv hvq bv, †MÖßvi Kiv hvq ÔZuv‡KÕ Ges evK¨wU ÔZuv‡K Ges Av‡iv PviRb‡K †MÖßvi Kiv n‡q‡QÕ ej‡j h_v_© n‡Zv| Aek¨ GLb A‡b‡K ej‡Qb,Ñ Zvi g‡a¨ fvlvZvwË¡KI Av‡Qb, ï×vï‡×i aviYv Avgv‡`i ms¯‹vigvÎ, Avm‡j ï× ev Aï× e‡j wKQz †bB| j¨vVv Pz‡K †Mj|

wZb

evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi GKwU Aby‡gvw`Z Bs‡iwR cvV Av‡Q| Avw` msweav‡bi Bs‡iwR fv‡l¨ evsjv fvlvi cÖwZkã wQj Bengali| 1988 mv‡j Aóg ms‡kvabxi Øviv Zv e`‡j Bangla Kiv nq| Avgv‡`i A‡b‡KiB g‡b co‡e, cvwK¯Ív‡bi AvBqye Lv‡bi kvmbKv‡j D`©y cÖPvi-gva¨‡g Ôc~e© cvwK¯ÍvbÕ I ÔevsjvÕ Ges Bs‡iwR cÖPvi-gva¨‡g ÔevsjvÕ k‡ãi e¨envi Pvjy n‡qwQj| Gikv`-Avg‡ji evsjv‡`‡k Bs‡iwR‡Z Bangali i e`‡j Bangla †jLvi ixwZ cybtcÖewZ©Z nq|

GB cwieZ©‡bi hyw³Uv †evSvi †Póv Kiv hvK| cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvq hLb A‡b¨i fvlv I RvwZ-evPK kã e¨envi Kiv nq, ZLb Zv †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î AweK…Z _v‡K, †Kv_vI †Kv_vI cwiewZ©Ziƒ‡c M„nxZ nq| evsjvq Avgiv dviwm, D`©y, wnw›` ewj, Avevi wmsnwj, Bs‡iwR, divwm, Rvg©vb ewj - KL‡bvB wmbnvjv, Bswjk, d«u‡mR, W‡qk& ewj bv| Bs‡iRiv divwm‡K †d«Â I Rvg©vb‡K Rvg©vb e‡j| Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖvq AvovB k eQi a‡i †e½wj ejv n‡”Q| cwieZ©bUv Bs‡iwRfvlx †KD Kij bv, Avgiv Kijvg| KviY wK?

GKwU AK&m‡dvW© wWKkbvwii beZg ms¯‹i‡Y Bangla fyw³‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, GUv Bengali i iKg‡di| iK‡gi †f`B hw` nq, Zvn‡j e`‡ji Avek¨KZv Kx? g‡b nq, fvi‡Zi evsjv Bengali Avi evsjv‡`‡ki evsjv Bangla, GUv Rvbv‡bvB wQj Avgv‡`i AwfcÖvq| m¤cÖwZ gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª GB aviYvUvB cÖkªq †c‡q‡Q gvB‡µvmd&U †Kv¤úvwbi Kv‡Q|

fvi‡Zi evsjv I evsjv‡`‡ki evsjv †h Avjv`v fvlv, AšÍZ Zv Avjv`v nIqv DwPZ, Avgv‡`i K‡qKRb †jLK †mK_v GLb †Rvi w`‡q ej‡Qb| Zuv‡`i e³e¨ A‡bKUv GiKg : †dvU© DBwjqg K‡j‡R evsjv M‡`¨i †h-m~Pbv n‡qwQj, Zv ms¯‹…ZvbyM, Zv‡Z evOvwji gy‡Li K_v ev` c‡o wM‡qwQj| ew¼gP›`ª-iex›`ªbv‡_ †h-mvay M`¨ iƒcjvf K‡i, †mLv‡bI †gŠwLK eywj †Zgb ̄ ’vb cvqwb, Z‡e Zuv‡`i mvay wµqvc` DËi I c~e© evsjvi †gŠwLK wµqvc‡`i mwbœKUeZx© wQj| cÖg_ †PŠayix hLb mvayfvlvi D‡”Q` NwU‡q mvwn‡Z¨ PjwZ fvlv cÖeZ©‡bi mdj Av‡›`vjb Ki‡jb, ZLb wZwb †m-PwjZ fvlv‡K ¯’vcb Ki‡jb GKvšÍB cwðge‡½i †gŠwLK fvlvi wfwˇZ| GB cÖwgZ fvlv c~e© evsjvi †gŠwLK fvlv †_‡K A‡bKLvwb c„_K, myZivs Avgv‡`i c‡ÿ Zv gvb¨ Kiv Avek¨K bq| Avgiv evsjv‡`‡ki †gŠwLK fvlvi wfwˇZ, AvcvZZ ivRavbx XvKvq PjwZ †gŠwLK fvlvi wfwˇZ, Avgv‡`i cÖwgZ evsjv M‡o ZzjeÑ †hgb KjKvZvi fvlv‡K †K›`ª K‡i cÖg_ †PŠayix GKw`b K‡iwQ‡jb|

welqUv wb‡q GL‡bv ZK©weZK© Pj‡Q| Kvwj I Kjg gvwmKc‡Î MZ Q gvm a‡i GB g‡Zi c‡ÿ-wec‡ÿ hyw³ Zz‡j aiv n‡”Q| †mme iPbv †_‡K evwÃZ M‡`¨i `y-GKUv bgybv D`a„Z Kiv Avgvi Avj‡m¨i AbyK~j n‡e| c~e© evOjvi fvlv MÖ‡š’i m¤úv`K Gev`yi ingvb wj‡L‡Qb :

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 11

Page 14: cÂg el© wØZxq msL¨v AMÖnvqY-†cŠl 1415, wW‡m¤^i 2008bafed.net/pdf/BDec8.pdf · and Shafiul Alam.Published by Nazmul Haq, ... Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U© wØZxq fvlv I

Pvi

evsjv‡`k hLb ¯^vaxb n‡jv, ZLb Zvi mgiƒcZvq Avgiv wb‡RivB GZ Awff‚Z n‡qwQjvg †h, Ab¨vb¨ b„ZvwË¡K RvwZmËvi K_v Avgv‡`i g‡b nqwb, GgbKx PvKgv RbcÖwZwbwa hLb evOvwj‡`i †_‡K PvKgv‡`i ̄ ^vZ‡š¿¨i ̀ vwe Zzj‡jb, ZL‡bv Zv Avgv‡`i g‡b †Zgb ̀ vM Kv‡Uwb| cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g wmwK kZvãxi mk¯¿ msNvZ Avgv‡`i ˆPZ‡b¨v`q NwU‡q‡Q| GLb †LuvRLei wb‡q Rvbv hv‡”Q, evsjv‡`‡k 45wU ¯^Zš¿ Rb‡Mvôxi evm| Zviv wb‡R‡`i Avw`evmx e‡j `vwe K‡i, Avi Avgv‡`i miKvi Zv‡`i AwfwnZ K‡i DcRvwZ wn‡m‡e| Zv‡`i‡K cv‡Q Avw`evmx e‡j ̄ ^xKvi Ki‡Z nq, GB f‡q RvwZmsN-‡NvwlZ AvšÍR©vwZK Avw`evmx w`emI G‡`‡k miKvwifv‡e cvwjZ nq bvÑ hw`I RvwZms‡Ni `wjjc‡Î, we‡klZ AvšÍR©vwZK kªg ms¯’vi GKwU ms‡kvwaZ Kb‡fbk‡b (1989) ÔAvw`evmxÕi msÁv_© A‡bK wkw_j Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki Avw`evmx‡`i fvlv m¤ú‡K© Avgvi ZiæY mnKgx© †mŠif wkK`vi †h-DcvË msKjb K‡i‡Q, Zv †_‡K G‡`i fvlv-cwiw¯’wZ wb‡q wKQy Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi †Póv KiwQ|

µg Rb‡Mvôx RbmsL¨v (1991) fvlv fvlvesk eY©gvjv

1 Amg mvgvb¨ Anwgqv B‡›`v-BD‡icxq Anwgqv

2 IivIu 11,296 KziæK/m`&wi `ªvweo/B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq †bB

3 Kg©Kvi AÁvZ m`&wi B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq †bB

4 †KvP 12,631 †KvP wZeŸwZ-ewg© (†ev‡ov) †bB

5 †Kvj AÁvZ gyÐv Aw÷ªK †bB

6 ÿwÎq eg©Y AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

7 L›` AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

8 Lvwoqv AÁvZ gyÐv Aw÷ªªK †bB

9 Lvwm 13,412 Lvwmqv Aw÷ªK †bB

10 wLqvs 2,345 wLqvs wZevewZ-ewg ©(KzwK-Pxb) AÁvZ

11 Lywg 1,241 Lywg wZeŸwZ-ewg© †bB

12 Mv‡iv 68,210 gvwÐ/AvwPK wZeŸwZ-ewg© †ivgvb/evsjv

13 ¸L©v AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

14 PvK 2,000 PvK wZeŸwZ-ewg© †bB

15 PvKgv 2,52,986 PvKgv B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq gb-†Lg

16 ZOPwÿqv 21,057 ZOPw½qv/PvKgv B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq evsjv

17 Zzwi AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

18 wÎcyiv 79,772 KKeiK wZeŸwZ-ewg© evsjv

19 `jy AÁvZ `jyB wZeŸwZ-ewg© (†ev‡ov) AÁvZ

20 cv‡•Lv 3,227 cv‡•Lv wZeŸwZ-ewg© (KzwK-Pxb) †bB

21 cvÎ AÁvZ AÁvZ wZeŸwZ-ewg© (†ev‡ov) †bB

Avgv‡`i evKcÖwZgv †Kg‡b, wKfv‡e, wK fvlvq K_v KBe, Avgiv Rvwbbv| wKš‘ evsjv KjP‡i I cwjwUK‡m GKUv Gmcvi Imcv‡ii cÖ¯‘wZ Pj‡Z‡Q| GUv Avgiv †Ui cvB| Gi AuvP Avgv‡Mv kix‡i AvBmv jvM‡Z‡Q| GB ewn‡Z Avgv‡Mv Revb mvd Kivi Aweivg msMÖv‡gi wKQz BwZnvm aiv _vK‡jv|

mvd Rev‡bi D`vniYUvI Zuvi GKwU Mí †_‡K †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i :

GLb AZxZ ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j eûr wKmy Rv‡ni nB‡ev|

†hgb, c‡bi eQi eq‡m †Kb wZwb †KŠgvh¨© DrmM© Ki‡jb? ZvI gvÕi GK evÜe‡i!

cÖ_‡g †Lqvj nBwm‡jv, †evanq †mvnv‡i wmwWDm Ki‡m IB Jg¨vbvBRvi e¨vUv| Zuv‡i †mvnvM †`Lvq e¨envi Ki‡m|

wKš‘ †`L‡Zwm, Gme Avgv‡Mv û`v ev‡LvqvR|

†mvnvi GB UvB‡ci †mvnvM cÖn‡Yi `xN© AvKv•ÿv wQj| nq‡Zv, cÖ¯‘wZI wQj| cyiæ‡li me©¯^ w`qv MÖnY Kivi|

Zuv‡i wbqv hLb †cÖŠpw`‡Mi g‡a¨ KvovKvwo cBov †M‡Q, wZwb gRv cvB‡mb| †h †Kvbiƒc A¨v‡Ubkb AšÍt¯’‡j A¨vwcÖwm‡qU Ki‡mb|

†Zv, ̀ xN© cÖ¯‘wZ I A‡cÿv †kl nB‡jv!

cø¨vb-†cªvMÖvg GK`g mvK‡mm|

†mvnvi †hvwbi eDwb nB‡jv|

wKš‘ eDwb nBevi cieZx© mvZ/AvU emi hv NU‡m! Avgiv cyiv Wivq †Mwm|

hv NU‡m Zv e¨vL¨vZxZ Ñ ïb‡jB AvUvk nB‡Z nB‡ev| ZLb nvmvnvwm KiZvg| GLb gb Lvivc jv‡M| Ggb me cvewj‡Ki m‡½ †mvnv wembvq DcbxZ nB‡mb... Ggb me KvÐ NUvq‡mb... wQt|

Avgvi fq nq, D`&a„Z Ask †Rv‡i †Rv‡i co‡j †klKv‡j †h-kãwU cÖwZaŸwbZ n‡e, Zv wQt|

Z‡e cÖwgZ evsjvi iƒc huviv e`j Ki‡Z Pvb, Zuv‡`i mevi †h D`a„Z Ask Av`k© e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e, Ggb fve‡j Zuv‡`i cÖwZ AwePvi Kiv n‡e| Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ G‡KKRb G‡KK AvÂwjK fvlv e¨envi Ki‡Qb eB‡qi As‡k ev m¤ú~Y© eB‡q| wKsev cvÎcvÎxi gy‡L GKUv cÖwgZ AvÂwjK fvlv †`Iqvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| GLwb †h j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠ‡Q †M‡Qb, Ggb ̀ vwe nq‡Zv Zuviv Ki‡eb bv| GLv‡b ̄ §iY‡hvM¨ †h, G-wel‡q GKzk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g ̀ k‡K Avgv‡`i †jL‡Kiv †hme hyw³ cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb, MZ kZ‡Ki lv‡Ui `k‡K AweKj cÖvq †mB hyw³ cÖ`k©b K‡iwQ‡jb Beªvwng Luv, Aveyj gbmyi Avng`, Aveyj Kv‡mg Ges Av‡iv †KD †KD| Gi g~j KL‡bv ̄ ^Zš¿ cwiPqjv‡fi †h-evmbv gvby‡li g‡a¨ KvR K‡i, †mLv‡b, KL‡bv m„wókxj e¨w³i bZzb m„wói AvKv•ÿvq| †jLKgv‡ÎiB AwaKvi Av‡Q wb‡Ri fvlv Lyu‡R †bIqvi| Zvi dj fv‡jv †nvK, g›` †nvK, Avgiv Zv‡Z n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z cvwi bv| wKš‘ ¯^vZš¿¨cÖqvmx †jLK‡`i hyw³i †Ri †U‡b †KD hw` KL‡bv e‡jb, iex›`ªbv‡_i fvlv Avgvi fvlv bq, Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i A‡bK ̀ ytL cvIqvi KviY NU‡e|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx12 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 13

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Pvi

evsjv‡`k hLb ¯^vaxb n‡jv, ZLb Zvi mgiƒcZvq Avgiv wb‡RivB GZ Awff‚Z n‡qwQjvg †h, Ab¨vb¨ b„ZvwË¡K RvwZmËvi K_v Avgv‡`i g‡b nqwb, GgbKx PvKgv RbcÖwZwbwa hLb evOvwj‡`i †_‡K PvKgv‡`i ̄ ^vZ‡š¿¨i ̀ vwe Zzj‡jb, ZL‡bv Zv Avgv‡`i g‡b †Zgb ̀ vM Kv‡Uwb| cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g wmwK kZvãxi mk¯¿ msNvZ Avgv‡`i ˆPZ‡b¨v`q NwU‡q‡Q| GLb †LuvRLei wb‡q Rvbv hv‡”Q, evsjv‡`‡k 45wU ¯^Zš¿ Rb‡Mvôxi evm| Zviv wb‡R‡`i Avw`evmx e‡j `vwe K‡i, Avi Avgv‡`i miKvi Zv‡`i AwfwnZ K‡i DcRvwZ wn‡m‡e| Zv‡`i‡K cv‡Q Avw`evmx e‡j ̄ ^xKvi Ki‡Z nq, GB f‡q RvwZmsN-‡NvwlZ AvšÍR©vwZK Avw`evmx w`emI G‡`‡k miKvwifv‡e cvwjZ nq bvÑ hw`I RvwZms‡Ni `wjjc‡Î, we‡klZ AvšÍR©vwZK kªg ms¯’vi GKwU ms‡kvwaZ Kb‡fbk‡b (1989) ÔAvw`evmxÕi msÁv_© A‡bK wkw_j Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki Avw`evmx‡`i fvlv m¤ú‡K© Avgvi ZiæY mnKgx© †mŠif wkK`vi †h-DcvË msKjb K‡i‡Q, Zv †_‡K G‡`i fvlv-cwiw¯’wZ wb‡q wKQy Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi †Póv KiwQ|

µg Rb‡Mvôx RbmsL¨v (1991) fvlv fvlvesk eY©gvjv

1 Amg mvgvb¨ Anwgqv B‡›`v-BD‡icxq Anwgqv

2 IivIu 11,296 KziæK/m`&wi `ªvweo/B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq †bB

3 Kg©Kvi AÁvZ m`&wi B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq †bB

4 †KvP 12,631 †KvP wZeŸwZ-ewg© (†ev‡ov) †bB

5 †Kvj AÁvZ gyÐv Aw÷ªK †bB

6 ÿwÎq eg©Y AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

7 L›` AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

8 Lvwoqv AÁvZ gyÐv Aw÷ªªK †bB

9 Lvwm 13,412 Lvwmqv Aw÷ªK †bB

10 wLqvs 2,345 wLqvs wZevewZ-ewg ©(KzwK-Pxb) AÁvZ

11 Lywg 1,241 Lywg wZeŸwZ-ewg© †bB

12 Mv‡iv 68,210 gvwÐ/AvwPK wZeŸwZ-ewg© †ivgvb/evsjv

13 ¸L©v AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

14 PvK 2,000 PvK wZeŸwZ-ewg© †bB

15 PvKgv 2,52,986 PvKgv B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq gb-†Lg

16 ZOPwÿqv 21,057 ZOPw½qv/PvKgv B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq evsjv

17 Zzwi AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

18 wÎcyiv 79,772 KKeiK wZeŸwZ-ewg© evsjv

19 `jy AÁvZ `jyB wZeŸwZ-ewg© (†ev‡ov) AÁvZ

20 cv‡•Lv 3,227 cv‡•Lv wZeŸwZ-ewg© (KzwK-Pxb) †bB

21 cvÎ AÁvZ AÁvZ wZeŸwZ-ewg© (†ev‡ov) †bB

Avgv‡`i evKcÖwZgv †Kg‡b, wKfv‡e, wK fvlvq K_v KBe, Avgiv Rvwbbv| wKš‘ evsjv KjP‡i I cwjwUK‡m GKUv Gmcvi Imcv‡ii cÖ¯‘wZ Pj‡Z‡Q| GUv Avgiv †Ui cvB| Gi AuvP Avgv‡Mv kix‡i AvBmv jvM‡Z‡Q| GB ewn‡Z Avgv‡Mv Revb mvd Kivi Aweivg msMÖv‡gi wKQz BwZnvm aiv _vK‡jv|

mvd Rev‡bi D`vniYUvI Zuvi GKwU Mí †_‡K †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i :

GLb AZxZ ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j eûr wKmy Rv‡ni nB‡ev|

†hgb, c‡bi eQi eq‡m †Kb wZwb †KŠgvh¨© DrmM© Ki‡jb? ZvI gvÕi GK evÜe‡i!

cÖ_‡g †Lqvj nBwm‡jv, †evanq †mvnv‡i wmwWDm Ki‡m IB Jg¨vbvBRvi e¨vUv| Zuv‡i †mvnvM †`Lvq e¨envi Ki‡m|

wKš‘ †`L‡Zwm, Gme Avgv‡Mv û`v ev‡LvqvR|

†mvnvi GB UvB‡ci †mvnvM cÖn‡Yi `xN© AvKv•ÿv wQj| nq‡Zv, cÖ¯‘wZI wQj| cyiæ‡li me©¯^ w`qv MÖnY Kivi|

Zuv‡i wbqv hLb †cÖŠpw`‡Mi g‡a¨ KvovKvwo cBov †M‡Q, wZwb gRv cvB‡mb| †h †Kvbiƒc A¨v‡Ubkb AšÍt¯’‡j A¨vwcÖwm‡qU Ki‡mb|

†Zv, ̀ xN© cÖ¯‘wZ I A‡cÿv †kl nB‡jv!

cø¨vb-†cªvMÖvg GK`g mvK‡mm|

†mvnvi †hvwbi eDwb nB‡jv|

wKš‘ eDwb nBevi cieZx© mvZ/AvU emi hv NU‡m! Avgiv cyiv Wivq †Mwm|

hv NU‡m Zv e¨vL¨vZxZ Ñ ïb‡jB AvUvk nB‡Z nB‡ev| ZLb nvmvnvwm KiZvg| GLb gb Lvivc jv‡M| Ggb me cvewj‡Ki m‡½ †mvnv wembvq DcbxZ nB‡mb... Ggb me KvÐ NUvq‡mb... wQt|

Avgvi fq nq, D`&a„Z Ask †Rv‡i †Rv‡i co‡j †klKv‡j †h-kãwU cÖwZaŸwbZ n‡e, Zv wQt|

Z‡e cÖwgZ evsjvi iƒc huviv e`j Ki‡Z Pvb, Zuv‡`i mevi †h D`a„Z Ask Av`k© e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e, Ggb fve‡j Zuv‡`i cÖwZ AwePvi Kiv n‡e| Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ G‡KKRb G‡KK AvÂwjK fvlv e¨envi Ki‡Qb eB‡qi As‡k ev m¤ú~Y© eB‡q| wKsev cvÎcvÎxi gy‡L GKUv cÖwgZ AvÂwjK fvlv †`Iqvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| GLwb †h j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠ‡Q †M‡Qb, Ggb ̀ vwe nq‡Zv Zuviv Ki‡eb bv| GLv‡b ̄ §iY‡hvM¨ †h, G-wel‡q GKzk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g ̀ k‡K Avgv‡`i †jL‡Kiv †hme hyw³ cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb, MZ kZ‡Ki lv‡Ui `k‡K AweKj cÖvq †mB hyw³ cÖ`k©b K‡iwQ‡jb Beªvwng Luv, Aveyj gbmyi Avng`, Aveyj Kv‡mg Ges Av‡iv †KD †KD| Gi g~j KL‡bv ̄ ^Zš¿ cwiPqjv‡fi †h-evmbv gvby‡li g‡a¨ KvR K‡i, †mLv‡b, KL‡bv m„wókxj e¨w³i bZzb m„wói AvKv•ÿvq| †jLKgv‡ÎiB AwaKvi Av‡Q wb‡Ri fvlv Lyu‡R †bIqvi| Zvi dj fv‡jv †nvK, g›` †nvK, Avgiv Zv‡Z n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z cvwi bv| wKš‘ ¯^vZš¿¨cÖqvmx †jLK‡`i hyw³i †Ri †U‡b †KD hw` KL‡bv e‡jb, iex›`ªbv‡_i fvlv Avgvi fvlv bq, Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i A‡bK ̀ ytL cvIqvi KviY NU‡e|

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22 cvnvwo 1,853 cvnvwo (gvj‡Zv) `ªvweo †bB

23 Mvnvb/cvsûb 6,000 gwYcywi wZeŸwZ-ewg© (KzwK-Pxb) AÁvZ

24 evMw` AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

25 evbvB AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

26 †ew`qv AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

27 †evg 6,978 †evg wZeŸwZ-ewg© (KzwK-Pxb) †ivgvb

28 f‚wgR AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

29 gwYcywi 24,902 gwYcywi wZeŸwZ-ewg© (KzwK-Pxb) Anwgqv/†ivgvb

30 gvigv 1,54,216 gvigv/ewg© wZeŸwZ-ewg© (KzwK-Pxb) ewg©

31 gv‡jv AÁvZ m`&wi B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq †bB

32 gvnv‡Zv 3,534 m`&wi B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq †bB

33 gvnvwj AÁvZ gvwnwj/muvIZvwj Aw÷ªK †bB

34 gyÐv 2,112 gyÐv Aw÷ªK †bB

35 gywiqvi AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

36 gy‡mvni AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

37 †gªv 22,178 †gªv wZeŸwZ-ewg© (KzwK-Pxb) †ivgvb

38 ivB AÁvZ m`&wi B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq †bB

39 ivLvBb 16,932 gvigv/ewg© wZeŸwZ-ewg© (KzwK-Pxb) ewg©

40 ivReskx 5,444 ivReskx wZeŸwZ-ewg© (†ev‡ov) †bB

41 iv‡Rvqvi AÁvZ iv‡Rvqvi AÁvZ †bB

42 jymvB 662 jywk/†`v‡jb wZeŸwZ-ewg© (KzwK-Pxb) †ivgvb

43 wks AÁvZ m`&wi B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq †bB

44 muvIZvj 2,02,744 muvIZvwj Aw÷ªK †ivgvb/evsjv

45 nvRs 11,477 nvRs wZeŸwZ-ewg© (†ev‡ov)? †bB

wPÎwU †h Lye myLKi, Zv bq| A‡bK Rb‡Mvôxi fvlv m¤ú‡K© Avgiv wKQz Rvwbbv| AvUwU †Mvôxi RbmsL¨v cuvP nvRv‡ii wb‡P, Av‡iv `ywUi cuvP †_‡K Q nvRv‡ii g‡a¨| Gme fvlv wUwK‡q ivLvB `ytmva¨| eY©gvjv †bB A‡bK¸‡jv fvlvi| hviv †ivgvb ev evsjv eY©gvjv e¨envi Ki‡Q, Zviv mK‡jB †h †ewkw`b a‡i Ggb Ki‡Q, Zv bq| gvZ…fvlvi wkÿvjv‡fi Rb¥MZ AwaKvi _vKv m‡Ë¡I eû Rb‡Mvôxi c‡ÿ †m-AwaKvi jvf ev cÖ‡qvM Kiv KwVb n‡e| PvKgv, gvigv, Mv‡iv ev wÎcyiv fvlvfvlxi c‡ÿ hv AR©b Kiv m¤¢eci, Ab¨‡`i c‡ÿ Zv bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Zey hv‡`i eY©gvjv †bB, Zv‡`i R‡b¨ eY©gvjvÑZv †m evsjv n‡jIÑ ̂ Zwi Kiv n‡e GKUv cÖv_wgK KvR|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx14

cuvP

cvwK¯ÍvbKv‡ji 24 eQ‡ii ivRbxwZi Ges evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i g~‡j hw`I mwµq wQj evsjv fvlv I evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi cÖwZ Avgv‡`i AbyivM Ges evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i †cÖiYv, Zey gvb‡Z n‡e †h evsjv‡`k eû RvwZi, eû ms¯‹…wZi I eû fvlvi †`k| †`‡ki cÖavbZg fvlv evsjv‡K Avgiv fv‡jvevwm, Z‡e †m-fv‡jvevmvi ZxeªZv nq‡Zv GLb K‡g‡Q wKsev Ab¨vb¨ ˆelwqK we‡ePbv Z…Zxq c‡ÿi g‡Zv Avgv‡`i Avi evsjv fvlvi g‡a¨ `uvwo‡q †M‡Q| Avkv Kie, D”PweË I ga¨we‡Ëi Abv‡`‡ii wkKvi n‡q evsjv G‡`‡k †Kej wbgœ ga¨we‡Ëi cÖ_g fvlvq cwiYZ n‡e bv| †mB m‡½ GI Avkv Kie †h, evsjv fvlvwkÿvq Avgiv hZœevb n‡ev| cwðge‡½ Avgvi mvwnwZ¨K eÜziv e‡jb, evsjv fvlvi fwel¨r i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡kB, †Kbbv cwðge‡½ evsjv hyMcr Bs‡iwR I wnw›`i nvgjvi gy‡LvgywL| wÎcyivevmx‡`i cwiw¯’wZ Ggb bv n‡jI Zuviv evsjv fvlvi Dbœq‡bi R‡b¨ Avgv‡`i w`‡KB ZvwK‡q _v‡Kb| †mUv hw` bvI n‡Zv, Zey evsjv fvlvi cÖwZ Avgv‡`i ̀ vwqZ¡ i‡q †hZ|

Avgv‡`i ̀ vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ fvlvi cÖwZI| †hme fvlvq AímsL¨K gvbyl K_v e‡j, Zv‡`i euvwP‡q ivLv `yiƒn| c„w_ex‡Z †_‡K †_‡KB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv fvlvi Acg„Zz¨ NU‡Q| Ggb cwiYvg Avgv‡`iI †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv fvlvi R‡b¨ †h A‡cÿv Ki‡Q bv, Zv ejv hvq bv| Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ fvlvi weKv‡ki R‡b¨I Avgv‡`i wKQz Kivi Av‡Q| evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi GKUv fvlv-bxwZ _vK‡j f‡jv n‡Zv, †mUv a‡i G‡ÿ‡Î AMÖmi nIqv †hZ|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 15

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22 cvnvwo 1,853 cvnvwo (gvj‡Zv) `ªvweo †bB

23 Mvnvb/cvsûb 6,000 gwYcywi wZeŸwZ-ewg© (KzwK-Pxb) AÁvZ

24 evMw` AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

25 evbvB AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

26 †ew`qv AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

27 †evg 6,978 †evg wZeŸwZ-ewg© (KzwK-Pxb) †ivgvb

28 f‚wgR AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

29 gwYcywi 24,902 gwYcywi wZeŸwZ-ewg© (KzwK-Pxb) Anwgqv/†ivgvb

30 gvigv 1,54,216 gvigv/ewg© wZeŸwZ-ewg© (KzwK-Pxb) ewg©

31 gv‡jv AÁvZ m`&wi B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq †bB

32 gvnv‡Zv 3,534 m`&wi B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq †bB

33 gvnvwj AÁvZ gvwnwj/muvIZvwj Aw÷ªK †bB

34 gyÐv 2,112 gyÐv Aw÷ªK †bB

35 gywiqvi AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

36 gy‡mvni AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ AÁvZ

37 †gªv 22,178 †gªv wZeŸwZ-ewg© (KzwK-Pxb) †ivgvb

38 ivB AÁvZ m`&wi B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq †bB

39 ivLvBb 16,932 gvigv/ewg© wZeŸwZ-ewg© (KzwK-Pxb) ewg©

40 ivReskx 5,444 ivReskx wZeŸwZ-ewg© (†ev‡ov) †bB

41 iv‡Rvqvi AÁvZ iv‡Rvqvi AÁvZ †bB

42 jymvB 662 jywk/†`v‡jb wZeŸwZ-ewg© (KzwK-Pxb) †ivgvb

43 wks AÁvZ m`&wi B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq †bB

44 muvIZvj 2,02,744 muvIZvwj Aw÷ªK †ivgvb/evsjv

45 nvRs 11,477 nvRs wZeŸwZ-ewg© (†ev‡ov)? †bB

wPÎwU †h Lye myLKi, Zv bq| A‡bK Rb‡Mvôxi fvlv m¤ú‡K© Avgiv wKQz Rvwbbv| AvUwU †Mvôxi RbmsL¨v cuvP nvRv‡ii wb‡P, Av‡iv `ywUi cuvP †_‡K Q nvRv‡ii g‡a¨| Gme fvlv wUwK‡q ivLvB `ytmva¨| eY©gvjv †bB A‡bK¸‡jv fvlvi| hviv †ivgvb ev evsjv eY©gvjv e¨envi Ki‡Q, Zviv mK‡jB †h †ewkw`b a‡i Ggb Ki‡Q, Zv bq| gvZ…fvlvi wkÿvjv‡fi Rb¥MZ AwaKvi _vKv m‡Ë¡I eû Rb‡Mvôxi c‡ÿ †m-AwaKvi jvf ev cÖ‡qvM Kiv KwVb n‡e| PvKgv, gvigv, Mv‡iv ev wÎcyiv fvlvfvlxi c‡ÿ hv AR©b Kiv m¤¢eci, Ab¨‡`i c‡ÿ Zv bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Zey hv‡`i eY©gvjv †bB, Zv‡`i R‡b¨ eY©gvjvÑZv †m evsjv n‡jIÑ ̂ Zwi Kiv n‡e GKUv cÖv_wgK KvR|

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wel‡q †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q _v‡Kb| Zviv wbR wbR †Rjvq cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K m`m¨‡`i wb‡q †Rjv KwgwU MVb K‡ib| KwgwUi mfvcwZ wn‡m‡e †Rjv cÖkvmK Ges m`m¨ mwPe wn‡m‡e †Rjv cÖv_wgK wkÿv Kg©KZ©v `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| †Rjv ch©v‡q cÖ¯‘ZK…Z G cÖkœcθ‡jv †mB †Rjvi wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb hvPvB‡q e¨envi Kiv nq| D‡jøL¨ RvZxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv GKv‡Wgx wkÿv_©x‡`i Ávb I `ÿZv Dc‡hvMx g‡Wj cÖkœcÎ ̂ Zwi K‡i cixÿv ïiæ nIqvi GK gvm Av‡M mKj †Rjv cÖkvmK Ges cve©Z¨

2†Rjvmg~‡ni †Rjv cwil` †Pqvig¨vbM‡Yi wbKU †cÖiY K‡ib | g‡Wj cÖkœc‡Îi Av‡jv‡K †RjvwfwËK cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Dc-KwgwU Pvi †mU cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi K‡i Ges jUvwii gva¨‡g GK †mU cÖkœcÎ wbe©vPb Kiv nq| wbe©vwPZ cÖkœc‡Îi †mUwU †Rjv cÖkvmK GKRb cÖ_g †kªYxi g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui Ges cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil‡`i †ejvq †Pqvig¨vb, cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil` Dchy³ GKRb Kg©KZ©vi mve©ÿwYK ZË¡veav‡b K‡Vvi †MvcbxqZv iÿv K‡i †RjvwfwËK cªkœcÎ Qvcv‡bvi e¨e¯’v K‡ib| †Rjv cÖkvmKMY/ cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil` †Pqvig¨vbMY cixÿv ïiæi ̀ yw`b Av‡M Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Awdmv‡ii wbKU cÖkœcÎ †cÖiY K‡ib Ges Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Awdmvi _vbv †UªRvwi‡Z/mswkøó _vbv wbivcËv †ndvR‡Z cÖkœcÎ msiÿY K‡ib Ges cixÿv †K‡›`ª Zv †cÖi‡Y †MvcbxqZv I wbivcËvi welqwU

3wbwðZ K‡ib |

cÖwZwU BDwbq‡b Kgc‡ÿ GKwU K‡i cixÿv †K›`ª ̄ ’vcb Kiv nq| †Kvb †K‡›`ªi K‡ÿ †h we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©x _v‡K, †m K‡ÿ †m we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKMY cixÿv cwi`k©K wn‡m‡e wb‡qvwRZ n‡Z cv‡ib bv| DËicÎ g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI i‡q‡Q K‡Vvi bxwZgvjv| cÖ_gZ, cixÿvi DËicÎ g~j¨vq‡b ¯^”QZv Avb‡Z cÖwZ Dc‡Rjvq †K›`ªxqfv‡e DËicÎ †KvwWs Kiv nq Ges †KvwWs Kiv DËicÎ K‡qKwU †K›`ª wb‡q MwVZ K¬v÷v‡ii wkÿK‡`i Kv‡Q g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ cvVv‡bv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î GK K¬v÷v‡ii DËicÎ Ab¨ K¬v÷v‡ii wkÿK Øviv g~j¨vqb Kiv‡bv nq| c‡i g~j¨vwqZ DËicÎ wW‡KvwWs K‡i †Uey‡jkb ̂ Zwi Kiv nq|

Z‡e Av‡jvP¨ M‡elYvq, G wekvj e¨e¯’vcbvi bvbvb w`K ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv gzL¨ D‡Ïk¨ bq| eis †`L‡Z PvIqv n‡q‡Q 2007 mv‡j AbywôZ cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvcbx cixÿvq Kx ai‡bi wkLb g~j¨vqb‡K cÖvavb¨ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv, g~j¨vqb cÖwµqvi e¨e¯’vcbvMZ welq¸‡jv ÎæwUgy³ n‡jB P‡j bv, wbwðZ Ki‡Z nq wkÿvMZ (pedagogic) w`KwUI| Avi †Kvb wkÿv e¨e¯’vi AšÍwb©wnZ mZ¨ Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g Aek¨B bRi w`‡Z nq Gi g~j¨vqb cÖwµqvi Dci| Avgv‡`i g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© `yb©vg i‡q‡Q †h, GLv‡b gyL¯’we`¨v djvI K‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvivB nj wkÿv_©x‡`i K…wZZ¡| A_P gyL¯’we`¨vi cwie‡Z© we‡kølYvZ¥K I mgm¨v mgvav‡bi wel‡q AwaK †Rvi †`Iqv DwPZ| wkLb wfwË iPbvq ̂ kk‡e wkÿv_x©‡`i wbw`©ó cwigv‡Y Z_¨-DcvË ev wewfbœ m~Îvewj gyL¯’ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Avevi wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡R wb‡R †kLvi ̀ ÿZv AR©b KivI Lye Riæwi, hv‡Z Zviv wkÿvRxeb †k‡lI wkLb cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ wb‡R‡`i a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i| G M‡elYvq ZvB, †eÄvwgb eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwg I ievU© ÷¨vbev‡M©i UªvB-AvwK©K ZË¡ Abymv‡i mgvcbx cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ we‡kølY Kivi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi wkÿvMZ w`KwU ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Gevi †`‡L †bIqv hvK, †eÄvwgb eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwg I ievU© ÷¨vbev‡M©i UªvB-AvwK©K Z‡Ë¡i w`K¸‡jv|

†eÄvwgb eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwg

cÂv‡ki `k‡K †eÄvwgb eøyg wkÿvi D‡Ï‡k¨i †U‡·vbwg cÖKvk K‡ib Ges G †U‡·vbwg‡Z wZwb wkLb‡K cÖavb wZbwU ¯Í‡i ev †ÿ‡Î (Domain) fvM K‡ib| fvM¸‡jv n‡”Q- Ávbg~jK ev gbbkxjZvi †ÿÎ (Cognitive Domain), Abf~wZg~jK ev Av‡ewMK †ÿÎ (Affective Domain) I g‡bv‡ckxR †ÿÎ (Psychomotor Domain)| Gi ci †_‡K eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwg eûjfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿÎ ch©šÍ, me©Î|

G As‡k eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwgi Ávbg~jK ev gbbkxjZvi †ÿÎwU (Cognitive Domain) Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| KviY, mgvcbx cixÿv GKwU wjwLZ g~j¨vq‡bi cixÿv| Avi wjwLZ cwiÿvi ̂ ewkó¨ Abyhvqx Zv ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Ávbg~jK ev gbbkxjZvi †ÿÎwU g~j¨vq‡b AwaK e¨eüZ nq| ZvB wkL‡bi Abyf~wZg~jK ev Av‡ewMK †ÿÎ (Affective Domain) I g‡bv‡ckxR †ÿÎ (Psychomotor Domain) GLv‡b Av‡jvPbvq Av‡m wb|

†eÄvwgb eøy‡gi gZvbymv‡i, Ávbg~jK ev gbbkxjZvi †ÿÎwU‡K Avevi QqwU ch©v‡q fvM Kiv hvq; †hgb- Ávb (Knowledge), Abyaveb (Comprehension), cÖ‡qvM (Application), we‡kølY (Analysis), ms‡kølY (Synthesis), I g~j¨vqb (Evaluation)| G¸‡jv‡K mnR ev wbPz¯Íi †_‡K RwUj ev DuPz¯Í‡ii avivevwnKZvq mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Ávbg~jK ev gbbkxjZvi †ÿ‡Îi G QqwU ch©vq‡K Avevi ̀ ywU ̀ ‡j fvM Kiv hvq| GKwU n‡”Q wbPz¯Í‡ii wkLb (Lower-order learning) Ges AciwU n‡”Q DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb (Higher-order learning)| wbPz¯Í‡ii wZbwU ch©vq nj-Ávb

(Knowledge), Abyaveb (Comprehension) I cÖ‡qvM (Application) Ges DuPz¯Í‡ii wZbwU ch©vq nj- we‡kølY (Analysis), ms‡kølY (Synthesis) I g~j¨vqb (Evaluaton)| cÖv_wgK wkÿvi wkÿvµg Abymv‡i Afxÿv c` D`vniY wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g wbPz I DuPz ¯Í‡ii wkL‡bi ga¨Kvi wfbœZv AviI ̄ úó Kiv hvq| wbPz¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡b Afxÿv c`:

1. bvMwiK‡`i wZbwU ̀ vwqZ¡ D‡jøL Ki|2. gvwUi wkí ej‡Z Kx eyS?

DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡b Afxÿv c`:

1. †Zvgvi Rvbv GKRb c‡ivcKvixi bvg wj‡L Zywg †Kb Zv‡K c‡ivcKvix g‡b Ki- Zv eY©bv Ki |

2. c„w_ex hw` Zvi evwl©K MwZ nvivq, Z‡e cÖK…wZ I cÖvYxK~‡j Gi Kx cÖfve co‡e?

DwjøwLZ wbPz¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡b Afxÿv c` `ywUi †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq, Rvbv welq ey‡S Dc¯’vc‡bi `ÿZv hvPvB GLv‡b cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q| Aciw`‡K, DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡bi Afxÿv c` ̀ ywUi gva¨‡g wePvi-we‡køl‡Yi †hvM¨Zv hvPvB‡qi my‡hvM ̂ Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

ievU© ÷¨vbev‡M©i UªvB-AvwK©K ZË¡

ievU© ÷¨vbev‡M©i g‡Z Kvh©Ki wkLb (Worthwhile learning) D™¢yZ nq eyw×i UªvB-AvwK©K ZË¡ 8†_‡K| eyw×i UªvB-AvwK©K ZË¡ mdj eyw×gËv (Successful Intelligence) bv‡g cwiwPZ | mdj

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx18 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 19

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1. e¨vK‡Uwiqv-RwbZ cÖ`v‡ni m¤¢vebv Kgv‡Z †Kvb e¨w³i Rb¨ wZbwU c`‡ÿc D‡jøL Ki| (cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb)

2. Ô`yLy I myLyÕ M‡í c‡ivcKvix wn‡m‡e `yLyi we‡kl ¸YwU Zywg †Zvgvi Rxe‡b Kxfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi -eY©bv Ki| (evsjv)

M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨

M‡elYvwUi mvwe©K D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q cÖv_wgK wkÿv ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb g~j¨vq‡b 2007 mv‡j AbywôZ mgvcbx cixÿvi Afxÿv c` (Test item)-Gi aib ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv| M‡elYvwUi mywbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wb‡P M‡elYv cÖkœ (Research question) AvKv‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj:

K. cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx Ask †_‡K Kx cwigvY Afxÿv c` cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvcbx cixÿv 2007-Gi cÖkœc‡Î AšÍf©y³ n‡q‡Q?

L. †eÄvwgb eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwg Abymv‡i mgvcbx cixÿvi Afxÿv c‡`i aib †Kgb Ges Zv †Kvb ai‡bi wkLb‡K ̧ iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Q?

M. ievU© ÷¨vbev‡M©i UªvB-AvwK©K ZË¡ Abymv‡i mgvcbx cixÿvi Afxÿv c‡`i aib †Kgb Ges Zv †Kvb ai‡bi wkLb‡K ̧ iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Q?

