Calcareous Fossils English

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    1/33

    Introduction

    Calcareous nannofossils include the coccoliths and coccospheres of haptophyte algae and the

    associated nannoliths which are of unknown provenance. The organism which creates the

    coccosphere is called a coccolithophore, they are phytoplankton (autotrophs that contain

    chloroplasts and photosynthesise). Their calcareous skeletons are found in marine deposits

    often in vast numbers, sometimes making up the major component of a particular rock, such

    as the chalk of England. One freshwater species has been reported. Formally coccolithophores

    are separated from other phytoplankton such as diatoms by the presence of a third flagella-

    like appendage called a haptonema, although the flagella bearing stage is often only one of a

    multi-stage life cycle.

    A coccolith is a single disc-like plate which is secreted by the algal organism and held in

    combination with several other, sometimes varying shaped plates by an organic coating to

    form the coccosphere. On death the individual coccoliths invariably become separated and it is

    these that are most commonly preserved in the sedimentary record. Occasionally complete

    coccospheres are preserved and provide valuable information, particularly regarding

    coccospheres which possess two or more morphologicaly different coccoliths. There are two

    forms of coccoliths, the holococcoliths which are formed from calcite crystals which are

    essentially identical in shape and size and the heterococcoliths which are formed from larger

    calcite crystals which vary in size and shape. Most living forms are known to produce only

    heterococcoliths and then only during the non-motile stage of their life cycle. Those that doproduce holococcoliths do so only during their motile stage.

    History of Study

    The first recorded use of the term "coccoliths" is from Ehrenberg's 1836 study of the chalk

    from the island of Rugen in the Baltic Sea. Ehrenberg and other early workers beleived

    coccoliths to have an inorganic origin. It was not untill the second half of the nineteenth

    century when Wallich found coccoliths joined to form coccospheres that an organic origin was

    suggested. Even after the publication of Sorby's 1861 paper, following which the organic origin

    of coccoliths was generally accepted, Ehrenberg remained unconvinced.The 1872 HMS

    Challengerexpedition recovered coccospheres from the upper water layers and correctly

    concluded that they were the skeletons of calcareous algae. The term nannoplankton was

    coined by Lohmann in 1902. The study of coccolithophores has flourished since the 1960's,

    with much ground breaking work done on their biology as well as on the systematics of fossil

    and living forms. The Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), now theOcean Drilling Program

    (ODP),brought the stratigraphic value of calcareous nannofossils to the attention of industry

    http://www.oceansonline.com/challenger_ex.htmhttp://www.oceansonline.com/challenger_ex.htmhttp://www.oceansonline.com/challenger_ex.htmhttp://www.oceansonline.com/challenger_ex.htmhttp://www-odp.tamu.edu/http://www-odp.tamu.edu/http://www-odp.tamu.edu/http://www-odp.tamu.edu/http://www-odp.tamu.edu/http://www-odp.tamu.edu/http://www.oceansonline.com/challenger_ex.htmhttp://www.oceansonline.com/challenger_ex.htm
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    2/33

    as well as the scientific community. Today, due to the speed of preparation, calcareous

    nannofossils have bec ome the preferred tool for quick accurate stratigraphic age

    determination in post-Palaeozoic calcareous sequences.

    Range

    First recorded occurrences of calcareous nannofossils (nannoliths) are from the late Triassic

    (Carnian). The locations from which the earliest nannofossils are found include; the Northern

    and Southern Calcareous Alps, Timor, North-West Australia and Queen Charlotte Islands

    (Canada), all low latitude sites at the time. There are many claims for earlier occurrences but a

    lack of substantiated evidence means these must be excluded. One consequence of the first

    occurrence of calcareous nannofossils in the late Triassic lies in the fact that this was the first

    time open ocean planktonic organisms utilised calcareous skeletons and exported calcium

    carbonate into the deep oceans. This has important repercussions in terms of biogeochemical

    cycles. Today coccolithophores are one of the most important forms of phytoplankton found in

    the oceans, and may be described as the grass of the sea.

  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    3/33

    Classification

    The classification of calcareous nannoplankton is carried out under the International Code of

    Botanical Nomenclature. They are formally classified in the Kingdom Protoctista, Phylum (or

    Division) Haptophyta, Class Prymnesiophyceae. Classification is complicated by the fact that

    some species are dimorphic, that is they possess more than one coccolith on a single

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/gendiag01.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/gendiag01.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    4/33

    coccosphere. This may lead to the belief that two species exist where in fact there is only one.