M‡elYvi c×wZ

evsjv‡`‡ki QqwU wefvM, h_v- XvKv, ivRkvnx, Lyjbv, PÆMªvg, ewikvj I wm‡jU †_‡K cÖkœcÎ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| ̂ `ePqb c×wZ‡Z cÖwZwU wefvM †_‡K kZKiv 25 fvM †Rjv‡K evQvB Kiv nq (mviYx-1)| evQvBK…Z †Rjv †_‡K cÖv_wgK wkÿv ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb g~j¨vq‡b 2007 mv‡j AbywôZ mgvcbx cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q|

mviYx-1: wefvMwfwËK bgybvwqZ †Rjvi bvg I msL¨v

µwgK wefvM †Rjvi cÖK…Z bgybvwqZ †Rjvi bvg I msL¨v bs msL¨v bvg msL¨v

1 XvKv 17 Rvgvjcyi, gvwbKMÄ, bvivqYMÄ, XvKv 4

2 ivRkvnx 16 e¸ov, cvebv, bv‡Uvi,jvjgwbinvU 4

3 Lyjbv 10 ev‡MinvU, bovBj, h‡kvi 3

4 PÆMÖvg 11 j²xcyi, PÆMÖvg, Kzwgjøv 3

5 ewikvj 6 ei¸bv 1

6 wm‡jU 4 †gŠjfxevRvi 1

†gvU bgybvwqZ †Rjv 16

cÂg †kªYxi QqwU welq †_‡K cuvPwU wel‡qi cÖkœc·K M‡elYv Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq| welq cuvPwU nj- evsjv, Bs‡iwR, MwYZ, cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb| Ôag©wkÿvÕ welqwU‡K M‡elYvi we‡ePbvq Avbv nqwb; KviY, G welqwU PviwU cÖavb a‡g©i (Bmjvg, wn›`y, †eŠ×

eyw×gËv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z †h‡q ÷¨vbevM© e‡j‡Qb, Successful intelligence is the use of an integrated set of abilities needed to attain success in life…. Successfully intelligent people

9adapt to, shape and sedect environment | eyw×i UªvB-AvwK©K Z‡Ë¡i †h wZbwU w`K i‡q‡Q, Zv nj- 10we‡kølYvZ¡K (Analytical), m„Rbkxj (Creative) I e¨envwiK (Practical) `ÿZv | eøy‡gi

†U‡·vbwgi mv‡_ Gi †h cv_©K¨¸‡jv i‡q‡Q Zv nj -K) UªvB-AvwK©K ZË¡ wPšÍb `ÿZv (thinking

skill) -†K eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwgi gZ µ‡gv‡”PevPK (Hierarchical) avivq †kªYxe× K‡i bv eis ci¯ú‡ii Dci wµqvkxj Ggb GKwU avivq mw¾Z K‡i, L) eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwgi Zzjbvq UªvB-AvwK©K Z‡Ë¡i w`K wZbwUi (we‡kølYvZ¡K, m„Rbkxj I e¨envwiK `ÿZv) g‡a¨ AwaK cwigv‡Y cÖvq mgvb fvimvg¨ i‡q‡Q|

we‡kølYvZ¡K (Analytical): we‡kølYvZ¡K `ÿZv †Kvb wel‡qi mgv‡jvPbv (Critique), wePvi (Judge), g~j¨vqb (Evaluate/Assess), we‡kølY (Analyze), Zzjbv/mv`„k¨-‰emv`„k©¨ wbiƒcY (Compare/Contrst) BZ¨vw` D‡Ïk¨ mva‡b e¨eüZ nq| Avi ZvB we‡kølYvZ¥K Ávb I `ÿZv wkÿv_©x‡`i wm×všÍ MÖnY I mgm¨v mgvav‡b mg_© K‡i †Zv‡j| wm×všÍ MÖnY I mgm¨v mgvavb G cÖwµqv `ywU‡K AvcvZ-`„wó‡Z GK g‡b n‡jI Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e G welqwU ¯úó †h, `ywU cÖwµqvi Rb¨B GKB iKg we‡kølYvZ¥K ̀ ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Í‡ii wkÿvµg Abymv‡i ̀ ywU bgybv Afxÿv c` Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj:

1. ÔweªwUk we‡ivaxÕ Av‡›`vjb I ÔQq `dvÕ Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨Kvi mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„k¨¸‡jv wbiƒcY Ki| (cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR)

2. †Zvgvi weÁvb eB‡q Dc¯’vwcZ Ôkã PjvP‡ji Rb¨ gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nqÕ G cixÿ‡Yi bKkvwUi †hŠw³KZv wePvi Ki| (cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb)

m„Rbkxj (Creative): m„Rbkxj `ÿZv wkÿv_©x‡`i m„wó (Create), D™¢veb (Invent), Avwe®‹vi (Discover), Kíbv (Imagine), aviYv/Abygvb (Predict) BZ¨vw` Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| ejv hvq, m„Rbkxj wPšÍv †h welqwU m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_x©iv we`¨vj‡q †R‡b‡Q, Gi evB‡iI bZzb K‡i welqwU‡K fve‡Z Zv‡`i mg_© K‡i| A_©vr †Kvb welq †h fv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ nj, †m Abyhvqx bq eis †mwU Avi Kxfv‡e n‡Z cviZ ev Avm‡Z cviZ Zv Ae‡jvKb Kiv|

welqwU‡K AviI ̄ úó Ki‡Z ̀ ywU bgybv Afxÿv c` Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj:

1. †Zvgvi evsjv cvV¨eB‡qi Ô‰`Z¨ I †R‡jÕ M‡íi †klwU †Zvgvi g‡bi gZ K‡i ¸wQ‡q wjL| (evsjv)

2. Ô‰`N©¨ X cÖ¯’ = †ÿÎdjÕ G m~ÎwU e¨envi K‡i GKwU MvwYwZK mgm¨v ̂ Zwi Ki| (MwYZ)

e¨envwiK (Practical): e¨envwiK `ÿZv wkÿv_©x‡`i we`¨vj‡q Zviv hv wk‡L Zv Zv‡`i Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM (apply), e¨envi (use), ev¯Íevqb BZ¨vw` Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| wkÿv_©xiv e¨envwiK Ávb I `ÿZv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi mgm¨v mgvav‡b †m Ávb Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡e, bZzb †Kvb Áv‡bi e¨envwiK w`K¸‡jv (Practical facets) m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡e I ev¯Í‡e Zv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e| A_©vr e¨envwiK Ávb I `ÿZv ej‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ †Kvb ai‡bi wkLb ev¯Íem¤§Z n‡e ïay Zv

11eySvq bv eis wkÿv_©x‡`i ev¯Íe e¨envwiK Pvwn`v c~iY Kivi welqwU‡KI eySvq | G welqK `ywU bgybv Afxÿv c` †`Lv hvK:

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx20 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 21

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1. e¨vK‡Uwiqv-RwbZ cÖ`v‡ni m¤¢vebv Kgv‡Z †Kvb e¨w³i Rb¨ wZbwU c`‡ÿc D‡jøL Ki| (cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb)

2. Ô`yLy I myLyÕ M‡í c‡ivcKvix wn‡m‡e `yLyi we‡kl ¸YwU Zywg †Zvgvi Rxe‡b Kxfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi -eY©bv Ki| (evsjv)

M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨

M‡elYvwUi mvwe©K D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q cÖv_wgK wkÿv ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb g~j¨vq‡b 2007 mv‡j AbywôZ mgvcbx cixÿvi Afxÿv c` (Test item)-Gi aib ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv| M‡elYvwUi mywbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wb‡P M‡elYv cÖkœ (Research question) AvKv‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj:

K. cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx Ask †_‡K Kx cwigvY Afxÿv c` cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvcbx cixÿv 2007-Gi cÖkœc‡Î AšÍf©y³ n‡q‡Q?

L. †eÄvwgb eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwg Abymv‡i mgvcbx cixÿvi Afxÿv c‡`i aib †Kgb Ges Zv †Kvb ai‡bi wkLb‡K ̧ iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Q?

M. ievU© ÷¨vbev‡M©i UªvB-AvwK©K ZË¡ Abymv‡i mgvcbx cixÿvi Afxÿv c‡`i aib †Kgb Ges Zv †Kvb ai‡bi wkLb‡K ̧ iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Q?

M‡elYvi c×wZ

evsjv‡`‡ki QqwU wefvM, h_v- XvKv, ivRkvnx, Lyjbv, PÆMªvg, ewikvj I wm‡jU †_‡K cÖkœcÎ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| ̂ `ePqb c×wZ‡Z cÖwZwU wefvM †_‡K kZKiv 25 fvM †Rjv‡K evQvB Kiv nq (mviYx-1)| evQvBK…Z †Rjv †_‡K cÖv_wgK wkÿv ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb g~j¨vq‡b 2007 mv‡j AbywôZ mgvcbx cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q|

mviYx-1: wefvMwfwËK bgybvwqZ †Rjvi bvg I msL¨v

µwgK wefvM †Rjvi cÖK…Z bgybvwqZ †Rjvi bvg I msL¨v bs msL¨v bvg msL¨v

1 XvKv 17 Rvgvjcyi, gvwbKMÄ, bvivqYMÄ, XvKv 4

2 ivRkvnx 16 e¸ov, cvebv, bv‡Uvi,jvjgwbinvU 4

3 Lyjbv 10 ev‡MinvU, bovBj, h‡kvi 3

4 PÆMÖvg 11 j²xcyi, PÆMÖvg, Kzwgjøv 3

5 ewikvj 6 ei¸bv 1

6 wm‡jU 4 †gŠjfxevRvi 1

†gvU bgybvwqZ †Rjv 16

cÂg †kªYxi QqwU welq †_‡K cuvPwU wel‡qi cÖkœc·K M‡elYv Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq| welq cuvPwU nj- evsjv, Bs‡iwR, MwYZ, cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb| Ôag©wkÿvÕ welqwU‡K M‡elYvi we‡ePbvq Avbv nqwb; KviY, G welqwU PviwU cÖavb a‡g©i (Bmjvg, wn›`y, †eŠ×

eyw×gËv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z †h‡q ÷¨vbevM© e‡j‡Qb, Successful intelligence is the use of an integrated set of abilities needed to attain success in life…. Successfully intelligent people

9adapt to, shape and sedect environment | eyw×i UªvB-AvwK©K Z‡Ë¡i †h wZbwU w`K i‡q‡Q, Zv nj- 10we‡kølYvZ¡K (Analytical), m„Rbkxj (Creative) I e¨envwiK (Practical) `ÿZv | eøy‡gi

†U‡·vbwgi mv‡_ Gi †h cv_©K¨¸‡jv i‡q‡Q Zv nj -K) UªvB-AvwK©K ZË¡ wPšÍb `ÿZv (thinking

skill) -†K eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwgi gZ µ‡gv‡”PevPK (Hierarchical) avivq †kªYxe× K‡i bv eis ci¯ú‡ii Dci wµqvkxj Ggb GKwU avivq mw¾Z K‡i, L) eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwgi Zzjbvq UªvB-AvwK©K Z‡Ë¡i w`K wZbwUi (we‡kølYvZ¡K, m„Rbkxj I e¨envwiK `ÿZv) g‡a¨ AwaK cwigv‡Y cÖvq mgvb fvimvg¨ i‡q‡Q|

we‡kølYvZ¡K (Analytical): we‡kølYvZ¡K `ÿZv †Kvb wel‡qi mgv‡jvPbv (Critique), wePvi (Judge), g~j¨vqb (Evaluate/Assess), we‡kølY (Analyze), Zzjbv/mv`„k¨-‰emv`„k©¨ wbiƒcY (Compare/Contrst) BZ¨vw` D‡Ïk¨ mva‡b e¨eüZ nq| Avi ZvB we‡kølYvZ¥K Ávb I `ÿZv wkÿv_©x‡`i wm×všÍ MÖnY I mgm¨v mgvav‡b mg_© K‡i †Zv‡j| wm×všÍ MÖnY I mgm¨v mgvavb G cÖwµqv `ywU‡K AvcvZ-`„wó‡Z GK g‡b n‡jI Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e G welqwU ¯úó †h, `ywU cÖwµqvi Rb¨B GKB iKg we‡kølYvZ¥K ̀ ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Í‡ii wkÿvµg Abymv‡i ̀ ywU bgybv Afxÿv c` Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj:

1. ÔweªwUk we‡ivaxÕ Av‡›`vjb I ÔQq `dvÕ Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨Kvi mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„k¨¸‡jv wbiƒcY Ki| (cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR)

2. †Zvgvi weÁvb eB‡q Dc¯’vwcZ Ôkã PjvP‡ji Rb¨ gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nqÕ G cixÿ‡Yi bKkvwUi †hŠw³KZv wePvi Ki| (cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb)

m„Rbkxj (Creative): m„Rbkxj `ÿZv wkÿv_©x‡`i m„wó (Create), D™¢veb (Invent), Avwe®‹vi (Discover), Kíbv (Imagine), aviYv/Abygvb (Predict) BZ¨vw` Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| ejv hvq, m„Rbkxj wPšÍv †h welqwU m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_x©iv we`¨vj‡q †R‡b‡Q, Gi evB‡iI bZzb K‡i welqwU‡K fve‡Z Zv‡`i mg_© K‡i| A_©vr †Kvb welq †h fv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ nj, †m Abyhvqx bq eis †mwU Avi Kxfv‡e n‡Z cviZ ev Avm‡Z cviZ Zv Ae‡jvKb Kiv|

welqwU‡K AviI ̄ úó Ki‡Z ̀ ywU bgybv Afxÿv c` Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj:

1. †Zvgvi evsjv cvV¨eB‡qi Ô‰`Z¨ I †R‡jÕ M‡íi †klwU †Zvgvi g‡bi gZ K‡i ¸wQ‡q wjL| (evsjv)

2. Ô‰`N©¨ X cÖ¯’ = †ÿÎdjÕ G m~ÎwU e¨envi K‡i GKwU MvwYwZK mgm¨v ̂ Zwi Ki| (MwYZ)

e¨envwiK (Practical): e¨envwiK `ÿZv wkÿv_©x‡`i we`¨vj‡q Zviv hv wk‡L Zv Zv‡`i Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM (apply), e¨envi (use), ev¯Íevqb BZ¨vw` Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| wkÿv_©xiv e¨envwiK Ávb I `ÿZv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi mgm¨v mgvav‡b †m Ávb Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡e, bZzb †Kvb Áv‡bi e¨envwiK w`K¸‡jv (Practical facets) m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡e I ev¯Í‡e Zv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e| A_©vr e¨envwiK Ávb I `ÿZv ej‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ †Kvb ai‡bi wkLb ev¯Íem¤§Z n‡e ïay Zv

11eySvq bv eis wkÿv_©x‡`i ev¯Íe e¨envwiK Pvwn`v c~iY Kivi welqwU‡KI eySvq | G welqK `ywU bgybv Afxÿv c` †`Lv hvK:

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx20 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 21

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I wLª÷vb) cÖkœcÎ we‡køl‡YiB ̀ vwe iv‡L| bgybvwqZ mKj †Rjvq me a‡g©i wkÿv_©x bv _vKvq cÖavb PviwU a‡g©i cÖkœ H †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z cvIqv `y®‹i| ZvB M‡elYv Kv‡Ri myweav‡_© I weZK© Gov‡Z Ôag©wkÿvÕ welqwU M‡elYvq AšÍ©fy³ Kiv m¤¢e nqwb|

G M‡elYvq mgvcbx cixÿvi cÖkœc‡Îi cÖwZwU Afxÿv c` we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| we‡køl‡Yi wZbwU w`K i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ, eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwg Abyhvqx DuPz ¯Í‡ii (Higher-order) I wbPz ¯Í‡ii (Lower-

order) ̀ ÿZvi g~j¨vq‡bi my‡hvM mgvcbx cixÿvq KZLvwb ivLv n‡q‡Q| wØZxqZ, ÷¨vbev‡M©I UªvB-AvwK©K ZË¡ Abymv‡i Afxÿv c`¸‡jv Kvh©Ki wkL‡bi we‡kølYvZ¡K, m„Rbkxj I e¨envwiK w`K¸‡jv g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î KZLvwb Dc‡hvMx| me‡k‡l, mgvcbx cixÿvi cªkœc‡Îi Afxÿv c`¸‡jvi Drm wn‡m‡e cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx KZUzKz e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Z‡e we¯ÍvwiZ we‡køl‡Y hvIqvi Av‡M Avgiv 2007 mv‡j AbywôZ mgvcbx cixÿvi cÖ‡kœi aib m¤ú‡K© Rvbe|

mgvcbx cixÿvi cÖkœc‡Îi aib

cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi mgvcbx cixÿv welqK wb‡`©kbv‡Z i‡q‡Q, †Rjv¸‡jv †b‡ci ̂ Zwi Kiv g‡Wj cÖkœc‡Îi Av‡jv‡K wbR wbR †Rjvi Rb¨ cÖkœcÎ ̂ Zwi Ki‡e| Avi ZvB jÿ Kiv hvq †h, bgybvwqZ †Rjv¸‡jvi cÖkœc‡Îi Afxÿv c‡`i web¨vm GKB iKg| A_©vr M‡elYv Kv‡R evQvBK…Z cuvPwU wel‡qi cÖwZwU wel‡qi Rb¨ †h cÖkœcÎ ̂ Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv Awfbœ gvb, mgq eÈb Ges Awfbœ Afxÿv c‡`i MVbcÖYvjx AbymiY K‡i Kiv n‡q‡Q|

g‡Wj cÖ‡kœ-12 cuvPwU wel‡qi Rb¨ †h cÖkœKvVv‡gv I b¤^i wefvRb cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv wbgœiƒc:

evsjv

1| cvV¨eB †_‡K Kwei bvgmn †h †Kvb GKwU KweZvi AvU jvBb wjLb| (b¤^i-2+8=10)

2| M`¨ A_ev KweZv †_‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv| (b¤^i-5)

3| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ QqwU _vK‡e| Zvi g‡a¨ PviwU cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`vb| (b¤^i-3x4=12)

4| k‡ãi A_© †jLv (6 wUi ga¨ †_‡K †h †Kvb 5wU)| (b¤^i-5)

5| kã w`‡q evK¨ iPbv Kiv (6 wUi ga¨ †_‡K †h‡Kvb 5wU)| (b¤^i-5)

6| cÖ`Ë Aby‡”Q‡` weivg wPý emv‡bv| (b¤^i-5)

7| cÖ`Ë AskUzKz LvZvq wj‡L eÜbxi () g‡a¨ †_‡K mwVK AskUzKz †e‡Q wb‡q Gi cv‡k †jLv| (b¤^i-5)

8| wecixZ kã †jLv (6wU k‡ãi ga¨ †_‡K 5wU) A_ev cÖ`Ë Aby‡”Q` c‡o cuvPwU cÖkœ ̂ Zwi Kiv| (b¤^i-5)

9| hy³eY© e¨envi K‡i kã MVb Kiv (6 wUi ga¨ †_‡K †h †Kvb 5wU)| (b¤^i-5)

10| cÖ`Ë k‡ãi ̀ ywU K‡i mgv_©K kã †jLv (6 wUi ga¨ †_‡K †h †Kvb 5wU)| (b¤^i-5)

11| GK K_vq cÖKvk (6 wUi ga¨ †_‡K †h †Kvb 5wU)| (b¤^i-5)

12| wµqv c‡`i PwjZiƒc †jLv (6 wUi ga¨ †_‡K †h †Kvb 5wU)| (b¤^i-5)

13| mswÿß cÖkœ (6 wUi ga¨ †_‡K †h †Kvb 5 wUi DËi Ki‡Z n‡e)| (b¤^i-5)

14| KweZvi g~j fve †jLv (2 wUi ga¨ †_‡K 1wU)| (b¤^i-5)

15| GKwU welq Aej¤^‡b iPbv wjLb (5 wUi ga¨ †_‡K 1wU)| (b¤^i-5)

Bs‡iwR

Read the given text and answer the question from 1-3

1. MCQ/Fill in the blank (no alternative will be given). (Number- 1X5=5)

2. True or false/matching (in case of true/false, no alternative will be given. But 1 or 2 extra will be given in column B for Matching). (Number- 1X5=5)

3. Answering question (no alterative will be given). (Number- 3X5=15)

4. Write 8 lines of a mentioned poem by heart. (Number- 10)

5. Making sentences from substitution table/ making sentences with given words (5 out of 7) or matching words with tier meanings: similar words/opposite words (Extra 2 will be in the meaning Calum to make it challenging). Only one alternative will be given. (Number- 10)

6. Rewrite using capital letters and punctuation marks (5 individual sentences or a text of 5 sentences will be given). (Number- 10)

7. Rearrange the sentences to build up questions and answer them. Real life situation based jumble questions will be included here. (Number- 10)

8. Make a request dialogue and response. (Here a situation will be cited tor developing the dialogue and response). (Number- 5)

9. Rewrite the correct form of verb. (Here individual 5 sentences or a text of 5 sentences will be given). (Number- 2X5=10)

10. Write a paragraph between 60 to 100 words. (Clue words or questions or a model paragraph will be cited for composing it). (Number- 10)

11. Write a letter. (A letter will be given for replying it or a situation will be described for composing a letter). (Number- 10)

MwYZ

(1bs Ges 12 bs cÖkœmn ̀ kwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e)|

1| mswÿß cÖkœ| (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

2| †hvM I we‡qvM/¸Y-fvM/cªv_wgK Pvi wbqg m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vewj (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

3| HwKK wbqg m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

4| Mo m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

5| j, mv, ̧ /M, mv, ̧ m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v/MvwYwZK cªZxK I evK¨ (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

6| mij (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

7| mvaviY fMœvsk m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx22 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 23

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I wLª÷vb) cÖkœcÎ we‡køl‡YiB ̀ vwe iv‡L| bgybvwqZ mKj †Rjvq me a‡g©i wkÿv_©x bv _vKvq cÖavb PviwU a‡g©i cÖkœ H †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z cvIqv `y®‹i| ZvB M‡elYv Kv‡Ri myweav‡_© I weZK© Gov‡Z Ôag©wkÿvÕ welqwU M‡elYvq AšÍ©fy³ Kiv m¤¢e nqwb|

G M‡elYvq mgvcbx cixÿvi cÖkœc‡Îi cÖwZwU Afxÿv c` we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| we‡køl‡Yi wZbwU w`K i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ, eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwg Abyhvqx DuPz ¯Í‡ii (Higher-order) I wbPz ¯Í‡ii (Lower-

order) ̀ ÿZvi g~j¨vq‡bi my‡hvM mgvcbx cixÿvq KZLvwb ivLv n‡q‡Q| wØZxqZ, ÷¨vbev‡M©I UªvB-AvwK©K ZË¡ Abymv‡i Afxÿv c`¸‡jv Kvh©Ki wkL‡bi we‡kølYvZ¡K, m„Rbkxj I e¨envwiK w`K¸‡jv g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î KZLvwb Dc‡hvMx| me‡k‡l, mgvcbx cixÿvi cªkœc‡Îi Afxÿv c`¸‡jvi Drm wn‡m‡e cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx KZUzKz e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Z‡e we¯ÍvwiZ we‡køl‡Y hvIqvi Av‡M Avgiv 2007 mv‡j AbywôZ mgvcbx cixÿvi cÖ‡kœi aib m¤ú‡K© Rvbe|

mgvcbx cixÿvi cÖkœc‡Îi aib

cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi mgvcbx cixÿv welqK wb‡`©kbv‡Z i‡q‡Q, †Rjv¸‡jv †b‡ci ̂ Zwi Kiv g‡Wj cÖkœc‡Îi Av‡jv‡K wbR wbR †Rjvi Rb¨ cÖkœcÎ ̂ Zwi Ki‡e| Avi ZvB jÿ Kiv hvq †h, bgybvwqZ †Rjv¸‡jvi cÖkœc‡Îi Afxÿv c‡`i web¨vm GKB iKg| A_©vr M‡elYv Kv‡R evQvBK…Z cuvPwU wel‡qi cÖwZwU wel‡qi Rb¨ †h cÖkœcÎ ̂ Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv Awfbœ gvb, mgq eÈb Ges Awfbœ Afxÿv c‡`i MVbcÖYvjx AbymiY K‡i Kiv n‡q‡Q|

g‡Wj cÖ‡kœ-12 cuvPwU wel‡qi Rb¨ †h cÖkœKvVv‡gv I b¤^i wefvRb cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv wbgœiƒc:

evsjv

1| cvV¨eB †_‡K Kwei bvgmn †h †Kvb GKwU KweZvi AvU jvBb wjLb| (b¤^i-2+8=10)

2| M`¨ A_ev KweZv †_‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv| (b¤^i-5)

3| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ QqwU _vK‡e| Zvi g‡a¨ PviwU cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`vb| (b¤^i-3x4=12)

4| k‡ãi A_© †jLv (6 wUi ga¨ †_‡K †h †Kvb 5wU)| (b¤^i-5)

5| kã w`‡q evK¨ iPbv Kiv (6 wUi ga¨ †_‡K †h‡Kvb 5wU)| (b¤^i-5)

6| cÖ`Ë Aby‡”Q‡` weivg wPý emv‡bv| (b¤^i-5)

7| cÖ`Ë AskUzKz LvZvq wj‡L eÜbxi () g‡a¨ †_‡K mwVK AskUzKz †e‡Q wb‡q Gi cv‡k †jLv| (b¤^i-5)

8| wecixZ kã †jLv (6wU k‡ãi ga¨ †_‡K 5wU) A_ev cÖ`Ë Aby‡”Q` c‡o cuvPwU cÖkœ ̂ Zwi Kiv| (b¤^i-5)

9| hy³eY© e¨envi K‡i kã MVb Kiv (6 wUi ga¨ †_‡K †h †Kvb 5wU)| (b¤^i-5)

10| cÖ`Ë k‡ãi ̀ ywU K‡i mgv_©K kã †jLv (6 wUi ga¨ †_‡K †h †Kvb 5wU)| (b¤^i-5)

11| GK K_vq cÖKvk (6 wUi ga¨ †_‡K †h †Kvb 5wU)| (b¤^i-5)

12| wµqv c‡`i PwjZiƒc †jLv (6 wUi ga¨ †_‡K †h †Kvb 5wU)| (b¤^i-5)

13| mswÿß cÖkœ (6 wUi ga¨ †_‡K †h †Kvb 5 wUi DËi Ki‡Z n‡e)| (b¤^i-5)

14| KweZvi g~j fve †jLv (2 wUi ga¨ †_‡K 1wU)| (b¤^i-5)

15| GKwU welq Aej¤^‡b iPbv wjLb (5 wUi ga¨ †_‡K 1wU)| (b¤^i-5)

Bs‡iwR

Read the given text and answer the question from 1-3

1. MCQ/Fill in the blank (no alternative will be given). (Number- 1X5=5)

2. True or false/matching (in case of true/false, no alternative will be given. But 1 or 2 extra will be given in column B for Matching). (Number- 1X5=5)

3. Answering question (no alterative will be given). (Number- 3X5=15)

4. Write 8 lines of a mentioned poem by heart. (Number- 10)

5. Making sentences from substitution table/ making sentences with given words (5 out of 7) or matching words with tier meanings: similar words/opposite words (Extra 2 will be in the meaning Calum to make it challenging). Only one alternative will be given. (Number- 10)

6. Rewrite using capital letters and punctuation marks (5 individual sentences or a text of 5 sentences will be given). (Number- 10)

7. Rearrange the sentences to build up questions and answer them. Real life situation based jumble questions will be included here. (Number- 10)

8. Make a request dialogue and response. (Here a situation will be cited tor developing the dialogue and response). (Number- 5)

9. Rewrite the correct form of verb. (Here individual 5 sentences or a text of 5 sentences will be given). (Number- 2X5=10)

10. Write a paragraph between 60 to 100 words. (Clue words or questions or a model paragraph will be cited for composing it). (Number- 10)

11. Write a letter. (A letter will be given for replying it or a situation will be described for composing a letter). (Number- 10)

MwYZ

(1bs Ges 12 bs cÖkœmn ̀ kwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e)|

1| mswÿß cÖkœ| (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

2| †hvM I we‡qvM/¸Y-fvM/cªv_wgK Pvi wbqg m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vewj (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

3| HwKK wbqg m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

4| Mo m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

5| j, mv, ̧ /M, mv, ̧ m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v/MvwYwZK cªZxK I evK¨ (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

6| mij (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

7| mvaviY fMœvsk m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx22 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 23

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wkLb ̀ ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi Dci cÖvq mgvb ̧ iæZ¡ (43%) †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b GKwU welq D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, ̀ ywU DׄwZ D‡jøL K‡i Zvi e¨vL¨v Ki Ges welq Aej¤^‡b iPbv wjL Ask`ywU Qvov evsjv wel‡q DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb ̀ ÿZv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ †Kvb Afxÿv c` †bB| Zv m‡Ë¡I evsjvq Aej¤^‡b iPbv †jLvi Rb¨ AwaK b¤^i _vKvi Kvi‡Y|

mviYx-2: wbPz I DuPz ¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡b eivÏ b¤^i

welq wbPz¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡b eivÏ DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡b eivφgvU b¤^i †gvU b¤^i

evsjv 912 688

Bs‡iwR 1256 344

MwYZ 304 1296

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR 1273 320

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb 1352 248

G D‡`¨vM‡KI Avgiv BwZevPK `„wó‡KvY wePvi Kie| †h †Kvb wel‡qi †ejv‡ZB we‡kl K‡i fvlvwfwËK wel‡q Aek¨B DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb AR©b hvPvB Kiv Riæwi| wbPz I DuPz ̄ ͇ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡b eivÏ bš^‡ii †ÿ‡Î welq‡f‡` wfbœZvi e¨vcviwU wPÎ-1-Gi gva¨‡g AviI ̄ úófv‡e Abyaveb Kiv hvq|

wPÎ-1: wbPz I DuPz ¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡b eivÏ b¤^‡ii kZKiv nvi wPÎ n‡e

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁv‡bi †ejv‡Z wbPz¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ Afxÿv c` (†hgb- jvjevM `~‡M© Kx Kx HwZnvwmK wb`©kK i‡q‡Q? ev c`v‡_©i Ae¯’v KqwU I Kx Kx?) AwaK ̧ iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡bi Afxÿv c‡`i †P‡q (wPÎ-1)|

mgvR I weÁvb wel‡q DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡b e¨eüZ Afxÿv c‡`i (†hgb- myôz wbe©vP‡b bvMwiKiv ̀ vwqZ¡ cvj‡b e¨_© n‡j Kx mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i? ev Kx Kx Kvi‡Y gvbyl cÖvYx RM‡Z †kªªô

8| ̀ kwgK fMœvsk m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

9| kZKiv m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

10| cwigvc m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v/†jLwPÎ/DcvË web¨vmKiY (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

11| mgq m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v/Rgv LiP/K¨vk †g‡gv (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

12| R¨vwgwZ (b¤^i- 4+6=10)

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR

1| Aí K_vq DËi (10 wUi DËi w`‡Z n‡e)| (b¤^i- 3´10=30)

2| eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ ( 4wUi DËi w`‡Z n‡e) (b¤^i- 10´4=40)

3| eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ (b¤^i- 2´5=10)

4| k~b¨¯’vb c~iY (b¤^i- 2´5=10)

5| wgjKiY (b¤^i- 2´5=10)

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb

1| mswÿß DËi| mKj cÖ‡kœiB DËi Ki‡Z n‡e| (cÖwZ cÖ‡kœi gvb 3) (b¤^i 3´10=30)

2| †h †Kvb 4wU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| (5wU cª‡kœi g‡a¨ 4wUi DËi Ki‡Z n‡e cÖwZ cÖ‡kœi gvb 10) (b¤^i 10´4=40)

3| mwVK Dˇi wUK (P) wPý cÖ`vb| †gvU cÖkœ 5wU| (b¤^i 2´5=10)

4| k~b¨¯’vb c~iY| †gvU cÖkœ 5wU| (b¤^i 2´5=10)

5| mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q| †gvU cÖkœ 5wU| (b¤^i 2´5=10)

DwjøwLZ KvVv‡gv AbymiY K‡iB bgybvwqZ †Rjv¸‡jv cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| Z‡e `y-GKwU e¨wZµg i‡q‡Q, †hgb- cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb wel‡q jvjgwbinvU †Rjvq mwVK Dˇi wUK (P) wPý cÖ`vb, k~b¨¯’vb c~iY I mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î 5wU K‡i cÖkœ bv K‡i 10 wU K‡i cÖkœ Kiv n‡q‡Q| eivÏ b¤^i wQj cÖwZ cÖ‡kœi Rb¨ 2-Gi cwie‡Z© 1| GiKg †QvU AvKv‡ii wfbœZv Qvov me¸‡jv †Rjv‡ZB Afxÿv c‡`i web¨vm cÖvq GKB iKg|

†eÄvwgb eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwg Abymv‡i Afxÿv c‡`i aib

mgvcbx cixÿv 2007-Gi cÖkœc‡Îi Afxÿv c` we‡kølY K‡i cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K GUv ¯úó †h, cÂg †kªYx ch©šÍ cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©x‡`i †h g~j¨vqb nq Zvi eo GKUv Ask Ry‡o i‡q‡Q wkL‡bi wbPz¯Í‡ii `ÿZvi g~j¨vqb; †hgb- Ávb (Knowledge), Abyaveb (Comprehension) I cÖ‡qvM (Application) -Gi welq¸‡jv| wKš‘ D‡cwÿZ †_‡K hv‡”Q we‡kølY (Analysis), ms‡kølY (Synthesis) I g~j¨vqb (Evaluation)-Gi gZ DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb ̀ ÿZvi cwigv‡ci e¨vcviwU (mviYx-2)|

Z‡e, MwYZ welqwU G †ÿ‡Î e¨wZµg| MwYZ wel‡qi cÖkœc‡Î DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb ̀ ÿZv me‡P‡q †ewk cªvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q (kZKiv 81 fvM)| Avi evsjv wel‡q wbPz¯Í‡ii wkLb `ÿZvi cvkvcvwk DuPz¯Í‡ii

wbPz¯Í‡ii wjLb g~j¨vq‡b eivÏ b¤^‡ii kZKiv nvi

DuPz¯Í‡ii wjLb g~j¨vq‡b eivÏ b¤^‡ii kZKiv nvi

mgvRBs‡iwR weÁvbMwYZevsjv

kZ

Kiv

nvi 57

43

79

21 19

81 80

20

85

15

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wkLb ̀ ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi Dci cÖvq mgvb ̧ iæZ¡ (43%) †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b GKwU welq D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, ̀ ywU DׄwZ D‡jøL K‡i Zvi e¨vL¨v Ki Ges welq Aej¤^‡b iPbv wjL Ask`ywU Qvov evsjv wel‡q DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb ̀ ÿZv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ †Kvb Afxÿv c` †bB| Zv m‡Ë¡I evsjvq Aej¤^‡b iPbv †jLvi Rb¨ AwaK b¤^i _vKvi Kvi‡Y|

mviYx-2: wbPz I DuPz ¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡b eivÏ b¤^i

welq wbPz¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡b eivÏ DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡b eivφgvU b¤^i †gvU b¤^i

evsjv 912 688

Bs‡iwR 1256 344

MwYZ 304 1296

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR 1273 320

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb 1352 248

G D‡`¨vM‡KI Avgiv BwZevPK `„wó‡KvY wePvi Kie| †h †Kvb wel‡qi †ejv‡ZB we‡kl K‡i fvlvwfwËK wel‡q Aek¨B DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb AR©b hvPvB Kiv Riæwi| wbPz I DuPz ̄ ͇ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡b eivÏ bš^‡ii †ÿ‡Î welq‡f‡` wfbœZvi e¨vcviwU wPÎ-1-Gi gva¨‡g AviI ̄ úófv‡e Abyaveb Kiv hvq|

wPÎ-1: wbPz I DuPz ¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡b eivÏ b¤^‡ii kZKiv nvi wPÎ n‡e

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁv‡bi †ejv‡Z wbPz¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ Afxÿv c` (†hgb- jvjevM `~‡M© Kx Kx HwZnvwmK wb`©kK i‡q‡Q? ev c`v‡_©i Ae¯’v KqwU I Kx Kx?) AwaK ̧ iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡bi Afxÿv c‡`i †P‡q (wPÎ-1)|

mgvR I weÁvb wel‡q DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡b e¨eüZ Afxÿv c‡`i (†hgb- myôz wbe©vP‡b bvMwiKiv ̀ vwqZ¡ cvj‡b e¨_© n‡j Kx mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i? ev Kx Kx Kvi‡Y gvbyl cÖvYx RM‡Z †kªªô

8| ̀ kwgK fMœvsk m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

9| kZKiv m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

10| cwigvc m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v/†jLwPÎ/DcvË web¨vmKiY (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

11| mgq m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v/Rgv LiP/K¨vk †g‡gv (b¤^i- 1´10=10)

12| R¨vwgwZ (b¤^i- 4+6=10)

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR

1| Aí K_vq DËi (10 wUi DËi w`‡Z n‡e)| (b¤^i- 3´10=30)

2| eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ ( 4wUi DËi w`‡Z n‡e) (b¤^i- 10´4=40)

3| eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ (b¤^i- 2´5=10)

4| k~b¨¯’vb c~iY (b¤^i- 2´5=10)

5| wgjKiY (b¤^i- 2´5=10)

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb

1| mswÿß DËi| mKj cÖ‡kœiB DËi Ki‡Z n‡e| (cÖwZ cÖ‡kœi gvb 3) (b¤^i 3´10=30)

2| †h †Kvb 4wU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| (5wU cª‡kœi g‡a¨ 4wUi DËi Ki‡Z n‡e cÖwZ cÖ‡kœi gvb 10) (b¤^i 10´4=40)

3| mwVK Dˇi wUK (P) wPý cÖ`vb| †gvU cÖkœ 5wU| (b¤^i 2´5=10)

4| k~b¨¯’vb c~iY| †gvU cÖkœ 5wU| (b¤^i 2´5=10)

5| mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q| †gvU cÖkœ 5wU| (b¤^i 2´5=10)

DwjøwLZ KvVv‡gv AbymiY K‡iB bgybvwqZ †Rjv¸‡jv cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| Z‡e `y-GKwU e¨wZµg i‡q‡Q, †hgb- cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb wel‡q jvjgwbinvU †Rjvq mwVK Dˇi wUK (P) wPý cÖ`vb, k~b¨¯’vb c~iY I mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î 5wU K‡i cÖkœ bv K‡i 10 wU K‡i cÖkœ Kiv n‡q‡Q| eivÏ b¤^i wQj cÖwZ cÖ‡kœi Rb¨ 2-Gi cwie‡Z© 1| GiKg †QvU AvKv‡ii wfbœZv Qvov me¸‡jv †Rjv‡ZB Afxÿv c‡`i web¨vm cÖvq GKB iKg|

†eÄvwgb eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwg Abymv‡i Afxÿv c‡`i aib

mgvcbx cixÿv 2007-Gi cÖkœc‡Îi Afxÿv c` we‡kølY K‡i cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K GUv ¯úó †h, cÂg †kªYx ch©šÍ cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©x‡`i †h g~j¨vqb nq Zvi eo GKUv Ask Ry‡o i‡q‡Q wkL‡bi wbPz¯Í‡ii `ÿZvi g~j¨vqb; †hgb- Ávb (Knowledge), Abyaveb (Comprehension) I cÖ‡qvM (Application) -Gi welq¸‡jv| wKš‘ D‡cwÿZ †_‡K hv‡”Q we‡kølY (Analysis), ms‡kølY (Synthesis) I g~j¨vqb (Evaluation)-Gi gZ DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb ̀ ÿZvi cwigv‡ci e¨vcviwU (mviYx-2)|

Z‡e, MwYZ welqwU G †ÿ‡Î e¨wZµg| MwYZ wel‡qi cÖkœc‡Î DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb ̀ ÿZv me‡P‡q †ewk cªvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q (kZKiv 81 fvM)| Avi evsjv wel‡q wbPz¯Í‡ii wkLb `ÿZvi cvkvcvwk DuPz¯Í‡ii

wbPz¯Í‡ii wjLb g~j¨vq‡b eivÏ b¤^‡ii kZKiv nvi

DuPz¯Í‡ii wjLb g~j¨vq‡b eivÏ b¤^‡ii kZKiv nvi

mgvRBs‡iwR weÁvbMwYZevsjv

kZ

Kiv

nvi 57

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wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ) nvi h_vµ‡g 20 I 15 kZvsk| fvlvwfwËK welq nIqv m‡Ë¡I evsjv wel‡qi gZ Bs‡iwR wel‡q DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡bi welqwU h‡_ó ̧ iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ewPZ nqwb| eis cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁv‡bi gZ Bs‡iwR wel‡qI wbPz¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwigvY Afxÿv c` (79%) mgvcbx cixÿvi cÖkœc‡Î mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q (†hgb- What

is the name of our country? ev When did it become independent?)

ievU© ÷¨vbev‡M©i UªvB-AvwK©K ZË¡vbymv‡i Afxÿv c‡`i aib

cÖvBgvwi wUPvm© †Uªwbs Bbw÷wUDU (wcwUAvB) cwiPvwjZ wm-Bb-GW (mwU©wd‡KU Bb GWy‡Kkb) Kvh©µ‡gi wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, †mLv‡b eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwg ¯’vb

13†c‡q‡Q | Avi ievU© ÷¨vbev‡M©i UªvB-AvwK©K ZË¡ GLbI Av‡jvPbvq Av‡m wb| ZvB Abygvb Kiv hvq, mgvcbx cixÿvi cÖkœc‡Î nqZ Gi cÖwZdjb _vK‡e bv| G‡ÿ‡Î A‡b‡KiB hyw³ n‡Z cv‡i †h, g‡Wj cÖkœc·K mvg‡b †i‡L †h‡nZz cÖwZwU †Rjvq Afxÿv c` wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q, d‡j bZzbZ¡ ev wfbœZi wKQz Kivi my‡hvM GLv‡b †bB| wKš‘ UªvB-AvwK©K Z‡Ë¡i ¸iæ‡Z¡i K_v we‡ePbv K‡i Ges G wel‡q mK‡ji g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©‡Yi Rb¨ M‡elKMY ievU© ÷¨vbev‡M©i UªvB-AvwK©K Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡KI mgvcbx cixÿv 2007-i cÖkœcÎ we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb| Aek¨ we‡køl‡Y cÖvß djvdj Lye GKUv Avkve¨ÄK bq (mviYx-3)|

mviYx-3: we‡kølYvZ¥K, m„Rbkxj I e¨envwiK `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡b eivÏ b¤^‡ii kZKiv nvi

welq we‡kølYvZ¥K ̀ ÿZv m„Rbkxj ̀ ÿZv e¨envwiK ̀ ÿZvg~j¨vq‡b eivÏ g~j¨vq‡b eivÏ g~j¨vq‡b eivÏ

b¤^‡ii kZKiv nvi b¤^‡ii kZKiv nvi b¤^‡ii kZKiv nvi

evsjv 5 37 11

Bs‡iwR 0 22 30

MwYZ 81 0 3

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR 21 0 1

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb 8 0.3 8

bgybvwqZ †Rjv¸‡jvi mgvcbx cixÿvi cÖkœc‡Î Bs‡iwR wel‡q we‡kølYvZ¥K `ÿZv hvPvB‡q †Kvb Afxÿv c`B ivLv nq wb| GKBfv‡e MwYZ I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR wel‡qI m„Rbkxj `ÿZv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ Afxÿv c` Abycw¯’Z| Z‡e MwYZ wel‡q we‡kølYvZ¥K `ÿZv (†hgb- GKwU LyuwUi 1/6 Ask Kv`vq, 1/2 Ask cvwb‡Z Ges evwK Ask cvwbi Dc‡i Av‡Q| cvwbi Dc‡ii As‡ki ̂ `N©¨ 2 wgUvi n‡j cvwb‡Z hZUzKz LyuwU Av‡Q Zvi ̂ `N©¨ KZ?) g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ me©vwaK cwigvY b¤^i (81%) eivÏ n‡q‡Q| e¨envwiK `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡b me‡P‡q †ewk b¤^i eivÏ Kiv n‡q‡Q Bs‡iwR wel‡q (30%) Ges m„Rbkxj ̀ ÿZv hvPvB‡q me‡P‡q †ewk ̧ iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q evsjv wel‡q (eivÏ b¤^‡ii kZKiv nvi 37 fvM)| wKš‘ m„Rbkxj ̀ ÿZv g~j¨vq‡b cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb wel‡q eivÏ b¤^‡ii cwigvY kZKiv 1 fv‡MiI Kg (0.3%)|

UªvB-AvwK©K wkLb `ÿZv wkÿv_x©‡`i cvi`kx© K‡i †Zv‡j cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ cv‡i LvB‡q wb‡Z, Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek‡K wb‡Ri Dc‡hvMx K‡i wb‡Z Ges bZyb cwi‡ek Lyu‡R wb‡Z| KviY, G e¨e¯’vi

14 wkÿv_©xiv wPšÍv K‡i wkL‡Z (think to learn ) Ges GKBmv‡_ wk‡L wPšÍv Ki‡Z (learn to think )

cv‡i| ZvB Kvh©Ki wkLb ̀ ÿZvi (we‡kølYvZ¥K, m„Rbkxj I e¨envwiK) NvUwZ wkÿv_©x‡`i cieZ©x Rxe‡b mdj nIqvi c‡_ eo evav n‡q †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|

GLv‡b GKwU welq jÿYxq †h, we‡kølYvZ¥K, m„Rbkxj I e¨envwiK ̀ ÿZv g~j¨vq‡b Ges DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb ̀ ÿZv hvPvB‡qi †ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ Afxÿv c` hw` cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx Ask †_‡K †bIqv nq Zvn‡j Zv Kvh©Ki nq bv| D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g e¨vcviwU ¯úó Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, †hgbÑ †Zvgvi we`¨vj‡qi cwi‡ek Kxfv‡e cwi”Qbœ ivL‡e?-G Afxÿv c`wU hw` cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx‡Z _v‡K Ges Zv hw` ûeû cixÿvi cÖkœcևΠRvqMv K‡i †bq, †m‡ÿ‡Î Gi gva¨‡g e¨envwiK ̀ ÿZvi cwigvc Kiv m¤¢e bq| KviY, wkÿv_©xiv G †ÿ‡Î c~e©cÖ¯‘ZK…Z DËi gyL¯’ K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i ev KivUvB nqZ Kvw•ÿZ| GKBfv‡e mgvcbx cixÿvq hw` †`Iqv nqÑ e¨vL¨v KiÑ wek¦ †Rvov cvVkvjv †gvi... Ges Zv hw` cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx †_‡K †bIqv nq Z‡e Zv‡KI DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡b Kvh©Ki Afxÿv c` ejv hvq bv|

G cÖm‡½ Gevi cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx Ask †_‡K Kx cwigvY Afxÿv c` mgvcbx cixÿv 2007-Gi cÖkœc‡Î AšÍf©y³ n‡q‡Q we‡kølY Kiv nj|

cvV¨eB‡qi bgybv Afxÿv c` I mgvcbx cixÿv Afxÿv c`

bgybvwqZ †Rjv¸‡jvi cÖkœc‡Îi Afxÿv c` we‡kølY (mviYx-4) Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, me‡P‡q †ewk Afxÿv c` i‡q‡Q evsjvq (1265wU) Ges me‡P‡q Kg i‡q‡Q MwY‡Z (416wU)| Z‡e cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx †_‡K me©vwaK Afxÿv c` †bIqv n‡q‡Q cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR (91%) welq †_‡K| Ab¨w`‡K, Bs‡iwR I MwYZ wel‡q me‡P‡q Kg (56%) Afxÿv c` cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx Ask †_‡K cÖkœc‡Î ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwigvY Afxÿv c` Abykxjbx †_‡K evQvB K‡i mgvcbx cixÿvi cÖkœc‡Î mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb wel‡qI (84%)| evsjv wel‡qi †ÿ‡Î Gi cwigvY kZKiv 67 fvM (mviYx-4)|

mviYx-4: welqwfwËK Afxÿv c` I cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx †_‡K †bIqv Afxÿv c`

welq †gvU cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx cvV¨eB‡qi AbykxjbxAfxÿv †_‡K †bIqv Afxÿv †_‡K †bIqv Afxÿv

c` c` c‡`i kZKiv nvi

evsjv 1265 847 67

Bs‡iwR 886 504 56

MwYZ 416 236 56

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR 538 487 91

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb 512 427 84

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx26 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 27

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wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ) nvi h_vµ‡g 20 I 15 kZvsk| fvlvwfwËK welq nIqv m‡Ë¡I evsjv wel‡qi gZ Bs‡iwR wel‡q DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡bi welqwU h‡_ó ̧ iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ewPZ nqwb| eis cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁv‡bi gZ Bs‡iwR wel‡qI wbPz¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwigvY Afxÿv c` (79%) mgvcbx cixÿvi cÖkœc‡Î mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q (†hgb- What

is the name of our country? ev When did it become independent?)

ievU© ÷¨vbev‡M©i UªvB-AvwK©K ZË¡vbymv‡i Afxÿv c‡`i aib

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MwYZ 416 236 56

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR 538 487 91

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb 512 427 84

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cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx †_‡K †bIqv Afxÿv c`¸‡jvi Rb¨ eivÏ b¤^‡ii †ÿ‡ÎI welq‡f‡` wfbœZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq (mviYx-5)| cuvPwU wel‡qi cÖwZwUi Rb¨ †gvU eivÏ b¤^i 100| A_©vr bgybvwqZ †Rjv¸‡jvi cªwZwU wel‡qi Rb¨ eivÏ b¤^‡ii 1600| bgybvwqZ †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx †_‡K †bIqv Afxÿv c‡`i Rb¨ welqwfwËK †gvU eivÏ b¤^img~‡ni we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, me‡P‡q Kg b¤^i eivÏ n‡q‡Q fvlvwfwËK welq Ñ evsjv I Bs‡iwRi Rb¨; hv h_vµ‡g 657 I 816| A_©vr, fvlvwfwËK Gi Rb¨ cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbxi evB‡i †_‡KI Afxÿv c` †bIqv n‡q‡Q Ges G Rb¨ eivÏ b¤^‡ii cwigvY kZKiv cÖvq 40 fv‡MiI †ewk, hv BwZevPK (mviYx-5 I wPÎ-2)| KviY, cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx †_‡K msM„nxZ Afxÿv c` wkÿv_©x‡`i c~e©cÖ¯‘ZK…Z DËi cÖ`v‡b DrmvwnZ K‡i| m‡e©vcwi Zv wkÿv_x©‡`i gyL¯’ wkLb ev Memory-based recall-Gi cÖeYZv evovq|

mviYx-5: cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx †_‡K †bIqv Afxÿv c‡`i Rb¨ eivÏ b¤^i I kZKiv nvi

welq †gvU cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx †_‡Kb¤^i †_‡K †bIqv Afxÿv †bIqv Afxÿv c‡`i Rb¨

c‡`i Rb¨ eivÏ b¤^i eivÏ b¤^‡ii kZKiv nvi

evsjv 1600 657 41

Bs‡iwR 1600 816 51

MwYZ 1600 1352 84

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR 1600 1436 90

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb 1600 1467 92

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR wel‡q me©vwaK 90 kZvsk ev Zvi AwaK b¤^i eivÏ n‡q‡Q| A_©vr G `ywU wel‡qi Afxÿv c‡`i Drm wn‡m‡e cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx AwaKgvÎvq e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| MwYZ wel‡qI cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx †_‡K †bIqv Afxÿv c‡`i Rb¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwigvY b¤^i (kZKiv 84 fvM) eivÏ n‡q‡Q (wPÎ-2)|

wPÎ-2: cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx †_‡K †bIqv Afxÿv c‡`i Rb¨ eivÏ b¤^‡ii kZKiv nvi

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Z_¨ wb©‡`k1. cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq. (2006). †`‡ki mKj †Rjvq †RjvwfwËK Awfbœ cÖkœc‡Îi gva¨‡g cÂg

†kªYxi QvÎQvÎxi cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvcbx cixÿv Abyôvb m¤úwK©Z ms‡kvwaZ MvBWjvBb, XvKv: evsjv‡`k mwPevjq|

2. cÖv¸³

3. cÖv¸³

4. Rowntree, D. (1987). Assessing Students: How Shall We Know Them?, London: Harper and

Row,p.l.

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cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx †_‡K †bIqv Afxÿv c`¸‡jvi Rb¨ eivÏ b¤^‡ii †ÿ‡ÎI welq‡f‡` wfbœZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq (mviYx-5)| cuvPwU wel‡qi cÖwZwUi Rb¨ †gvU eivÏ b¤^i 100| A_©vr bgybvwqZ †Rjv¸‡jvi cªwZwU wel‡qi Rb¨ eivÏ b¤^‡ii 1600| bgybvwqZ †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx †_‡K †bIqv Afxÿv c‡`i Rb¨ welqwfwËK †gvU eivÏ b¤^img~‡ni we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, me‡P‡q Kg b¤^i eivÏ n‡q‡Q fvlvwfwËK welq Ñ evsjv I Bs‡iwRi Rb¨; hv h_vµ‡g 657 I 816| A_©vr, fvlvwfwËK Gi Rb¨ cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbxi evB‡i †_‡KI Afxÿv c` †bIqv n‡q‡Q Ges G Rb¨ eivÏ b¤^‡ii cwigvY kZKiv cÖvq 40 fv‡MiI †ewk, hv BwZevPK (mviYx-5 I wPÎ-2)| KviY, cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx †_‡K msM„nxZ Afxÿv c` wkÿv_©x‡`i c~e©cÖ¯‘ZK…Z DËi cÖ`v‡b DrmvwnZ K‡i| m‡e©vcwi Zv wkÿv_x©‡`i gyL¯’ wkLb ev Memory-based recall-Gi cÖeYZv evovq|

mviYx-5: cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbx †_‡K †bIqv Afxÿv c‡`i Rb¨ eivÏ b¤^i I kZKiv nvi

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c‡`i Rb¨ eivÏ b¤^i eivÏ b¤^‡ii kZKiv nvi

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MwYZ 1600 1352 84

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR 1600 1436 90

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb 1600 1467 92

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mgvcbx cixÿv Av‡qvRb Kiv Ges Gi Rb¨ g‡Wj cÖkœ I wb‡`©kbv msewjZ MvBWjvBb cÖ`v‡bi welqwU GKwU Kvh©Ki D‡`¨vM| cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ßi I mgvcbx cixÿvi mv‡_ mswkøó mKj e¨w³eM© GRb¨ mvayev` cvIqvi †hvM¨| wKš‘ GKwU welq g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †h, mgvcbx cixÿvq Afxÿv c‡`i Drm wn‡m‡e AwaK gvÎvq cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbxi e¨envi Ges wbPy¯Í‡ii wkLb g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ †ewk b¤^i eivÏ Ki‡j Zv wkÿv_©x‡`i Z_¨ gyL¯’ Kiv I Zv mdjfv‡e Ave„Ë ev cybiæ‡jøL Kivi `ÿZv hvPvB Kivi g‡a¨B mxgve× _vK‡e| Ab¨ K_vq, G ai‡bi g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’v wkÿv_©x‡`i c~e©cÖ¯‘ZK…Z DËi Z_¨ AvKv‡i Dc¯’vc‡bi cwiPh©v K‡i Ges cÖK…Z wkLb †mLv‡b Abycw¯’Z _v‡K| †m Kvi‡Y, wkÿv_x©‡`i DuPz¯Í‡ii ̀ ÿZv Ges we‡kølYvZ¥K, m„Rbkxj I e¨envwiK `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi Ici AwaKgvÎvq bRi †`Iqv cª‡qvRb| †Kbbv, Z_¨-DcvË Rvbvi wel‡q †Kvb evav †bB, wKš‘ Z_¨-DcvË Rxe‡bi me‡ÿ‡Î gyL¯’ ivLv hvq bv Ges G cÖ‡qvRbI nqZ †bB| we‡kølYvZ¥K, m„Rbkxj I e¨envwiK `ÿZv AR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q eis mdjZv jv‡fi Z_¨ Rvbv hvq

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Avgv‡`i †`‡ki A‡bK wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK wkÿv, AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi cÖ_g I †kl avc| ZvB wkÿv_©x‡`i gyL¯’ Kivi ms¯‹…wZ †_‡K †ei K‡i Avbvi j‡ÿ¨ Ges DuPz¯Í‡ii wkLb `ÿZv ev we‡kølYvZ¥K, m„Rbkxj I e¨envwiK `ÿZv¸‡jv AR©‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Z mgvcbx cixÿvi Afxÿv- c`¸‡jv †mfv‡e wbe©vPb I wba©viY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G †ÿ‡Î cÖkœ DV‡Z cv‡i †h, cªv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ DuPy¯Í‡ii wkLb `ÿZv ev we‡kølYvZ¥K, m„Rbkxj I e¨envwiK `ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRb †Kb? GKUz Mfxifv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡jB †`Lv hvq, wkï †_‡K e„× ch©šÍ mK‡jB wbR Rxe‡b we‡kølYvZ¥K, m„Rbkxj I e¨envwiK `ÿZv PP©vi gva¨‡g eyw×gËvi cwiPq w`‡q cÖwZwbqZ mvg‡b GwM‡q hv‡”Q| Avi g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’v †h‡nZz eûjvs‡k wkLb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i, ZvB Rxe‡bi ïiæ †_‡KB wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ eyw×e„wËK PP©vq Drmvn cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Í‡ii mgvcbx n‡Z cv‡i Kvh©Ki nvwZqvi|

Z_¨ wb©‡`k1. cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq. (2006). †`‡ki mKj †Rjvq †RjvwfwËK Awfbœ cÖkœc‡Îi gva¨‡g cÂg

†kªYxi QvÎQvÎxi cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvcbx cixÿv Abyôvb m¤úwK©Z ms‡kvwaZ MvBWjvBb, XvKv: evsjv‡`k mwPevjq|

2. cÖv¸³

3. cÖv¸³

4. Rowntree, D. (1987). Assessing Students: How Shall We Know Them?, London: Harper and

Row,p.l.

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx28 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 29

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5. World Bank. (2000). Bangladesh Education Sector Review, Dhaka: The University Press

Limited,p.13.

6. Bloom B.S.(1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I: The Cognitive Domain,

New York: David McKay Co Inc.

7. Cole, Nancy S. (1990). Conceptions of Educational Achievement. Educational Researcher,

American Educational Research Association, 19(3),p.2-7.

8. Sternberg, R.J. (1985). Beyond IQ: A Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence, New York:

Cambridge University Press.

9. Sternberg, R.J.(1999). The Theory of Successful Intelligence, Reviw of General

Psychology,3,292-316.

10. Sternberg,R.J. (1997). Successful intelligence, New York: Plume

11. Sternberg, R.J.et al.(2000). Practical intelligence in everyday life, New York: Cambridge

University Press.

12. RvZxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv GKv‡Wgx (†bc).(2007). cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvcbx cixÿv 2007 Gi g‡Wj cÖkœ, gqgbwmsn: RvZxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv GKv‡Wgx (†bc), c„. 22-26|

13. Kwdj DwÏb Avn‡g` (m¤úv.).(2001). wkLb †kLv‡bv c×wZ: wm-Bb-GW cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i Rb¨, XvKv: cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ßi, c„.5-12|

14. Grigorenko, E.l. Jarvin, L. and Sternberg, R.J. (2002). School-Based Tests of the Triarchic Theory

of Intelligence: Three, Samples, Three Syllabi, Contemporary Educational Psychology,27,167-208.

15. cÖv¸³, c„.169

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx30

Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, me©wel‡q huvi gšÍe¨, gZ, KvR GL‡bv ch©šÍ Avgv‡`i cÖvP¨ †`kxq‡`i Rb¨ wk‡ivavh© †Zv e‡UB, GgbwK wek¦gvbeRvwZi Rb¨I Zuvi A‡bK gZ gšÍe¨ GL‡bv c_wb‡`©kK| wkÿv wel‡q iex›`ªgšÍe¨ †m wn‡m‡e wkÿvwPšÍvq Ab¨Zg m~Pbv evYxi `vwe iv‡L hLb wZwb e‡jb-ÒhZUzKz Avek¨K †Kej ZvnviB g‡a¨ Kviviæ× nBqv _vKv gvbeRxe‡bi ag© b‡n| Avgiv wKqr cwigv‡Y Avek¨K k„•L‡j e× nBqv _vwK Ges wKqr cwigv‡Y ̄ ^vaxb| Avgv‡`i †`n mv‡o wZbnv‡Zi g‡a¨ e× wKš‘ ZvB ewjqv wVK †mB mv‡o wZbnvZ cwigvY M„nwbg©vY Kwi‡j P‡j bv| G‡Z Avgv‡`i ̄ ^v¯’¨ Ges Avb‡›`i e¨vNvZ nq| wkÿv m¤^‡ÜI GB K_v Lv‡U| . . . . AZ¨vek¨K wkÿvi mwnZ ¯^vaxb cvV bv wgkvB‡j †Q‡j fv‡jv Kwiqv gvbyl nB‡Z cv‡i bv| eqtcÖvß nB‡jI eyw×e„wË m¤^‡Ü †m A‡bKUv cwigv‡Y evjK _vwKqvB hvq| wKš‘ `yf©vM¨µ‡g Avgv‡`i nv‡Z wKQz gvÎ mgq bvB| hZ kxNÖ cvwi we‡`kxq fvlv wkÿv Kwiqv cvm w`qv Kv‡R cÖweó nB‡Z nB‡e| A_©vr wkÿvi Rb¨ wkÿv hv ̧ iæM„‡n A_ev bvj›`vi gZ eo eo wek¦we`¨vj‡q ag©ZZ¡, ag©, Rxeb-g„Zy¨ wRÁvmv, fvlvZË¡, e¨vKiY, A_©bxwZ, bxwZkv¯¿, cÖkvmb, AvBb, hyw³ I ZK© BZ¨vw` kvmK I ag© †bZv‡`i B”Qvq I cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡b `xN©Kvj a‡i AbykxwjZ n‡q wkÿvi †h iƒcwU wMÖ‡m ev fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k A_ev Px‡b weKwkZ n‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q Zv wesk kZvãx‡Z G‡m AvKw¯§Kfv‡e ̀ ªæZ ÒKv‡RiÓ wkÿvq cwiYZ nq|

iex›`ªbv‡_i Ic‡ii e³‡e¨ ÔKv‡RiÕ ev Ôcv‡miÕ wkÿvi ms¯‹v‡ii cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb| Zuvi G K_vq †mB cÖkœ G‡m c‡o, Zvn‡j wkÿv gvby‡li wK DcKvi K‡i? A_ev wkÿv wK? wel‡` hvIqvi Av‡M Gi mswÿß DËiUzKz ̄ §iY K‡i †bIqv fv‡jv n‡e| cø¨v‡Uv g‡b Ki‡Zb, Ô wkÿv gv‡b wkïi g‡b bZzb wKQz AbycÖweó Kiv bq, wkÿv A_© wkïi g‡bi AweKwkZ fveavivi weKvk I e„w×i c‡_ mycwiPvjbv|Õ G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿvg‡bvweÁv‡bi e¨vL¨vi mnvqZv MÖnY Riæwi| wkÿv g‡bvweÁvb e‡j, wkï Rb¥m~‡ÎB KZ¸‡jv ¯^vfvweK Ges Rb¥MZ ˆewkó¨ wb‡q c„w_ex‡Z Av‡m| G ˆewk󨸇jvi weKvk I e„w×B wkÿv| G e¨vL¨v AviI cwiYwZ jvf K‡i g‡bvweÁvb I mgvRweÁv‡bi `„wóf½xi AvaywbKvq‡bi gva¨‡g| ZvB AvR AvaywbK wkÿvweÁv‡bi g‡ZÑ wkÿv Rxebe¨vcx GKwU weivgnxb weKv‡ki ¯^Ztwm× cÖwµqv| f~wgô nevi mgq †_‡K, GgbwK gvZ…M‡f© cÖvYmÂv‡ii mgq †_‡KB wkïi Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU g~ûË© AwfÁZvq c~Y© n‡”Q hv wkïi ÁvbfvÐvi‡K Ae¨vnZfv‡e mg„× I weKwkZ K‡i P‡j‡Q| Rb¥ †_‡K g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡e‡ki ms¯ú‡k© G‡m bZzb bZzb AwR©Z Ávb I AwfÁZvi d‡j wbqZB gvby‡li PvwiwÎK ̂ ewkó¨ I AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b Pj‡Z _v‡K| ̀ „wóf½x, Kg©KzkjZv, Af¨vm I AvPi‡Yi GB mgwš^Z cwieZ©b‡KB wkÿv ejv nq| wkÿv mywbw`©ófv‡e gvbyl‡K wK wK w`‡Z mÿg Zv †f‡e‡Qb me hy‡Mi wkÿvwe`, wkÿK, cÖwkÿK, wkÿv ZË¡we`, wkÿv M‡elK, g‡bvweÁvbx I mgvRweÁvbx| mˇii ̀ k‡Ki ïiæ‡Z BD‡bm‡Kv wewfbœ †`‡ki wkÿvwe`‡`i wPšÍv, aviYv I ZË¡‡K mgwš^Z K‡i ÔLearning To Be’ bv‡g GKwU c~b©v½ wkÿv welqK cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk K‡i| G cÖwZ‡e`b wek¦Ry‡o wkÿv m¤úwK©Z bvbvgyLx ZZ¡wPšÍv‡K wkÿvi GKwU cÖavb jÿ¨-wkLbÑ `ÿZv AR©‡bi

wkÿvi ms¯‹vi I ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ wkÿv*ggZvR jwZd

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 31

*wkÿvwe` I M‡elK

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5. World Bank. (2000). Bangladesh Education Sector Review, Dhaka: The University Press

Limited,p.13.

6. Bloom B.S.(1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I: The Cognitive Domain,

New York: David McKay Co Inc.

7. Cole, Nancy S. (1990). Conceptions of Educational Achievement. Educational Researcher,

American Educational Research Association, 19(3),p.2-7.

8. Sternberg, R.J. (1985). Beyond IQ: A Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence, New York:

Cambridge University Press.

9. Sternberg, R.J.(1999). The Theory of Successful Intelligence, Reviw of General

Psychology,3,292-316.

10. Sternberg,R.J. (1997). Successful intelligence, New York: Plume

11. Sternberg, R.J.et al.(2000). Practical intelligence in everyday life, New York: Cambridge

University Press.

12. RvZxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv GKv‡Wgx (†bc).(2007). cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvcbx cixÿv 2007 Gi g‡Wj cÖkœ, gqgbwmsn: RvZxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv GKv‡Wgx (†bc), c„. 22-26|

13. Kwdj DwÏb Avn‡g` (m¤úv.).(2001). wkLb †kLv‡bv c×wZ: wm-Bb-GW cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i Rb¨, XvKv: cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ßi, c„.5-12|

14. Grigorenko, E.l. Jarvin, L. and Sternberg, R.J. (2002). School-Based Tests of the Triarchic Theory

of Intelligence: Three, Samples, Three Syllabi, Contemporary Educational Psychology,27,167-208.

15. cÖv¸³, c„.169

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx30

Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, me©wel‡q huvi gšÍe¨, gZ, KvR GL‡bv ch©šÍ Avgv‡`i cÖvP¨ †`kxq‡`i Rb¨ wk‡ivavh© †Zv e‡UB, GgbwK wek¦gvbeRvwZi Rb¨I Zuvi A‡bK gZ gšÍe¨ GL‡bv c_wb‡`©kK| wkÿv wel‡q iex›`ªgšÍe¨ †m wn‡m‡e wkÿvwPšÍvq Ab¨Zg m~Pbv evYxi `vwe iv‡L hLb wZwb e‡jb-ÒhZUzKz Avek¨K †Kej ZvnviB g‡a¨ Kviviæ× nBqv _vKv gvbeRxe‡bi ag© b‡n| Avgiv wKqr cwigv‡Y Avek¨K k„•L‡j e× nBqv _vwK Ges wKqr cwigv‡Y ̄ ^vaxb| Avgv‡`i †`n mv‡o wZbnv‡Zi g‡a¨ e× wKš‘ ZvB ewjqv wVK †mB mv‡o wZbnvZ cwigvY M„nwbg©vY Kwi‡j P‡j bv| G‡Z Avgv‡`i ̄ ^v¯’¨ Ges Avb‡›`i e¨vNvZ nq| wkÿv m¤^‡ÜI GB K_v Lv‡U| . . . . AZ¨vek¨K wkÿvi mwnZ ¯^vaxb cvV bv wgkvB‡j †Q‡j fv‡jv Kwiqv gvbyl nB‡Z cv‡i bv| eqtcÖvß nB‡jI eyw×e„wË m¤^‡Ü †m A‡bKUv cwigv‡Y evjK _vwKqvB hvq| wKš‘ `yf©vM¨µ‡g Avgv‡`i nv‡Z wKQz gvÎ mgq bvB| hZ kxNÖ cvwi we‡`kxq fvlv wkÿv Kwiqv cvm w`qv Kv‡R cÖweó nB‡Z nB‡e| A_©vr wkÿvi Rb¨ wkÿv hv ̧ iæM„‡n A_ev bvj›`vi gZ eo eo wek¦we`¨vj‡q ag©ZZ¡, ag©, Rxeb-g„Zy¨ wRÁvmv, fvlvZË¡, e¨vKiY, A_©bxwZ, bxwZkv¯¿, cÖkvmb, AvBb, hyw³ I ZK© BZ¨vw` kvmK I ag© †bZv‡`i B”Qvq I cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡b `xN©Kvj a‡i AbykxwjZ n‡q wkÿvi †h iƒcwU wMÖ‡m ev fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k A_ev Px‡b weKwkZ n‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q Zv wesk kZvãx‡Z G‡m AvKw¯§Kfv‡e ̀ ªæZ ÒKv‡RiÓ wkÿvq cwiYZ nq|

iex›`ªbv‡_i Ic‡ii e³‡e¨ ÔKv‡RiÕ ev Ôcv‡miÕ wkÿvi ms¯‹v‡ii cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb| Zuvi G K_vq †mB cÖkœ G‡m c‡o, Zvn‡j wkÿv gvby‡li wK DcKvi K‡i? A_ev wkÿv wK? wel‡` hvIqvi Av‡M Gi mswÿß DËiUzKz ̄ §iY K‡i †bIqv fv‡jv n‡e| cø¨v‡Uv g‡b Ki‡Zb, Ô wkÿv gv‡b wkïi g‡b bZzb wKQz AbycÖweó Kiv bq, wkÿv A_© wkïi g‡bi AweKwkZ fveavivi weKvk I e„w×i c‡_ mycwiPvjbv|Õ G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿvg‡bvweÁv‡bi e¨vL¨vi mnvqZv MÖnY Riæwi| wkÿv g‡bvweÁvb e‡j, wkï Rb¥m~‡ÎB KZ¸‡jv ¯^vfvweK Ges Rb¥MZ ˆewkó¨ wb‡q c„w_ex‡Z Av‡m| G ˆewk󨸇jvi weKvk I e„w×B wkÿv| G e¨vL¨v AviI cwiYwZ jvf K‡i g‡bvweÁvb I mgvRweÁv‡bi `„wóf½xi AvaywbKvq‡bi gva¨‡g| ZvB AvR AvaywbK wkÿvweÁv‡bi g‡ZÑ wkÿv Rxebe¨vcx GKwU weivgnxb weKv‡ki ¯^Ztwm× cÖwµqv| f~wgô nevi mgq †_‡K, GgbwK gvZ…M‡f© cÖvYmÂv‡ii mgq †_‡KB wkïi Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU g~ûË© AwfÁZvq c~Y© n‡”Q hv wkïi ÁvbfvÐvi‡K Ae¨vnZfv‡e mg„× I weKwkZ K‡i P‡j‡Q| Rb¥ †_‡K g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡e‡ki ms¯ú‡k© G‡m bZzb bZzb AwR©Z Ávb I AwfÁZvi d‡j wbqZB gvby‡li PvwiwÎK ̂ ewkó¨ I AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b Pj‡Z _v‡K| ̀ „wóf½x, Kg©KzkjZv, Af¨vm I AvPi‡Yi GB mgwš^Z cwieZ©b‡KB wkÿv ejv nq| wkÿv mywbw`©ófv‡e gvbyl‡K wK wK w`‡Z mÿg Zv †f‡e‡Qb me hy‡Mi wkÿvwe`, wkÿK, cÖwkÿK, wkÿv ZË¡we`, wkÿv M‡elK, g‡bvweÁvbx I mgvRweÁvbx| mˇii ̀ k‡Ki ïiæ‡Z BD‡bm‡Kv wewfbœ †`‡ki wkÿvwe`‡`i wPšÍv, aviYv I ZË¡‡K mgwš^Z K‡i ÔLearning To Be’ bv‡g GKwU c~b©v½ wkÿv welqK cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk K‡i| G cÖwZ‡e`b wek¦Ry‡o wkÿv m¤úwK©Z bvbvgyLx ZZ¡wPšÍv‡K wkÿvi GKwU cÖavb jÿ¨-wkLbÑ `ÿZv AR©‡bi

wkÿvi ms¯‹vi I ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ wkÿv*ggZvR jwZd

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 31

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Z‡e cÖvPxb hy‡M c„w_exi cÖvP¨-cvðv˨ wbwe©‡k‡l †`‡k †`‡k †h wkÿv e¨e¯’v M‡o D‡VwQj Zvi cÖavb ˆewkó¨ GK I Awfbœ| G wkÿv wQj †gŠwLK ¯§iYwfwËK wkLb| c‡i wjwcwfwËK wkÿv RbwcÖqZv †c‡qwQj Ges G wkÿv wQj mgv‡Ri D”P¯Í‡ii abx AwfRvZ I ag©Rxex †kªYxi cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ mxgve×| GKwU †KŠZ~n‡jvÏxcK welq nj- wbiÿi mgv‡R GB †gŠwLK ¯§„wZwbf©i wkÿv †h mg„× †jvKR wkÿv I ms¯‹…wZi Rb¥ w`‡qwQj Zv wjwce× wkÿvi cÖmv‡ii m‡½ m‡½ m¼zwPZ n‡q c‡owQj| Gi wØZxq dj nj GB- wekvj wbiÿi mgv‡R wjwcwfwËK mvÿiZv I wkÿvi ̧ YMZ I cwigvYMZ gv‡bi mxwgZ cÖmvi| eZ©gvb hy‡MI Abÿ‡ii e¨vcK my`„p Ae¯’v‡bi cvkvcvwk AvR‡Ki wkÿvi nvi-Gi w`‡K bRi w`‡jB eyS‡Z Kó nqbv †h wkÿvi cÖavb evnb gvZ…fvlv n‡jI eY©-wjwcÑ wfwËK wkLb `ÿZv AR©b KZUv KwVb| AvR‡Ki wekvjmsL¨K GB wbiÿi kZ kZ mvÿiZvi nvi e„w×i Ae¨vnZ Kg©m~wP I cÖ‡Póvi e¨_©Zvi cÖgvY wn‡m‡e ̀ ywbqv Ry‡o wkÿv M‡elK‡`i wkitcxovi KviY n‡q i‡q‡Q Ges A‡jŠwKK wKQy bv NU‡j A`~i fwel¨‡ZI G Ae¯’vi Lye †ewk cwieZ©b n‡e, Ggb Bw½Z †g‡j bv| †KvwU †KvwU ̀ wi‡`ªi Kv‡Q Lv`¨ I cov-†jLvi g‡a¨Kvi ev¯Íe Ø›Ø AvKw¯§Kfv‡e n«vm cv‡e, Ggb `yivkv wkÿvwe‡`i g‡b Rb¥ †bevi m½Z †Kvb KviY †bB| hvB †nvK, G cÖm‡½ D‡jøL¨, Avðh© n‡jI mZ¨ †h cÖvPxb gymwjg wkÿvq wkÿv †h Rxebe¨vcx Ae¨vnZ cÖwµqv GB aviYvwU cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| G wkÿvq gvbyl‡K Ô†`vjbv †_‡K KeiÕ ch©šÍ wkL‡Z wb‡`©k †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| ïay ZvB bq Bmjvg bvix, cyiæl, wkï mevB‡K Aci‡K wkwÿZ Kivi Rb¨ wb‡R‡`i wkwÿZ n‡Z wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q| cÖvPxb gymwjg wkÿvi we‡kl wkLb welq¸‡jv wQj weÁvb, wPwKrmvwe`¨v, `k©b, MwYZ Ges †RvwZwe©`¨v| cieZx© hy‡M ̀ ytLRbKfv‡e gymwjg we‡k¦i wkÿve¨e¯’v K‡Vvi ag©Z‡Ë¡i Abykvm‡b ew›` n‡q Gi g‡a¨ wbwnZ _vKv AvaywbK gvbyl n‡q IVvi exR- weÁvb, MwYZ, wPwKrmvwe`¨v wkÿvi cÖvPxb HwZn¨‡K AvaywbKZv we‡ivax mbvZb I KÆi cš’x †gvjøv-†gŠjexiv aŸsm K‡i †`b| cwiYv‡g GKwesk kZ‡K gymwjg mgv‡R weÁvbxi e`‡j ZvB Rb¥ n‡”Q kZ kZ Zv‡jevbx R½x hviv cÖMwZkxj a¨vb aviYv I Gi aviK‡`i wbwðý Ki‡Z wb‡R‡`i Rvb Kzievb Ki‡Q! cÖMwZkxj‡`i ÔgyiZv`Õ †NvlYv Ki‡Q!

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hvB‡nvK, ga¨hyM ch©šÍ Pjgvb D”P †kªYxi abx kvmK I agx©q †bZv Ges ag©Rxex †kªYxi ̂ ewPΨnxb GKB ai‡bi wkÿvi g‡a¨ cÖ_g ̂ ecøweK cwieZ©b Av‡m †i‡bmuv hy‡M| BD‡iv‡c bvbv h‡š¿i Avwe¯‹vi, †ij I RjPi RvnvR mn †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖf~Z DbœwZ gnv‡`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cwiwPwZ NUv‡j ̀ ªæZB DbœZ Rjhvb I eviæ`-m„ó A‡¯¿ ejxqvb BD‡ivcxqiv G‡Ki ci GK cÖvK…wZK, LwbR, wkímg„× cÖvP¨ †`‡ki LwbR I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` Ges gbyl¨m¤ú` `L‡ji j‡ÿ¨ Awfhvb ïiæ K‡i- `yB Av‡gwiKv, Avwd«Kv, Gwkqv I A‡óªwjqvq| Zviv Q‡j-e‡j-†KŠk‡j, ag© cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g, wPwKrmv †mev cÖ`v‡bi ga¨ w`‡q ̄ ’vbxq Xvj-Z‡jvqvi, Zxi- ejø‡gi mvnv‡h¨ jovB-G Af¨¯Í mg„× mf¨ RvwZi †`k¸‡jv‡K Dcwb‡e‡k cwiYZ K‡i |G Kvi‡YB G mg‡q BD‡iv‡c Dcwb‡ek¸‡jvi wecyj m¤ú` mwÂZ n‡q Avg`vwbK…Z cÖavbZ Avwd«Kvi ̀ vm-gvby‡li mnvqZvq wkí-wecøe N‡U Ges Gi d‡j mgv‡R ivRv, mvgšÍ ivRv, cy‡ivwnZ-hvRK‡`i cÖwZcwË n«vm cvq| Gfv‡e mgv‡R ÿgZvai n‡q I‡V abx ewYK †kªYx| GB cwieZ©‡bi AwfNv‡Z mgv‡R wekvj gv‡ci A_©‰bwZK, agx©q I mvgvwRK IjUcvjU msNwUZ nevi d‡j wkÿv‡K›`ª¸‡jvi Ici Av‡m cwieZ©‡bi Ges hy‡Mvc‡hvMx wkÿv`v‡bi Pvc| QvcvLvbvi Avwe¯‹v‡ii d‡j ÔeBÕ n‡q I‡V wkÿv MÖn‡Yi I cÖ`v‡bi cÖavb DcKiY| wkï‡`i Rb¨ ¯‹zj, K‡jR, cvVkvjv ev ̧ iæM„n ̀ xN©Kvj a‡i cÖavbZ cov, †jLv Ges MwYZ ev wnmve †kLvi †K›`ª wn‡m‡e M‡o D‡V| GL‡bv ch©šÍ cÖavbZ G KvRB cwiPvjbv K‡i P‡j‡Q| fviZ weªwUk Dcwb‡e‡k cwiYZ nIqvi ci cvVkvjv I cÖvBgvwi ̄ ‹zj wkï‡`i mvÿiZv wkÿvi cÖavb †K›`ª n‡q I‡V| weªwUk kvm‡Ki ¯^v‡_© †m mgq evsjvi ZuvZxmn Ab¨vb¨ Kviæwkíx‡`i cY¨ hLb c~‡e©i mg„× ewn©evwYR¨ nvwi‡q weªwUk wgj-KviLvbvi e¯¿ I Ab¨vb¨ m¯Ív c‡Y¨i mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq civwRZ n‡q wbR¯^ †`kxq evRviI nvivw”Qj, wbt¯^ nw”Qj evsjvi Ges fvi‡Zi bvbv A‡ji wewfbœ †ckvRxex, hLb GKKv‡ji cY¨ ißvwbKviK †`k fviZ weªwUk KviLvbvi cY¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ `iKvix KuvPvgvj ißvwbKviK †`‡k cwiYZ nw”Qj, ZLb Avðh©RbKfv‡e Aciw`‡K evsjvi ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq, wcÖÝ ØviKvbv_ VvKzi, we`¨vmvMi, ga~my`b `Ë, AvPvh©¨ cÖdzjøP›`ª ivq, RM`xk P›`ªª emy cÖg~L GK SuvK evOvwj ZiæY Bs‡iR cÖewZ©Z Bs‡iwR wkÿvq D”PwkwÿZ n‡q wn›`y mgv‡Ri Ky-ms¯‹vi we‡jvc Ges bvix wkÿv I weÁvb wkÿvi cÖmv‡ii †ÿ‡Î cÖvZ:¯§iYxq Ae`vb ivLwQ‡jb| H mgq we`¨vmvMi, ew¼g n‡q iex›`ªbv_ VvKy‡ii nv‡Z evsjvfvlv D”P eM©x‡qi fvlv †_‡K mvavi‡Yi N‡ii mnR fvlvq cwiYZ n‡q DVwQj| Gici †m fvlv bRiæj, kirP›`ª, wef~wZf~lY, mZxbv_ fv`yox mn wekvj msL¨K Kwe mvwnwZ¨‡Ki nv‡Z mg„w×i D”P wkLi ̄ úk© K‡iwQj| weÁv‡bi M‡elYvq m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy, AvPvh¨© cªdzjP›`ª AvšÍR©vwZK L¨vwZ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| GKB fv‡e D¾¡j e¨w³‡`i Ae`v‡b F× n‡qwQj fvi‡Zi m½xZ I wkíKjv| cošÍ A_©bxwZi g‡a¨ Aebx›`ªbv_, MM‡Y›`ªbv_, iex›`ªbv_, I¯Ív` e‡o †Mvjvg Avjx Luv, I¯Ív` Ave`yj Kwig Lvu, I¯Ív` AvjvDwÏb Luv, e`j Luv, ‰dqvR Luv cÖg~‡Li mybvg I MMb¯úkx© weKvk ̄ Íw¤¢Z Kivi gZ| G mgqB Bs‡iwR wkÿvi dj- D”P wkwÿ‡Ziv kni- †Kw›`ªK cÖkvmK, AvBbRxex, wkÿK, cywjk BZ¨vw` †ckvwfwËK AvaywbK RxweKvi †MvovcËb K‡ib| Aciw`‡K MÖv‡g-gd¯^‡j K…lK, ZuvZx, Kvgvi, Kzgv‡iiv Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivLvi cÖ‡Póvq wb‡qvwRZ wQj| Hme MÖv‡gi mvÿiZv wkÿv cÖ`vbKvix cvVkvjv hv c‡i cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q cwiYZ nq †mLvb †_‡K nv‡Z †Mvbv MÖvgxY †ckvRxex‡`i †gavex mšÍv‡biv cÖavbZ Rjcvwb ev e„wËi mvnv‡h¨B D”P wkÿv‡K›`ª nvB ¯‹z‡j I K‡j‡R cÖ‡ek KiwQj| GB MÖvg I gd&¯^j kn‡ii `wi`ª

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gva¨‡g cÖavbZ: gvby‡li Ôn‡q IVviÕ Ici Av‡jvKm¤úvZ K‡i| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ wkÿv gvbyl‡K Ggb KZ¸‡jv wkLb †hvM¨Zv ev `ÿZv cÖ`v‡bi Øviv wkwÿZ Ges `ÿ gvbem¤ú‡` cwiYZ K‡i, †mme †hvM¨Zv ev ̀ ÿZv †kLv ev AvqË KivB wkÿvi cÖavb jÿ¨| GB me ̀ ÿZv wk‡L †m mgv‡R †e‡o I‡V ÔGKRbÕ n‡q | GB Ô†e‡o IVvÕ Ôn‡q IVvÕ ev gvbyl‡K ÔM‡o †ZvjvBÕ wkÿvi KvR| GB gvbyl n‡q IVvi cÖ‡Póvq bZzb cÖR‡b¥i wkï, wK‡kvi, hye‡Kiv Zv‡`i RxweKv I Rxeb avi‡Yi wkÿv GKKv‡j ¯^M„‡n gv, evev Ges Ab¨vb¨ ¯^Rb‡`i KvQ †_‡K ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e jvf KiZ Ges GL‡bv K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ µ‡g Gi cvkvcvwk wMÖ‡m, Px‡b I fvi‡Z cwiKwíZfv‡e ¸iæ-wkl¨, wkÿK-wkÿv_x© wfwËK mywbw`©ó †ckvi cÖ‡qvR‡b wkÿv‡K›`ª ev wek¦we`¨vjq I µ‡g ¯‹zj M‡o I‡V| G mgq wkÿvq `k©b, ag©Z‡Ë¡i cvkvcvwk MwYZ kv¯¿, BwZnvm, †R¨vwZwe©`¨v, A_©bxwZi cvVI cÖ`vb Kiv nZ| c‡i †eŠ× wenvi ̧ ‡jv‡Z cÖavbZ ag©ZË¡, e¨vKiY, fvlvZË¡, Kve¨ZË¡, bvU¨ZZ¡ BZ¨vw`i Ici wkÿv cÖ`vb Kiv nZ| cÖvPxb cvi‡m¨ Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvq weÁvb, ˆbwZK ¸Yvewj, †gavweKvkK welq, bvMwiKZvq cÖwkÿY I e¨envwiK Rxe‡bi Ici cÖwkÿY †`Iqv nZ| Px‡b mvgvR¨ cwiPvjbvi cÖkvmK ˆZwii wkÿv mePvB‡Z †ewk cÖvavb¨ †c‡qwQj| †MÖ‡Kv-†ivgvb wkÿvq eyw× I †gav PPv©, †mŠ›`h©‡eva I ̂ `wnK weKv‡ki Ici mgvb ̧ iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nZ|

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hvB‡nvK, ga¨hyM ch©šÍ Pjgvb D”P †kªYxi abx kvmK I agx©q †bZv Ges ag©Rxex †kªYxi ̂ ewPΨnxb GKB ai‡bi wkÿvi g‡a¨ cÖ_g ̂ ecøweK cwieZ©b Av‡m †i‡bmuv hy‡M| BD‡iv‡c bvbv h‡š¿i Avwe¯‹vi, †ij I RjPi RvnvR mn †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖf~Z DbœwZ gnv‡`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cwiwPwZ NUv‡j ̀ ªæZB DbœZ Rjhvb I eviæ`-m„ó A‡¯¿ ejxqvb BD‡ivcxqiv G‡Ki ci GK cÖvK…wZK, LwbR, wkímg„× cÖvP¨ †`‡ki LwbR I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` Ges gbyl¨m¤ú` `L‡ji j‡ÿ¨ Awfhvb ïiæ K‡i- `yB Av‡gwiKv, Avwd«Kv, Gwkqv I A‡óªwjqvq| Zviv Q‡j-e‡j-†KŠk‡j, ag© cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g, wPwKrmv †mev cÖ`v‡bi ga¨ w`‡q ̄ ’vbxq Xvj-Z‡jvqvi, Zxi- ejø‡gi mvnv‡h¨ jovB-G Af¨¯Í mg„× mf¨ RvwZi †`k¸‡jv‡K Dcwb‡e‡k cwiYZ K‡i |G Kvi‡YB G mg‡q BD‡iv‡c Dcwb‡ek¸‡jvi wecyj m¤ú` mwÂZ n‡q Avg`vwbK…Z cÖavbZ Avwd«Kvi ̀ vm-gvby‡li mnvqZvq wkí-wecøe N‡U Ges Gi d‡j mgv‡R ivRv, mvgšÍ ivRv, cy‡ivwnZ-hvRK‡`i cÖwZcwË n«vm cvq| Gfv‡e mgv‡R ÿgZvai n‡q I‡V abx ewYK †kªYx| GB cwieZ©‡bi AwfNv‡Z mgv‡R wekvj gv‡ci A_©‰bwZK, agx©q I mvgvwRK IjUcvjU msNwUZ nevi d‡j wkÿv‡K›`ª¸‡jvi Ici Av‡m cwieZ©‡bi Ges hy‡Mvc‡hvMx wkÿv`v‡bi Pvc| QvcvLvbvi Avwe¯‹v‡ii d‡j ÔeBÕ n‡q I‡V wkÿv MÖn‡Yi I cÖ`v‡bi cÖavb DcKiY| wkï‡`i Rb¨ ¯‹zj, K‡jR, cvVkvjv ev ̧ iæM„n ̀ xN©Kvj a‡i cÖavbZ cov, †jLv Ges MwYZ ev wnmve †kLvi †K›`ª wn‡m‡e M‡o D‡V| GL‡bv ch©šÍ cÖavbZ G KvRB cwiPvjbv K‡i P‡j‡Q| fviZ weªwUk Dcwb‡e‡k cwiYZ nIqvi ci cvVkvjv I cÖvBgvwi ̄ ‹zj wkï‡`i mvÿiZv wkÿvi cÖavb †K›`ª n‡q I‡V| weªwUk kvm‡Ki ¯^v‡_© †m mgq evsjvi ZuvZxmn Ab¨vb¨ Kviæwkíx‡`i cY¨ hLb c~‡e©i mg„× ewn©evwYR¨ nvwi‡q weªwUk wgj-KviLvbvi e¯¿ I Ab¨vb¨ m¯Ív c‡Y¨i mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq civwRZ n‡q wbR¯^ †`kxq evRviI nvivw”Qj, wbt¯^ nw”Qj evsjvi Ges fvi‡Zi bvbv A‡ji wewfbœ †ckvRxex, hLb GKKv‡ji cY¨ ißvwbKviK †`k fviZ weªwUk KviLvbvi cY¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ `iKvix KuvPvgvj ißvwbKviK †`‡k cwiYZ nw”Qj, ZLb Avðh©RbKfv‡e Aciw`‡K evsjvi ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq, wcÖÝ ØviKvbv_ VvKzi, we`¨vmvMi, ga~my`b `Ë, AvPvh©¨ cÖdzjøP›`ª ivq, RM`xk P›`ªª emy cÖg~L GK SuvK evOvwj ZiæY Bs‡iR cÖewZ©Z Bs‡iwR wkÿvq D”PwkwÿZ n‡q wn›`y mgv‡Ri Ky-ms¯‹vi we‡jvc Ges bvix wkÿv I weÁvb wkÿvi cÖmv‡ii †ÿ‡Î cÖvZ:¯§iYxq Ae`vb ivLwQ‡jb| H mgq we`¨vmvMi, ew¼g n‡q iex›`ªbv_ VvKy‡ii nv‡Z evsjvfvlv D”P eM©x‡qi fvlv †_‡K mvavi‡Yi N‡ii mnR fvlvq cwiYZ n‡q DVwQj| Gici †m fvlv bRiæj, kirP›`ª, wef~wZf~lY, mZxbv_ fv`yox mn wekvj msL¨K Kwe mvwnwZ¨‡Ki nv‡Z mg„w×i D”P wkLi ̄ úk© K‡iwQj| weÁv‡bi M‡elYvq m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy, AvPvh¨© cªdzjP›`ª AvšÍR©vwZK L¨vwZ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| GKB fv‡e D¾¡j e¨w³‡`i Ae`v‡b F× n‡qwQj fvi‡Zi m½xZ I wkíKjv| cošÍ A_©bxwZi g‡a¨ Aebx›`ªbv_, MM‡Y›`ªbv_, iex›`ªbv_, I¯Ív` e‡o †Mvjvg Avjx Luv, I¯Ív` Ave`yj Kwig Lvu, I¯Ív` AvjvDwÏb Luv, e`j Luv, ‰dqvR Luv cÖg~‡Li mybvg I MMb¯úkx© weKvk ̄ Íw¤¢Z Kivi gZ| G mgqB Bs‡iwR wkÿvi dj- D”P wkwÿ‡Ziv kni- †Kw›`ªK cÖkvmK, AvBbRxex, wkÿK, cywjk BZ¨vw` †ckvwfwËK AvaywbK RxweKvi †MvovcËb K‡ib| Aciw`‡K MÖv‡g-gd¯^‡j K…lK, ZuvZx, Kvgvi, Kzgv‡iiv Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivLvi cÖ‡Póvq wb‡qvwRZ wQj| Hme MÖv‡gi mvÿiZv wkÿv cÖ`vbKvix cvVkvjv hv c‡i cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q cwiYZ nq †mLvb †_‡K nv‡Z †Mvbv MÖvgxY †ckvRxex‡`i †gavex mšÍv‡biv cÖavbZ Rjcvwb ev e„wËi mvnv‡h¨B D”P wkÿv‡K›`ª nvB ¯‹z‡j I K‡j‡R cÖ‡ek KiwQj| GB MÖvg I gd&¯^j kn‡ii `wi`ª

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†ckvRxex †Mvôx †Kvbµ‡g †eu‡P _vKvi cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q hvw”Qj wKš‘ K‡qK jÿ gvbyl-cyiæl, bvix, wkï, gbyl¨ m„ó Pvj gRyZ`vwii d‡j Ô43-Gi `ywf©‡ÿ gviv wM‡qwQj| GB m‡ei †fZ‡iB M‡o D‡VwQj Bs‡iwR wkwÿZ AvBbRxex, wkÿK-QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZvi j‡ÿ¨ weªwUk we‡ivax bvbviKg Ges bvbv gvÎvi Av‡›`vjb I jovBI!