    Also, pleomorphism (where a holococcolith phase alternates with a heterococcolith phase)

    may also result in coccoliths being placed in different species or even genera when in fact they

    are simply different stages in the life cycle of the same species.

    Applications

    As the groups name suggests calcareous nannofossils are small, generally less than 30 microns

    across and usually between 5 and 10 microns (individual coccoliths). This has advantages and

    disadvantages. Advantages include:

    Good preservation, their small size makes mechanical damage unlikely.

    Widespread distribution, as part of the phytoplankton coccolithophores are distributed

    throughout the photic zone (predominantly the upper 50m of the water column) across almost

    all marine habitats.

    A very large number of individual coccoliths may be preserved in a tiny amount of sediment

    hence only very small quantities of sample are needed to produce statistically valid results.

    Disadvantages include:

    Because of dissolution of calcium carbonate at depth in sea water (called the carbonate

    compensation depth (CCD)), preservation is compromised in deep water sediments.

    Because of their small size and resistance to mechanical breakdown nannofossils can be

    reworked, great care is therefore needed especially when utilising nannofossils for

    biostratigraphic studies.

    Again, because of the small size the opportunities for contamination are high, although carefuland thorough preparation and collection techniques should significantly reduce this risk.

    Biology

    Culture techniques have resulted in great advances in the study of coccolithophore life cycles.

    The existence of a haploid and diploid phase has been proved by the extraction of DNA, with

    mitotic reproduction occurring in both stages. Syngamy (sexual reproduction) has not been

  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    5/33

    observed but is assumed to occur, the recent discovery of combination coccospheres (where

    coccoliths of two distinct forms occur on the same coccosphere) has meant the traditional

    classification will have to be radically revised and updated.

    The defining feature of the haptophytes is the flagella-like haptonema which is generally

    coiled. It differs from the flagella proper in its internal structure and its basal attachment.

    During the non-motile phase the flagella disappear but the haptonema often remains, the

    exact function of the haptonema is not fully understood. The algal cell contains a nucleus and

    two golden-brown chloroplasts which may be moved around the cell to optimise collection of

    available light. The cell also contains mitochondria which contain enzymes which produce the

    energy for cell function, vacuoles which deal with waste products and the Golgi body which is

    the site of coccolith secretion in many species. In many species overlapping oval organic scales

    coat the outer cell membrane. These have concentric ridges on their distal faces and radiating

    ridges on their proximal faces. It seems the organic scales act as bases for the precipitation of

    the calcite coccoliths. A variety of coccolith secretion strategies have been observed in

    different species, however it is probably true of all coccolithophores that the production of

    coccoliths is controlled by light. Emiliania huxleyi has been observed to start coccolith

    production within half an hour of being introduced to light, and produce an individual coccolith

    in one hour and a complete coccosphere in about thirty hours.

  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    6/33

    Above diagram from Bown,P.(Ed.), 1998, Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. Chapman

    and Hall.

    The function of coccoliths is not known but may be one or more of four basic possibilities:

    Protection; from bacteria, physical damage, predators such as copepods or to form a chemical

    buffer zone.

    Flotation and buoyancy; aspherical forms may reduce sinking rates, the loss or addition of

    coccoliths may be a strategy employed to regulate position in the water column in order to

    optimise light or nutrient availability.

    Light regulation; coccoliths may reflect sunlight protecting the cell from high light levels in the

    upper water column or refract sunlight into the cell allowing life in the lower photic zone.

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/caldiag05.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    7/33

    Biochemistry; the cell may secrete calcite in order to expell a metabolic by-product enhancing

    the bichemical efficiency of the cell.

    Life Cycle

    Reproduction of coccolithophores is by single or double fission sometimes accompanied by a

    swarm-spore stage. The information we have on coccolithophore reproduction is based on

    only a few species so care must be taken when making generalisations, however, it is thought

    the coccolith-bearing phase is diploid and capable of asexual (mitotic) reproduction. This

    allows rapid population growth during periods of optimum conditions, producing what are

    known as "blooms". Motile naked haploid gametes may be produced by meiosis and non-

    motile benthic stages are also known to be produced. Sexual fusion has rarely been observed

    but is inferred by the variation of DNA found within coccolithophpores.

    Preparation Techniques

    Please remember all preparation techniques require the use of hazardous materials and

    equipment and should only be carried out in properly equiped laboratories, wearing thecorrect safety clothing and under the supervision of qualified staff.