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cÖ‡qvR‡bB `iKvi wQj Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv‡Z wekvj GK D”P I ga¨g gv‡bi wkwÿZ †kªYx| ¯^‡`‡k `iKvi wQj Kj-KviLvbv I evwYR¨ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †gvUvgywU mvÿi kªwgK I wkwÿZ cwiPvjK †kªYx| m½Z Kvi‡YB iv‡óªi ab-m¤ú` mgvR‡K Ges kvmK‡K wkÿvi cÖmv‡i Ges bZzb cª‡qvRb D™¢‡ei d‡j wkÿvi gv‡bvbœq‡b bvbvfv‡e cÖ‡Yvw`Z K‡i| DØ„Ë m¤ú` mvaviYZ †h me wkLb ‡ÿÎ `xN© mgq c‡i dj cÖme K‡i, †hgb, AvbyôvwbK wkÿv, msMxZ, b„Z¨, wPÎKjv, bvU¨Kjv, hš¿m½xZ BZ¨vw` †hme welq‡K wejvm wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq, †mm‡ei PPv©‡K cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Z cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i Ges m¤¢e K‡i †Zv‡j| `vwi`ªve¯’v wkÿvmn me †ÿ‡ÎB kyaygvÎ ¸wUK‡qK A-mvaviY cÖwZfvi Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i hvivÕ Zuv‡`i Ô†gavÕ I cÖwZfv e‡j me mxgve×Zv‡K AwZµg K‡i| ZvB GKRb we`¨vmvMi, GKRb iex›`ªbv_, GKRb evL, we‡Vv‡db, †MvwK©, wjIbv‡`v© `v wfw wK¤^v †jviKv, †ev`‡jqvi, f¨vb ML, †n‡jb †Kjvi Rb¥ †bq| GB cÖwZfvevb‡`i Rb¥ hy‡M hy‡M cwi‡ekRvZ me cÖwZK~jZv‡K nvwi‡qB evi evi n‡e| wKš‘ cÖkœ n‡”Q- jÿ-†KvwU mvaviY gvbyl wkwÿZ n‡j wK mgv‡R ev iv‡óª ab m„wó nq ? mgvR wK wkwÿZ Abyrcv`bkxj †ckv¸‡jv‡K myiÿv w`‡Z mÿg? Zvn‡j D”P wkÿv nvi-Gi †`k kªxjsKv ev wKDev, mgvRZvwš¿K Pxb GZKvj †Kb abx n‡Z cv‡iwb? wkí-wecøe Kv‡ji BD‡iv‡ci Dcwb‡ek ̄ ’vcbKvix †`k¸‡jvi †mmg‡qi wkÿvi nv‡ii PvB‡Z kªxjsKv ev wKDev ev ivwkqvi wkÿvi nvi ̀ xN© mgq hver A‡bK †ewk nIqv m‡Ë¡I Gme †`k ab-m¤ú‡` BD‡iv‡ci Dcwb‡ek¯’vcbKvix †`k¸‡jvi mgvb n‡Z cv‡iwb †Kb?- †Kb fviZ cÖvq 10% cÖe„w× wb‡qI GZ wecyjmsL¨K wbiÿi I ̀ wi‡`ªi †`k wn‡m‡e †_‡K hvq? G cÖkœ Dcwb‡e‡ki wkÿvwe`‡`i we× bv K‡i cv‡i bv| Ab¨vb¨ KviY hvB _vKzK Dbœqbkxj †`k †h AvR Zvi wkÿv e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g wecyj msL¨K wkwÿZ †eKv‡ii Ges mgv‡Ri Ici wbf©ikx‡ji Rb¥ w`‡q P‡j‡Q Zv AvR ixwZgZ D‡ØMRbK cÖ‡kœi Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q †h AvbyôvwbK wkÿvq wkwÿZ n‡j †m nq PvKzwiwfwËK †ckvRxex n‡e, bZzev Kg©nxb n‡e| †Kbbv †m Avi Zvi c~e© cyiæ‡li jvO‡j ev Zuv‡Z nvZ jvMv‡ebv| cÖkœ D‡V‡Q Giv †`‡ki m¤ú` evov‡bv `~‡i _vK, wb‡R‡`i ¯^wbf©i Ki‡Z Aÿg _vK‡Q †Kb? cÖK…Zc‡ÿ wkÿv gvbyl‡K Rxe‡bi m¤¢ve¨ me †ÿ‡Îi me welq m¤ú‡K© Ávb I Z_¨ Rvbvi Dcvq ev `ÿZvMy‡jv wkwL‡q †`q ev Rvwb‡q †`q hv e¨envi K‡i e¨w³ gvbyl Zvi †gav, ezw× I AvMÖ‡ni mgwš^Z cÖ‡Yv`bvq mgvR I cwi‡ek Øviv cÖ`Ë meiKg my‡hvM-myweavi mdj mبenvi Kievi mÿgZv AR©b K‡i| A_©vr wkÿv gvbyl‡K †h mÿgZv cÖ`vb K‡i Zv e¨w³i wbR¯^ †gav, eyw×, cwi‡ek †_‡K cÖvß my‡hvM myweavi mnvqZvq wfbœwfbœ e¨w³i Rb¨ wfbœwfbœ dj-Gi ewntcÖKvk NUvq| mvaviYfv‡e GwU mZ¨ †h mxwgZ m¤ú` I mgv‡Ri my‡hvM myweavi mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡YB wkwÿZ †eKv‡ii Rb¥ n‡q‡Q Ges n‡”Q| Aciw`‡K, BD‡iv‡c-Av‡gwiKvq wkÿvi eZ©gv‡bi D”P nv‡ii g‡a¨ K…lK-kªwg‡Ki AwaKvskB wKš‘ mvaviY mvÿi A_ev cÖv_wgK wkÿvq wkwÿZ, ÿz`ª GKwU Ask eo‡Rvi gva¨wgK wkÿv †kl K‡i‡Q A_ev gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í‡ii Wªc AvDU| D”P wkwÿ‡Ziv cÖavbZ K…wl, wk‡í, evwY‡R¨, Awd‡m, Av`vj‡Z, KjKviLvbvq, wkí cÖwZôv‡b, miKvwi cÖkvm‡b, ¯‹zj, K‡jR, wek¦we`¨vj‡q M‡elYv †K‡›`ª, msev`cÖ‡Î, wgwWqvq wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii e¨e¯’vcbv I cwiPvjbvi PvKzixi Kv‡R m¤ú„³| G K_v ejv evûj¨ BD‡ivc-Av‡gwiKvi ga¨g ch©v‡qi wkwÿZ †kªYx eZ©gv‡b Zv‡`i cÖv³b Dcwb‡ek eZ©gv‡b ¯^vaxb ivóª †h¸‡jv `xN©Kv‡ji Jcwb‡ewkK †kvl‡bi d‡j nZ`wi`ª n‡q c‡o‡Q Ges bvbv mvgvwRK-A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v m¼zj, †mme Dbœqbkxj †`‡k wfbœ wKš‘ bZzb GK

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†ckvRxex †Mvôx †Kvbµ‡g †eu‡P _vKvi cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q hvw”Qj wKš‘ K‡qK jÿ gvbyl-cyiæl, bvix, wkï, gbyl¨ m„ó Pvj gRyZ`vwii d‡j Ô43-Gi `ywf©‡ÿ gviv wM‡qwQj| GB m‡ei †fZ‡iB M‡o D‡VwQj Bs‡iwR wkwÿZ AvBbRxex, wkÿK-QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZvi j‡ÿ¨ weªwUk we‡ivax bvbviKg Ges bvbv gvÎvi Av‡›`vjb I jovBI!

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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx34 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 35

cÖ‡qvR‡bB `iKvi wQj Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv‡Z wekvj GK D”P I ga¨g gv‡bi wkwÿZ †kªYx| ¯^‡`‡k `iKvi wQj Kj-KviLvbv I evwYR¨ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †gvUvgywU mvÿi kªwgK I wkwÿZ cwiPvjK †kªYx| m½Z Kvi‡YB iv‡óªi ab-m¤ú` mgvR‡K Ges kvmK‡K wkÿvi cÖmv‡i Ges bZzb cª‡qvRb D™¢‡ei d‡j wkÿvi gv‡bvbœq‡b bvbvfv‡e cÖ‡Yvw`Z K‡i| DØ„Ë m¤ú` mvaviYZ †h me wkLb ‡ÿÎ `xN© mgq c‡i dj cÖme K‡i, †hgb, AvbyôvwbK wkÿv, msMxZ, b„Z¨, wPÎKjv, bvU¨Kjv, hš¿m½xZ BZ¨vw` †hme welq‡K wejvm wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq, †mm‡ei PPv©‡K cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Z cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i Ges m¤¢e K‡i †Zv‡j| `vwi`ªve¯’v wkÿvmn me †ÿ‡ÎB kyaygvÎ ¸wUK‡qK A-mvaviY cÖwZfvi Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i hvivÕ Zuv‡`i Ô†gavÕ I cÖwZfv e‡j me mxgve×Zv‡K AwZµg K‡i| ZvB GKRb we`¨vmvMi, GKRb iex›`ªbv_, GKRb evL, we‡Vv‡db, †MvwK©, wjIbv‡`v© `v wfw wK¤^v †jviKv, †ev`‡jqvi, f¨vb ML, †n‡jb †Kjvi Rb¥ †bq| GB cÖwZfvevb‡`i Rb¥ hy‡M hy‡M cwi‡ekRvZ me cÖwZK~jZv‡K nvwi‡qB evi evi n‡e| wKš‘ cÖkœ n‡”Q- jÿ-†KvwU mvaviY gvbyl wkwÿZ n‡j wK mgv‡R ev iv‡óª ab m„wó nq ? mgvR wK wkwÿZ Abyrcv`bkxj †ckv¸‡jv‡K myiÿv w`‡Z mÿg? Zvn‡j D”P wkÿv nvi-Gi †`k kªxjsKv ev wKDev, mgvRZvwš¿K Pxb GZKvj †Kb abx n‡Z cv‡iwb? wkí-wecøe Kv‡ji BD‡iv‡ci Dcwb‡ek ̄ ’vcbKvix †`k¸‡jvi †mmg‡qi wkÿvi nv‡ii PvB‡Z kªxjsKv ev wKDev ev ivwkqvi wkÿvi nvi ̀ xN© mgq hver A‡bK †ewk nIqv m‡Ë¡I Gme †`k ab-m¤ú‡` BD‡iv‡ci Dcwb‡ek¯’vcbKvix †`k¸‡jvi mgvb n‡Z cv‡iwb †Kb?- †Kb fviZ cÖvq 10% cÖe„w× wb‡qI GZ wecyjmsL¨K wbiÿi I ̀ wi‡`ªi †`k wn‡m‡e †_‡K hvq? G cÖkœ Dcwb‡e‡ki wkÿvwe`‡`i we× bv K‡i cv‡i bv| Ab¨vb¨ KviY hvB _vKzK Dbœqbkxj †`k †h AvR Zvi wkÿv e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g wecyj msL¨K wkwÿZ †eKv‡ii Ges mgv‡Ri Ici wbf©ikx‡ji Rb¥ w`‡q P‡j‡Q Zv AvR ixwZgZ D‡ØMRbK cÖ‡kœi Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q †h AvbyôvwbK wkÿvq wkwÿZ n‡j †m nq PvKzwiwfwËK †ckvRxex n‡e, bZzev Kg©nxb n‡e| †Kbbv †m Avi Zvi c~e© cyiæ‡li jvO‡j ev Zuv‡Z nvZ jvMv‡ebv| cÖkœ D‡V‡Q Giv †`‡ki m¤ú` evov‡bv `~‡i _vK, wb‡R‡`i ¯^wbf©i Ki‡Z Aÿg _vK‡Q †Kb? cÖK…Zc‡ÿ wkÿv gvbyl‡K Rxe‡bi m¤¢ve¨ me †ÿ‡Îi me welq m¤ú‡K© Ávb I Z_¨ Rvbvi Dcvq ev `ÿZvMy‡jv wkwL‡q †`q ev Rvwb‡q †`q hv e¨envi K‡i e¨w³ gvbyl Zvi †gav, ezw× I AvMÖ‡ni mgwš^Z cÖ‡Yv`bvq mgvR I cwi‡ek Øviv cÖ`Ë meiKg my‡hvM-myweavi mdj mبenvi Kievi mÿgZv AR©b K‡i| A_©vr wkÿv gvbyl‡K †h mÿgZv cÖ`vb K‡i Zv e¨w³i wbR¯^ †gav, eyw×, cwi‡ek †_‡K cÖvß my‡hvM myweavi mnvqZvq wfbœwfbœ e¨w³i Rb¨ wfbœwfbœ dj-Gi ewntcÖKvk NUvq| mvaviYfv‡e GwU mZ¨ †h mxwgZ m¤ú` I mgv‡Ri my‡hvM myweavi mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡YB wkwÿZ †eKv‡ii Rb¥ n‡q‡Q Ges n‡”Q| Aciw`‡K, BD‡iv‡c-Av‡gwiKvq wkÿvi eZ©gv‡bi D”P nv‡ii g‡a¨ K…lK-kªwg‡Ki AwaKvskB wKš‘ mvaviY mvÿi A_ev cÖv_wgK wkÿvq wkwÿZ, ÿz`ª GKwU Ask eo‡Rvi gva¨wgK wkÿv †kl K‡i‡Q A_ev gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í‡ii Wªc AvDU| D”P wkwÿ‡Ziv cÖavbZ K…wl, wk‡í, evwY‡R¨, Awd‡m, Av`vj‡Z, KjKviLvbvq, wkí cÖwZôv‡b, miKvwi cÖkvm‡b, ¯‹zj, K‡jR, wek¦we`¨vj‡q M‡elYv †K‡›`ª, msev`cÖ‡Î, wgwWqvq wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii e¨e¯’vcbv I cwiPvjbvi PvKzixi Kv‡R m¤ú„³| G K_v ejv evûj¨ BD‡ivc-Av‡gwiKvi ga¨g ch©v‡qi wkwÿZ †kªYx eZ©gv‡b Zv‡`i cÖv³b Dcwb‡ek eZ©gv‡b ¯^vaxb ivóª †h¸‡jv `xN©Kv‡ji Jcwb‡ewkK †kvl‡bi d‡j nZ`wi`ª n‡q c‡o‡Q Ges bvbv mvgvwRK-A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v m¼zj, †mme Dbœqbkxj †`‡k wfbœ wKš‘ bZzb GK

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myZivs G hyw³B †ewk MÖnY‡hvM¨ †h, BD‡ivc GKKv‡j Aóv`kÑ Dbwesk kZ‡K Dcwb‡ek m„wó K‡i Dcwb‡e‡ki m¤ú` †kvlb K‡i Ges ̀ vm kªg e¨envi K‡i abx n‡q Zvici Zv‡`i iv‡óª wkÿvi cÖmvi NwU‡q‡Q Ges ¯^v¯’¨‡mev RbM‡Yi †`vi‡Mvovq †cuŠwQ‡q w`‡q‡Q| Av‡gwiKvq Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb K‡i BD‡ivcxqiv cÖ_‡gB Avw`evmx‡`i wbab K‡i Zv‡`i f~wg ̀ Lj K‡i wb‡q Avwd«Kv †_‡K ̀ vm Avg`vbx K‡i Zv‡`i kª‡g R½j mvd K‡i emwZ ̄ ’vcb K‡i, f~wg Avev` K‡i, Zyjv I Ab¨ km¨ Pvl K‡i Ges `ªæZ Awek¦vm¨ cwigvY ab m„wó K‡i| m½Z Kvi‡YB GB wecyj abkvjx †`k hy³ivóª kxNÖB ̄ ^vaxbZv hy× ïiæ K‡i ̄ ^vaxb nq| Gici ̄ ^vaxb hy³iv‡óªi miKvi RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ wkÿvi cÖmv‡i I ̄ ^v¯’¨‡mev †cuŠQv‡bv‡Z ̀ ªæZ c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i Ges mdj nq| Gici abx hy³ivóª cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e †Kvb †`k ̀ Lj K‡i Dcwb‡ek m„wó K‡i wb wKš‘ Zv‡`i miKv‡ii Abym„Z bxwZ wQj j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKv I Avwd«Kvi K…wl wbf©i, LwbR m¤ú`c~Y© m¤úbœ ‡`k¸‡jv‡Z mvgwiK Kz¨ ev RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ A_© Qwo‡q GKwU Av‡gwiKv-cš’x `j MVb K‡i †m me †`‡ki RvZxqZvev`x †bZv I miKvi‡K DrLvZ K‡i †mLv‡b Av‡gwiKv-cš’x miKvi cÖwZwôZ Kiv Ges Av‡gwiKvi c‡ÿ eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e evwYR¨ c‡Y¨i Pvl Kiv †hgb- Kjv, f~Æv, †Kv‡Kv BZ¨vw`| evwYR¨ cY¨ Drcv`‡bi `xN©‡gqvw` cwiYZ‡Z Gme †`k µgk Lv`¨ NvUwZ‡Z c‡o Ges Av‡gwiKvi ¯^v_©iÿvKvix wek¦e¨vsK ev AvBGgGd Gi F‡Yi A‡±vcv‡mi Rv‡j AvUKv c‡o| Gme †`‡ki LwbR, f~wgR me m¤ú` Avni‡Yi Ávb I `ÿZv Gme †`‡ki wbiÿi gvby‡li bv _vKvq Av‡gwiKv gyiæweŸ n‡q Zvi wbR¯^ we‡klÁ w`‡q †mme †`‡ki †Zj-M¨vm-Kqjv-nxiv-†mvbv-cv_i D‡Ëvjb Ggb k‡Z© K‡i‡Q †h Gme m¤ú` _vKvi d‡jB †Kej bvBwRwiqv, †gvRvw¤^K, my`vb, wm‡qivwjIb, `: AvwdªKv, K‡½v, Kjw¤^qv, †gw·‡Kv, ewjwfqv, †fwbRy‡qjv - me

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx36 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 37

‡`k `wi`ª ‡_‡K `wi`ªZi n‡Z _v‡K| wbibœ gvby‡li msL¨v wظY n‡q hvq A_P gy³evRv‡ii bv‡g Zv‡`i miKv‡iiv bv cv‡i K…lK‡K fZz©wK w`‡Z, bv cv‡i wRb cÖhyw³i Av‡gwiKv †_‡K Avg`vbxK…Z avb-Mg exR bv wK‡b wbR¯^ exR Drcv`b Ki‡Z, bv cv‡i D”Pg~‡j¨I mvi bv wK‡b! F‡Y RR©wiZ GBme †`Dwjqv iv‡óªi jvwZb Av‡gwiKvb n‡Z _vKv †bZv I RYMY G †kvl‡Yi KviY I Kzdj Dcjwä K‡i Ges d‡j Av‡gwiKv‡K ewn®‹vi Kivi gZb RvZxq †bZv I miKvi jvf Ki‡Z Zviv mg_© nq! eZ©gv‡b Gme †`‡ki RbMY AvZœwbf©ikxjZvi c‡_ Ny‡i `vuwo‡q‡Q| Gme †`‡k wkÿvi nvi evo‡Q ̀ ªæZ| ̄ ^v¯’¨‡mevi gvb DbœZ n‡q‡Q | DbœZ ̀ wÿY AvgwiKvi ̄ ^cœ`ªóv mvBgb ewjfvi I †P ¸‡qfvivi ¯^cœ ˆelg¨nxb wfbœ ai‡bi mvg¨ mgvR †hLv‡b RbMY webvg~‡j¨ gvbm¤§Z wkÿv I ¯^v¯’¨‡mev jvf K‡i, GK †`k cÖwZ‡ekx †`k‡K Dbœq‡b mn‡hvwMZv K‡i me †`‡ki RbMY GKw`b gvbe m¤ú‡` cwiYZ n‡e- GB ̄ ^‡cœi ev¯Íevqb ïiæ n‡q‡Q|d‡j, AvB Gg Gd, wek¦e¨vsK cvZZvwo ¸wU‡q wb‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Gme miKvi‡K DrLvZ Ki‡Z hy³ivóª I wm AvB Gi lohš¿I †_‡g †bB| GiB g‡a¨ †kvlYgy³ mgvR wewbgv©‡Y GwM‡q P‡j‡Q jvwZb Av‡gwiKvi †`k¸‡jvi miKvi I RbMY Ges Zviv civkw³i AvwacZ¨ I Zvi Av‡ivwcZ wewa wb‡la gy³ GKwU bZzb wek¦e¨e¯’vi ̄ ^cœ wb‡q GwM‡q P‡j‡Q hv hy³ivóª, AvB Gg Gd I wek¦e¨vs‡Ki k„sL‡j Ave× evsjv‡`kmn me `wi`ª †`‡ki ̀ wi`ªevÜe wkÿvwe`, A_©bxwZwe` , ivRbxwZK Ges ̀ wi`ª RbM‡Yi g‡b bZzb GK Avkvi exR ecb K‡i‡Q| †mRb¨ wkÿvi ms¯‹vi Riæwi Z‡ZvwaK Riæwi n‡q D‡V‡Q mgvR ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx wkÿve¨e¯’v| mgv‡jvPbv _vKv m‡Ë¡I G K_v Ab¯^xKvh© †h wkÿvB gvbyl‡K gvbem¤ú‡` cwiYZ K‡i| †Kbbv,

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Z‡e †h wkÿv RvwZ‡K HK¨e× Ki‡e, †Kv‡bv µ‡gB wefvwRZ Ki‡e bv, evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb wb‡`©wkZ †mB ˆelg¨nxb GK avivi wkÿvB wkÿvi ms¯‹v‡ii cÖavb w`Kwb‡`©kbv n‡e| Zvn‡jB G wkÿv RvwZ‡K †mB Kvw•ÿZ ˆelg¨nxb HK¨e× DbœZ gvbwfwËK mgvR I RvwZ MV‡bi ¯^cœwU ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z mÿg n‡e|

Page 39: cÂg el© wØZxq msL¨v AMÖnvqY-†cŠl 1415, wW‡m¤^i 2008bafed.net/pdf/BDec8.pdf · and Shafiul Alam.Published by Nazmul Haq, ... Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U© wØZxq fvlv I

†ckvq Avwef~©Z n‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i ¯^‡`‡ki ÔFYÕ A_ev Ô`v‡biÕ cÖK‡í Zviv eva¨Zvg~jK k‡Z© Kbmvj‡U›U ev Dc‡`óv n‡q G‡m A¯^vfvweK D”P nv‡ii m¤§vbx wb‡q wfbœiƒcx kvmK wn‡m‡e †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| hw`I GBme cÖKí MÖn‡Yi d‡j GBme cÖv³b Dcwb‡ek †`k¸‡jv‡Z wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, K…wl, wkí, A_©bxwZ, evwYwR¨K LvZ- †Kv_vI eo ai‡bi †Kvb BwZevPK cwieZ©b n‡Z †`Lv hvqwb| Gi †cQ‡b †`kxq Ges ‰e‡`wkK A‡bK KviY i‡q‡Q, †m Av‡jvPbvq bv wM‡q ïay GUzKy †`Lv hvq †h cÖ‡Z¨KwU FY ev Aby`vb †Kvb bv †Kvb cÖKí‡Kw›`ªK hv AwaKvskB BD‡ivc Av‡gwiKvi AwaKvskB ga¨g gv‡bi wkwÿZ‡`i Dc‡`óv wn‡m‡e wb‡qv‡Mi kZ©hy³| cÖKí¸‡jvI Avg`vwb c‡Y¨i gZB we‡`‡k †mme †`‡ki ga¨g gv‡bi ¯^‡`‡ki ¯^v_© iÿvKvix wkwÿZ‡`i nv‡Z cÖ¯‘Z| A‡bK mgv‡jvPbvi ci m¤¢eZ weMZ beŸB Gi ̀ kK †_‡K we‡`wk‡`i mv‡_ †`wk Dc‡`óv wb‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q hviv Aek¨B †`wkq D”P wkwÿZ wewfbœ wel‡qi we‡klÁ Ges †`‡k Zviv Avevi Av‡iKwU we‡`wk ̄ ^v_© iÿvKvix †kªYxi Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q hviv cÖKí ̀ vZv‡`‡ki c‡ivÿ mnvqZvKvix †kªbxi cÖwZwbwa ¯^iƒc| KL‡bv Giv †`‡ki ¯^v_©-wbi‡cÿ A_ev KL‡bv ¯^v_© we‡ivax f~wgKvI MÖnY K‡i hviv Dcwb‡ek DËi bZzb gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZi m„wó! DbœZ †`k Zvi DbœZ cÖhyw³ ̀ wi`ª †`‡k ißvwb K‡i wKfv‡e `wi`ª †`‡ki `wi`ªZg gvbylwUi ÿz`ª AvqwUI MÖvm K‡i wb‡”Q, Gi RjšÍ D`vniY- †gvevBj †dvb I M¨vm D‡ËvjbKvix †Kv¤úvwbi wecyj Avq hv Jcwb‡ewkK Av‡qi PvB‡Z Kg bq| †`‡k m½wZ †i‡L ̂ Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q †`‡ki †cÖwÿ‡Z m½wZnxb D”P †eZ‡bi D”PwkwÿZ ZiæY-ZiæYx Kg©KZv© hviv Gme we‡`wk c‡Y¨i e¨envi cÖmv‡i ivZ w`b kªg w`‡q hv‡”Q| GB kª‡gi jvf MÖvm Ki‡Q cwðgv DbœZ abx †`k¸‡jv| Giv wK AveviI wK bZzb kªg`vm bq?

myZivs G hyw³B †ewk MÖnY‡hvM¨ †h, BD‡ivc GKKv‡j Aóv`kÑ Dbwesk kZ‡K Dcwb‡ek m„wó K‡i Dcwb‡e‡ki m¤ú` †kvlb K‡i Ges ̀ vm kªg e¨envi K‡i abx n‡q Zvici Zv‡`i iv‡óª wkÿvi cÖmvi NwU‡q‡Q Ges ¯^v¯’¨‡mev RbM‡Yi †`vi‡Mvovq †cuŠwQ‡q w`‡q‡Q| Av‡gwiKvq Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb K‡i BD‡ivcxqiv cÖ_‡gB Avw`evmx‡`i wbab K‡i Zv‡`i f~wg ̀ Lj K‡i wb‡q Avwd«Kv †_‡K ̀ vm Avg`vbx K‡i Zv‡`i kª‡g R½j mvd K‡i emwZ ̄ ’vcb K‡i, f~wg Avev` K‡i, Zyjv I Ab¨ km¨ Pvl K‡i Ges `ªæZ Awek¦vm¨ cwigvY ab m„wó K‡i| m½Z Kvi‡YB GB wecyj abkvjx †`k hy³ivóª kxNÖB ̄ ^vaxbZv hy× ïiæ K‡i ̄ ^vaxb nq| Gici ̄ ^vaxb hy³iv‡óªi miKvi RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ wkÿvi cÖmv‡i I ̄ ^v¯’¨‡mev †cuŠQv‡bv‡Z ̀ ªæZ c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i Ges mdj nq| Gici abx hy³ivóª cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e †Kvb †`k ̀ Lj K‡i Dcwb‡ek m„wó K‡i wb wKš‘ Zv‡`i miKv‡ii Abym„Z bxwZ wQj j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKv I Avwd«Kvi K…wl wbf©i, LwbR m¤ú`c~Y© m¤úbœ ‡`k¸‡jv‡Z mvgwiK Kz¨ ev RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ A_© Qwo‡q GKwU Av‡gwiKv-cš’x `j MVb K‡i †m me †`‡ki RvZxqZvev`x †bZv I miKvi‡K DrLvZ K‡i †mLv‡b Av‡gwiKv-cš’x miKvi cÖwZwôZ Kiv Ges Av‡gwiKvi c‡ÿ eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e evwYR¨ c‡Y¨i Pvl Kiv †hgb- Kjv, f~Æv, †Kv‡Kv BZ¨vw`| evwYR¨ cY¨ Drcv`‡bi `xN©‡gqvw` cwiYZ‡Z Gme †`k µgk Lv`¨ NvUwZ‡Z c‡o Ges Av‡gwiKvi ¯^v_©iÿvKvix wek¦e¨vsK ev AvBGgGd Gi F‡Yi A‡±vcv‡mi Rv‡j AvUKv c‡o| Gme †`‡ki LwbR, f~wgR me m¤ú` Avni‡Yi Ávb I `ÿZv Gme †`‡ki wbiÿi gvby‡li bv _vKvq Av‡gwiKv gyiæweŸ n‡q Zvi wbR¯^ we‡klÁ w`‡q †mme †`‡ki †Zj-M¨vm-Kqjv-nxiv-†mvbv-cv_i D‡Ëvjb Ggb k‡Z© K‡i‡Q †h Gme m¤ú` _vKvi d‡jB †Kej bvBwRwiqv, †gvRvw¤^K, my`vb, wm‡qivwjIb, `: AvwdªKv, K‡½v, Kjw¤^qv, †gw·‡Kv, ewjwfqv, †fwbRy‡qjv - me

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx36 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 37

‡`k `wi`ª ‡_‡K `wi`ªZi n‡Z _v‡K| wbibœ gvby‡li msL¨v wظY n‡q hvq A_P gy³evRv‡ii bv‡g Zv‡`i miKv‡iiv bv cv‡i K…lK‡K fZz©wK w`‡Z, bv cv‡i wRb cÖhyw³i Av‡gwiKv †_‡K Avg`vbxK…Z avb-Mg exR bv wK‡b wbR¯^ exR Drcv`b Ki‡Z, bv cv‡i D”Pg~‡j¨I mvi bv wK‡b! F‡Y RR©wiZ GBme †`Dwjqv iv‡óªi jvwZb Av‡gwiKvb n‡Z _vKv †bZv I RYMY G †kvl‡Yi KviY I Kzdj Dcjwä K‡i Ges d‡j Av‡gwiKv‡K ewn®‹vi Kivi gZb RvZxq †bZv I miKvi jvf Ki‡Z Zviv mg_© nq! eZ©gv‡b Gme †`‡ki RbMY AvZœwbf©ikxjZvi c‡_ Ny‡i `vuwo‡q‡Q| Gme †`‡k wkÿvi nvi evo‡Q ̀ ªæZ| ̄ ^v¯’¨‡mevi gvb DbœZ n‡q‡Q | DbœZ ̀ wÿY AvgwiKvi ̄ ^cœ`ªóv mvBgb ewjfvi I †P ¸‡qfvivi ¯^cœ ˆelg¨nxb wfbœ ai‡bi mvg¨ mgvR †hLv‡b RbMY webvg~‡j¨ gvbm¤§Z wkÿv I ¯^v¯’¨‡mev jvf K‡i, GK †`k cÖwZ‡ekx †`k‡K Dbœq‡b mn‡hvwMZv K‡i me †`‡ki RbMY GKw`b gvbe m¤ú‡` cwiYZ n‡e- GB ̄ ^‡cœi ev¯Íevqb ïiæ n‡q‡Q|d‡j, AvB Gg Gd, wek¦e¨vsK cvZZvwo ¸wU‡q wb‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Gme miKvi‡K DrLvZ Ki‡Z hy³ivóª I wm AvB Gi lohš¿I †_‡g †bB| GiB g‡a¨ †kvlYgy³ mgvR wewbgv©‡Y GwM‡q P‡j‡Q jvwZb Av‡gwiKvi †`k¸‡jvi miKvi I RbMY Ges Zviv civkw³i AvwacZ¨ I Zvi Av‡ivwcZ wewa wb‡la gy³ GKwU bZzb wek¦e¨e¯’vi ̄ ^cœ wb‡q GwM‡q P‡j‡Q hv hy³ivóª, AvB Gg Gd I wek¦e¨vs‡Ki k„sL‡j Ave× evsjv‡`kmn me `wi`ª †`‡ki ̀ wi`ªevÜe wkÿvwe`, A_©bxwZwe` , ivRbxwZK Ges ̀ wi`ª RbM‡Yi g‡b bZzb GK Avkvi exR ecb K‡i‡Q| †mRb¨ wkÿvi ms¯‹vi Riæwi Z‡ZvwaK Riæwi n‡q D‡V‡Q mgvR ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx wkÿve¨e¯’v| mgv‡jvPbv _vKv m‡Ë¡I G K_v Ab¯^xKvh© †h wkÿvB gvbyl‡K gvbem¤ú‡` cwiYZ K‡i| †Kbbv,

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� gvbyl †Zv ïaygvÎ K…lK ev kªwgK ev wkÿK bq, Zv‡K cwiev‡ii m`m¨, mgv‡Ri m`m¨, iv‡óªi bvMwiK, †ckvi Kg©x, gv, evev, mšÍvb, wkÿv I mvs¯‹…wZK cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©x I m`m¨ wn‡m‡e hZ iK‡gi ̀ ÿZv Ges ̀ „wófw½ AvqË Ki‡Z nq Zvi wmsnfvMB cÖ`vb K‡i wkÿv|

� wkÿv †h‡nZz gvbyl‡K mviv Rxeb a‡i †kLvi `ÿZv¸‡jv- co‡Z, wjL‡Z, wnmve Ki‡Z wkÿv †`q, myZivs gvbyl cÖvß my‡hv‡Mi mبenvi K‡i wb‡R‡K m¤ú‡` cwiYZ K‡i Ges `ÿZv¸‡jv AvqË Kivi d‡j Rxebe¨vcx †kLvi Aeva my‡hvM _vKvq ‡m wb‡R‡K me©ÿY hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Áv‡b mg„× Ki‡Z cv‡i| GBfv‡e mgvR GKwU ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡R cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZLbB mvÿi gvbyl wkwÿZ I ms¯‹…wZevb gvby‡l cwiYZ nq|

� wkÿv mgv‡Ri †kªYx ‰elg¨mn bvbviKg Amvg¨ ̀ ~i K‡i A_ev n«vm K‡i| me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkÿv GKB gv‡bi GKB iKg wkÿv cÖ`vb K‡i me wkï‡K †gŠwjK wkÿv I mvÿiZv wkÿv cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g †kªbx, ag©, eY©, wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l GKmgvb †j‡fj †cøwqs cø¨vUdg© cÖ`vb K‡i| abx-`wi‡`ªi ˆelg¨ wbim‡b c„w_exe¨vcx M„nxZ GK avivi GKjÿ¨gyLx cÖv_wgK wkÿv wekvj Ae`vb iv‡L- GZ m‡›`n †bB|

Z‡e †h wkÿv RvwZ‡K HK¨e× Ki‡e, †Kv‡bv µ‡gB wefvwRZ Ki‡e bv, evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb wb‡`©wkZ †mB ˆelg¨nxb GK avivi wkÿvB wkÿvi ms¯‹v‡ii cÖavb w`Kwb‡`©kbv n‡e| Zvn‡jB G wkÿv RvwZ‡K †mB Kvw•ÿZ ˆelg¨nxb HK¨e× DbœZ gvbwfwËK mgvR I RvwZ MV‡bi ¯^cœwU ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z mÿg n‡e|

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1. f~wgKv

wkÿvi gv‡bvbœqb evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’vq GKwU ̧ iæZ¡c~Y© welq| evsjv‡`‡ki i‡q‡Q GKwU wekvj Rb‡Mvôx| Ab¨w`‡K G‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv h‡_ó `ye©j| 90-Gi `kK evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mgq, KviY Gmg‡q wkÿvq AskMªn‡Yi gvÎv e¨vcK nv‡i e„w× cvq| wKš‘ cwiZv‡ci welq nj †h, †h-msL¨K wkÿv_x© cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nq Zvi cÖvq kZKiv 40 fvM wkÿv_x©B cÖv_wgK wkÿv †kl Kivi Av‡MB S‡i c‡o| Avi bvbvgyLx mgm¨v I cÖwZK~jZvi Kvi‡Y wkÿv_x©iv gvbm¤úbœ wkÿvI AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

wkÿv-msµvšÍ wewfbœ Bmy¨‡Z wbqwgZ M‡elYvKvix cÖwZôvb GWy‡Kkb IqvP-2000- cÖYxZ cÖwZ‡e`‡b †`Lv †M‡Q Lye KgmsL¨K wkÿv_©x cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i wba©vwiZ cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvmg~n AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| welqwfwËK cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi nvi wQj 36.5% (evsjv), 19.2% (mgvR), 17.7% (mvaviY weÁvb), 11.6% (MwYZ) Ges 9.4% (Bs‡iwR)| GwU cÖv_wgK wkÿve¨e¯’vq GKwU Akwb-ms‡KZ Ges G Ae¯’v †_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ `ªæZ c`‡ÿc †bIqv cª‡qvRb| wkï wkÿv_©x‡`i fvlvMZ I MvwYwZK `ÿZv e„w× Avek¨K, KviY GB `ÿZvi Ici Zv‡`i fwel¨r wkÿvRxeb e„n`vs‡k wbf©ikxj|

evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_wgK ̄ ͇i cÖwZ wel‡qi Rb¨ †kªYxwfwËK cvV¨eB wba©vwiZ _v‡K hv RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© KZ©…K cÖKvwkZ nq| GKB cvV¨eB mviv‡`‡k e¨eüZ nq| wKšÍy RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© wb‡`©wkZ †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î GB GKK cvV¨cy¯ÍK‡Kw›`ªK wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewj PP©v AcÖZzj e‡j cwijwÿZ n‡q‡Q| Avi ZvB wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewji gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ÔweBD-AvBBwWÕi cÖv_wgK wkÿv BDwbU mnvqK wkÿv DcKiY ̂ Zwii wm×všÍ †bq hvi bvgKiY Kiv nq Ôjvwb©s c¨v‡KRÕ| GB cÖwµqvq †ek wKQy avc AbymiY Kiv nq †hgb-

wkÿv_©x‡`i eqm ¯Íi we‡ePbv, AR©b‡hvM¨ †hvM¨Zv g~j¨vqb, cvV¨cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv BZ¨vw`| jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘wZi D‡Ï¨k¨ wQj †kªYxK‡ÿ evsjv I MwYZ wel‡qi wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewji DbœwZ mvab| †kªYxKÿ ch©‡eÿY I wkÿK-wkÿv_©x‡`i mvÿvrKv‡ii gva¨‡g GwU Abyf~Z n‡q‡Q †h, cÖPwjZ welqwfwËK GKgvÎ cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU wkï wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ h‡_ô AvMÖn-DÏxcK bq| ZvB

cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡b GKwU bZzb c`‡ÿc: jvwb©s c¨v‡KR

gvgybyi ikx`*w`jiæev myjZvbv*

†gvnv¤§` Zv‡iK ingvb*

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 39

*†jLKe„›` wkÿv Dbœqb Bbw÷wUDU-eªvK wek¦we`¨vj‡q Rywbqi cÖ‡dkbvj wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ|

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1. f~wgKv

wkÿvi gv‡bvbœqb evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’vq GKwU ̧ iæZ¡c~Y© welq| evsjv‡`‡ki i‡q‡Q GKwU wekvj Rb‡Mvôx| Ab¨w`‡K G‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv h‡_ó `ye©j| 90-Gi `kK evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mgq, KviY Gmg‡q wkÿvq AskMªn‡Yi gvÎv e¨vcK nv‡i e„w× cvq| wKš‘ cwiZv‡ci welq nj †h, †h-msL¨K wkÿv_x© cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nq Zvi cÖvq kZKiv 40 fvM wkÿv_x©B cÖv_wgK wkÿv †kl Kivi Av‡MB S‡i c‡o| Avi bvbvgyLx mgm¨v I cÖwZK~jZvi Kvi‡Y wkÿv_x©iv gvbm¤úbœ wkÿvI AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

wkÿv-msµvšÍ wewfbœ Bmy¨‡Z wbqwgZ M‡elYvKvix cÖwZôvb GWy‡Kkb IqvP-2000- cÖYxZ cÖwZ‡e`‡b †`Lv †M‡Q Lye KgmsL¨K wkÿv_©x cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i wba©vwiZ cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvmg~n AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| welqwfwËK cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi nvi wQj 36.5% (evsjv), 19.2% (mgvR), 17.7% (mvaviY weÁvb), 11.6% (MwYZ) Ges 9.4% (Bs‡iwR)| GwU cÖv_wgK wkÿve¨e¯’vq GKwU Akwb-ms‡KZ Ges G Ae¯’v †_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ `ªæZ c`‡ÿc †bIqv cª‡qvRb| wkï wkÿv_©x‡`i fvlvMZ I MvwYwZK `ÿZv e„w× Avek¨K, KviY GB `ÿZvi Ici Zv‡`i fwel¨r wkÿvRxeb e„n`vs‡k wbf©ikxj|

evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_wgK ̄ ͇i cÖwZ wel‡qi Rb¨ †kªYxwfwËK cvV¨eB wba©vwiZ _v‡K hv RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© KZ©…K cÖKvwkZ nq| GKB cvV¨eB mviv‡`‡k e¨eüZ nq| wKšÍy RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© wb‡`©wkZ †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î GB GKK cvV¨cy¯ÍK‡Kw›`ªK wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewj PP©v AcÖZzj e‡j cwijwÿZ n‡q‡Q| Avi ZvB wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewji gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ÔweBD-AvBBwWÕi cÖv_wgK wkÿv BDwbU mnvqK wkÿv DcKiY ̂ Zwii wm×všÍ †bq hvi bvgKiY Kiv nq Ôjvwb©s c¨v‡KRÕ| GB cÖwµqvq †ek wKQy avc AbymiY Kiv nq †hgb-

wkÿv_©x‡`i eqm ¯Íi we‡ePbv, AR©b‡hvM¨ †hvM¨Zv g~j¨vqb, cvV¨cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv BZ¨vw`| jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘wZi D‡Ï¨k¨ wQj †kªYxK‡ÿ evsjv I MwYZ wel‡qi wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewji DbœwZ mvab| †kªYxKÿ ch©‡eÿY I wkÿK-wkÿv_©x‡`i mvÿvrKv‡ii gva¨‡g GwU Abyf~Z n‡q‡Q †h, cÖPwjZ welqwfwËK GKgvÎ cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU wkï wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ h‡_ô AvMÖn-DÏxcK bq| ZvB

cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡b GKwU bZzb c`‡ÿc: jvwb©s c¨v‡KR

gvgybyi ikx`*w`jiæev myjZvbv*

†gvnv¤§` Zv‡iK ingvb*

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 39

*†jLKe„›` wkÿv Dbœqb Bbw÷wUDU-eªvK wek¦we`¨vj‡q Rywbqi cÖ‡dkbvj wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ|

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wkÿv_©x‡`iwkLb‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ mnvqK DcKi‡Yi cvkvcvwk wkÿv`vb cÖwµqv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wk‡ÿvcKi‡Yi mgš^‡q jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki mvaviY wkÿve¨e¯’vq lô †kªYx †_‡K Aóg †kªYx ch©šÍ nj wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Íi| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvß Kivi ci lô †kªYx nj wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Íi ïiæi cÖ_g avc| wKš‘ ev¯Íe wkÿY-wkLb cwiw¯’wZ ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j AcÖZ¨vwkZ wKQy wPÎ †Pv‡L c‡o| hvi g‡a¨ GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq nj: gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i gZvgZ Abyhvqx, cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvwßi ci wkÿv_©x‡`i †h mg¯Í cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv AR©b Kivi e¨vcv‡i wkÿvµ‡g ejv Av‡Q, wkÿv_©xiv g~jZ wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zvmg~n AR©b K‡i lô †kªYx‡Z fwZ© nq bv| ZvQvov wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i weivRgvb mvwe©K wkÿY-wkLb cwiw¯’wZi gvb mswkøó e¨w³eM© †hgb- M‡elK, wkÿvwe` Ges wkÿKgn‡j GKwU Ab¨Zg Av‡jvP¨ welq| wkÿvi wbgœ gva¨wgK ̄ ͇ii Ici mgvß wewfbœ M‡elYvKv‡h©i djvdj Ges mycvwik ch©‡jvPbv Ki‡jI †`Lv hvq †h, AwaKvsk M‡elYvKv‡h© wbgœ gva¨wgK wkÿvi wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewji gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mycvwik Kiv n‡q‡Q| wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii DwjøwLZ wewfbœ welq we‡ePbvq †i‡L Ges ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i wkÿv Dbœqb Bbw÷wUDU- eª¨vK wek¦we`¨vjq 2005 mvj †_‡K wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewji gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

1.1 jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi †hŠw³KZv

wkÿv cÖmv‡ii m‡½ m‡½ wkÿvi gv‡bi AebwZ n‡Z cv‡i ev n‡”Q GB AvksKv †_‡K gvbm¤§Z wkÿvi cÖkœwU wkÿv Av‡jvPbvq B`vbxs e¨vcK ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q| ev¯Íe †cÖÿvc‡Ui Kvi‡YB beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki c‡i wkÿvi cwigvYMZ w`‡Ki cvkvcvwk ¸YMZ w`KwU wb‡qI fvevi `iKvi n‡q c‡o‡Q| wkÿvi gv‡bi DbœwZi Rb¨ Ges gvb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ eûgyLx mgwš^Z cÖ‡Póv cÖ‡qvRb| GB cÖ‡Póvi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi wewfbœ DcKi‡Yi Dchy³Zv I ch©vß e¨e¯’v Ges G¸‡jvi mg¨K e¨envi|

gva¨wgK wkÿv‡K ejv nq D”Pwkÿvi cÖ‡ekØvi Avi ZvB eZg©vb gva¨wgK wkÿvi g‡bvbœqb wb‡q I mevB wPwšÍZ| gva¨wgK wkÿvi gv‡bvbœ‡qbi Rb¨ miKvwi bvbv c`‡ÿc cÖ‡qvRb Ges miKvwi I †emiKvwi ms¯’v¸‡jv G wel‡q bvbv c`‡ÿc MÖnY I K‡i‡Q wKš‘ gva¨wgK ch©vq †h ̄ Íi n‡Z ïiæ nq (wbgœ gva¨wgK) Dbœqb cÖ‡Póv¸‡jv wVK GB ̄ Íi n‡Z †Rviv‡jv Kiv n‡”Q bv hv nIqv ̀ iKvi| bvbvgyLx mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi wkÿe¨e¯’vq GL‡bv cwieZ©‡bi †Zgb †Kvb †Quvqv jv‡M wb|

weBD-AvBBwW GB Dbœqb cÖwµqv †Rviv‡jv Kivi Rb¨ jvwb©s c¨v‡KR ̂ Zwii KvR nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q Ges GwU cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿvi ̀ y ̄ ͇iB ïiæ Kiv n‡q‡Q| jvwb©s c¨‡KR n‡”Q mnvqK cy¯ÍK, wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv, IqvK© eyK (Kg©cy¯ÍK), wkÿK cÖwkÿY DcKiY Ges wKQz wkÿv DcKi‡Yi mgš^‡q cÖ¯‘ZK…Z GKwU c¨v‡KR| cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i cÖ_g I wØZxq †kªYxi evsjv I mvaviY MwYZ wel‡qi Ici jvwb©s c¨v‡KR Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi gva¨wgK wkÿvi cÖ‡ekØvi wn‡m‡e jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi KvR lô †kªYx †_‡K Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges g~j welq wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwR, mvaviY MwYZ Ges mvaviY weÁvb wel‡qi Ici KvR ïiæ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

ZvQvov hy‡Mi cÖ‡qvR‡bB eZ©gvb gva¨wgK wkÿve¨e¯’vq g~j¨vq‡bi aviYvq beZi wKQy welq

ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q, †hgb we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb I m„Rbkxj cÖkœ| jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri bxwZ, c×wZ I `„wófw½i mv‡_ we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb I m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZi h‡_ô mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb c×wZ‡Z MvVwbK I P~ovšÍ; ̀ yÕai‡bi g~j¨vq‡bi Ici h‡_ô ̧ iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri mnvqK cy¯ÍK, IqvK© eyK I wkÿK mnvwqKvwU iPbvi †ÿ‡ÎI memgq GB welq¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvM NUv‡bvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkÿv_©xiv GB mnvqK cy¯ÍK I IqvK© eyK e¨envi K‡i Ggbme wkLb AwfÁZv AR©b Ki‡e hv‡Z wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i MvVwbK I mvgwóK ̀ yÕai‡bi g~j¨vqbB Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wkÿK wb‡`©wkKvwU‡ZI cvV cwiKíbv¸‡jv msNwUZ Dcv‡q Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i ̀ yÕai‡bi g~j¨vqb Kiv m¤¢e nq| GQvovI Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb, Kg©‡KŠkj cÖYqb, Abykxjbxi web¨vm me©‡ÿ‡ÎB eøyg (Bloom)-Gi †Wv‡gB‡bi me¸‡jv D`vniY ivLv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z wkÿv_©xiv gyL¯’ Kivi cÖeYZv †_‡K †ei n‡q cÖ‡qvM, ms‡kølY I we‡køl‡Yi cvkvcvwk D”PZi wPšÍb-`ÿZv PP©vi h‡_ó my‡hvM jvf K‡i| ̄ ^vfvweKfv‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i hw` lô †kªYx †_‡KB GB welq¸‡jvi mv‡_ cwiPq Kwi‡q †`qv hvq Zvn‡j we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb I m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖeZ©‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ Avv‡iv mdjfv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡e Ges jvwb©s c¨v‡KR G cÖwµqvq GKwU Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

1.2 jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘Z-c~e© Kvh©vewj

jvwb©s c¨v‡KR Dbœqb GKwU Pjgvb I avivevwnK cÖwµqv| GwU GKwU AskMÖnYg~jK I AveZ©bg~jK cÖwµqv| jvwb©s c¨v‡KR †_‡K wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqvq m‡e©v”P myweav cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †kªYxKÿ ch©‡eÿY, wkÿK-wkÿv_©x‡`i mvÿvrKvi I we‡klÁ‡`i gZvg‡Zi wfwˇZ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R cÖ‡qvRb gvwdK cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| wkÿK‡`i Iwi‡q‡›Ukb ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi Askx`vwiZ¡, ¯’vbxq wkÿv cÖkvmb‡K mswkøó Kiv GB cÖwµqvi AšÍfz©³ wQj| GQvovI wQj wbqwgZ Af¨šÍixY I ewnt ch©v‡jvPbv|

jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z wb‡gœv³ c`‡ÿc¸‡jv AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q:

1.1 wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡b KiYxq wel‡q RvZxq ch©v‡qi we‡klÁ, cÖavb wkÿK I we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU I welqwfwËK wkÿK‡`i mv‡_ avivevwnK Kg©kvjv I mfv Abyôvb|

2.1 cÖv_wgK ̄ ͇ii evsjv I MwYZ Ges wbgœ gva¨wgK ̄ ͇ii Bs‡iwR, MwYZ I weÁvb wel‡qi Ici jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘Z Kiv| eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿvµg ch©v‡jvPbv Kivi Rb¨ ̀ yÕwU hvPvB ZvwjKv (check list) ̂ Zwi Kiv|

3.1 †h welq¸‡jvi Ici jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡e, †m me welq¸‡jvi cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿvµg weBD-AvBBwW KZ…©K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z hvPvB ZvwjKvi gva¨‡g ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv Ges ch©v‡jvPbvi cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi Dcvq wVK Kiv-hv‡Z weBD-AvBBwW KZ…©K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z jvwb©s c¨v‡KR eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿvµ‡gi mnvqK DcKiY wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| D‡jøL¨ †h, cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿvµg ch©v‡jvPbvi cªwZ‡e`‡bi Ici wfwË K‡iB cÖwZwU MÖæc Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri aib Ges jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R wK wK DcKiY AšÍfy©³ n‡Z cv‡i Zv wba©viY K‡i|

4.1 cy‡iv eQ‡ii †kªYx Kvh©µg‡K K‡qKwU As‡k fvM Kiv nq Ges cÖwZwU Ask‡K GKwU gwWDj wn‡m‡e bvgKiY Kiv nq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx40 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 41

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wkÿv_©x‡`iwkLb‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ mnvqK DcKi‡Yi cvkvcvwk wkÿv`vb cÖwµqv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wk‡ÿvcKi‡Yi mgš^‡q jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki mvaviY wkÿve¨e¯’vq lô †kªYx †_‡K Aóg †kªYx ch©šÍ nj wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Íi| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvß Kivi ci lô †kªYx nj wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Íi ïiæi cÖ_g avc| wKš‘ ev¯Íe wkÿY-wkLb cwiw¯’wZ ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j AcÖZ¨vwkZ wKQy wPÎ †Pv‡L c‡o| hvi g‡a¨ GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq nj: gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i gZvgZ Abyhvqx, cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvwßi ci wkÿv_©x‡`i †h mg¯Í cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv AR©b Kivi e¨vcv‡i wkÿvµ‡g ejv Av‡Q, wkÿv_©xiv g~jZ wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zvmg~n AR©b K‡i lô †kªYx‡Z fwZ© nq bv| ZvQvov wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i weivRgvb mvwe©K wkÿY-wkLb cwiw¯’wZi gvb mswkøó e¨w³eM© †hgb- M‡elK, wkÿvwe` Ges wkÿKgn‡j GKwU Ab¨Zg Av‡jvP¨ welq| wkÿvi wbgœ gva¨wgK ̄ ͇ii Ici mgvß wewfbœ M‡elYvKv‡h©i djvdj Ges mycvwik ch©‡jvPbv Ki‡jI †`Lv hvq †h, AwaKvsk M‡elYvKv‡h© wbgœ gva¨wgK wkÿvi wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewji gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mycvwik Kiv n‡q‡Q| wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii DwjøwLZ wewfbœ welq we‡ePbvq †i‡L Ges ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i wkÿv Dbœqb Bbw÷wUDU- eª¨vK wek¦we`¨vjq 2005 mvj †_‡K wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewji gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

1.1 jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi †hŠw³KZv

wkÿv cÖmv‡ii m‡½ m‡½ wkÿvi gv‡bi AebwZ n‡Z cv‡i ev n‡”Q GB AvksKv †_‡K gvbm¤§Z wkÿvi cÖkœwU wkÿv Av‡jvPbvq B`vbxs e¨vcK ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q| ev¯Íe †cÖÿvc‡Ui Kvi‡YB beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki c‡i wkÿvi cwigvYMZ w`‡Ki cvkvcvwk ¸YMZ w`KwU wb‡qI fvevi `iKvi n‡q c‡o‡Q| wkÿvi gv‡bi DbœwZi Rb¨ Ges gvb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ eûgyLx mgwš^Z cÖ‡Póv cÖ‡qvRb| GB cÖ‡Póvi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi wewfbœ DcKi‡Yi Dchy³Zv I ch©vß e¨e¯’v Ges G¸‡jvi mg¨K e¨envi|

gva¨wgK wkÿv‡K ejv nq D”Pwkÿvi cÖ‡ekØvi Avi ZvB eZg©vb gva¨wgK wkÿvi g‡bvbœqb wb‡q I mevB wPwšÍZ| gva¨wgK wkÿvi gv‡bvbœ‡qbi Rb¨ miKvwi bvbv c`‡ÿc cÖ‡qvRb Ges miKvwi I †emiKvwi ms¯’v¸‡jv G wel‡q bvbv c`‡ÿc MÖnY I K‡i‡Q wKš‘ gva¨wgK ch©vq †h ̄ Íi n‡Z ïiæ nq (wbgœ gva¨wgK) Dbœqb cÖ‡Póv¸‡jv wVK GB ̄ Íi n‡Z †Rviv‡jv Kiv n‡”Q bv hv nIqv ̀ iKvi| bvbvgyLx mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi wkÿe¨e¯’vq GL‡bv cwieZ©‡bi †Zgb †Kvb †Quvqv jv‡M wb|

weBD-AvBBwW GB Dbœqb cÖwµqv †Rviv‡jv Kivi Rb¨ jvwb©s c¨v‡KR ̂ Zwii KvR nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q Ges GwU cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿvi ̀ y ̄ ͇iB ïiæ Kiv n‡q‡Q| jvwb©s c¨‡KR n‡”Q mnvqK cy¯ÍK, wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv, IqvK© eyK (Kg©cy¯ÍK), wkÿK cÖwkÿY DcKiY Ges wKQz wkÿv DcKi‡Yi mgš^‡q cÖ¯‘ZK…Z GKwU c¨v‡KR| cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i cÖ_g I wØZxq †kªYxi evsjv I mvaviY MwYZ wel‡qi Ici jvwb©s c¨v‡KR Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi gva¨wgK wkÿvi cÖ‡ekØvi wn‡m‡e jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi KvR lô †kªYx †_‡K Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges g~j welq wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwR, mvaviY MwYZ Ges mvaviY weÁvb wel‡qi Ici KvR ïiæ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

ZvQvov hy‡Mi cÖ‡qvR‡bB eZ©gvb gva¨wgK wkÿve¨e¯’vq g~j¨vq‡bi aviYvq beZi wKQy welq

ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q, †hgb we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb I m„Rbkxj cÖkœ| jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri bxwZ, c×wZ I `„wófw½i mv‡_ we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb I m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZi h‡_ô mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb c×wZ‡Z MvVwbK I P~ovšÍ; ̀ yÕai‡bi g~j¨vq‡bi Ici h‡_ô ̧ iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri mnvqK cy¯ÍK, IqvK© eyK I wkÿK mnvwqKvwU iPbvi †ÿ‡ÎI memgq GB welq¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvM NUv‡bvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkÿv_©xiv GB mnvqK cy¯ÍK I IqvK© eyK e¨envi K‡i Ggbme wkLb AwfÁZv AR©b Ki‡e hv‡Z wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i MvVwbK I mvgwóK ̀ yÕai‡bi g~j¨vqbB Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wkÿK wb‡`©wkKvwU‡ZI cvV cwiKíbv¸‡jv msNwUZ Dcv‡q Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i ̀ yÕai‡bi g~j¨vqb Kiv m¤¢e nq| GQvovI Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb, Kg©‡KŠkj cÖYqb, Abykxjbxi web¨vm me©‡ÿ‡ÎB eøyg (Bloom)-Gi †Wv‡gB‡bi me¸‡jv D`vniY ivLv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z wkÿv_©xiv gyL¯’ Kivi cÖeYZv †_‡K †ei n‡q cÖ‡qvM, ms‡kølY I we‡køl‡Yi cvkvcvwk D”PZi wPšÍb-`ÿZv PP©vi h‡_ó my‡hvM jvf K‡i| ̄ ^vfvweKfv‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i hw` lô †kªYx †_‡KB GB welq¸‡jvi mv‡_ cwiPq Kwi‡q †`qv hvq Zvn‡j we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb I m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖeZ©‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ Avv‡iv mdjfv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡e Ges jvwb©s c¨v‡KR G cÖwµqvq GKwU Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

1.2 jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘Z-c~e© Kvh©vewj

jvwb©s c¨v‡KR Dbœqb GKwU Pjgvb I avivevwnK cÖwµqv| GwU GKwU AskMÖnYg~jK I AveZ©bg~jK cÖwµqv| jvwb©s c¨v‡KR †_‡K wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqvq m‡e©v”P myweav cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †kªYxKÿ ch©‡eÿY, wkÿK-wkÿv_©x‡`i mvÿvrKvi I we‡klÁ‡`i gZvg‡Zi wfwˇZ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R cÖ‡qvRb gvwdK cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| wkÿK‡`i Iwi‡q‡›Ukb ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi Askx`vwiZ¡, ¯’vbxq wkÿv cÖkvmb‡K mswkøó Kiv GB cÖwµqvi AšÍfz©³ wQj| GQvovI wQj wbqwgZ Af¨šÍixY I ewnt ch©v‡jvPbv|

jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z wb‡gœv³ c`‡ÿc¸‡jv AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q:

1.1 wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡b KiYxq wel‡q RvZxq ch©v‡qi we‡klÁ, cÖavb wkÿK I we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU I welqwfwËK wkÿK‡`i mv‡_ avivevwnK Kg©kvjv I mfv Abyôvb|

2.1 cÖv_wgK ̄ ͇ii evsjv I MwYZ Ges wbgœ gva¨wgK ̄ ͇ii Bs‡iwR, MwYZ I weÁvb wel‡qi Ici jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘Z Kiv| eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿvµg ch©v‡jvPbv Kivi Rb¨ ̀ yÕwU hvPvB ZvwjKv (check list) ̂ Zwi Kiv|

3.1 †h welq¸‡jvi Ici jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡e, †m me welq¸‡jvi cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿvµg weBD-AvBBwW KZ…©K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z hvPvB ZvwjKvi gva¨‡g ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv Ges ch©v‡jvPbvi cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi Dcvq wVK Kiv-hv‡Z weBD-AvBBwW KZ…©K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z jvwb©s c¨v‡KR eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿvµ‡gi mnvqK DcKiY wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| D‡jøL¨ †h, cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿvµg ch©v‡jvPbvi cªwZ‡e`‡bi Ici wfwË K‡iB cÖwZwU MÖæc Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri aib Ges jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R wK wK DcKiY AšÍfy©³ n‡Z cv‡i Zv wba©viY K‡i|

4.1 cy‡iv eQ‡ii †kªYx Kvh©µg‡K K‡qKwU As‡k fvM Kiv nq Ges cÖwZwU Ask‡K GKwU gwWDj wn‡m‡e bvgKiY Kiv nq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx40 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 41

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5.1 cÖwZwU gwWD‡ji Rb¨ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri DcKiY ˆZwi Ges †kªYxK‡ÿ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ cvBjU we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ weZiY|

6.1 †kªYxKÿ ch©‡eÿY, wkÿK-wkÿv_©x‡`i mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wdWe¨vK msMÖn|

7.1 wdWe¨vK Abyhvqx jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri cwieZ©b|

8.1 gwWDj †kl nIqvi ci wkÿv_©x‡`i g~j¨vqb cixÿv MªnY I djvdj we‡kølY|

1.3 jvwb©s c¨v‡KR ˆZwii bxwZgvjv

! †hvM¨Zv wfwËK (80%-80% AZ¨vek¨Kxq AR©b)

cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii jvwb©s c¨v‡KR¸‡jv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ GbwmwUwe -wba©vwiZ cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿvµ‡g DwjøwLZ cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv I wkLbd‡ji wfwˇZ cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv AR©‡bi Rb¨ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri jÿ¨gvÎv wVK Kiv n‡q‡Q Kgc‡ÿ kZKiv 80fvM wkÿv_©x Kgc‡ÿ kZKiv 80fvM †hvM¨Zv ev wkLbdj AR©b Ki‡e|

! Avb›``vqK I Kg©wfwËK wkLb

Avb›``vqK I Kg©wfwËK wkLb cÖwµqv GKRb wkÿv_©xi wkL‡bi Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ZvB jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R wewfbœ ch©v‡q GKwU Avb›``vqK wkLb cwi‡ek ˆZwi K‡i Kg©wfwËK wkLb cÖwµqv AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j wkÿv_©xiv wkL‡b AvMÖnx n‡e Ges Zv‡`i g‡bv‡ckxR Kvh©Kjv‡ci Dbœqb NU‡e| †hgb- †kªYxKÿ ch©‡eÿ‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q †h, wkÿv_©xiv gyKzU e¨envi K‡i eY©, kã, msL¨v I MvwYwZK cÖwµqv wkL‡b Drmvn †eva K‡i| GwU †kªYxK‡ÿ GKwU Avb›`c~Y© I Kg©gyLi cwi‡ek ̂ Zwi K‡i|

! we`¨vjqwfwËK wkÿY DrmvwnZKiY

evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹„wZK Ae¯’v we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq AmsL¨ cwiev‡ii wcZv-gvZviv Zuv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i M„ncv‡V mnvqZv Kivi gZ Ae¯’vq †bB| wbiÿiZv I Am‡PZbZv Gi cÖavb KviY| G‡ÿ‡Î †mBme wkï‡`i we‡kl K‡i cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i wkÿv_©x‡`i wkL‡bi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡Z jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri gva¨‡g we`¨vjqwfwËK wkLb‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| IqvK©eyK (Kg©cy¯ÍK)wU †kªYxK‡ÿ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xiv †kªYxK‡ÿB †Kvb wel‡qi PP©v I ̀ ÿZv e„w×i my‡hvM cv‡e|

2. cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Í‡ii jvwb©s c¨v‡KR

cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©x‡`i evsjv I MwYZ wel‡qi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvmg~n mdjfv‡e AR©‡b mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ jvwb©s c¨v‡KR ̂ Zwi Kiv cÖv_wgK wkÿv BDwb‡Ui KvR| GKB m‡½ Gi jÿ¨ nj wkÿv_©x‡`i MvwYwZK I fvlvMZ `ÿZv AR©‡bi wfwˇK kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨ †kªYxK‡ÿ Zv cÖPjb Kiv|

DwjøwLZ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R AšÍfy©³ i‡q‡Q wkÿK mnvwqKv, IqvK©eyK, mnvqK DcKiY (kã KvW©, gyKzU, PvKwZ BZ¨vw`) Ges g~j¨vqb DcKiY| GbwmwUweÕi wba©vwiZ †kªYxwfwËK †hvM¨Zv I cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Ici wfwË K‡iB jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q|

weBD-AvBBwWÕi Abym„Z Kg©c×wZi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ nj: ZvwË¡K Áv‡bi mv‡_ ev¯Íe AwfÁZvi mgš^q NUv‡bv| jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z e¨vcK gvV-mswkøóZvI i‡q‡Q| ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© I Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ c¨v‡KRwU †kªYxK‡ÿ cixÿY Kiv n‡q‡Q| jvwb©s c¨v‡KRwU †h‡nZz g~javivi wkÿve¨e¯’vq Ae`vb ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖYxZ ZvB miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq e¨e¯’v‡ZB Gi cixÿY m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q| KviY, evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_wgK ̄ ͇i GLbI ch©šÍ me©e„nr †mev`vbKvix cÖwZôvb n‡”Q miKvi| eZ©gv‡b cÖv_wgK wkÿv BDwbU Kzwgjøv †Rjvi Pvw›`bv Dc‡Rjvq 13 wU cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q KvR Ki‡Q, Gi g‡a¨ 10 wU miKvwi I 3wU wbewÜZ †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq|

2.1 jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri DcKiYmg~n

weBD-AvBBwWÕi cÖv_wgK wkÿv BDwbU cÖv_wgK ̄ ͇ii cÖ_g †_‡K Z…Zxq †kªYxi cÖPwjZ cvV¨cy¯ÍK‡K jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri AšÍf©y³ we‡ePbv K‡iB c¨v‡K‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY¸‡jv ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| cvV¨cy¯ÍK Qvov jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R AviI †hme DcKiY i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡”Q;

wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ IqvK©eyKwkÿK‡`i Rb¨ wkÿK mnvwqKvg~j¨vqb DcKiYmnvqK DcKiY

IqvK©eyK

Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U IqvK©eyK ev Kg©cy¯ÍK GKwU beZi aviYv| wkÿv Dbœqb Bbw÷wUDU-eª¨vK wek¦we`¨vjq cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ evsjv I MwYZ wel‡q IqvK©eyK cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| †Kvb wel‡qi Ici aviYv cvIqvi ci we¯Í…Z cwim‡i PP©v Kivi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv IqvK©eyK-Gi D‡Ïk¨| Gi Øviv wkÿv_©x‡`i †jLvi ̀ ÿZvI e„w× cv‡e| GwU evsjv I MwYZ wel‡qi †jLvi †hvM¨Zv AR©‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡e| 2007 mv‡j cÖ_g I wØZxq †kªYxi Rb¨ evsjv I MwYZ wel‡q IqvK©eyK cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|

wkÿK mnvwqKv

jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R cÖwZwU †kªYxi cy‡iv eQ‡ii †kªYx Kvh©µg‡K cÖwZw`‡bi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ mgq‡K GKK a‡i cvV wefvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †kªYxwfwËK AR©b‡hvM¨ †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv‡K web¨¯Í K‡i cÖwZwU cv‡Vi Rb¨ mij Kv‡Vv‡gv AbymiY K‡i mnR‡eva¨ cvV cwiKíbv wkÿK mnvwqKv‡Z AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| AwfÁ wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ G¸‡jv bgybv¯^iƒc, ̄ ^í AwfÁZvm¤úbœ wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ †ckvMZ ̀ ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ G¸‡jv mnvqK¯^iƒc Ges bexb wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ G¸‡jv cÖwkÿY DcKiY¯^iƒc| weBD-AvBBwW cixÿY we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i Iwi‡q‡Èkb Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g wkÿK mnvwqKv AbymiY Kivi Rb¨ AvMÖnx Kivi †Póv Ki‡Q| GQvov wbqwgZ gvV cwi`k©b I gvVch©v‡q Kg©iZ jvwb©s d¨vwmwj‡UUi‡`i gva¨‡g jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri AwaK e¨envi wbwðZ Kivi KvR Pj‡Q|

g~j¨vqb DcKiY

g~j¨vqb DcKi‡Yi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wbw`©ó cvV AšÍi g~j¨vqbcÎ I †iKW©kxU| †iKW©wk‡U wkÿv_©x‡`i djvdj wjwce× K‡i Zv msiÿY Kiv n‡e| GwU cieZ©x‡Z jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri djcÖm~Zv we‡køl‡Y mnvqZv Ki‡e|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx42 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 43

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5.1 cÖwZwU gwWD‡ji Rb¨ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri DcKiY ˆZwi Ges †kªYxK‡ÿ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ cvBjU we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ weZiY|

6.1 †kªYxKÿ ch©‡eÿY, wkÿK-wkÿv_©x‡`i mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wdWe¨vK msMÖn|

7.1 wdWe¨vK Abyhvqx jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri cwieZ©b|

8.1 gwWDj †kl nIqvi ci wkÿv_©x‡`i g~j¨vqb cixÿv MªnY I djvdj we‡kølY|

1.3 jvwb©s c¨v‡KR ˆZwii bxwZgvjv

! †hvM¨Zv wfwËK (80%-80% AZ¨vek¨Kxq AR©b)

cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii jvwb©s c¨v‡KR¸‡jv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ GbwmwUwe -wba©vwiZ cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿvµ‡g DwjøwLZ cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv I wkLbd‡ji wfwˇZ cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv AR©‡bi Rb¨ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri jÿ¨gvÎv wVK Kiv n‡q‡Q Kgc‡ÿ kZKiv 80fvM wkÿv_©x Kgc‡ÿ kZKiv 80fvM †hvM¨Zv ev wkLbdj AR©b Ki‡e|

! Avb›``vqK I Kg©wfwËK wkLb

Avb›``vqK I Kg©wfwËK wkLb cÖwµqv GKRb wkÿv_©xi wkL‡bi Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ZvB jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R wewfbœ ch©v‡q GKwU Avb›``vqK wkLb cwi‡ek ˆZwi K‡i Kg©wfwËK wkLb cÖwµqv AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j wkÿv_©xiv wkL‡b AvMÖnx n‡e Ges Zv‡`i g‡bv‡ckxR Kvh©Kjv‡ci Dbœqb NU‡e| †hgb- †kªYxKÿ ch©‡eÿ‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q †h, wkÿv_©xiv gyKzU e¨envi K‡i eY©, kã, msL¨v I MvwYwZK cÖwµqv wkL‡b Drmvn †eva K‡i| GwU †kªYxK‡ÿ GKwU Avb›`c~Y© I Kg©gyLi cwi‡ek ̂ Zwi K‡i|

! we`¨vjqwfwËK wkÿY DrmvwnZKiY

evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹„wZK Ae¯’v we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq AmsL¨ cwiev‡ii wcZv-gvZviv Zuv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i M„ncv‡V mnvqZv Kivi gZ Ae¯’vq †bB| wbiÿiZv I Am‡PZbZv Gi cÖavb KviY| G‡ÿ‡Î †mBme wkï‡`i we‡kl K‡i cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i wkÿv_©x‡`i wkL‡bi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡Z jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri gva¨‡g we`¨vjqwfwËK wkLb‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| IqvK©eyK (Kg©cy¯ÍK)wU †kªYxK‡ÿ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xiv †kªYxK‡ÿB †Kvb wel‡qi PP©v I ̀ ÿZv e„w×i my‡hvM cv‡e|

2. cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Í‡ii jvwb©s c¨v‡KR

cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©x‡`i evsjv I MwYZ wel‡qi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvmg~n mdjfv‡e AR©‡b mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ jvwb©s c¨v‡KR ̂ Zwi Kiv cÖv_wgK wkÿv BDwb‡Ui KvR| GKB m‡½ Gi jÿ¨ nj wkÿv_©x‡`i MvwYwZK I fvlvMZ `ÿZv AR©‡bi wfwˇK kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨ †kªYxK‡ÿ Zv cÖPjb Kiv|

DwjøwLZ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R AšÍfy©³ i‡q‡Q wkÿK mnvwqKv, IqvK©eyK, mnvqK DcKiY (kã KvW©, gyKzU, PvKwZ BZ¨vw`) Ges g~j¨vqb DcKiY| GbwmwUweÕi wba©vwiZ †kªYxwfwËK †hvM¨Zv I cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Ici wfwË K‡iB jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q|

weBD-AvBBwWÕi Abym„Z Kg©c×wZi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ nj: ZvwË¡K Áv‡bi mv‡_ ev¯Íe AwfÁZvi mgš^q NUv‡bv| jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z e¨vcK gvV-mswkøóZvI i‡q‡Q| ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© I Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ c¨v‡KRwU †kªYxK‡ÿ cixÿY Kiv n‡q‡Q| jvwb©s c¨v‡KRwU †h‡nZz g~javivi wkÿve¨e¯’vq Ae`vb ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖYxZ ZvB miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq e¨e¯’v‡ZB Gi cixÿY m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q| KviY, evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_wgK ̄ ͇i GLbI ch©šÍ me©e„nr †mev`vbKvix cÖwZôvb n‡”Q miKvi| eZ©gv‡b cÖv_wgK wkÿv BDwbU Kzwgjøv †Rjvi Pvw›`bv Dc‡Rjvq 13 wU cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q KvR Ki‡Q, Gi g‡a¨ 10 wU miKvwi I 3wU wbewÜZ †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq|

2.1 jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri DcKiYmg~n

weBD-AvBBwWÕi cÖv_wgK wkÿv BDwbU cÖv_wgK ̄ ͇ii cÖ_g †_‡K Z…Zxq †kªYxi cÖPwjZ cvV¨cy¯ÍK‡K jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri AšÍf©y³ we‡ePbv K‡iB c¨v‡K‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY¸‡jv ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| cvV¨cy¯ÍK Qvov jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R AviI †hme DcKiY i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡”Q;

wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ IqvK©eyKwkÿK‡`i Rb¨ wkÿK mnvwqKvg~j¨vqb DcKiYmnvqK DcKiY

IqvK©eyK

Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U IqvK©eyK ev Kg©cy¯ÍK GKwU beZi aviYv| wkÿv Dbœqb Bbw÷wUDU-eª¨vK wek¦we`¨vjq cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ evsjv I MwYZ wel‡q IqvK©eyK cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| †Kvb wel‡qi Ici aviYv cvIqvi ci we¯Í…Z cwim‡i PP©v Kivi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv IqvK©eyK-Gi D‡Ïk¨| Gi Øviv wkÿv_©x‡`i †jLvi ̀ ÿZvI e„w× cv‡e| GwU evsjv I MwYZ wel‡qi †jLvi †hvM¨Zv AR©‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡e| 2007 mv‡j cÖ_g I wØZxq †kªYxi Rb¨ evsjv I MwYZ wel‡q IqvK©eyK cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|

wkÿK mnvwqKv

jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R cÖwZwU †kªYxi cy‡iv eQ‡ii †kªYx Kvh©µg‡K cÖwZw`‡bi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ mgq‡K GKK a‡i cvV wefvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †kªYxwfwËK AR©b‡hvM¨ †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv‡K web¨¯Í K‡i cÖwZwU cv‡Vi Rb¨ mij Kv‡Vv‡gv AbymiY K‡i mnR‡eva¨ cvV cwiKíbv wkÿK mnvwqKv‡Z AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| AwfÁ wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ G¸‡jv bgybv¯^iƒc, ̄ ^í AwfÁZvm¤úbœ wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ †ckvMZ ̀ ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ G¸‡jv mnvqK¯^iƒc Ges bexb wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ G¸‡jv cÖwkÿY DcKiY¯^iƒc| weBD-AvBBwW cixÿY we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i Iwi‡q‡Èkb Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g wkÿK mnvwqKv AbymiY Kivi Rb¨ AvMÖnx Kivi †Póv Ki‡Q| GQvov wbqwgZ gvV cwi`k©b I gvVch©v‡q Kg©iZ jvwb©s d¨vwmwj‡UUi‡`i gva¨‡g jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri AwaK e¨envi wbwðZ Kivi KvR Pj‡Q|

g~j¨vqb DcKiY

g~j¨vqb DcKi‡Yi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wbw`©ó cvV AšÍi g~j¨vqbcÎ I †iKW©kxU| †iKW©wk‡U wkÿv_©x‡`i djvdj wjwce× K‡i Zv msiÿY Kiv n‡e| GwU cieZ©x‡Z jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri djcÖm~Zv we‡køl‡Y mnvqZv Ki‡e|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx42 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 43

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mnvqK DcKiY

†cv÷vi: wewfbœ cÖKvi †cv÷vi †hgb; eY©gvjv, msL¨v, wewfbœ e¯‘ ‡hgb- dzj, cvwL, cï cÖf„wZi Qwe mnvqK DcKiY wn‡m‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| †cv÷v‡ii gva¨‡g †Kvb wKQy‡K AvKl©Yxqfv‡e ̀ „k¨gvb K‡i cvV`vb Kiv nq|

KvW©: mnvqK DcKiY wn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q kã I Qwei KvW©| GB KvW©¸‡jv wewfbœ e¯‘i Qwei mv‡_ Zv‡`i bvg ev msL¨v wgjKi‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|

gyKzU: gyKz‡U msL¨v, eY© I wewfbœ MvwYwZK wPý wPwÎZ _v‡K| gyKzU wkÿv_©x‡`i eY©, msL¨v I MvwYwZK wPý wPb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GwU †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i mwµq AskMÖn‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| wkÿK Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ gyKzU h‡_ô RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| †kªYxKÿ ch©‡eÿY †_‡K †`Lv †M‡Q gyKzU †kªYxK‡ÿ Avb›`gq cwi‡ek ˆZwi‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc `yÕRb wkÿv_©x‡K `yÕwU msL¨vi gyKzU, gvSLv‡b Av‡iKRb wkÿv_©x‡K we‡qvM wP‡ýi gyKzU Ges Av‡iKRb wkÿv_©x‡K mgvb wP‡ýi gyKzU cwi‡q mgm¨vwU `„k¨gvb K‡i evwK wkÿv_©x‡`i †mwU mgvavb Ki‡Z ejv nj| mgvav‡bi ci Av‡iKRb wkÿv_©x‡K †mB msL¨vi gyKzU cwi‡q cy‡iv mgm¨vwU mgvavbmn ̀ „k¨gvb Kiv hvq|

PvKwZ: wkÿv_©x‡`i eY© w`‡q kã ̂ Zwi, kã w`‡q †QvU evK¨ ̂ Zwi I AsK w`‡q msL¨v ̂ Zwii ̀ ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ PvKwZ e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb- `yÕwU wfbœ kã ÔejÕ I Ô†LwjÕ| PvKwZ‡Z kã `yÕwU wfbœ Ae¯’v‡b _vK‡e| wkÿv_©xiv PvKwZ Nywi‡q wgjv‡e Ôej †LwjÕ| †kªYxK‡ÿ PvKwZ wkÿv_©x‡`i Kg©wbf©i wkL‡b DrmvwnZ K‡i|

2.2 jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri Kvh©KvwiZv cixÿ‡Yi Rb¨ g~j¨vqb

weBD-AvBBwW AewnZ Av‡Q †h, 80t80 jÿ¨gvÎv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j ïay jvwb©s c¨v‡KR¸‡jv wkÿK‡`i nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡jB n‡e bv| G¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e †kªYxK‡ÿ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿK‡`i G¸‡jv e¨env‡ii cÖ¯‘wZ I AvMÖn _vK‡Z n‡e Ges †kªYxK‡ÿi cwi‡ek mvgwMÖKfv‡e AbyK‚j n‡Z n‡e| Gme c~e©kZ© wbwðZ Kiv weBD-AvBBwWi c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq|ZeyI jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri e¨env‡ii djvdj hvPvB‡qi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri Kvh©KvwiZv cixÿ‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ mg‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i g~j¨vqb cixÿv MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q wØZxq †kªYx‡Z kZKiv 11 fvM I 50 fvM wkÿv_©x h_vµ‡g evsjv I MwYZ wel‡q kZKiv 80 fvM ev Z`ya© b¤^i AR©b K‡i‡Q|

2005 †_‡K 2007 mvj ch©šÍ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri ev¯Íevq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ cÖKvi evav G‡m‡Q| jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri myweav cvIqvi Rb¨ wbqwgZ K¬vm AbywôZ nIqv Ges wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i wbqwgZ Dcw¯’wZ cª‡qvRb| wKš‘ 2005 mv‡j wkÿK ag©NU wbqwgZ K¬vm nIqvi †ÿ‡Î e¨vNvZ N‡U‡Q| GQvov 2006 mv‡j ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZvI Gi Rb¨ A‡bKvs‡k `vqx| wkÿv_©x‡`i AwbqwgZ Dcw¯’wZI jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri Kvh©KvwiZvq cÖfve †d‡j| G me welq wg‡j jvwb©s c¨v‡KR ev¯Íevq‡b wKQzUv weNœ m„wó K‡i‡Q|

Z‡e jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cixÿY †_‡K cÖvß Ab¨vb¨ djvdj we‡køl‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q †h, jvwb©s c¨v‡KR †kªYxK‡ÿ e¨envi m¤¢e| G e¨vcv‡i wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡`iI h‡_ó AvMÖn i‡q‡Q| mg¯Í cÖwZeÜKZv m‡Z¡I jvwb©s c¨v‡KR e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g Zzjbvg~jK fvj djvdj cvIqv †M‡Q|

3. wbgœ gva¨wgK ̄ ͇ii Rb¨ cÖ¯‘ZK…Z jvwb©s c¨v‡KR

3.1 mvaviY weÁvb wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡KR

QvÎQvÎx‡`i Rb¨ mnvqK cy¯ÍK

mnvqK cy¯ÍKwU g~jZ wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ GbwmwUwe cÖKvwkZ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki cwic~iK wn‡m‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖPwjZ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K †hme wel‡q ̀ ye©jZv ev Am½wZ Av‡Q, jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri mnvqK cy¯Í‡K †m¸‡jv ̀ ~i Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov mnvqK cy¯ÍKwU‡Z mvaviY weÁv‡bi wewfbœ RwUj aviYvi mnR‡eva¨ Dc¯’vcbvi Ici †ewk ̧ iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|

QvÎQvÎx‡`i Rb¨ Kg©cy¯ÍK

cy¯ÍK n‡”Q jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri GKwU ̧ iæZ¡c~Y© DcKiY †hLv‡b wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mswkøó wewfbœ welqe¯‘ Abykxj‡bi ch©vß my‡hvM ivLv n‡q‡Q| mvaviY weÁvb wel‡qi Kg©cy¯ÍK AwaKvsk‡ÿ‡Î QvÎQvÎx‡`i Rb¨ e¨envwiK Z_v nv‡Z I Kj‡g KvR Kivi my‡hvM ivLv n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kiv n‡”Q †h, cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki †Kvb welqe¯‘ wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU †evaMg¨ bv n‡j ev eyS‡Z KwVb g‡b n‡j, Kg©cy¯Í‡Ki KvRmg~n m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g QvÎQvÎxiv D³ wel‡q cwi¯‹vi aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Avi we‡klfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j Kg©cy¯Í‡Ki Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ nj GLv‡b welqe¯‘ mswkøó Qwe e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g D³ welqe¯‘ wkÿv_©©x‡`i wbKU ̄ úóZi Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ wkÿK mnvwqKv

wkÿ‡Yi gvb e„w×i j‡ÿ¨B g~jZ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri GKwU Ab¨Zg DcKiY wnmv‡e wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ wkÿK mnvwqKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkÿK mnvwqKvq cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki cÖwZwU Aa¨vq‡K mg‡qi w`‡K jÿ †i‡L wewfbœ cv‡V wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZwU cvV wKfv‡e cov‡Z n‡e Zvi mywbw`©ó wKQy wb‡`©kbv wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|

Z‡e wkÿK mnvwqKvi wb‡`©kbvmg~n wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ Avek¨Kxq Kiv nq wb| hw` †Kvb wkÿK we`¨vj‡qi wewfbœ cwiw¯’wZ we‡ePbv K‡i ûeû wkÿK mnvwqKvi wb‡`©kbvmg~n AbymiY K‡ib Zvn‡j LyeB fvj| Z‡e wZwb hw` wkÿK mnvwqKvi wb‡`©kbvmg~n ûeû AbymiY bv K‡i wbR¯^ †Kvb wkÿY c×wZ AbymiY K‡ib, †m‡ÿ‡Î Zvi wbR¯^ Abym„Z c×wZwU hw` djcÖm~ nq, Zvn‡j wkÿK mnvwqKvwU cwigvR©‡bi mgq Zv we‡ePbvq ivLv n‡e|

wk‡ÿvcKiY

wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewj‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU AvKl©Yxq Z_v wkÿ‡Yi welqe¯‘‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU AwaKZi ¯úó Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Ges wkÿ‡Yi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K AviI cwi¯‹vi aviYv †`Iqvi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ wKQy welqe¯‘i Ici †cv÷vi AvKv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq wKQy wk‡ÿvcKiY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| G mg¯Í wk‡ÿvcKiY wVKfv‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡j wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewj eZ©gvb Ae¯’v †_‡K AwaKZi djcÖm~ n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv n‡”Q|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx44 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 45

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mnvqK DcKiY

†cv÷vi: wewfbœ cÖKvi †cv÷vi †hgb; eY©gvjv, msL¨v, wewfbœ e¯‘ ‡hgb- dzj, cvwL, cï cÖf„wZi Qwe mnvqK DcKiY wn‡m‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| †cv÷v‡ii gva¨‡g †Kvb wKQy‡K AvKl©Yxqfv‡e ̀ „k¨gvb K‡i cvV`vb Kiv nq|

KvW©: mnvqK DcKiY wn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q kã I Qwei KvW©| GB KvW©¸‡jv wewfbœ e¯‘i Qwei mv‡_ Zv‡`i bvg ev msL¨v wgjKi‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|

gyKzU: gyKz‡U msL¨v, eY© I wewfbœ MvwYwZK wPý wPwÎZ _v‡K| gyKzU wkÿv_©x‡`i eY©, msL¨v I MvwYwZK wPý wPb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GwU †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i mwµq AskMÖn‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| wkÿK Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ gyKzU h‡_ô RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| †kªYxKÿ ch©‡eÿY †_‡K †`Lv †M‡Q gyKzU †kªYxK‡ÿ Avb›`gq cwi‡ek ˆZwi‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc `yÕRb wkÿv_©x‡K `yÕwU msL¨vi gyKzU, gvSLv‡b Av‡iKRb wkÿv_©x‡K we‡qvM wP‡ýi gyKzU Ges Av‡iKRb wkÿv_©x‡K mgvb wP‡ýi gyKzU cwi‡q mgm¨vwU `„k¨gvb K‡i evwK wkÿv_©x‡`i †mwU mgvavb Ki‡Z ejv nj| mgvav‡bi ci Av‡iKRb wkÿv_©x‡K †mB msL¨vi gyKzU cwi‡q cy‡iv mgm¨vwU mgvavbmn ̀ „k¨gvb Kiv hvq|

PvKwZ: wkÿv_©x‡`i eY© w`‡q kã ̂ Zwi, kã w`‡q †QvU evK¨ ̂ Zwi I AsK w`‡q msL¨v ̂ Zwii ̀ ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ PvKwZ e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb- `yÕwU wfbœ kã ÔejÕ I Ô†LwjÕ| PvKwZ‡Z kã `yÕwU wfbœ Ae¯’v‡b _vK‡e| wkÿv_©xiv PvKwZ Nywi‡q wgjv‡e Ôej †LwjÕ| †kªYxK‡ÿ PvKwZ wkÿv_©x‡`i Kg©wbf©i wkL‡b DrmvwnZ K‡i|

2.2 jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri Kvh©KvwiZv cixÿ‡Yi Rb¨ g~j¨vqb

weBD-AvBBwW AewnZ Av‡Q †h, 80t80 jÿ¨gvÎv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j ïay jvwb©s c¨v‡KR¸‡jv wkÿK‡`i nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡jB n‡e bv| G¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e †kªYxK‡ÿ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿK‡`i G¸‡jv e¨env‡ii cÖ¯‘wZ I AvMÖn _vK‡Z n‡e Ges †kªYxK‡ÿi cwi‡ek mvgwMÖKfv‡e AbyK‚j n‡Z n‡e| Gme c~e©kZ© wbwðZ Kiv weBD-AvBBwWi c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq|ZeyI jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri e¨env‡ii djvdj hvPvB‡qi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri Kvh©KvwiZv cixÿ‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ mg‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i g~j¨vqb cixÿv MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q wØZxq †kªYx‡Z kZKiv 11 fvM I 50 fvM wkÿv_©x h_vµ‡g evsjv I MwYZ wel‡q kZKiv 80 fvM ev Z`ya© b¤^i AR©b K‡i‡Q|

2005 †_‡K 2007 mvj ch©šÍ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri ev¯Íevq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ cÖKvi evav G‡m‡Q| jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri myweav cvIqvi Rb¨ wbqwgZ K¬vm AbywôZ nIqv Ges wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i wbqwgZ Dcw¯’wZ cª‡qvRb| wKš‘ 2005 mv‡j wkÿK ag©NU wbqwgZ K¬vm nIqvi †ÿ‡Î e¨vNvZ N‡U‡Q| GQvov 2006 mv‡j ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZvI Gi Rb¨ A‡bKvs‡k `vqx| wkÿv_©x‡`i AwbqwgZ Dcw¯’wZI jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri Kvh©KvwiZvq cÖfve †d‡j| G me welq wg‡j jvwb©s c¨v‡KR ev¯Íevq‡b wKQzUv weNœ m„wó K‡i‡Q|

Z‡e jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cixÿY †_‡K cÖvß Ab¨vb¨ djvdj we‡køl‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q †h, jvwb©s c¨v‡KR †kªYxK‡ÿ e¨envi m¤¢e| G e¨vcv‡i wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡`iI h‡_ó AvMÖn i‡q‡Q| mg¯Í cÖwZeÜKZv m‡Z¡I jvwb©s c¨v‡KR e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g Zzjbvg~jK fvj djvdj cvIqv †M‡Q|

3. wbgœ gva¨wgK ̄ ͇ii Rb¨ cÖ¯‘ZK…Z jvwb©s c¨v‡KR

3.1 mvaviY weÁvb wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡KR

QvÎQvÎx‡`i Rb¨ mnvqK cy¯ÍK

mnvqK cy¯ÍKwU g~jZ wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ GbwmwUwe cÖKvwkZ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki cwic~iK wn‡m‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖPwjZ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K †hme wel‡q ̀ ye©jZv ev Am½wZ Av‡Q, jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri mnvqK cy¯Í‡K †m¸‡jv ̀ ~i Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov mnvqK cy¯ÍKwU‡Z mvaviY weÁv‡bi wewfbœ RwUj aviYvi mnR‡eva¨ Dc¯’vcbvi Ici †ewk ̧ iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|

QvÎQvÎx‡`i Rb¨ Kg©cy¯ÍK

cy¯ÍK n‡”Q jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri GKwU ̧ iæZ¡c~Y© DcKiY †hLv‡b wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mswkøó wewfbœ welqe¯‘ Abykxj‡bi ch©vß my‡hvM ivLv n‡q‡Q| mvaviY weÁvb wel‡qi Kg©cy¯ÍK AwaKvsk‡ÿ‡Î QvÎQvÎx‡`i Rb¨ e¨envwiK Z_v nv‡Z I Kj‡g KvR Kivi my‡hvM ivLv n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kiv n‡”Q †h, cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki †Kvb welqe¯‘ wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU †evaMg¨ bv n‡j ev eyS‡Z KwVb g‡b n‡j, Kg©cy¯Í‡Ki KvRmg~n m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g QvÎQvÎxiv D³ wel‡q cwi¯‹vi aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Avi we‡klfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j Kg©cy¯Í‡Ki Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ nj GLv‡b welqe¯‘ mswkøó Qwe e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g D³ welqe¯‘ wkÿv_©©x‡`i wbKU ̄ úóZi Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ wkÿK mnvwqKv

wkÿ‡Yi gvb e„w×i j‡ÿ¨B g~jZ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri GKwU Ab¨Zg DcKiY wnmv‡e wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ wkÿK mnvwqKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkÿK mnvwqKvq cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki cÖwZwU Aa¨vq‡K mg‡qi w`‡K jÿ †i‡L wewfbœ cv‡V wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZwU cvV wKfv‡e cov‡Z n‡e Zvi mywbw`©ó wKQy wb‡`©kbv wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|

Z‡e wkÿK mnvwqKvi wb‡`©kbvmg~n wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ Avek¨Kxq Kiv nq wb| hw` †Kvb wkÿK we`¨vj‡qi wewfbœ cwiw¯’wZ we‡ePbv K‡i ûeû wkÿK mnvwqKvi wb‡`©kbvmg~n AbymiY K‡ib Zvn‡j LyeB fvj| Z‡e wZwb hw` wkÿK mnvwqKvi wb‡`©kbvmg~n ûeû AbymiY bv K‡i wbR¯^ †Kvb wkÿY c×wZ AbymiY K‡ib, †m‡ÿ‡Î Zvi wbR¯^ Abym„Z c×wZwU hw` djcÖm~ nq, Zvn‡j wkÿK mnvwqKvwU cwigvR©‡bi mgq Zv we‡ePbvq ivLv n‡e|

wk‡ÿvcKiY

wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewj‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU AvKl©Yxq Z_v wkÿ‡Yi welqe¯‘‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU AwaKZi ¯úó Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Ges wkÿ‡Yi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K AviI cwi¯‹vi aviYv †`Iqvi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ wKQy welqe¯‘i Ici †cv÷vi AvKv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq wKQy wk‡ÿvcKiY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| G mg¯Í wk‡ÿvcKiY wVKfv‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡j wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewj eZ©gvb Ae¯’v †_‡K AwaKZi djcÖm~ n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv n‡”Q|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx44 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 45

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wWwRUvj mnvqK DcKiY

mvaviY weÁvb wel‡qi wKQy RwUj I weg~Z© aviYv †h¸‡jv nv‡Z-Kj‡g cixÿY ev ch©‡eÿY A‡cÿvK…Z RwUj ev e¨qeûj †m¸‡jv‡K `„k¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g mnR‡eva¨ K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg‡b Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wWwRUvj mnvqK DcKiY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| BwZg‡a¨ lô †kªYxi mvaviY weÁvb wel‡qi Rb¨ GiKg GKwU wmwW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| wWwRUvj mnvqK DcKi‡Yi GKwU we‡kl ̂ ewkó¨ n‡”Q GwU ïayB cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ bq| G‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi e¨e¯’vI ivLv n‡q‡Q|

3.2 mvaviY MwYZ wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡KR

wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mvaviY MwYZ wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡KR Ges mvaviY weÁvb wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri Rb¨ g~jZ GKB ai‡bi DcKiY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e mvaviY MwYZ wel‡qi DcKiYmg~n cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi mgq Abym„Z c×wZi wKQyUv wfbœZv i‡q‡Q| wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mvaviY MwYZ wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R AšÍf©y³ DcKiYmg~n GLb Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:

wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ mnvqK cy¯ÍK

mvaviY MwYZ wel‡qi mnvqK cy¯ÍKwUI wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki weKí wn‡m‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvV¨cy¯Í‡K †h mg¯Í welqe¯‘ AšÍf©y³ Av‡Q , MwYZ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri mnvqK cy¯Í‡K g~jZ D³ welqe¯‘¸‡jvB AviI we¯Í…Z I mnR fvlvq e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q Z_v wkÿv_©x‡`i cwievi, mgvR I ev¯ÍeRxe‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó wewfbœ D`vniY AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov mnvqK cy¯ÍKwU‡Z welqe¯‘i ¸iæZ¡ Abyymv‡i QvÎQvÎx‡`i Rb¨ ch©vß Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM ivLv n‡q‡Q| KviY, MwYZ wel‡qi †hvM¨Zv ev ̀ ÿZv g~jZ ch©vß Abykxj‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡i|

wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Kg©cy¯ÍK

mvaviY weÁv‡bi g‡Zv MwYZ wel‡qi Kg©cy¯ÍKI n‡”Q jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© DcKiY †hLv‡b wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mswkøó wewfbœ welqe¯‘ Abykxj‡bi ch©vß my‡hvM ivLv n‡q‡Q| MwY‡Zi Kg©cÎwUI cvV¨cy¯ÍK-wbf©i Ges GLv‡b cÖwZ Aa¨v‡qi ïiæ‡Z D³ Aa¨v‡qi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK wKQy aviYv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Ges welqe¯‘i aviYv †k‡l mswkøó Abykxjbx †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e MwY‡Zi Kg©cy¯ÍKwU g~jZ MwY‡Zi wewfbœ wel‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K ch©vß Abykxjb Kivi my‡hvM m„wói j‡ÿ¨B cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ wkÿK mnvwqKv

djcÖm~ wkÿ‡Yi GKwU Ab¨Zg kZ© n‡”Q wkÿ‡Ki cvV cwiKíbv ˆZwi Kiv| MwY‡Zi wkÿK mnvwqKvwU‡Z g~jZ cvV cwiKíbvi Ici †Rvi †`qv n‡q‡Q | D³ wkÿK mnvwqKvq cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki cÖwZwU Aa¨vq‡K mg‡qi w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L wewfbœ cv‡V wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZwU cv‡Vi Rb¨ cvV cwiKíbv cÖ¯‘Z K‡i †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|

Z‡e wkÿK mnvwqKvq DwjøwLZ cvV cwiKíbv Abyymv‡iB wkÿK‡`i cov‡Z n‡e Zv ejv nq wb| hw` †Kvb wkÿK we`¨vj‡qi cwiw¯’wZ we‡ePbv K‡i ûeû wkÿK mnvwqKvi cvV cwiKíbv AbymiY Ki‡Z

cv‡ib Zvn‡j LyeB fvj Z‡e wZwb hw` wbR¯^ †Kvb wkÿY c×wZ ev cvV cwiKíbv AbymiY K‡ib, †m‡ÿ‡Î Zvi wbR¯^ Abym„Z c×wZwU ev cvV cwiKíbvwU hw` djcÖm~ nq, Zvn‡j wkÿK mnvwqKvwU cwigvR©‡bi mgq Zv we‡ePbvq ivLv n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡e|

wk‡ÿvcKiY

wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewj‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU AvKl©Yxq Z_v wkÿ‡Yi welqe¯‘‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU cwi¯‹vifv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ wk‡ÿvcKi‡Yi e¨envi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K| MwY‡Zi jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R mn‡R Ges mnRjf¨ DcKi‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖ¯‘ZK…Z wKQy wk‡ÿvcKiY AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb- KvMR w`‡q cÖ¯‘ZK…Z wÎfyR, PZzf©yR BZ¨vw`|

3.3 Bs‡iwR wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡KR

mvaviY weÁvb I MwY‡Zi jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri g‡ZvB Bs‡iwR wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e, GLv‡b cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki AbyKi‡Y †Kvb mnvqK cy¯ÍK cÖ¯ÍyZ Kiv nq wb| Bs‡iwR wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R wbgœwjwLZ DcKiY¸‡jv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Kg©cy¯ÍK

Bs‡iwR wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri Kg©cy¯ÍKwU RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© KZ©…K mviv‡`‡k e¨eüZ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mnvqK DcKiY wn‡m‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| D‡jøL¨ †h, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© KZ©„K wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii Bs‡iwR wel‡qi Rb¨ wkÿK mnvwqKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges D³ wkÿK mnvwqKvq cÖwZwU cv‡Vi Rb¨ GK ev GKvwaK D‡Ïk¨ †jLv Av‡Q| RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© KZ©„K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z wkÿK mnvwqKvq DwjøwLZ D‡Ïk¨mg~‡ni Ici wfwË K‡iB g~jZ Bs‡iwR Kg©cy¯ÍKwU †jLv n‡q‡Q| hv‡Z wkÿv_©xiv mywbw`©ó cv‡V AšÍf©y³ welqe¯‘ AwaK Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM cvq Ges ch©vß Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g cvV¨ welqe¯‘ wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU AwaKZi ¯úóZi n‡q I‡V| GQvov Kg©cy¯ÍKwU‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i mnvqZvi Rb¨ cvV-mswkøó mywbw`©ó KvR †k‡l D³ cv‡V Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb wKQy MÖvgv‡ii aviYv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Ges Gi g~j jÿ¨ nj we‡kl cÖ‡qvR‡b, we‡kl K‡i evmvq wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z wb‡R wb‡R MÖvgv‡ii D³ aviYvwU co‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Abykxjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wkÿK mnvwqKv

RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †ev‡W©i cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU wKfv‡e cov‡Z n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ wKQy wb‡`©kbvi mgš^‡q Bs‡iwR wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri wkÿK mnvwqKvwU cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZwU cvV ‡k‡l Kg©cy¯ÍKwU wKfv‡e cov‡Z n‡e †m m¤úwK©Z wb‡`©kbvI wkÿK mnvwqKvwU‡Z AšÍfz©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkÿK mnvwqKvwUi mywbw`©ó GKwU KvVv‡gv (Structure) AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb, wkÿK mnvwqKvwUi cÖwZwU c„„ôv‡K ̀ y-wU Kjv‡g fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q, evgw`‡K cvV¨cy¯ÍK I Kg©cy¯Í‡Ki AskwU mshy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Wvbw`‡K cvV¨cy¯ÍK I Kg©cy¯Í‡Ki mywbw`©ó AskUzKz cov‡bvi Rb¨ wkÿK‡`i wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| Wvbw`‡Ki wkÿK wb‡`©kbv As‡ki Avevi wZbwU Ask i‡q‡Q| †hgb, Ic‡i evgw`‡K D³ cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, Wvbw`‡K D³ cv‡Vi bZzb kãvewj D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx46 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 47

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wWwRUvj mnvqK DcKiY

mvaviY weÁvb wel‡qi wKQy RwUj I weg~Z© aviYv †h¸‡jv nv‡Z-Kj‡g cixÿY ev ch©‡eÿY A‡cÿvK…Z RwUj ev e¨qeûj †m¸‡jv‡K `„k¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g mnR‡eva¨ K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg‡b Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wWwRUvj mnvqK DcKiY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| BwZg‡a¨ lô †kªYxi mvaviY weÁvb wel‡qi Rb¨ GiKg GKwU wmwW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| wWwRUvj mnvqK DcKi‡Yi GKwU we‡kl ̂ ewkó¨ n‡”Q GwU ïayB cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ bq| G‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi e¨e¯’vI ivLv n‡q‡Q|

3.2 mvaviY MwYZ wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡KR

wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mvaviY MwYZ wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡KR Ges mvaviY weÁvb wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri Rb¨ g~jZ GKB ai‡bi DcKiY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e mvaviY MwYZ wel‡qi DcKiYmg~n cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi mgq Abym„Z c×wZi wKQyUv wfbœZv i‡q‡Q| wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mvaviY MwYZ wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R AšÍf©y³ DcKiYmg~n GLb Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:

wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ mnvqK cy¯ÍK

mvaviY MwYZ wel‡qi mnvqK cy¯ÍKwUI wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki weKí wn‡m‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvV¨cy¯Í‡K †h mg¯Í welqe¯‘ AšÍf©y³ Av‡Q , MwYZ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri mnvqK cy¯Í‡K g~jZ D³ welqe¯‘¸‡jvB AviI we¯Í…Z I mnR fvlvq e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q Z_v wkÿv_©x‡`i cwievi, mgvR I ev¯ÍeRxe‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó wewfbœ D`vniY AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov mnvqK cy¯ÍKwU‡Z welqe¯‘i ¸iæZ¡ Abyymv‡i QvÎQvÎx‡`i Rb¨ ch©vß Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM ivLv n‡q‡Q| KviY, MwYZ wel‡qi †hvM¨Zv ev ̀ ÿZv g~jZ ch©vß Abykxj‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡i|

wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Kg©cy¯ÍK

mvaviY weÁv‡bi g‡Zv MwYZ wel‡qi Kg©cy¯ÍKI n‡”Q jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© DcKiY †hLv‡b wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mswkøó wewfbœ welqe¯‘ Abykxj‡bi ch©vß my‡hvM ivLv n‡q‡Q| MwY‡Zi Kg©cÎwUI cvV¨cy¯ÍK-wbf©i Ges GLv‡b cÖwZ Aa¨v‡qi ïiæ‡Z D³ Aa¨v‡qi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK wKQy aviYv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Ges welqe¯‘i aviYv †k‡l mswkøó Abykxjbx †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e MwY‡Zi Kg©cy¯ÍKwU g~jZ MwY‡Zi wewfbœ wel‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K ch©vß Abykxjb Kivi my‡hvM m„wói j‡ÿ¨B cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ wkÿK mnvwqKv

djcÖm~ wkÿ‡Yi GKwU Ab¨Zg kZ© n‡”Q wkÿ‡Ki cvV cwiKíbv ˆZwi Kiv| MwY‡Zi wkÿK mnvwqKvwU‡Z g~jZ cvV cwiKíbvi Ici †Rvi †`qv n‡q‡Q | D³ wkÿK mnvwqKvq cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki cÖwZwU Aa¨vq‡K mg‡qi w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L wewfbœ cv‡V wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZwU cv‡Vi Rb¨ cvV cwiKíbv cÖ¯‘Z K‡i †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|

Z‡e wkÿK mnvwqKvq DwjøwLZ cvV cwiKíbv Abyymv‡iB wkÿK‡`i cov‡Z n‡e Zv ejv nq wb| hw` †Kvb wkÿK we`¨vj‡qi cwiw¯’wZ we‡ePbv K‡i ûeû wkÿK mnvwqKvi cvV cwiKíbv AbymiY Ki‡Z

cv‡ib Zvn‡j LyeB fvj Z‡e wZwb hw` wbR¯^ †Kvb wkÿY c×wZ ev cvV cwiKíbv AbymiY K‡ib, †m‡ÿ‡Î Zvi wbR¯^ Abym„Z c×wZwU ev cvV cwiKíbvwU hw` djcÖm~ nq, Zvn‡j wkÿK mnvwqKvwU cwigvR©‡bi mgq Zv we‡ePbvq ivLv n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡e|

wk‡ÿvcKiY

wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewj‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU AvKl©Yxq Z_v wkÿ‡Yi welqe¯‘‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU cwi¯‹vifv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ wk‡ÿvcKi‡Yi e¨envi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K| MwY‡Zi jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R mn‡R Ges mnRjf¨ DcKi‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖ¯‘ZK…Z wKQy wk‡ÿvcKiY AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb- KvMR w`‡q cÖ¯‘ZK…Z wÎfyR, PZzf©yR BZ¨vw`|

3.3 Bs‡iwR wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡KR

mvaviY weÁvb I MwY‡Zi jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri g‡ZvB Bs‡iwR wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e, GLv‡b cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki AbyKi‡Y †Kvb mnvqK cy¯ÍK cÖ¯ÍyZ Kiv nq wb| Bs‡iwR wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R wbgœwjwLZ DcKiY¸‡jv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Kg©cy¯ÍK

Bs‡iwR wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri Kg©cy¯ÍKwU RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© KZ©…K mviv‡`‡k e¨eüZ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mnvqK DcKiY wn‡m‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| D‡jøL¨ †h, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© KZ©„K wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii Bs‡iwR wel‡qi Rb¨ wkÿK mnvwqKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges D³ wkÿK mnvwqKvq cÖwZwU cv‡Vi Rb¨ GK ev GKvwaK D‡Ïk¨ †jLv Av‡Q| RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© KZ©„K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z wkÿK mnvwqKvq DwjøwLZ D‡Ïk¨mg~‡ni Ici wfwË K‡iB g~jZ Bs‡iwR Kg©cy¯ÍKwU †jLv n‡q‡Q| hv‡Z wkÿv_©xiv mywbw`©ó cv‡V AšÍf©y³ welqe¯‘ AwaK Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM cvq Ges ch©vß Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g cvV¨ welqe¯‘ wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU AwaKZi ¯úóZi n‡q I‡V| GQvov Kg©cy¯ÍKwU‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i mnvqZvi Rb¨ cvV-mswkøó mywbw`©ó KvR †k‡l D³ cv‡V Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb wKQy MÖvgv‡ii aviYv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Ges Gi g~j jÿ¨ nj we‡kl cÖ‡qvR‡b, we‡kl K‡i evmvq wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z wb‡R wb‡R MÖvgv‡ii D³ aviYvwU co‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Abykxjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wkÿK mnvwqKv

RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †ev‡W©i cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU wKfv‡e cov‡Z n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ wKQy wb‡`©kbvi mgš^‡q Bs‡iwR wel‡qi jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri wkÿK mnvwqKvwU cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZwU cvV ‡k‡l Kg©cy¯ÍKwU wKfv‡e cov‡Z n‡e †m m¤úwK©Z wb‡`©kbvI wkÿK mnvwqKvwU‡Z AšÍfz©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkÿK mnvwqKvwUi mywbw`©ó GKwU KvVv‡gv (Structure) AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb, wkÿK mnvwqKvwUi cÖwZwU c„„ôv‡K ̀ y-wU Kjv‡g fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q, evgw`‡K cvV¨cy¯ÍK I Kg©cy¯Í‡Ki AskwU mshy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Wvbw`‡K cvV¨cy¯ÍK I Kg©cy¯Í‡Ki mywbw`©ó AskUzKz cov‡bvi Rb¨ wkÿK‡`i wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| Wvbw`‡Ki wkÿK wb‡`©kbv As‡ki Avevi wZbwU Ask i‡q‡Q| †hgb, Ic‡i evgw`‡K D³ cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, Wvbw`‡K D³ cv‡Vi bZzb kãvewj D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx46 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 47

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Ges wb‡P D³ cvV cov‡bvi Rb¨ wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| wkÿK mnvwqKvwUi MVbg~jK w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡j GwU‡K GKwU wkÿK ms¯‹iY wn‡m‡eI we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wkÿK mnvwqKvwU‡Z Bs‡iwR welq Bs‡iwR‡Z cov‡bvi Rb¨ ejv n‡q‡Q, Z‡e we‡kl cÖ‡qvR‡b evsjv e¨env‡ii K_vI ejv n‡q‡Q|

wkÿK cÖwkÿY

djcÖm~ Bs‡iwR wkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ Bs‡iwR wkÿK‡`i wkÿY ̀ ÿZv e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡‡Ri GKwU we‡kl DcKiY wn‡m‡e wkÿK cÖwkÿY g¨vby‡qj AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡‡Q| jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri AšÍf©y³ wkÿK cÖwkÿY DcKi‡Y PweŸk (24) (6+6+6+6) w`‡bi cÖwkÿY g¨vby‡qj cÖ¯‘Z Kivi cwiKíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges D³ cÖwkÿY‡K †gvU Pvi (4) wU ch©v‡q (Phase) fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwkÿ‡Yi PviwU g¨vby‡q‡j Bs‡iwR wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ cª‡qvRbxq wKQy cÖv_wgK welqe¯‘, jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri cwiwPwZ, †kªYxK‡ÿ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri we‡kl `yÕwU DcKiY Kg©cy¯ÍK I wkÿK mnvwqKv e¨envi Kivi wbqgKvbyb Ges Bs‡iwR wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewji ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQy welq AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖ_g g¨vby‡qjwU cÖ¯‘Z K‡i gvwbKM‡Äi wba©vwiZ `kwU (10) we`¨vj‡q wek (20) Rb Bs‡iwR wkÿK‡K cªwkÿY †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Ges Gi djvd‡ji Ici wfwË K‡i cª_g g¨vby‡qjwU ms‡kvab I cwigvR©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb wØZxq g¨vby‡qjwU cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi KvR Pj‡Q|

3.4 weªwRs †Kvm©

gvwbKM‡Äi wba©vwiZ ̀ kwU we`¨vj‡qi lô †kªYx‡Z cÖv_wgK ̄ ͇ii c¨v‡KR e¨envi Ki‡Z wM‡q †`Lv †M‡Q †h, lô †kªYxi AwaKvsk wkÿv_x© wkÿvµ‡g D‡jøwLZ cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvmg~n AR©b K‡i Av‡m bv| d‡j AwaKvsk wkÿv_©xB lô †kªYxi Bs‡iwR cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU co‡Z wM‡q wewfbœ mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq A_©vr Bs‡iwR cvV¨cy¯ÍK ey‡S covi †hvM¨Zv AwaKvsk wkÿv_©xiB †bB| GgbwK kZKiv 25-30 Rb wkÿv_©x Bs‡iwR eY© wVKfv‡e co‡Z I wjL‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvov Zviv mvaviY †Kvb welqe¯‘ mwVKfv‡e co‡Z I eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| lô †kªYx‡Z fwZ©K…Z G me wcwQ‡q-cov wkÿv_©x‡`i K_v wPšÍvI K‡i ev¯ÍeZvi Av‡jv‡K jvwb©s c¨v‡KR ev¯Íevq‡bi ̄ ^v‡_© GKwU we‡kl DcKiY weªwRs †Kvm© AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| D³ weªwRs †Kv‡m© wcwQ‡q-cov wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bs‡iwR eY©gvjv (Cursive & Non-

cursive) AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov Parts of speech, article G ai‡bi wKQy cÖv_wgK welqe¯‘ AšÍf©~³ Kiv n‡q‡Q-hv‡Z Lye mvaviY ev cÖ‡qvRbxq welqe¯‘¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©x‡`i aviYv cwi¯‹vi nq Ges Bs‡iwR cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU covi g‡Zv b&y¨bZg †hvM¨Zv wkÿv_©xiv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-wkÿv_©xiv †Kvb GKwU kã c‡o, D³ kãwU noun, pronoun bvwK verb hw` eyS‡Z I wPb‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j Zv Zv‡`i cvV¨ welqe¯‘ c‡o eyS‡Z mnvqK n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv n‡”Q| 2008 mv‡ji 20 †deªæqvwi †_‡K Pre-test Gi gva¨‡g gvwbKMÄ †Rjvi `kwU †emiKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi †gvU 465 Rb wkÿv_x©‡K †kªYxK‡ÿi evB‡i AwZwi³ mg‡q D³ weªwRs †Kvm©wU cov‡bv n‡”Q| weªwRs †Kvm©wU cov‡bv †kl n‡j Post test †bqv n‡e Ges Pre-test I Post test Gi djvdj we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv n‡e weªwRs †Kvm©wU wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ djcÖm~ wKbv| wkÿK-wkÿv_x© Df‡qi gZvg‡Zi wfwˇZ Avkv Kiv n‡”Q D³ weªwRs †Kvm©wU wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ djcÖm~ n‡e Ges

D³ weªwRs †Kvm©wU m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xiv †h †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡e Zv Zv‡`i cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU fvjfv‡e co‡Z Ges eyS‡Z wKQyUv AšÍZ mnvqK n‡e| D‡jøL¨ †h, Bs‡iwR wel‡qi g‡Zv lô †kªYxi MwY‡Zi jvw©b©s c¨v‡K‡RI Abyiƒc GKwU weªwRs †Kvm© cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges GwU GKBfv‡e wba©vwiZ we`¨vjqmg~‡n e¨eüZ n‡”Q|

4. gvVch©v‡q jvwb©s c¨v‡KR e¨env‡ii mgm¨vmg~n (Challenge)

gvVch©v‡q jvwb©s c¨v‡KR e¨envi Ki‡Z wM‡q †ek wKQy mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z n‡”Q| †hgb:

� †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿK-wkÿv_©xi AbycvZ †ewk, AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î 1t 80/90|

� wkÿK‡`i wkÿY `ÿZvi Afve Ges AwaKvsk wkÿKiv djcÖm~ wkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AwZwi³ KvR Ki‡Z AbvMÖnx|

� †kªYxK‡ÿ wewfbœ wkÿY c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Dc‡hvMx cwi‡e‡ki Afve|

� we`¨vj‡q djcÖm~ wkÿY-wkLb cwi‡ek m„wói Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbvi Afve|

� gva¨wgK ̄ ͇ii †ÿ‡Î cÖv_wgK wkÿv †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv wkÿvµ‡g DwjøwLZ †hvM¨Zvmg~n AR©b K‡i Av‡m bv|

� we`¨vj‡qi evB‡i Z_v evwo‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i wkL‡b mn‡hvwMZvi Afve Z_v wkÿv_©x‡`i h_vh_ wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î AwffveK‡`i Am‡PZbZv|

5. Dcmsnvi

we`¨gvb bvbviKg cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ jvwb©s c¨v‡KR Dbœqb I ev¯Íevqb GwM‡q Pj‡Q| BwZg‡a¨ cÖv_wgK wkÿv ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ cÖ_g I wØZxq †kªYxi jvwb©s c¨v‡KR Ges wbgœ gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í‡ii Rb¨ lô I mßg †kªYxi jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB c¨v‡KR¸‡jv‡K eZ©gv‡b gvV ch©v‡q cixÿv wbixÿv Kiv n‡”Q| cÖvß djvd‡ji wfwˇZ wkÿv Dbœqb Bbw÷wUDU-eª¨vK wek¦we`¨vjq jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri fwel¨r w`K wb‡`©kK Kg©cš’v wVK Ki‡e| g~javivi wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri cwigvR©b-cwieZ©b K‡i GwU‡K Kvh©Ki iƒc †`Iqvi me©vZ¥K †Póv Pj‡Q| Avkv Kiv hvq jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri mdj ev¯Íevqb wkÿve¨e¯’vi gvb Dbœq‡b mnvqK n‡e|

†kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿvµ‡gi myôz ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Ges wkÿv_©xi Ávb I ̀ ÿZv AR©‡b mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z n‡j wkÿv_©x, wkÿK I †kªYxK‡ÿi Rb¨ GbwmwUweÕi wba©vwiZ cvV¨cy¯ÍK Qvov AviI wKQz cwic~iK wk‡ÿvcKiY Acwinvh©| G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿK mnvwqKv I wkÿv_©xi Kg©cy¯ÍK AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY wn‡m‡e me©Î ̄ ^xK…Z| weBD-AvBBwWÕi jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R GB DcKiY¸‡jv‡K e¨envi-Dc‡hvMx, mnR I wkÿK-wkÿv_©x‡`I Rb¨ AvKl©Yxq K‡i ̂ Zwi Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cixÿvg~jK ms®‹iY wn‡m‡e †h jvwbs c¨v‡KR¸‡jv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv cixÿv wbixÿvi gva¨‡g hvPvB Ki‡j eySv hv‡e cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡b G¸‡jv KZLvwb djcÖm~ n‡Z cv‡i Ges G¸‡jvi wKfv‡e AviI DrKl© mvab Kiv hvq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx48 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 49

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Ges wb‡P D³ cvV cov‡bvi Rb¨ wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| wkÿK mnvwqKvwUi MVbg~jK w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡j GwU‡K GKwU wkÿK ms¯‹iY wn‡m‡eI we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wkÿK mnvwqKvwU‡Z Bs‡iwR welq Bs‡iwR‡Z cov‡bvi Rb¨ ejv n‡q‡Q, Z‡e we‡kl cÖ‡qvR‡b evsjv e¨env‡ii K_vI ejv n‡q‡Q|

wkÿK cÖwkÿY

djcÖm~ Bs‡iwR wkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ Bs‡iwR wkÿK‡`i wkÿY ̀ ÿZv e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡‡Ri GKwU we‡kl DcKiY wn‡m‡e wkÿK cÖwkÿY g¨vby‡qj AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡‡Q| jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri AšÍf©y³ wkÿK cÖwkÿY DcKi‡Y PweŸk (24) (6+6+6+6) w`‡bi cÖwkÿY g¨vby‡qj cÖ¯‘Z Kivi cwiKíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges D³ cÖwkÿY‡K †gvU Pvi (4) wU ch©v‡q (Phase) fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwkÿ‡Yi PviwU g¨vby‡q‡j Bs‡iwR wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ cª‡qvRbxq wKQy cÖv_wgK welqe¯‘, jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri cwiwPwZ, †kªYxK‡ÿ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri we‡kl `yÕwU DcKiY Kg©cy¯ÍK I wkÿK mnvwqKv e¨envi Kivi wbqgKvbyb Ges Bs‡iwR wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewji ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQy welq AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖ_g g¨vby‡qjwU cÖ¯‘Z K‡i gvwbKM‡Äi wba©vwiZ `kwU (10) we`¨vj‡q wek (20) Rb Bs‡iwR wkÿK‡K cªwkÿY †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Ges Gi djvd‡ji Ici wfwË K‡i cª_g g¨vby‡qjwU ms‡kvab I cwigvR©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb wØZxq g¨vby‡qjwU cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi KvR Pj‡Q|

3.4 weªwRs †Kvm©

gvwbKM‡Äi wba©vwiZ ̀ kwU we`¨vj‡qi lô †kªYx‡Z cÖv_wgK ̄ ͇ii c¨v‡KR e¨envi Ki‡Z wM‡q †`Lv †M‡Q †h, lô †kªYxi AwaKvsk wkÿv_x© wkÿvµ‡g D‡jøwLZ cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvmg~n AR©b K‡i Av‡m bv| d‡j AwaKvsk wkÿv_©xB lô †kªYxi Bs‡iwR cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU co‡Z wM‡q wewfbœ mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq A_©vr Bs‡iwR cvV¨cy¯ÍK ey‡S covi †hvM¨Zv AwaKvsk wkÿv_©xiB †bB| GgbwK kZKiv 25-30 Rb wkÿv_©x Bs‡iwR eY© wVKfv‡e co‡Z I wjL‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvov Zviv mvaviY †Kvb welqe¯‘ mwVKfv‡e co‡Z I eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| lô †kªYx‡Z fwZ©K…Z G me wcwQ‡q-cov wkÿv_©x‡`i K_v wPšÍvI K‡i ev¯ÍeZvi Av‡jv‡K jvwb©s c¨v‡KR ev¯Íevq‡bi ̄ ^v‡_© GKwU we‡kl DcKiY weªwRs †Kvm© AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| D³ weªwRs †Kv‡m© wcwQ‡q-cov wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bs‡iwR eY©gvjv (Cursive & Non-

cursive) AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov Parts of speech, article G ai‡bi wKQy cÖv_wgK welqe¯‘ AšÍf©~³ Kiv n‡q‡Q-hv‡Z Lye mvaviY ev cÖ‡qvRbxq welqe¯‘¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©x‡`i aviYv cwi¯‹vi nq Ges Bs‡iwR cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU covi g‡Zv b&y¨bZg †hvM¨Zv wkÿv_©xiv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-wkÿv_©xiv †Kvb GKwU kã c‡o, D³ kãwU noun, pronoun bvwK verb hw` eyS‡Z I wPb‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j Zv Zv‡`i cvV¨ welqe¯‘ c‡o eyS‡Z mnvqK n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv n‡”Q| 2008 mv‡ji 20 †deªæqvwi †_‡K Pre-test Gi gva¨‡g gvwbKMÄ †Rjvi `kwU †emiKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi †gvU 465 Rb wkÿv_x©‡K †kªYxK‡ÿi evB‡i AwZwi³ mg‡q D³ weªwRs †Kvm©wU cov‡bv n‡”Q| weªwRs †Kvm©wU cov‡bv †kl n‡j Post test †bqv n‡e Ges Pre-test I Post test Gi djvdj we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv n‡e weªwRs †Kvm©wU wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ djcÖm~ wKbv| wkÿK-wkÿv_x© Df‡qi gZvg‡Zi wfwˇZ Avkv Kiv n‡”Q D³ weªwRs †Kvm©wU wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ djcÖm~ n‡e Ges

D³ weªwRs †Kvm©wU m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xiv †h †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡e Zv Zv‡`i cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU fvjfv‡e co‡Z Ges eyS‡Z wKQyUv AšÍZ mnvqK n‡e| D‡jøL¨ †h, Bs‡iwR wel‡qi g‡Zv lô †kªYxi MwY‡Zi jvw©b©s c¨v‡K‡RI Abyiƒc GKwU weªwRs †Kvm© cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges GwU GKBfv‡e wba©vwiZ we`¨vjqmg~‡n e¨eüZ n‡”Q|

4. gvVch©v‡q jvwb©s c¨v‡KR e¨env‡ii mgm¨vmg~n (Challenge)

gvVch©v‡q jvwb©s c¨v‡KR e¨envi Ki‡Z wM‡q †ek wKQy mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z n‡”Q| †hgb:

� †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿK-wkÿv_©xi AbycvZ †ewk, AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î 1t 80/90|

� wkÿK‡`i wkÿY `ÿZvi Afve Ges AwaKvsk wkÿKiv djcÖm~ wkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AwZwi³ KvR Ki‡Z AbvMÖnx|

� †kªYxK‡ÿ wewfbœ wkÿY c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Dc‡hvMx cwi‡e‡ki Afve|

� we`¨vj‡q djcÖm~ wkÿY-wkLb cwi‡ek m„wói Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbvi Afve|

� gva¨wgK ̄ ͇ii †ÿ‡Î cÖv_wgK wkÿv †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv wkÿvµ‡g DwjøwLZ †hvM¨Zvmg~n AR©b K‡i Av‡m bv|

� we`¨vj‡qi evB‡i Z_v evwo‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i wkL‡b mn‡hvwMZvi Afve Z_v wkÿv_©x‡`i h_vh_ wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î AwffveK‡`i Am‡PZbZv|

5. Dcmsnvi

we`¨gvb bvbviKg cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ jvwb©s c¨v‡KR Dbœqb I ev¯Íevqb GwM‡q Pj‡Q| BwZg‡a¨ cÖv_wgK wkÿv ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ cÖ_g I wØZxq †kªYxi jvwb©s c¨v‡KR Ges wbgœ gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í‡ii Rb¨ lô I mßg †kªYxi jvwb©s c¨v‡KR cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB c¨v‡KR¸‡jv‡K eZ©gv‡b gvV ch©v‡q cixÿv wbixÿv Kiv n‡”Q| cÖvß djvd‡ji wfwˇZ wkÿv Dbœqb Bbw÷wUDU-eª¨vK wek¦we`¨vjq jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri fwel¨r w`K wb‡`©kK Kg©cš’v wVK Ki‡e| g~javivi wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri cwigvR©b-cwieZ©b K‡i GwU‡K Kvh©Ki iƒc †`Iqvi me©vZ¥K †Póv Pj‡Q| Avkv Kiv hvq jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡Ri mdj ev¯Íevqb wkÿve¨e¯’vi gvb Dbœq‡b mnvqK n‡e|

†kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿvµ‡gi myôz ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Ges wkÿv_©xi Ávb I ̀ ÿZv AR©‡b mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z n‡j wkÿv_©x, wkÿK I †kªYxK‡ÿi Rb¨ GbwmwUweÕi wba©vwiZ cvV¨cy¯ÍK Qvov AviI wKQz cwic~iK wk‡ÿvcKiY Acwinvh©| G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿK mnvwqKv I wkÿv_©xi Kg©cy¯ÍK AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY wn‡m‡e me©Î ̄ ^xK…Z| weBD-AvBBwWÕi jvwb©s c¨v‡K‡R GB DcKiY¸‡jv‡K e¨envi-Dc‡hvMx, mnR I wkÿK-wkÿv_©x‡`I Rb¨ AvKl©Yxq K‡i ̂ Zwi Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cixÿvg~jK ms®‹iY wn‡m‡e †h jvwbs c¨v‡KR¸‡jv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv cixÿv wbixÿvi gva¨‡g hvPvB Ki‡j eySv hv‡e cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡b G¸‡jv KZLvwb djcÖm~ n‡Z cv‡i Ges G¸‡jvi wKfv‡e AviI DrKl© mvab Kiv hvq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx48 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 49

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mswÿßmvi

eZ©gvb wek¦ g~jZ weÁv‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj Ges weÁvb wbf©ikxj MwY‡Zi Ici| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b weÁvb kvLvq wkÿv_©x msL¨v w`b w`b Kg‡Q| Gi g~j KviY wkÿv_©xiv MwY‡Z ̄ ^w¯Í‡eva K‡i bv| AwaKvsk wkÿv_©xi Kv‡QB MwYZ GKwU fxwZKi welq| Zv‡`i fwel¨r K¨vwiqvi Mo‡Z MwY‡Zi f~wgKv eyS‡Z Zviv AcviM| GKUv mgq Avm‡e hLb evsjv‡`‡k fv‡jv weÁvbx ev cÖ‡KŠkjx mn‡R cvIqv hv‡e bv| GB cÖe‡Ü eZ©gvb MwYZ wkÿvi mgm¨v¸‡jvi cÖwZ Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges GB mgm¨v¸‡jv mgvav‡b wKQz mycvwik Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov wkÿv_©x, Zv‡`i AwffveK Ges MwYZ wkÿK‡`i Rb¨I wKQz mycvwik i‡q‡Q †h‡bv Zviv evsjv‡`‡k gvbm¤§Z MwYZ wkÿv ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡b GwM‡q Avm‡Z cv‡ib|

f~wgKv

Avgv‡`i mf¨Zv MvwYwZK M‡elYvi Øviv Avwe®K…Z †fŠZ wbqg Ges †eŠw×K †KŠkj Qvov wU‡K _vK‡Z cviZ bv| cÖvPxb †g‡mc‡Uwgqv Ges wn›`y mf¨Zvi Avwe®‹vi cvwUMwY‡Zi e¨envi Qvov †KD †PK-eB‡qi wnmve wVK ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| wgkixq MwYZwe`‡`i Avwe®‹…Z R¨vwgwZK cwigvc Qvov †KD GKwU †`IqvjI ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| R¨vwgwZi RbK wMÖKivB cÖ_g aviYv w`‡qwQ‡jv †h c„w_exi AvK…wZ m¤¢eZ †MvjvKvi n‡Z cv‡i| AÜKvi hy‡Mi wb‡lavÁv †_‡K gy³ nIqv K¬¨vwmK¨vj MwYZ Kj¤^vm hy‡Mi A¨vW‡fÂv‡ii w¯úwi‡Ui Ici Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj| AvR‡Ki w`‡bi cvigvYweK M‡elYv g~jZ AvBb÷vB‡bi Av‡cwÿKZvi m~‡Îi Ici wbf©ikxj|

GUv eûjfv‡e ¯^xK…Z †h, A‡bK cÖfvekvjx wkícÖwZôvb Ges †m¸‡jvi D”P‡eZ‡bi PvKzwicÖwµqv cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _vK‡e Ges †mLv‡b MwYZ I weÁvb wkÿv †_‡K AvMZ‡`i Pvwn`v n‡e cÖej| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k MwYZ I weÁvb kvLvi h‡_ó `ÿ wkÿv_©x cvIqv hv‡”Q bv| AMÖmigvb GB c„w_exi cvkvcvwk Pj‡Z n‡j m‡PZb mevB‡K GB welqwUi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e Ges weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wkÿvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ h‡_vchy³ c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

*evsjv‡`‡k gvbm¤§Z MwYZ wkÿv ms¯‹…wZi Dbœqb

**Aa¨vcK G.G.†K.Gg. jyrdz¾vgvb

***wbqvR gvL`yg gynv¤§`****

G.Gm.Gg. †ZŠwn`yj nvmvb

* GB cÖeÜwU Bangladesh Education Journal Volume 5, Number 2 msL¨vq cÖKvwkZ Developing a

Quality Mathematics Education Culture in Bangladesh cÖe‡Üi fvlvšÍi| fvlvšÍi K‡i‡Qb †MŠZg ivq|

** wWb, ̄ ‹zj Ae mv‡qÝ A¨vÛ †UK‡bvjwR, †÷U BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k|

*** A¨vKwUs †nW, wWcvU©‡g›U Ae Kw¤úDUvi mv‡qÝ A¨vÛ BwÄwbqvwis, †÷U BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k

**** weGmwm (m¤§vb), wWcvU©‡g›U Ae Kw¤úDUvi mv‡qÝ A¨vÛ BwÄwbqvwis, †÷U BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k|

Z_¨ wb‡`©wkKv

1. wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP, wbgœgva¨wgK ̄ Íi (lô †_‡K Aóg †kªYx) wi‡cvU©, wØZxq LÐ, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv, 1995|

2. Avek¨Kxq wkÿvµg : cÖv_wgK wkÿv- RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv,1991|

3. cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii RvZxq wkÿvµg, cÖwZ‡e`b (2002-2003) RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv|

4. GWy‡Kkvb IqvP 2003/4, gvbmn mgZv: cÖv_wgK wkÿv G‡RÛv, MYmvÿiZv Awfhvb, XvKv, 2005|

5. wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv, mvaviY weÁvb (lô †kªYx) RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv|

6. Education Watch 2000, A question of quality, volume-1, University Press Limited, Dhaka.

7. Primary teachers at work, R. J Campbell & S. R. Stj. Nell, Teaching as work project, 1994.

8. Internal assessment report 2007, BU-IED, Dhaka.

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mswÿßmvi

eZ©gvb wek¦ g~jZ weÁv‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj Ges weÁvb wbf©ikxj MwY‡Zi Ici| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b weÁvb kvLvq wkÿv_©x msL¨v w`b w`b Kg‡Q| Gi g~j KviY wkÿv_©xiv MwY‡Z ̄ ^w¯Í‡eva K‡i bv| AwaKvsk wkÿv_©xi Kv‡QB MwYZ GKwU fxwZKi welq| Zv‡`i fwel¨r K¨vwiqvi Mo‡Z MwY‡Zi f~wgKv eyS‡Z Zviv AcviM| GKUv mgq Avm‡e hLb evsjv‡`‡k fv‡jv weÁvbx ev cÖ‡KŠkjx mn‡R cvIqv hv‡e bv| GB cÖe‡Ü eZ©gvb MwYZ wkÿvi mgm¨v¸‡jvi cÖwZ Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges GB mgm¨v¸‡jv mgvav‡b wKQz mycvwik Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov wkÿv_©x, Zv‡`i AwffveK Ges MwYZ wkÿK‡`i Rb¨I wKQz mycvwik i‡q‡Q †h‡bv Zviv evsjv‡`‡k gvbm¤§Z MwYZ wkÿv ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡b GwM‡q Avm‡Z cv‡ib|

f~wgKv

Avgv‡`i mf¨Zv MvwYwZK M‡elYvi Øviv Avwe®K…Z †fŠZ wbqg Ges †eŠw×K †KŠkj Qvov wU‡K _vK‡Z cviZ bv| cÖvPxb †g‡mc‡Uwgqv Ges wn›`y mf¨Zvi Avwe®‹vi cvwUMwY‡Zi e¨envi Qvov †KD †PK-eB‡qi wnmve wVK ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| wgkixq MwYZwe`‡`i Avwe®‹…Z R¨vwgwZK cwigvc Qvov †KD GKwU †`IqvjI ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| R¨vwgwZi RbK wMÖKivB cÖ_g aviYv w`‡qwQ‡jv †h c„w_exi AvK…wZ m¤¢eZ †MvjvKvi n‡Z cv‡i| AÜKvi hy‡Mi wb‡lavÁv †_‡K gy³ nIqv K¬¨vwmK¨vj MwYZ Kj¤^vm hy‡Mi A¨vW‡fÂv‡ii w¯úwi‡Ui Ici Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj| AvR‡Ki w`‡bi cvigvYweK M‡elYv g~jZ AvBb÷vB‡bi Av‡cwÿKZvi m~‡Îi Ici wbf©ikxj|

GUv eûjfv‡e ¯^xK…Z †h, A‡bK cÖfvekvjx wkícÖwZôvb Ges †m¸‡jvi D”P‡eZ‡bi PvKzwicÖwµqv cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _vK‡e Ges †mLv‡b MwYZ I weÁvb wkÿv †_‡K AvMZ‡`i Pvwn`v n‡e cÖej| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k MwYZ I weÁvb kvLvi h‡_ó `ÿ wkÿv_©x cvIqv hv‡”Q bv| AMÖmigvb GB c„w_exi cvkvcvwk Pj‡Z n‡j m‡PZb mevB‡K GB welqwUi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e Ges weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wkÿvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ h‡_vchy³ c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

*evsjv‡`‡k gvbm¤§Z MwYZ wkÿv ms¯‹…wZi Dbœqb

**Aa¨vcK G.G.†K.Gg. jyrdz¾vgvb

***wbqvR gvL`yg gynv¤§`****

G.Gm.Gg. †ZŠwn`yj nvmvb

* GB cÖeÜwU Bangladesh Education Journal Volume 5, Number 2 msL¨vq cÖKvwkZ Developing a

Quality Mathematics Education Culture in Bangladesh cÖe‡Üi fvlvšÍi| fvlvšÍi K‡i‡Qb †MŠZg ivq|

** wWb, ̄ ‹zj Ae mv‡qÝ A¨vÛ †UK‡bvjwR, †÷U BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k|

*** A¨vKwUs †nW, wWcvU©‡g›U Ae Kw¤úDUvi mv‡qÝ A¨vÛ BwÄwbqvwis, †÷U BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k

**** weGmwm (m¤§vb), wWcvU©‡g›U Ae Kw¤úDUvi mv‡qÝ A¨vÛ BwÄwbqvwis, †÷U BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k|

Z_¨ wb‡`©wkKv

1. wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP, wbgœgva¨wgK ̄ Íi (lô †_‡K Aóg †kªYx) wi‡cvU©, wØZxq LÐ, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv, 1995|

2. Avek¨Kxq wkÿvµg : cÖv_wgK wkÿv- RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv,1991|

3. cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii RvZxq wkÿvµg, cÖwZ‡e`b (2002-2003) RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv|

4. GWy‡Kkvb IqvP 2003/4, gvbmn mgZv: cÖv_wgK wkÿv G‡RÛv, MYmvÿiZv Awfhvb, XvKv, 2005|

5. wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv, mvaviY weÁvb (lô †kªYx) RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv|

6. Education Watch 2000, A question of quality, volume-1, University Press Limited, Dhaka.

7. Primary teachers at work, R. J Campbell & S. R. Stj. Nell, Teaching as work project, 1994.

8. Internal assessment report 2007, BU-IED, Dhaka.

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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx52 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 53

Ôms¯‹…wZÕ kãwU Øviv g‡bvfve I e¨envi‡K eySvq hv GKwU wbw`©ó Rb‡Mvôxi ˆewkó¨| GKwU Av`k© wkÿve¨e¯’vq wkÿK-wkÿv_©x Df‡qiB MwY‡Zi cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfve _v‡K| GwU Qvov GKwU RvwZ µgk AMÖmigvb c„w_exi Zzjbvq wcwQ‡q co‡Z eva¨|

fv‡jv MwYZ Rvbv wkÿv_©xiv ̂ `bw›`b Rxe‡bi mgm¨v mgvav‡b AwaK AvZ¥wek¦vmx _v‡K, wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y m`v cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K Ges cwiewZ©Z cÖhyw³i mv‡_ mn‡RB Af¨¯Í n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs evsjv‡`‡k GKwU gvbm¤§Z MwYZ wkÿv ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡b cy‡iv RvwZi GKwU h_vh_ cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY Kiv DwPZ|

MwYZ Kx?

MwYZ gvby‡li GKwU ̧ iæZ¡c~Y© Avwe®‹vi| AvR‡Ki w`‡b Avgiv eB‡q †hfv‡e mymvgÄm¨i~‡c MwYZ‡K †`L‡Z cvB, MwYZ †mfv‡e Avwe®K…Z nq wb| wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z wM‡q Ges cÖ‡qvRb-ewnf~©Z wewfbœ ai‡bi cixÿvi gva¨‡g Gi DbœwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| ms‡ÿ‡c MwYZ eZ©gv‡bi AvaywbK Rxe‡bi wbh©vm (Bergamini, 1969)|

MwYZ RwUj me aviYvi †mU¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AvšÍtm¤úK©‡K aviY K‡i| MwY‡Zi †Kv‡bv GKwU welq Ab¨ welq¸‡jvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z bv n‡q Avjv`vfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq bv| GKwU wkï Ô5Õ msL¨vwU m¤ú‡K© ZLbB eyS‡Z ïiæ K‡i hLb †m wKQz Awbw`©ó msL¨vi mv‡_ MvwYwZK c‡q‡›Ui mgš^q NUv‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, GB msL¨vwU 4-Gi PvB‡Z 1 †ewk, 6-Gi PvB‡Z 1 Kg Ges GwU 2 I 3-Gi †hvMdj| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó msL¨vi A_© I Zvrch© b¤^i wm‡÷g m¤ú‡K© wKQz aviYv bv _vK‡j eySv hvq bv| †hvM m¤ú‡K© aviYv cwi®‹vi nq bv hZÿY bv we‡qv‡Mi mv‡_ Gi m¤úK©wU Rvbv hvq Ges †h c×wZ‡Z ̄ ^vfvweK msL¨v, Bw›URvi Ges g~j` msL¨vi g‡a¨ GwU KvR K‡i †mwU m¤ú‡K© Rvbv bv hvq| MwY‡Zi GKwU wbw`©ó aviYvi msÁv ev cwiPq wbf©i K‡i Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ Gi m¤ú‡K©i Ici (Davis,

2001)|

`xN©w`b †_‡KB `vwe Kiv n‡”Q †h, MwYZ n‡”Q weÁv‡bi ivYx| AvR‡Ki w`‡b weÁvb †_‡K cÖhyw³i me kvLvq MwYZ GKwU g~j¨evb f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q Ges cÖwZwU kvLvq Gi wePiY| f~ZvwË¡K ̀ y‡h©v‡Mi g‡Wwjs †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †iv‡Mi we¯Ívi wKsev gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‹i MVb eyS‡Z MwY‡Zi f~wgKv Acwimxg|

MwY‡Zi BwZnvm

MwYZ ïiæi BwZnvm †ek KwVb| 5000 eQi Av‡M ga¨cÖv‡P¨ mf¨Zvi weKv‡ki mgq †_‡K Gi BwZnvm ïiæ| e¨vwejbxq Ges wgkixq‡`i Rb¨ GwU wQ‡jv ˆ`bw›`b Rxebhvc‡bi GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| †R¨vwZwe©Ávbxiv m~h© Ges Puv‡`i MwZwewai Ici bRi ivL‡Zb dmj I Drm‡ei wn‡mewb‡Kk ivLvi Rb¨| gvbyl cwigvc I MYbv Ki‡Z wk‡L‡Q hv‡Z Zv‡`i Drcvw`Z ev ̂ ZwiK…Z `ªe¨vw` I evwY‡R¨i wnmve ivLv hvq| R¨vwgwZi mvnv‡h¨ †KŠwYK e¯‘ ev km¨‡Mvjv AvqZb cwigvc Ki‡Z wk‡L‡Q gvbyl; AMÖmigvb cvwUMwY‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ gvbyl AvR Gi AvswkK AskI cwigvc Ki‡Z cv‡i| wgk‡i wn‡ivWUvm wj‡LwQ‡jb, GB c„w_exi f~wg Ômevi Rb¨ mgvbfv‡e eM©vK…wZi cøUÕ-G wef³, hvi Rb¨ mevB‡K fvov ¸Y‡Z n‡”Q| Lye ZvovZvwoB gvbyl MwY‡Zi RwUj Ask¸‡jv wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Ges DbœwZi cÖwZwU c‡e©i wkí-Dcv`v‡b gvbyl cyi‡bv MwY‡Zi Av‡eM‡K †cQ‡bB †d‡j Av‡m (Bergamini, 1969)|

wMÖK‡`i mgq †_‡KB MwYZ Áv‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kvLv n‡q I‡V Ges G‡K Avi Áv‡bi cÖwµqv †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q _vK‡Z nq wb| wMÖKiv Gi Ici kZvwaK eB wj‡L‡Q, AÜKvi hy‡M hvi A‡bK¸‡jvB bó n‡q †M‡Q| Zv m‡Ë¡I hv wQ‡jv Zv ga¨hy‡Mi cwÐZ‡`i h‡_ó Kv‡R †j‡M‡Q Ges †m¸‡jv c„w_exi wewfbœ fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q hv MZ 500 eQ‡i MwYZ‡K MwZ w`‡q‡Q| Avj-†LvqvwiRwg (wLª÷vã 790-850) weL¨vZ n‡q‡Qb weL¨vZ `ywU MvwYwZK Dcv`v‡bi Kvi‡YÑ exRMwY‡Zi e¨envi Ges fviZxq msL¨vi e¨envi| g~jZ Zuvi eB Ô`¨ eyK Ae Avj-Rv‡ei A¨vÛ Avj-gyKvevjv (The book of Al-Jabr and Al-Muqabala)Õ †_‡K A¨vj‡Reªv ev exRMwYZ kãwU G‡m‡Q| GQvov Av‡iv A‡bK Avie MwYZwe` i‡q‡Qb hviv MwY‡Zi BwZnvm‡K F× K‡i‡Qb (Whitfield, 1969)|

PZz`©k kZ‡K BD‡iv‡ci A_©bxwZ‡Z †h weivU cwieZ©b Avm‡Z _v‡K Zvi cÖfve c‡o MwY‡Zi IciI| ga¨hy‡Mi BZvwjqvb e¨emvqxiv e¨emvi Kv‡R cY¨ wKb‡Z ̀ ~‡ii c~‡e©i †`k¸‡jv‡Z Avm‡Z _v‡K †m¸‡jv wbR †`‡k G‡b wewµ K‡i gybvdvi Avkvq| cÖwZevi hvÎvi LiP Ges jv‡fi wn‡m‡ei Rb¨ Zv‡`i mvgvb¨ n‡jI MwY‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb nq| PZz`©k kZ‡Ki ïiæi w`‡K wkí wecø‡ei d‡j cy‡iv wm‡÷‡gB GKwU weivU cwieZ©b Av‡m| RvnvR ˆZwii bZzb cÖhyw³ Ges Rvnv‡Ri AwaK wbivcËv e¨e¯’vi Kvi‡Y cy‡iv‡bv w`‡bi e¨emvqx‡`i g‡Zv wewfbœ RvqMvq wM‡q cY¨ †Kbvi c×wZ e`‡j hvq; Zviv BZvwj‡Z †_‡KB Gme Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †jvK fvov K‡i, `i`vg K‡i, wkwcs e¨e¯’v K‡i Ges m‡e©vcwi G‡R›U wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z _v‡K| GB ai‡bi e¨emv¸‡jvi Kvi‡Y eo eo kn‡i AvšÍR©vwZK †UªwWs †Kv¤úvwb M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K Ges G Kv‡R Zv‡`i Av‡iv DbœZ MwY‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Zv‡`i †µwWU wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z nq, gy`ªv wewbgq Ges gybvdv msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| wewfbœ ai‡bi †jb‡`‡bi †iKW© ivLvi Rb¨ †m mgq Wvej-Gw›Uª eB‡qi e¨envi ïiæ n‡Z _v‡K|

1910 mv‡j kªxwbevm AvqvbMvi ivgvbyRb (1887-1920) D”P-K‡¤úvwRU msL¨v, cvwU©kb dvskb I Gi e¨envi Ges gK †_Uv dvskbmn wZb nvRv‡iiI †ewk ZË¡ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| wZwb Mvgv dvskb, WvBfvi‡R›U wmwiR, nvBcviwRI‡gwUªK wmwiR Ges †gŠwjK msL¨v Z‡Ë¡ A‡bK bZzb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Ges A‡bK †ÿ‡Î cÖPwjZ ZË¡‡K e`‡j †`b|

GKzk kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z MwYZ, weÁvb, cÖ‡KŠkj Ges cÖhyw³ GKm‡½ wg‡j Ggb me Ávb, †hvMv‡hvM Ges m¤¢vebvi †ÿÎ ̂ Zwi K‡i‡Q hvi ̄ ^cœ cÖvPxb ̀ vk©wb‡KivI †`‡Lb wb|

MwY‡Zi ¸iæZ¡

MwY‡Zi ̧ iæZ¡‡K ̀ yfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq| weÁv‡bi DbœwZ Ges gnvwe‡k¦i Kvh©cÖYvjx Dcjwä Kivi cvkvcvwk cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b gvbwmKfv‡e Ges Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î MwYZ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Abyl½| c„w_ex‡K eyS‡Z Ges e`jv‡Z MwYZ gvby‡li GKwU kw³kvjx nvwZqviwe‡kl| GwU gvbyl‡K †hŠw³K we‡kølY, mgm¨v mgvav‡bi `ÿZv Ges weg~Z© Dcv‡q wPšÍ‡b mnvqZv K‡i| wewfbœ ai‡bi PvKzwi, weÁvb I cÖhyw³, wPwKrmv, A_©bxwZ, cwi‡ek I Dbœqb, wm×všÍ-MÖnY BZ¨vw` wewfbœ w`K w`‡q ̂ `bw›`b Rxe‡bI MwYZ ̧ iæZ¡c~Y©|

cvwUMwY‡Zi ˆ`bw›`b e¨envi Ges wewfbœ Kv‡R Z‡_¨i mwPÎ Dc¯’vcbv (†hgb- MÖvd) GLb Lye

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fv‡jv MwYZ Rvbv wkÿv_©xiv ̂ `bw›`b Rxe‡bi mgm¨v mgvav‡b AwaK AvZ¥wek¦vmx _v‡K, wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y m`v cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K Ges cwiewZ©Z cÖhyw³i mv‡_ mn‡RB Af¨¯Í n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs evsjv‡`‡k GKwU gvbm¤§Z MwYZ wkÿv ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡b cy‡iv RvwZi GKwU h_vh_ cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY Kiv DwPZ|

MwYZ Kx?

MwYZ gvby‡li GKwU ̧ iæZ¡c~Y© Avwe®‹vi| AvR‡Ki w`‡b Avgiv eB‡q †hfv‡e mymvgÄm¨i~‡c MwYZ‡K †`L‡Z cvB, MwYZ †mfv‡e Avwe®K…Z nq wb| wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z wM‡q Ges cÖ‡qvRb-ewnf~©Z wewfbœ ai‡bi cixÿvi gva¨‡g Gi DbœwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| ms‡ÿ‡c MwYZ eZ©gv‡bi AvaywbK Rxe‡bi wbh©vm (Bergamini, 1969)|

MwYZ RwUj me aviYvi †mU¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AvšÍtm¤úK©‡K aviY K‡i| MwY‡Zi †Kv‡bv GKwU welq Ab¨ welq¸‡jvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z bv n‡q Avjv`vfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq bv| GKwU wkï Ô5Õ msL¨vwU m¤ú‡K© ZLbB eyS‡Z ïiæ K‡i hLb †m wKQz Awbw`©ó msL¨vi mv‡_ MvwYwZK c‡q‡›Ui mgš^q NUv‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, GB msL¨vwU 4-Gi PvB‡Z 1 †ewk, 6-Gi PvB‡Z 1 Kg Ges GwU 2 I 3-Gi †hvMdj| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó msL¨vi A_© I Zvrch© b¤^i wm‡÷g m¤ú‡K© wKQz aviYv bv _vK‡j eySv hvq bv| †hvM m¤ú‡K© aviYv cwi®‹vi nq bv hZÿY bv we‡qv‡Mi mv‡_ Gi m¤úK©wU Rvbv hvq Ges †h c×wZ‡Z ̄ ^vfvweK msL¨v, Bw›URvi Ges g~j` msL¨vi g‡a¨ GwU KvR K‡i †mwU m¤ú‡K© Rvbv bv hvq| MwY‡Zi GKwU wbw`©ó aviYvi msÁv ev cwiPq wbf©i K‡i Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ Gi m¤ú‡K©i Ici (Davis,

2001)|

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MwY‡Zi BwZnvm

MwYZ ïiæi BwZnvm †ek KwVb| 5000 eQi Av‡M ga¨cÖv‡P¨ mf¨Zvi weKv‡ki mgq †_‡K Gi BwZnvm ïiæ| e¨vwejbxq Ges wgkixq‡`i Rb¨ GwU wQ‡jv ˆ`bw›`b Rxebhvc‡bi GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| †R¨vwZwe©Ávbxiv m~h© Ges Puv‡`i MwZwewai Ici bRi ivL‡Zb dmj I Drm‡ei wn‡mewb‡Kk ivLvi Rb¨| gvbyl cwigvc I MYbv Ki‡Z wk‡L‡Q hv‡Z Zv‡`i Drcvw`Z ev ̂ ZwiK…Z `ªe¨vw` I evwY‡R¨i wnmve ivLv hvq| R¨vwgwZi mvnv‡h¨ †KŠwYK e¯‘ ev km¨‡Mvjv AvqZb cwigvc Ki‡Z wk‡L‡Q gvbyl; AMÖmigvb cvwUMwY‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ gvbyl AvR Gi AvswkK AskI cwigvc Ki‡Z cv‡i| wgk‡i wn‡ivWUvm wj‡LwQ‡jb, GB c„w_exi f~wg Ômevi Rb¨ mgvbfv‡e eM©vK…wZi cøUÕ-G wef³, hvi Rb¨ mevB‡K fvov ¸Y‡Z n‡”Q| Lye ZvovZvwoB gvbyl MwY‡Zi RwUj Ask¸‡jv wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Ges DbœwZi cÖwZwU c‡e©i wkí-Dcv`v‡b gvbyl cyi‡bv MwY‡Zi Av‡eM‡K †cQ‡bB †d‡j Av‡m (Bergamini, 1969)|

wMÖK‡`i mgq †_‡KB MwYZ Áv‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kvLv n‡q I‡V Ges G‡K Avi Áv‡bi cÖwµqv †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q _vK‡Z nq wb| wMÖKiv Gi Ici kZvwaK eB wj‡L‡Q, AÜKvi hy‡M hvi A‡bK¸‡jvB bó n‡q †M‡Q| Zv m‡Ë¡I hv wQ‡jv Zv ga¨hy‡Mi cwÐZ‡`i h‡_ó Kv‡R †j‡M‡Q Ges †m¸‡jv c„w_exi wewfbœ fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q hv MZ 500 eQ‡i MwYZ‡K MwZ w`‡q‡Q| Avj-†LvqvwiRwg (wLª÷vã 790-850) weL¨vZ n‡q‡Qb weL¨vZ `ywU MvwYwZK Dcv`v‡bi Kvi‡YÑ exRMwY‡Zi e¨envi Ges fviZxq msL¨vi e¨envi| g~jZ Zuvi eB Ô`¨ eyK Ae Avj-Rv‡ei A¨vÛ Avj-gyKvevjv (The book of Al-Jabr and Al-Muqabala)Õ †_‡K A¨vj‡Reªv ev exRMwYZ kãwU G‡m‡Q| GQvov Av‡iv A‡bK Avie MwYZwe` i‡q‡Qb hviv MwY‡Zi BwZnvm‡K F× K‡i‡Qb (Whitfield, 1969)|

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1910 mv‡j kªxwbevm AvqvbMvi ivgvbyRb (1887-1920) D”P-K‡¤úvwRU msL¨v, cvwU©kb dvskb I Gi e¨envi Ges gK †_Uv dvskbmn wZb nvRv‡iiI †ewk ZË¡ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| wZwb Mvgv dvskb, WvBfvi‡R›U wmwiR, nvBcviwRI‡gwUªK wmwiR Ges †gŠwjK msL¨v Z‡Ë¡ A‡bK bZzb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Ges A‡bK †ÿ‡Î cÖPwjZ ZË¡‡K e`‡j †`b|

GKzk kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z MwYZ, weÁvb, cÖ‡KŠkj Ges cÖhyw³ GKm‡½ wg‡j Ggb me Ávb, †hvMv‡hvM Ges m¤¢vebvi †ÿÎ ̂ Zwi K‡i‡Q hvi ̄ ^cœ cÖvPxb ̀ vk©wb‡KivI †`‡Lb wb|

MwY‡Zi ¸iæZ¡

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cvwUMwY‡Zi ˆ`bw›`b e¨envi Ges wewfbœ Kv‡R Z‡_¨i mwPÎ Dc¯’vcbv (†hgb- MÖvd) GLb Lye

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evsjv‡`‡k MwYZ wkÿvi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v

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MZ cuvP eQi a‡i cÖL¨vZ Z_¨ Ges †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (AvBwmwU) we‡klÁ, MwYZ wkÿK Ges Ab¨vb¨ Drmvnx e¨w³eM© mviv evsjv‡`‡k MwYZ Awjw¤úqv‡Wi Av‡qvRb K‡i Avm‡Qb| GB Kvh©µg ZiæY wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡b MwY‡Zi mgm¨v mgvav‡b AvMÖn RvwM‡q Zzj‡Q| AvMvgx eQi¸‡jv‡Z GB MwYZ Awjw¤úqvW Kvh©µg evsjv‡`‡k MwYZ wkÿv ms¯‹…wZ Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨Kvix f~wgKv ivL‡e|

D‡Ïk¨

GB M‡elYvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’vq MwY‡Zi mvwe©K Ae¯’v Kx we‡kølY Kiv| GQvov M‡elYvi Ab¨ D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv n‡”Q-

1. wkÿv_©x‡`i gv‡S MwY‡Zi ̧ iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wó Kiv;

2. evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’vq welq wn‡m‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i MwYZ‡K cQ›` bv Kivi KviYmg~n Lyu‡R †ei Kiv;

3. †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿK Kxfv‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i MwY‡Zi cÖwZ AvMÖn evwo‡q Zzj‡Z cv‡ib, †mB Dcvq Lyu‡R †ei Kiv;

4. GQvov G wel‡q m‡PZb mevi Rb¨ GKwU Kvh©Ki bxwZgvjv mieivn Kiv hv evsjv‡`‡k gvbm¤úbœ MwYZ wkÿv ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡b mnvqK n‡e|

M‡elYvi c×wZ

Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ GB M‡elYvq Rwic c×wZ †e‡Q †bIqv n‡q‡Q| G D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ_gZ wZb m`‡m¨i GKwU M‡elYv ̀ j MVb Kiv nq| Gici MwYZ wkÿvq eZ©gvb mgm¨vmg~n wPwýZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ beg-`kg †kªYxi wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ GKwU, K‡jR ch©v‡qi wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ GKwU Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi

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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx54 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 55

mvaviY welq| G¸‡jv MwY‡Zi cÖv_wgK Dcv`vb| D”PZi MwYZ me©ÎB e¨eüZ n‡”Q wKš‘ A`„k¨ Ges AcÖKvwkZ Dcv‡q| †hgbÑ

� wmwW †cøqvi Ges Kw¤úDUv‡i MwY‡Zi fyj-ms‡kvab †KvW e¨eüZ n‡”Q|

� f‡qRvi 2 †cÖwiZ ̀ ~i MÖ‡ni ̄ ^”Q Ges gvbm¤úbœ w¯’iwPÎ MwY‡Zi mvnvh¨ Qvov cvIqv m¤¢e n‡Zv bv|

� wWdv‡iwÝqvj BKz‡qk‡bi wewfbœ wnmve-wbKvk Qvov gnvKv‡k f‡qRv‡ii hvÎv KL‡bvB m¤¢eci n‡Zv bv|

� hLb mycviKw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ AMÖMwZi K_v ejv nq, ZLb †mLv‡b MwY‡Zi wKQz ZvwË¡K w`K _v‡K †h¸‡jvi wb‡`©‡k Gi MwZ Ges wbfy©jZv cwiPvwjZ nq|

� †fŠZweÁv‡bi (†hgbÑ imvqbwe`¨v, c`v_©we`¨v, mgy`ªwe`¨v, gnvKvkwe`¨v BZ¨vw`) ZË¡¸‡jvi DbœwZ MwYZ Qvov m¤¢e n‡Zv bv|

� MwYZ I cwimsL¨vb wewfbœ ai‡bi MvwYwZK Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ ZË¡ I c×wZi †hvMvb †`q| G¸‡jv wPwKrmvwe`¨vi Rb¨I ̧ iæZ¡c~Y© †hLv‡b Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Amy¯’Zvi KviY I bZzb Ily‡ai Dc‡hvwMZv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|

evsjv‡`‡k MwYZ wkÿvi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v

evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’v eZ©gv‡b wZbwU ¯Í‡i wef³Ñ cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK Ges D”Pwkÿv| mvaviY wkÿve¨e¯’vi cvkvcvwk Bs‡iwR gva¨‡g wkÿv e¨e¯’vI G‡`‡k Pvjy Av‡Q †hLv‡b ÔGÕ †j‡fj Ges ÔIÕ †j‡f‡ji welq¸‡jv cov‡bv nq| GQvov gv`&ivmv wkÿve¨e¯’vq Aviwe welq Ges Bmjvg-wfwËK wkÿv‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| GB wZb ai‡bi wkÿve¨e¯’vqB MwYZ cov‡bv nq| hw`I 15 eQi ch©šÍ wkÿv_©x‡`i mevB‡K eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e MwYZ co‡Z nq wKš‘ AwaKvsk wkÿv_©xB MwYZfxwZ‡Z †fv‡M| Zviv evwo‡Z wKsev †kªYxK‡ÿ MwY‡Zi mgm¨v¸‡jv mgvavb K‡i Avb›` cvq bv| MwY‡Zi cÖwZ GB fxwZi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k weÁvb kvLvq wkÿv_©x msL¨v w`b w`b Kg‡Q hv D‡ØMRbK| AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î MwYZ wkÿKivI wkÿv_©x‡`i h_vh_fv‡e mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| AvBwmwU cwjwm (2002)-‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒBs‡iwR Ges MwYZ wkÿvq NvUwZ¸‡jv wPwýZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ wkÿK‡`i cÖwkwÿZ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU µ¨vk †cÖvMÖvg MÖnY Kiv `iKviÓ| miKv‡ii cÿ †_‡K G m¤úwK©Z c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv n‡jI Gi DbœwZ †ek axi|

†Uwej 1 I †Uwej 2 †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q weÁvb kvLvq evsjv‡`‡k w`b w`b wkÿv_©x msL¨v K‡g †M‡jI evwYR¨ kvLvq GB msL¨vq Zvrch©c~Y©fv‡e evo‡Q|

†Uwej 1: GmGmwm cixÿvq wewfbœ kvLv †_‡K AskMÖnYKvix wkÿv_©x msL¨v

weMZ eQi weÁvb gvbweK evwYR¨

2001 264100 392299 129821

2002 333544 482147 190246

2003 301505 413424 206095

2004 255197 306284 194906

2005 231613 307330 212478

2006 202048 343707 239060m~Î: e¨vb‡eBm, 2006

†Uwej 2: GBPGmwm cixÿvq wewfbœ kvLv †_‡K AskMÖnYKvix wkÿv_©x msL¨v

eQi weÁvb gvbweK evwYR¨

2001 126315 305157 94283

2002 139097 293478 105721

2003 126021 254555 120931

2004 117766 240987 124728

2005 96500 204313 114275

2006 82199 206498 123327m~Î: e¨vb‡eBm, 2006

MZ cuvP eQi a‡i cÖL¨vZ Z_¨ Ges †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (AvBwmwU) we‡klÁ, MwYZ wkÿK Ges Ab¨vb¨ Drmvnx e¨w³eM© mviv evsjv‡`‡k MwYZ Awjw¤úqv‡Wi Av‡qvRb K‡i Avm‡Qb| GB Kvh©µg ZiæY wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡b MwY‡Zi mgm¨v mgvav‡b AvMÖn RvwM‡q Zzj‡Q| AvMvgx eQi¸‡jv‡Z GB MwYZ Awjw¤úqvW Kvh©µg evsjv‡`‡k MwYZ wkÿv ms¯‹…wZ Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨Kvix f~wgKv ivL‡e|

D‡Ïk¨

GB M‡elYvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’vq MwY‡Zi mvwe©K Ae¯’v Kx we‡kølY Kiv| GQvov M‡elYvi Ab¨ D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv n‡”Q-

1. wkÿv_©x‡`i gv‡S MwY‡Zi ̧ iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wó Kiv;

2. evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’vq welq wn‡m‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i MwYZ‡K cQ›` bv Kivi KviYmg~n Lyu‡R †ei Kiv;

3. †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿK Kxfv‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i MwY‡Zi cÖwZ AvMÖn evwo‡q Zzj‡Z cv‡ib, †mB Dcvq Lyu‡R †ei Kiv;

4. GQvov G wel‡q m‡PZb mevi Rb¨ GKwU Kvh©Ki bxwZgvjv mieivn Kiv hv evsjv‡`‡k gvbm¤úbœ MwYZ wkÿv ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡b mnvqK n‡e|

M‡elYvi c×wZ

Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ GB M‡elYvq Rwic c×wZ †e‡Q †bIqv n‡q‡Q| G D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ_gZ wZb m`‡m¨i GKwU M‡elYv ̀ j MVb Kiv nq| Gici MwYZ wkÿvq eZ©gvb mgm¨vmg~n wPwýZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ beg-`kg †kªYxi wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ GKwU, K‡jR ch©v‡qi wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ GKwU Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi

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wkÿvcÖwZôv‡b MwYZ wel‡q cvV`vbiZ wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ GKwU- †gvU wZbwU cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi Kiv nq| cÖkœc‡Î Db¥y³ Ges e×- ̀ yB ai‡bi cÖkœB ivLv nq|

M‡elYvi Rb¨ D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e QqwU wefvM †_‡K †gvU 12wU †Rjv‡K †e‡Q †bIqv n‡q‡Q| GKB c×wZ‡Z cÖwZwU †Rjv †_‡K ̀ ywU K‡i Dc‡Rjv A_©vr me©‡gvU 24wU Dc‡Rjv‡K M‡elYvi AvIZvq Avbv n‡q‡Q| GQvov mij ̂ `ePqb c×wZ‡Z cÖwZwU Dc‡Rjv n‡Z ̀ ywU K‡i D”P-we`¨vjq Ges GKwU K‡i K‡jR‡K GB M‡elYvi AvIZvq Avbv n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e †gvU 48wU D”P-we`¨vjq Ges 24wU K‡j‡Ri Ici GB M‡elYvwU cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| 2006 mv‡ji A‡±vei †_‡K wW‡m¤^i gv‡m Gme wkÿvcÖwZôv‡bi ˆ`ePq‡bi gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ 3,602 Rb wkÿv_©xi Ici M‡elYvwU cwiPvwjZ nq| Dciš‘, cÖwZwU wkÿvcÖwZôvb †_‡K MwY‡Zi `yÕRb K‡i wkÿK A_©vr †gvU 144 Rb wkÿK‡K GB M‡elYvi AvIZvq Avbv nq|

GQvov wewfbœ ai‡bi eB, wi‡cvU©, Rvb©vj, cÖeÜ Ges mswkøó B›Uvi‡bU I‡qe mvBU †_‡KI M‡elYv-mswkøó wewfbœ ai‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| Z_¨My‡jv‡K cÖPwjZ Dcv‡q mvaviY cvwimvswL¨K c×wZ †hgb wd«Kz‡qwÝ Ges kZvsk BZ¨vw`‡Z we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

djvdj

evsjv‡`‡ki MwYZ wkÿv-m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vmg~n

wkÿK-m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vmg~n

1. wewfbœ ai‡bi we`¨vj‡q cvV`vbiZ 70% wkÿK MÖ¨vRy‡qU ev †cv÷-MÖ¨vRy‡qU ch©v‡q MwYZ welqwU c‡ob wb| G mg¯Í wkÿK‡`i Øviv wkÿv_©x‡`i MwY‡Zi †KŠZznj ev AvMÖn †gUv‡bv m¤¢e bq| Zuviv GgbwK MwY‡Zi BwZnvm m¤ú‡K©I fv‡jvfv‡e AeMZ bb| AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB Zuviv AbvKl©Yxqfv‡e K¬vm †bb Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i †Rvi K‡ib Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q cÖvB‡fU co‡Z|

2. 60% MwYZ wkÿK‡K MwY‡Zi cvkvcvwk wbqwgZ c`v_©we`¨v ev imvqb weÁvb ev G ai‡bi welq¸‡jvi K¬vm wb‡Z nq| ïay MwY‡Z g‡bvwb‡ek Kivi †ÿ‡Î GwU GKwU eo evav wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

3. A‡bK MwYZ wkÿKB h_vh_ cÖ¯‘wZ bv wb‡q †kªYxK‡ÿ cÖ‡ek K‡ib| Zuviv MwY‡Zi mv¤cÖwZK DbœwZ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©x‡`i AewnZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|

4. A‡bK wkÿK i‡q‡Qb huviv Zuv‡`i welq m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó `ÿ| wKš‘ wkÿv_©x‡`i mgm¨v¸‡jv ˆah©mnKv‡i mgvavb Kiv Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi ev ch©v‡qi wkÿv_©x‡`i wewfbœ †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv‡bvi gva¨‡g wkLb-wkÿY c×wZ cwiPvjbvq Zuv‡`i AvMÖ‡ni Afve i‡q‡Q| wkÿv_©x‡`i A‡b‡KB G Kvi‡Y MwYZ‡K AcQ›` Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i|

5. 67% wkÿv_©x Rvwb‡q‡Q †h, Zv‡`i wkÿKiv eB‡qi evB‡ii †Kv‡bv cÖ‡kœi mgvavb K‡i †`b bv Ges Zuviv ïay cvV¨eB †_‡KB cÖkœ K‡i _v‡Kb| GwU wkÿv_©x‡`i eB‡qi wKQz wbw`©ó cÖ‡kœi DËi gyL¯’ Kivi cÖeYZv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i|

6. 59% wkÿv_©x Rvwb‡q‡Q †h, hw` Zviv †Kv‡bv mgm¨vi DËi wfbœfv‡e †`q wKsev wkÿK †h c×wZ‡Z cwo‡q‡Qb †mwUi e`‡j Ab¨ c×wZ‡Z DËi †`q Zvn‡j wkÿK Zv‡`i‡K k~b¨ b¤^i w`‡q _v‡Kb| GwU wkÿv_©x‡`i MwY‡Z m„RbkxjZv‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i|

7. R¨vwgwZi cÖwZ AvMÖn evov‡bv Ges R¨vwgwZK hš¿cvwZ e¨env‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i ̀ ÿ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ †kªYxK‡ÿ R¨vwgwZK hš¿cvwZi e¨envi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| gvÎ 40% wkÿK ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb †h, R¨vwgwZ K¬v‡m Zuviv R¨vwgwZK hš¿cvwZ e¨envi K‡ib|

AwffveK-m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vmg~n

MwYZmn wewfbœ wel‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i AvMÖn e„wׇZ AwffveKiv ̧ iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GB Rwic Abymv‡i †`Lv hvq, gvÎ 32% AwffveK wkÿv_©x‡`i MwY‡Zi cÖwZ Drmvn w`‡q _v‡Kb|

wkÿv_©x-m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vmg~n

1. MwY‡Zi Rb¨ cÖvB‡fU †KvwPs Kiv AZ¨vek¨K e‡j 90% wkÿv_©x g‡b K‡i| cixÿvq MwY‡Z fv‡jv b¤^i cvIqvi j‡ÿ¨ Zviv Zv‡`i we`¨vj‡qi MwYZ wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q cÖvB‡f‡U c‡o| †h Kvi‡Y Zviv K¬v‡m g‡bv‡hvMx _v‡K bv|

2. MwY‡Zi Rb¨ MvBW eB wbqwgZ e¨envi K‡i _v‡K 79% wkÿv_©x| Zviv wb‡R †_‡K MwY‡Zi mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i bv| Dciš‘ MwY‡Zi mgm¨v¸‡jv Dcjwä Kivi e`‡j †m¸‡jv gyL¯’ Kivi cÖeYZv Zv‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q|

cvV¨eB-m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vmg~n

MwYZ eB¸‡jv‡Z h_vh_ D`vni‡Yi Afve cÖKU| †hgb, beg-`kg †kªYxi exRMwYZ eB‡qi 5.1 Aa¨v‡q D`vniY wn‡m‡e gvÎ 10wU cÖkœ i‡q‡Q, †hLv‡b Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ 40wU cÖkœ i‡q‡Q| GB eB¸‡jv wewfbœ ch©v‡qi wkÿv_©x I wkÿK‡`i Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Gi Aek¨¤¢vex dj n‡”QÑ wkÿv_©xiv Gme cÖ‡kœi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ MvBW eB‡qi Øvi¯’ nq|

Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨vmg~n

1. †hvM¨ wkÿ‡Ki Afve, AeKvVv‡gvMZ mgm¨v BZ¨vw`i wbwi‡L MwYZ wkÿvi gv‡bi w`K w`‡q kni GjvKvi PvB‡Z MÖvg GjvKv wcwQ‡q Av‡Q|

2. MwY‡Zi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Av`k© ev h_v_© wkÿK g¨vbyqvj †bB e‡j 100% wkÿKB Rvwb‡q‡Qb| GbwmwUwe †_‡K MwY‡Zi Rb¨ †h g¨vbyqvjwU ̂ Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q, †mwUI mn‡R cvIqv hvq bv e‡j Zuviv Rvwb‡q‡Qb|

3. gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nIqv AwaKvsk wkÿv_©xiB MwY‡Zi wfwË Lye `ye©j _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i hviv MÖvg GjvKv †_‡K Av‡m Zviv `ÿ wkÿ‡Ki Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y Ges Ab¨vb¨ Av_©-mvgvwRK Kvi‡Y cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq †_‡K Lye ̀ ye©j MwY‡Zi Ávb wb‡q Av‡m|

4. cÖvq †Kv‡bv we`¨vj‡qB MwY‡Zi e¨envwiK K¬vm h_vh_fv‡e nq bv|

5. `vwi`ª¨ Ges Acywó wkÿv_©x‡`i †`n I g‡b †bwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j Ges Zv‡`i mvwe©K Dbœq‡b cÖwZK~jZvi m„wó K‡i|

mycwik

Dchy©³ mgm¨v¸‡jv ̀ ~i Kivi Rb¨ Ges evsjv‡`‡k GKwU DbœZ MwYZ wkÿv ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡bi w`‡K hvIqvi j‡ÿ¨ GB M‡elYv †_‡K wbgœwjwLZ mycvwik¸‡jv Kiv nj:

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wkÿvcÖwZôv‡b MwYZ wel‡q cvV`vbiZ wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ GKwU- †gvU wZbwU cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi Kiv nq| cÖkœc‡Î Db¥y³ Ges e×- ̀ yB ai‡bi cÖkœB ivLv nq|

M‡elYvi Rb¨ D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e QqwU wefvM †_‡K †gvU 12wU †Rjv‡K †e‡Q †bIqv n‡q‡Q| GKB c×wZ‡Z cÖwZwU †Rjv †_‡K ̀ ywU K‡i Dc‡Rjv A_©vr me©‡gvU 24wU Dc‡Rjv‡K M‡elYvi AvIZvq Avbv n‡q‡Q| GQvov mij ̂ `ePqb c×wZ‡Z cÖwZwU Dc‡Rjv n‡Z ̀ ywU K‡i D”P-we`¨vjq Ges GKwU K‡i K‡jR‡K GB M‡elYvi AvIZvq Avbv n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e †gvU 48wU D”P-we`¨vjq Ges 24wU K‡j‡Ri Ici GB M‡elYvwU cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| 2006 mv‡ji A‡±vei †_‡K wW‡m¤^i gv‡m Gme wkÿvcÖwZôv‡bi ˆ`ePq‡bi gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ 3,602 Rb wkÿv_©xi Ici M‡elYvwU cwiPvwjZ nq| Dciš‘, cÖwZwU wkÿvcÖwZôvb †_‡K MwY‡Zi `yÕRb K‡i wkÿK A_©vr †gvU 144 Rb wkÿK‡K GB M‡elYvi AvIZvq Avbv nq|

GQvov wewfbœ ai‡bi eB, wi‡cvU©, Rvb©vj, cÖeÜ Ges mswkøó B›Uvi‡bU I‡qe mvBU †_‡KI M‡elYv-mswkøó wewfbœ ai‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| Z_¨My‡jv‡K cÖPwjZ Dcv‡q mvaviY cvwimvswL¨K c×wZ †hgb wd«Kz‡qwÝ Ges kZvsk BZ¨vw`‡Z we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

djvdj

evsjv‡`‡ki MwYZ wkÿv-m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vmg~n

wkÿK-m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vmg~n

1. wewfbœ ai‡bi we`¨vj‡q cvV`vbiZ 70% wkÿK MÖ¨vRy‡qU ev †cv÷-MÖ¨vRy‡qU ch©v‡q MwYZ welqwU c‡ob wb| G mg¯Í wkÿK‡`i Øviv wkÿv_©x‡`i MwY‡Zi †KŠZznj ev AvMÖn †gUv‡bv m¤¢e bq| Zuviv GgbwK MwY‡Zi BwZnvm m¤ú‡K©I fv‡jvfv‡e AeMZ bb| AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB Zuviv AbvKl©Yxqfv‡e K¬vm †bb Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i †Rvi K‡ib Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q cÖvB‡fU co‡Z|

2. 60% MwYZ wkÿK‡K MwY‡Zi cvkvcvwk wbqwgZ c`v_©we`¨v ev imvqb weÁvb ev G ai‡bi welq¸‡jvi K¬vm wb‡Z nq| ïay MwY‡Z g‡bvwb‡ek Kivi †ÿ‡Î GwU GKwU eo evav wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

3. A‡bK MwYZ wkÿKB h_vh_ cÖ¯‘wZ bv wb‡q †kªYxK‡ÿ cÖ‡ek K‡ib| Zuviv MwY‡Zi mv¤cÖwZK DbœwZ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©x‡`i AewnZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|

4. A‡bK wkÿK i‡q‡Qb huviv Zuv‡`i welq m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó `ÿ| wKš‘ wkÿv_©x‡`i mgm¨v¸‡jv ˆah©mnKv‡i mgvavb Kiv Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi ev ch©v‡qi wkÿv_©x‡`i wewfbœ †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv‡bvi gva¨‡g wkLb-wkÿY c×wZ cwiPvjbvq Zuv‡`i AvMÖ‡ni Afve i‡q‡Q| wkÿv_©x‡`i A‡b‡KB G Kvi‡Y MwYZ‡K AcQ›` Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i|

5. 67% wkÿv_©x Rvwb‡q‡Q †h, Zv‡`i wkÿKiv eB‡qi evB‡ii †Kv‡bv cÖ‡kœi mgvavb K‡i †`b bv Ges Zuviv ïay cvV¨eB †_‡KB cÖkœ K‡i _v‡Kb| GwU wkÿv_©x‡`i eB‡qi wKQz wbw`©ó cÖ‡kœi DËi gyL¯’ Kivi cÖeYZv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i|

6. 59% wkÿv_©x Rvwb‡q‡Q †h, hw` Zviv †Kv‡bv mgm¨vi DËi wfbœfv‡e †`q wKsev wkÿK †h c×wZ‡Z cwo‡q‡Qb †mwUi e`‡j Ab¨ c×wZ‡Z DËi †`q Zvn‡j wkÿK Zv‡`i‡K k~b¨ b¤^i w`‡q _v‡Kb| GwU wkÿv_©x‡`i MwY‡Z m„RbkxjZv‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i|

7. R¨vwgwZi cÖwZ AvMÖn evov‡bv Ges R¨vwgwZK hš¿cvwZ e¨env‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i ̀ ÿ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ †kªYxK‡ÿ R¨vwgwZK hš¿cvwZi e¨envi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| gvÎ 40% wkÿK ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb †h, R¨vwgwZ K¬v‡m Zuviv R¨vwgwZK hš¿cvwZ e¨envi K‡ib|

AwffveK-m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vmg~n

MwYZmn wewfbœ wel‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i AvMÖn e„wׇZ AwffveKiv ̧ iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GB Rwic Abymv‡i †`Lv hvq, gvÎ 32% AwffveK wkÿv_©x‡`i MwY‡Zi cÖwZ Drmvn w`‡q _v‡Kb|

wkÿv_©x-m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vmg~n

1. MwY‡Zi Rb¨ cÖvB‡fU †KvwPs Kiv AZ¨vek¨K e‡j 90% wkÿv_©x g‡b K‡i| cixÿvq MwY‡Z fv‡jv b¤^i cvIqvi j‡ÿ¨ Zviv Zv‡`i we`¨vj‡qi MwYZ wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q cÖvB‡f‡U c‡o| †h Kvi‡Y Zviv K¬v‡m g‡bv‡hvMx _v‡K bv|

2. MwY‡Zi Rb¨ MvBW eB wbqwgZ e¨envi K‡i _v‡K 79% wkÿv_©x| Zviv wb‡R †_‡K MwY‡Zi mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i bv| Dciš‘ MwY‡Zi mgm¨v¸‡jv Dcjwä Kivi e`‡j †m¸‡jv gyL¯’ Kivi cÖeYZv Zv‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q|

cvV¨eB-m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vmg~n

MwYZ eB¸‡jv‡Z h_vh_ D`vni‡Yi Afve cÖKU| †hgb, beg-`kg †kªYxi exRMwYZ eB‡qi 5.1 Aa¨v‡q D`vniY wn‡m‡e gvÎ 10wU cÖkœ i‡q‡Q, †hLv‡b Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ 40wU cÖkœ i‡q‡Q| GB eB¸‡jv wewfbœ ch©v‡qi wkÿv_©x I wkÿK‡`i Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Gi Aek¨¤¢vex dj n‡”QÑ wkÿv_©xiv Gme cÖ‡kœi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ MvBW eB‡qi Øvi¯’ nq|

Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨vmg~n

1. †hvM¨ wkÿ‡Ki Afve, AeKvVv‡gvMZ mgm¨v BZ¨vw`i wbwi‡L MwYZ wkÿvi gv‡bi w`K w`‡q kni GjvKvi PvB‡Z MÖvg GjvKv wcwQ‡q Av‡Q|

2. MwY‡Zi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Av`k© ev h_v_© wkÿK g¨vbyqvj †bB e‡j 100% wkÿKB Rvwb‡q‡Qb| GbwmwUwe †_‡K MwY‡Zi Rb¨ †h g¨vbyqvjwU ̂ Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q, †mwUI mn‡R cvIqv hvq bv e‡j Zuviv Rvwb‡q‡Qb|

3. gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nIqv AwaKvsk wkÿv_©xiB MwY‡Zi wfwË Lye `ye©j _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i hviv MÖvg GjvKv †_‡K Av‡m Zviv `ÿ wkÿ‡Ki Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y Ges Ab¨vb¨ Av_©-mvgvwRK Kvi‡Y cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq †_‡K Lye ̀ ye©j MwY‡Zi Ávb wb‡q Av‡m|

4. cÖvq †Kv‡bv we`¨vj‡qB MwY‡Zi e¨envwiK K¬vm h_vh_fv‡e nq bv|

5. `vwi`ª¨ Ges Acywó wkÿv_©x‡`i †`n I g‡b †bwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j Ges Zv‡`i mvwe©K Dbœq‡b cÖwZK~jZvi m„wó K‡i|

mycwik

Dchy©³ mgm¨v¸‡jv ̀ ~i Kivi Rb¨ Ges evsjv‡`‡k GKwU DbœZ MwYZ wkÿv ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡bi w`‡K hvIqvi j‡ÿ¨ GB M‡elYv †_‡K wbgœwjwLZ mycvwik¸‡jv Kiv nj:

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� MwYZ wkÿK‡`i mywkwÿZ Ges G wel‡q fv‡jvfv‡e cÖwkwÿZ nIqv `iKvi| huviv MÖ¨vRy‡qU ev †cv÷-MÖ¨vRy‡qU ch©v‡q MwYZ wel‡q cov‡jLv K‡i‡Qb, ïay Zuv‡`i ØvivB †kªYxK‡ÿ MwYZ cov‡bv ̀ iKvi|

� wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ h_vh_ cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡q Ges mywbw`©ó cvV-cwiKíbv Abymv‡i wkÿK‡`i K¬v‡m cov‡bv DwPZ|

� MwYZ wkÿK‡`i †kªYxK‡ÿ ïay MwYZ cov‡bv‡ZB g‡bv‡hvM †`Iqv DwPZ| Zuv‡`i Øviv Ab¨ welq cvV`vb bv Kiv‡bv †kªq|

� h_vh_ D`vniYmn MwYZ cvV¨eB memgq Avc-Uz-†WU ivLv ̀ iKvi|

� wkÿv_©x‡`i mv‡_ wkÿ‡Ki mvnvh¨Kvix I eÜzZ¡c~Y© e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|

� wkÿv_©xiv hw` wfbœ c×wZ‡Z MwY‡Zi mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡i, Zvn‡j wkÿ‡Ki DwPZ Zv‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv|

� hZ`~i m¤¢e cixÿvq cvV¨cy¯Í‡K e¨eüZ cÖkœcÎ e¨envi bv Kiv DwPZ|

� K¬v‡m wkÿv_©x‡`i wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖkœ Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Kiv DwPZ|

� wkÿv_©x‡`i †gav Abymv‡i cÖwZwU †kªYx‡K `y‡Uv †mKk‡b fvM Kiv DwPZ| `ye©j †mKk‡bi wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖwZ †ewk g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| hw` GB †mKk‡bi †Kv‡bv wkÿv_©x fv‡jv `ÿZv cÖ`k©b K‡i, Zvn‡j Zv‡K †gavex wkÿv_©x‡`i †mKk‡b wb‡Z n‡e| †gavex wkÿv_©x‡`i †mKk‡bI †h `ye©j `ÿZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡e, Zv‡K `ye©j‡`i †mKk‡b wb‡Z n‡e Ges Zv‡`i cÖwZ we‡kl g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e|

� †Kej †Kv‡bv weKí bv _vK‡jB wkÿv_©x‡`i MvBW eB e¨envi Ki‡Z w`‡Z n‡e|

� MwYZ K¬v‡mi mgqmxgv GK NÈvi Kg nIqv DwPZ bq|

� MwY‡Zi e¨envwiK K¬vm¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e nIqv DwPZ|

� GbwmwUwe KZ…©K wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ cÖYxZ wkÿK mnvwqKv¸‡jv mnRjf¨ nIqv ̀ iKvi|

� wkÿv_©xiv †hb MwYZ‡K D‡cÿv bv K‡i G e¨vcv‡i AwffveK‡`i mRvM _vKv DwPZ|

� AvKl©Yxq Ges D™¢vebxg~jK c× wZ e ¨en v ‡ ii g va ¨ ‡g wkÿK‡`i DwPZ wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv| GLv‡b †Zgb GKwU D`vniY †`Iqv nj †hLv‡b gv kãwU e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e exRMvwYwZK mgxKiY Ges Amvg¨Zv eySv‡bv hvq, Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx60 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx58 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 59

� GmGmwm I GBPGmwm ch©v‡q weÁvb kvLvq MwYZ‡K Aek¨B mevi Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv DwPZ|

� †`ke¨vcx MwYZ Awjw¤úqv‡Wi g‡Zv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †Rvi`vi Kiv DwPZ|

� cÖwZwU wkÿvcÖwZôv‡b GKwU K‡i MwYZ K¬ve _vKv DwPZ †hLv‡b wkÿv_©xiv wewfbœ ai‡bi †Mg Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kg©Kv‡Ði gva¨‡g Zv‡`i we‡kølYx ̀ ÿZv kvwYZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

� †gavex wkÿv_©x‡`i MwY‡Zi wkÿK nIqvi Rb¨ wewfbœ Drmvng~jK myweav cÖ`vb Kiv ̀ iKvi|

� h_vh_ I gvbm¤úbœ MwYZ wkÿv wbwðZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ me MwYZ wkÿK‡`i cÖwkÿY cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ miKv‡ii GKwU AMÖvwaKviwfwËK †cÖvMÖvg Pvjy Kiv ̀ iKvi|

� Kvh©Ki MwYZ wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ M‡elK‡`i MwY‡Zi Ávb I ̀ ÿZv Dbœq‡bi Ici cÖPzi KvR Kiv `iKvi|

� MwYZ wkÿK‡`i †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ ÔBbw÷wUDU Ae g¨v_v‡gwU·Õ ̄ ’vc‡bi j‡ÿ¨ h_vh_ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv DwPZ|

� MwYZ wkÿvi cÖwZ gvby‡li AvMÖn evov‡bvi Rb¨ wcÖ›U Ges B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqv Df‡qi GwM‡q Avmv DwPZ|

Dcmsnvi

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MÖš’cwÄAminuzzaman, S.M. (1991), “Introduction to Social Research”, Bangladesh Publishers, Dhaka, pp. 39-42.

Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics (BANBEIS), Ministry of Education, 2006

Bergamini, D. (1969), “Mathematics”, Time-Life Books Pocket Edition, September, pp. 8-10.

British Career Guide Website, available at: http://www.he.courses-careers.com/ mathematics.htm

British national curriculum, available at: http://www.courtfields.somerset.sch.uk/maths/ resources.htm

Coble, C. and Allen, M. (2005), “Keeping America Competitive: Five Strategies To Improve Mathematics and Science Education”, Education Commission of the States (ECS), July.

Civil, M. (2006),” Working towards Equity in Mathematics Education: A Focus on Learners, Teachers and Parents”, Proceedings of the 28th annual meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematical Education, Mérida, México, Vol. 1-36.

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Page 61: cÂg el© wØZxq msL¨v AMÖnvqY-†cŠl 1415, wW‡m¤^i 2008bafed.net/pdf/BDec8.pdf · and Shafiul Alam.Published by Nazmul Haq, ... Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U© wØZxq fvlv I

� MwYZ wkÿK‡`i mywkwÿZ Ges G wel‡q fv‡jvfv‡e cÖwkwÿZ nIqv `iKvi| huviv MÖ¨vRy‡qU ev †cv÷-MÖ¨vRy‡qU ch©v‡q MwYZ wel‡q cov‡jLv K‡i‡Qb, ïay Zuv‡`i ØvivB †kªYxK‡ÿ MwYZ cov‡bv ̀ iKvi|

� wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ h_vh_ cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡q Ges mywbw`©ó cvV-cwiKíbv Abymv‡i wkÿK‡`i K¬v‡m cov‡bv DwPZ|

� MwYZ wkÿK‡`i †kªYxK‡ÿ ïay MwYZ cov‡bv‡ZB g‡bv‡hvM †`Iqv DwPZ| Zuv‡`i Øviv Ab¨ welq cvV`vb bv Kiv‡bv †kªq|

� h_vh_ D`vniYmn MwYZ cvV¨eB memgq Avc-Uz-†WU ivLv ̀ iKvi|

� wkÿv_©x‡`i mv‡_ wkÿ‡Ki mvnvh¨Kvix I eÜzZ¡c~Y© e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|

� wkÿv_©xiv hw` wfbœ c×wZ‡Z MwY‡Zi mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡i, Zvn‡j wkÿ‡Ki DwPZ Zv‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv|

� hZ`~i m¤¢e cixÿvq cvV¨cy¯Í‡K e¨eüZ cÖkœcÎ e¨envi bv Kiv DwPZ|

� K¬v‡m wkÿv_©x‡`i wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖkœ Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Kiv DwPZ|

� wkÿv_©x‡`i †gav Abymv‡i cÖwZwU †kªYx‡K `y‡Uv †mKk‡b fvM Kiv DwPZ| `ye©j †mKk‡bi wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖwZ †ewk g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| hw` GB †mKk‡bi †Kv‡bv wkÿv_©x fv‡jv `ÿZv cÖ`k©b K‡i, Zvn‡j Zv‡K †gavex wkÿv_©x‡`i †mKk‡b wb‡Z n‡e| †gavex wkÿv_©x‡`i †mKk‡bI †h `ye©j `ÿZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡e, Zv‡K `ye©j‡`i †mKk‡b wb‡Z n‡e Ges Zv‡`i cÖwZ we‡kl g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e|

� †Kej †Kv‡bv weKí bv _vK‡jB wkÿv_©x‡`i MvBW eB e¨envi Ki‡Z w`‡Z n‡e|

� MwYZ K¬v‡mi mgqmxgv GK NÈvi Kg nIqv DwPZ bq|

� MwY‡Zi e¨envwiK K¬vm¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e nIqv DwPZ|

� GbwmwUwe KZ…©K wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ cÖYxZ wkÿK mnvwqKv¸‡jv mnRjf¨ nIqv ̀ iKvi|

� wkÿv_©xiv †hb MwYZ‡K D‡cÿv bv K‡i G e¨vcv‡i AwffveK‡`i mRvM _vKv DwPZ|

� AvKl©Yxq Ges D™¢vebxg~jK c× wZ e ¨en v ‡ ii g va ¨ ‡g wkÿK‡`i DwPZ wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv| GLv‡b †Zgb GKwU D`vniY †`Iqv nj †hLv‡b gv kãwU e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e exRMvwYwZK mgxKiY Ges Amvg¨Zv eySv‡bv hvq, Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx60 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx58 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 59

� GmGmwm I GBPGmwm ch©v‡q weÁvb kvLvq MwYZ‡K Aek¨B mevi Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv DwPZ|

� †`ke¨vcx MwYZ Awjw¤úqv‡Wi g‡Zv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †Rvi`vi Kiv DwPZ|

� cÖwZwU wkÿvcÖwZôv‡b GKwU K‡i MwYZ K¬ve _vKv DwPZ †hLv‡b wkÿv_©xiv wewfbœ ai‡bi †Mg Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kg©Kv‡Ði gva¨‡g Zv‡`i we‡kølYx ̀ ÿZv kvwYZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

� †gavex wkÿv_©x‡`i MwY‡Zi wkÿK nIqvi Rb¨ wewfbœ Drmvng~jK myweav cÖ`vb Kiv ̀ iKvi|

� h_vh_ I gvbm¤úbœ MwYZ wkÿv wbwðZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ me MwYZ wkÿK‡`i cÖwkÿY cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ miKv‡ii GKwU AMÖvwaKviwfwËK †cÖvMÖvg Pvjy Kiv ̀ iKvi|

� Kvh©Ki MwYZ wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ M‡elK‡`i MwY‡Zi Ávb I ̀ ÿZv Dbœq‡bi Ici cÖPzi KvR Kiv `iKvi|

� MwYZ wkÿK‡`i †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ ÔBbw÷wUDU Ae g¨v_v‡gwU·Õ ̄ ’vc‡bi j‡ÿ¨ h_vh_ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv DwPZ|

� MwYZ wkÿvi cÖwZ gvby‡li AvMÖn evov‡bvi Rb¨ wcÖ›U Ges B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqv Df‡qi GwM‡q Avmv DwPZ|

Dcmsnvi

weL¨vZ weªwUk cwÐZ †nbwi †nvqvBU‡nW g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, Lye Kg welqB i‡q‡Q hv Rxe‡bi cÖ_g †_‡KB ïiæ Kiv DwPZÑ myi m„wó, iæwPKi I e¨envi‡hvM¨ AvmevecÎ wWRvBb Ges MwYZ PP©v Kiv ev AšÍZc‡ÿ cÖksmv Kiv Gi Ab¨Zg| †h †Kv‡bv wkÿv Kvh©µ‡g MwYZ GKwU ̧ iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb Ñ G wb‡q †Kv‡bvB m‡›`n †bB| wkÿv_©x‡`i MwYZ‡K ̧ iæZ¡mnKv‡i †bIqv DwPZ; bv n‡j MwYZ Avek¨K Ggb K¨vwiqv‡ii †ÿθ‡jv †_‡K Zviv cy‡ivcywi ev` c‡o hv‡e|

MÖš’cwÄAminuzzaman, S.M. (1991), “Introduction to Social Research”, Bangladesh Publishers, Dhaka, pp. 39-42.

Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics (BANBEIS), Ministry of Education, 2006

Bergamini, D. (1969), “Mathematics”, Time-Life Books Pocket Edition, September, pp. 8-10.

British Career Guide Website, available at: http://www.he.courses-careers.com/ mathematics.htm

British national curriculum, available at: http://www.courtfields.somerset.sch.uk/maths/ resources.htm

Coble, C. and Allen, M. (2005), “Keeping America Competitive: Five Strategies To Improve Mathematics and Science Education”, Education Commission of the States (ECS), July.

Civil, M. (2006),” Working towards Equity in Mathematics Education: A Focus on Learners, Teachers and Parents”, Proceedings of the 28th annual meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematical Education, Mérida, México, Vol. 1-36.

Y

O X

2

22

x+

(y-

4)

=4

, 0

£ x

£ 4

2 2 2(x - 4) + y = 4 , 0 £ y £ 4

y = 8, 0 £ x £ 10

x =

8, 0

£ y

£ 8

x =

10

, 0

£ y

£ 8

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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx60

Davis, A. (2001), “Teaching for Understanding in Primary Mathematics”, Evaluation and Research in Education, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 136-137.

ndKatz, V.J. (1998), “A History of Mathematics: an Introduction”, Addison Wesley, 2 edition,

National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy, (2002), Ministry of Science and Information & Communication Technology, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.

Solomon, Y. and O'Neil, J. (1998), “Mathematics and Narrative”, Language and Education, Vol. 12, No. 3.

Smith, D.E. (2005), “History of Modern Mathematics”, THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, 4th edition, USA.

Uddin, M.M. (2002), “Numeracy in Bangladesh: Terminal Competencies of Mathematics at Primary Education”, available at- http://www.criced.tsukuba.ac.jp/math/sym/ mohsin0123.pdf.

Whitfield, P. (1999), “Landmarks in Western Science: From Prehistory to the Atomic Age”, the British Library, London, pp-55-56.

Zinth, K. (2006), “A Synthesis of Recommendations for Improving U.S. Science and Mathematics Education ”, Education Commission of the States, March, available at -www.ecs.org

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 61

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cÖKvkK: Ab¨ cÖKvk38/2-K evsjvevRvi, XvKv-1100g~j¨ : 300 UvKv

W. †gvnv¤§` nvbbvb evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’vq QvÎmgv‡Ri f~wgKv I wkÿv Av‡›`vjb wb‡q `k L‡Ði evsjv‡`‡ki QvÎ Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnvmMÖš’ iPbv K‡i BwZg‡a¨ f~qmx cÖksmv AR©b K‡i‡Qb| wkÿv Av‡›`vjb Z_v Avgv‡`i ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½ mgvšÍivjfv‡e Zuvi m~ÿ, ZvwË¡K I M‡elYvmÄvZ GB µgvMZ avivevwnK QvÎ Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnvm Avgv‡`i mvs¯‹…wZK I mvgvwRK Rxe‡biI bvbv cUcwieZ©‡bi Qwe wn‡m‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Zuvi msKwjZ I m¤úvw`Z msev`c‡Î wkÿvfvebv MÖš’wUI we‡kl D‡jø‡Li ̀ vwe iv‡L| wkÿvwelqK G ̀ ywU MÖ‡š’i ci Zuvi eZ©gvb Av‡jvP¨ MÖš’ evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’v I cixÿv c×wZi BwZnvm MÖš’wUI welqe¯‘i AwfbeZ¡ I ¸iæ‡Z¡i wbwi‡L †ek cÖ‡qvRbxq e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb evsjvi cÖvPxb †jvKwkÿvi cÖm½ †U‡b G‡b‡Qb Ges G‡`‡ki wkÿvi †Mvovi w`‡Ki GKUv PvjwPÎ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv-wel‡q AbymwÜrmy I †KŠZznjx cvVK‡`i g‡b bZzbZi-fvebv I cÖ‡Yv`bvi mÂvi K‡i‡Qb| G eB‡qi m~Pbvq wZwb wj‡L‡Qb:

Ôevsjvi wkÿvi BwZnv‡m Avw`hy‡M D”Pwkÿvq bv n‡jI cÖv_wgK wkÿvi BwZnv‡m mr cÖ‡Póv jÿ Kiv hvq| cÖvPxbKv‡j †eŠ×wenvi‡K †K›`ª K‡i Ávb A‡š^l‡Yi †h wekvj Av‡qvRb cwijwÿZ nq Zv D”P wkÿv ch©vq ch©šÍ _vK‡jI Gi wfwË wQj myk„•Lj cÖv_wgK wkÿv|Õ wZwb ga¨hyM I †gvMj Avg‡j Avgv‡`i †`‡ki MÖvg‡Kw›`ªK wkÿve¨e¯’vq ̀ wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ †h †jvKwkÿvi cÖPjb wQj Ges †m wkÿv wKfv‡e cÖ`vb Kiv nZ, wkÿvq Kx Kx DcKiY e¨envi Kiv nZ, Kviv wkÿv w`‡Zb Gme wPÎ AZ¨šÍ my›`ifv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| cÖvPxb evsjvi †jvKRxeb m¤ú‡K© bvbv Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i aviYv A¯úó I Am”Q, wkÿve¨e¯’v †Zv e‡UB|

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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx60

Davis, A. (2001), “Teaching for Understanding in Primary Mathematics”, Evaluation and Research in Education, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 136-137.

ndKatz, V.J. (1998), “A History of Mathematics: an Introduction”, Addison Wesley, 2 edition,

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Solomon, Y. and O'Neil, J. (1998), “Mathematics and Narrative”, Language and Education, Vol. 12, No. 3.

Smith, D.E. (2005), “History of Modern Mathematics”, THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, 4th edition, USA.

Uddin, M.M. (2002), “Numeracy in Bangladesh: Terminal Competencies of Mathematics at Primary Education”, available at- http://www.criced.tsukuba.ac.jp/math/sym/ mohsin0123.pdf.

Whitfield, P. (1999), “Landmarks in Western Science: From Prehistory to the Atomic Age”, the British Library, London, pp-55-56.

Zinth, K. (2006), “A Synthesis of Recommendations for Improving U.S. Science and Mathematics Education ”, Education Commission of the States, March, available at -www.ecs.org

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 61

Òevsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv e¨e¯’v I cixÿv c×wZi BwZnvmÓ- W. †gvnv¤§` nvbbvb

cÖKvkK: Ab¨ cÖKvk38/2-K evsjvevRvi, XvKv-1100g~j¨ : 300 UvKv

W. †gvnv¤§` nvbbvb evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’vq QvÎmgv‡Ri f~wgKv I wkÿv Av‡›`vjb wb‡q `k L‡Ði evsjv‡`‡ki QvÎ Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnvmMÖš’ iPbv K‡i BwZg‡a¨ f~qmx cÖksmv AR©b K‡i‡Qb| wkÿv Av‡›`vjb Z_v Avgv‡`i ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½ mgvšÍivjfv‡e Zuvi m~ÿ, ZvwË¡K I M‡elYvmÄvZ GB µgvMZ avivevwnK QvÎ Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnvm Avgv‡`i mvs¯‹…wZK I mvgvwRK Rxe‡biI bvbv cUcwieZ©‡bi Qwe wn‡m‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Zuvi msKwjZ I m¤úvw`Z msev`c‡Î wkÿvfvebv MÖš’wUI we‡kl D‡jø‡Li ̀ vwe iv‡L| wkÿvwelqK G ̀ ywU MÖ‡š’i ci Zuvi eZ©gvb Av‡jvP¨ MÖš’ evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’v I cixÿv c×wZi BwZnvm MÖš’wUI welqe¯‘i AwfbeZ¡ I ¸iæ‡Z¡i wbwi‡L †ek cÖ‡qvRbxq e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb evsjvi cÖvPxb †jvKwkÿvi cÖm½ †U‡b G‡b‡Qb Ges G‡`‡ki wkÿvi †Mvovi w`‡Ki GKUv PvjwPÎ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv-wel‡q AbymwÜrmy I †KŠZznjx cvVK‡`i g‡b bZzbZi-fvebv I cÖ‡Yv`bvi mÂvi K‡i‡Qb| G eB‡qi m~Pbvq wZwb wj‡L‡Qb:

Ôevsjvi wkÿvi BwZnv‡m Avw`hy‡M D”Pwkÿvq bv n‡jI cÖv_wgK wkÿvi BwZnv‡m mr cÖ‡Póv jÿ Kiv hvq| cÖvPxbKv‡j †eŠ×wenvi‡K †K›`ª K‡i Ávb A‡š^l‡Yi †h wekvj Av‡qvRb cwijwÿZ nq Zv D”P wkÿv ch©vq ch©šÍ _vK‡jI Gi wfwË wQj myk„•Lj cÖv_wgK wkÿv|Õ wZwb ga¨hyM I †gvMj Avg‡j Avgv‡`i †`‡ki MÖvg‡Kw›`ªK wkÿve¨e¯’vq ̀ wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ †h †jvKwkÿvi cÖPjb wQj Ges †m wkÿv wKfv‡e cÖ`vb Kiv nZ, wkÿvq Kx Kx DcKiY e¨envi Kiv nZ, Kviv wkÿv w`‡Zb Gme wPÎ AZ¨šÍ my›`ifv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| cÖvPxb evsjvi †jvKRxeb m¤ú‡K© bvbv Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i aviYv A¯úó I Am”Q, wkÿve¨e¯’v †Zv e‡UB|

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evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’v I cixÿv c×wZi BwZnvm eBwU ̀ yÕfv‡M wef³| hw`I wkÿvi ms‡M cixÿv ev g~j¨vq‡bi m¤úK© Awe‡”Q`¨, Avgiv mPiPi wKš‘ †mfv‡e †`wL bv| Avgiv wkÿve¨e¯’v I cixÿv `ywU c„_K welq wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z Af¨¯Í| W. †gvnv¤§` nvbbvb evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’v I cixÿv c×wZ MÖš’wU‡K ̀ ywU Aa¨v‡q fvM K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_g Aa¨vq wkÿve¨e¯’v As‡k ̄ ’vb †c‡q‡Q wbgœwjwLZ Ask¸‡jv Ñ

cÖvPxb evsjvi †jvKwkÿvi wm‡jevm, DwbkkZ‡Ki cvVkvjv cvVµg, evOvwji wkÿve¨e¯’v wb‡q bvbviKg cixÿ-wbixÿv, KwjKvZvq Avjxqv gv`ivmv, Kvwk‡Z ms¯‹…wZ K‡jR; cÖvPxbcš’x I AvaywbK-cš’x‡`i Ø›Ø, †mKv‡ji wkÿvbxwZi M~pv_©, e„wUk Avg‡j gymjgvb‡`i wkÿv-fvebv, we`¨vmvM‡ii wkÿvcwiKíbv, †PŠwK`vwi e¨e¯’vq cvVkvjv, e„wUkhy‡M wkÿvZ_¨ I e¨qwPÎ, e„wUkhy‡Mi gymjgvb Qv·`i cixÿvwPÎ, AvaywbK wkÿv †_‡K `~‡i _v‡K evsjvi gymjgvb, wkÿv Lv‡Z A_© eivÏ, cvwK¯Ívb hy‡M evOvwji wkÿvi cÖwZ Ae‡njv BZ¨vw`| G QvovI MÖ‡š’i cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q i‡q‡Q e„wUk Avg‡ji nv›Uvi Kwgk‡bi K_v, cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j 1959 m‡bi kixd Kwgkb wi‡cvU©, nvgy`yi ingvb wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cvU©, b~i Lvb wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cvU©, ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZôvi ci cÖ_g wkÿv Kwgkb Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U©i K_v| Gme wi‡cv‡U©i cwi‡cÖwÿZ I wkÿvwel‡q wewfbœ QvÎ-msMV‡bi AwfgZ I Av‡›`vj‡bi K_vI I‡V G‡m‡Q cÖh©vqµ‡g| †gvUvgywU fv‡e, ms‡ÿ‡c n‡jI- e„wUkc~e©, e„wUkfviZ, cvwK¯Ívb Avgj I evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi ci Avgv‡`i wkÿve¨e¯’vi GKUv mswÿß aviYvÁvcK wPÎ Ôevsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’v I cixÿv c×wZi BwZnvmÕ MÖ‡š’ cvIqv hvq|

ÔBwZnvmÕ K_vwU A‡bK e¨vcK I A‡bK Z_¨wbf©i welq| Av‡jvP¨ MÖ‡š’ BwZnv‡mi avivµg¸‡jv mvaviY cvVK‡`i Kv‡Q Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| gv‡S gv‡S †jL‡Ki we‡kœlYvZœK ̀ „wlUf½xi cwiPq ̄ úó n‡q D‡V‡Q| MÖš’ cwiwPwZi d¬¨v‡c †jLK G eB‡qi mvivrmvi Zz‡j ai‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Gfv‡e|

ÔGKzk kZ‡Ki cÖvi‡¤¢ evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvwPÎ GKwU mywbw`©ó Aeqe jvf K‡i‡Q| GK mgq G f~LÐ wbiÿi gvby‡li AÂj wn‡m‡eB cwiwPZ wQj|Õ wKš‘ †jLK Avkv cÖKvk K‡i e‡j‡Qb eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki †ewki fvM gvbyl Aÿi Ávb m¤úbœ|Õ Z‡e G Avkvev` h_v_© bq| miKvwi wnmv‡ei evB‡i GWy‡Kkb Iqv‡Pi M‡elYv †_‡K Rvbv †M‡Q G‡`‡ki mvÿiZvi nvi 44% kZvs‡ki †ewk bq| GLb Avgv‡`i gv_v‡Mvbv mvÿiZvi nvi w`‡q †KD mš‘ó bq-GLb PvB gvbm¤§Z wkÿv| gvbm¤§Z wkÿvi j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ wecyj A_©e¨q I bvbv †KŠk‡j I bvbv bebe cÖK‡íi g‡a¨ Avgiv G¸w”Q e‡U Z‡e †`Lv hv‡”Q iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô†ZvZv KvwnbxÕi †mB ivRvi m¨vKiv‡`i I ivRcwÐZ‡`i bvbv D‡`¨vM Av‡qvR‡bi gZ djvdj †mB k~b¨‡ZB i‡q hv‡”Q| hvB †nvK Avgv‡`i cÖv_wgK wkÿvq hZUzKz AR©b n‡q‡Q ZvI G‡Kev‡i †djbv bq| GLb Avevi cÖvK-‰kke wkÿvi K_v fvev n‡”Q| bvbviKg †Zvo‡Rvo Pj‡Q| A_P GB aviYv¸‡jv †h Avgv‡`i cÖvPxb wkÿve¨e¯’vq wQj Zv bvbv MÖ‡š’i g‡Zv Av‡jvP¨ MÖ‡š’I ewY©Z Av‡Q|

Ôevsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’v I cixÿv c×wZi BwZnvmÕ MÖ‡š’i wØZxq Aa¨vq nj cixÿv c×wZ| 29 wU Dc-Aa¨v‡q †jLK Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖPwjZ cÖvPxb cixÿv c×wZ †_‡K, e„wUk Avgj, cvwK¯Ívb Avgj I evsjv‡`‡ki cixÿv c×wZ I wewfbœ mg‡q miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M MwVZ cixÿv ms¯‹vi KwgwU (1960

†_‡K 1999 ch©šÍ wi‡cv‡U©i mycvwik I G¸‡jvi cvh©v‡jvPbv †hgb i‡q‡Q †Zgwb cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡ji cÖ_g wkÿv Kwgk‡b (1959 mv‡ji kixd Kwgkb) †_‡K 1997 mv‡ji RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb KwgwUi wi‡cvU© ch©šÍ bvbv wi‡cv‡U© cixÿvc×wZi aib I ms¯‹vi wel‡q †h-mycvwik i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jviI we‡kœlYvZ¥K Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb †jLK| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’vi ms‡M Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e cixÿv-c×wZi GB Av‡jvPbv wkÿK-AwffveK‡K †hgb fvwe‡q Zzj‡e †Zgwb Zv‡`i c_-wb‡`©kbvI w`‡Z cv‡i| KviY Gme Z_¨ wkÿv gwš¿Yvbvjq, wkÿv Awa`ßi I †evW©¸‡jv‡ZB mswkøó Kg©KZ©v‡`i AwaMg¨Zvi evB‡i Kv‡iv nv‡Z †Zgb †cuŠQq bv| Gw`K w`‡q Av‡jvP¨ MÖ‡š’i wØZxq Aa¨v‡qi Dc‡hvwMZv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk| eB‡qi †klvs‡k †jLK e¨vb‡eBmi Kv‡qKwU mviwbi e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| hw`I G¸‡jv ch©vß bqÑZeyI mvaviY †KŠZnjx cvV‡Ki cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK, gv`ivmv wkÿv, D”Pwkÿv wel‡q wKQz aviYv †`‡e I wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v, wkÿK-QvÎ msL¨v, AbycvZ I wewfbœ Lv‡Zi e¨q m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`‡e|

cwi‡k‡l, Avgiv Avkv Kie Ôevsjv‡`i wkÿve¨e¯’v I cixÿv c×wZi BwZnvmÕ wkÿK-AwffveK I wkÿvfvey‡Ki Rb¨ GKwU AbymwÜrmy mnvqK MÖš’ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx62 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 63

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evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’v I cixÿv c×wZi BwZnvm eBwU ̀ yÕfv‡M wef³| hw`I wkÿvi ms‡M cixÿv ev g~j¨vq‡bi m¤úK© Awe‡”Q`¨, Avgiv mPiPi wKš‘ †mfv‡e †`wL bv| Avgiv wkÿve¨e¯’v I cixÿv `ywU c„_K welq wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z Af¨¯Í| W. †gvnv¤§` nvbbvb evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’v I cixÿv c×wZ MÖš’wU‡K ̀ ywU Aa¨v‡q fvM K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_g Aa¨vq wkÿve¨e¯’v As‡k ̄ ’vb †c‡q‡Q wbgœwjwLZ Ask¸‡jv Ñ

cÖvPxb evsjvi †jvKwkÿvi wm‡jevm, DwbkkZ‡Ki cvVkvjv cvVµg, evOvwji wkÿve¨e¯’v wb‡q bvbviKg cixÿ-wbixÿv, KwjKvZvq Avjxqv gv`ivmv, Kvwk‡Z ms¯‹…wZ K‡jR; cÖvPxbcš’x I AvaywbK-cš’x‡`i Ø›Ø, †mKv‡ji wkÿvbxwZi M~pv_©, e„wUk Avg‡j gymjgvb‡`i wkÿv-fvebv, we`¨vmvM‡ii wkÿvcwiKíbv, †PŠwK`vwi e¨e¯’vq cvVkvjv, e„wUkhy‡M wkÿvZ_¨ I e¨qwPÎ, e„wUkhy‡Mi gymjgvb Qv·`i cixÿvwPÎ, AvaywbK wkÿv †_‡K `~‡i _v‡K evsjvi gymjgvb, wkÿv Lv‡Z A_© eivÏ, cvwK¯Ívb hy‡M evOvwji wkÿvi cÖwZ Ae‡njv BZ¨vw`| G QvovI MÖ‡š’i cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q i‡q‡Q e„wUk Avg‡ji nv›Uvi Kwgk‡bi K_v, cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j 1959 m‡bi kixd Kwgkb wi‡cvU©, nvgy`yi ingvb wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cvU©, b~i Lvb wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cvU©, ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZôvi ci cÖ_g wkÿv Kwgkb Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U©i K_v| Gme wi‡cv‡U©i cwi‡cÖwÿZ I wkÿvwel‡q wewfbœ QvÎ-msMV‡bi AwfgZ I Av‡›`vj‡bi K_vI I‡V G‡m‡Q cÖh©vqµ‡g| †gvUvgywU fv‡e, ms‡ÿ‡c n‡jI- e„wUkc~e©, e„wUkfviZ, cvwK¯Ívb Avgj I evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi ci Avgv‡`i wkÿve¨e¯’vi GKUv mswÿß aviYvÁvcK wPÎ Ôevsjv‡`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯’v I cixÿv c×wZi BwZnvmÕ MÖ‡š’ cvIqv hvq|

ÔBwZnvmÕ K_vwU A‡bK e¨vcK I A‡bK Z_¨wbf©i welq| Av‡jvP¨ MÖ‡š’ BwZnv‡mi avivµg¸‡jv mvaviY cvVK‡`i Kv‡Q Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| gv‡S gv‡S †jL‡Ki we‡kœlYvZœK ̀ „wlUf½xi cwiPq ̄ úó n‡q D‡V‡Q| MÖš’ cwiwPwZi d¬¨v‡c †jLK G eB‡qi mvivrmvi Zz‡j ai‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Gfv‡e|

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