    Smear slides are produced by first cleaning a hand specimen by paring the outer surfaces off. A

    fine "dust" of material is then scraped off onto a cover slip. This is then moistened with

    distilled water and spread across the cover slip with a suitable utensile such as a wooden tooth

    pick. This takes a certain amount of experience to get right but when the corrrect coverage is

    obtained the cover slip is placed on a hot plate to dry. Once dry the cover slip is inverted and

    glued to a slide using Norland optical adhesive which is cured under U.V. light. Centrifuge

    slides are produced by first cleaning the sample as in the smear slide technique and then

    scraping a dust of material into a centrifuge tube. This is topped up with distilled water and

    spun at 350 rpm in a centrifuge for about two minutes. The pellet is then put to one side and

    the supernatant kept. The supernatant is then re-suspended and centrifuged at 1000rpm for

    four minutes this time keeping the pellet. This re-suspending and centrifuging at 1000rpm may

    need to be repeated several times depending on the lithology of the sample. After centrifuging

    the sample is dilluted to a slightly milky consistency with distilled water and strewn on to a

    cover slip placed on a hot plate and left to dry. The cover slip can then be mounted as in the

    smear slide technique. One of the major advantages calcareous nannofossils have over other

    microfossil groups, particularly in terms of industrial application is the speed at which samples

    can be prepared. Simple smear slides can be made in minutes and even centrifuge

  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    8/33

    preparations are ready in less than half an hour. Another advantage is that no harmful or

    dangerous chemicals are needed nor even a fume cupboard. This makes calcareous

    nannofossils an extremely useful and widely used biostratigraphic tool especially on offshore

    drilling platforms and ships.

    Observation Techniques

    Since individualcoccoliths preserve fine structural crystallographic detail in calcite observation

    techniques depend on the use of petrological microscopes. The calcite crystals forming hetero-

    and holococcoliths often have differently oriented optic axes which produce distinctive

    extinction patterns under crossed nicols of a polarising microscope. Transmitted, cross

    polarised light is regularly used but phase contrast and bright field settings may also be

    advantageous. Scanning Electron Microscopy has become more widely available and greatly

    enhanced the study of nannofossils. Much of the work on the fine structure and formation of

    coccoliths has been made possible by scanning electron microscopes.

    Images

    The following images are of a representative selection of calcareous nannofossils aimed at

    giving a general overview of the different morphotypes. Each specimen is given a generic and if

    possible a species name followed by its age range, the site location from which the sample was

    obtained and the magnification at which the image was taken or its size in microns. PC (Phase

    Contrast), XPL (Crossed Polarised Light) SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). Typical and

    selected marker species are illustrated from each main period of the geological column in

    which calcareous nannofossils occur.

    Triassic and Jurassic

    Lower Cretaceous

    Upper Cretaceous

    Palaeogene

    Neogene

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#jurassicimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#jurassicimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#lowercretaceousimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#lowercretaceousimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#uppercretaceousimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#uppercretaceousimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#palaeogeneimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#palaeogeneimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#neogeneimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#neogeneimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#neogeneimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#palaeogeneimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#uppercretaceousimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#lowercretaceousimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#jurassicimages
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    9/33

    Triassic and

    Jurassic

    Anulasphaera helvetica Grun

    and Zweili, 1980

    Callovian (Middle Jurassic)

    Denver Borehole, UK

    PC side view

    Anulasphaera helvetica Grun

    and Zweili, 1980

    Callovian (Middle Jurassic)

    Denver Borehole, UK

    XPL side view

    Anulasphaera helvetica Grun

    and Zweili, 1980

    Callovian (Middle Jurassic)

    Denver Borehole, UK

    (SEM) distal view

    Anulasphaera helvetica Grun

    and Zweili, 1980

    Callovian (Middle Jurassic)

    Denver Borehole, UK

    (SEM) proximal oblique view

    Stephanolithion bigotii

    bigotii Deflandre, 1939

    Lower Oxfordian (Upper

    Jurassic)

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc005.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc004.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc003.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc002.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc001.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc005.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc004.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc003.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc002.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc001.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc005.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc004.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc003.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc002.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc001.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc005.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc004.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc003.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc002.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc001.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc005.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc004.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc003.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc002.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc001.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    10/33

    Cleveland Farm Pit, wiltshire,

    UK

    XPL

    Stephanolithion bigotii

    bigotii Deflandre, 1939

    Upper Kimmeridgian (Upper

    Jurassic)

    Gorodische, Russia

    SEM

    Stephanolithion speciosum

    octum Deflandre in Deflandre

    and Fert, 1954 ssp. Rood and

    Barnard, 1972

    Lower Bathonian (Middle

    Jurassic)

    Port en Bessin, N. France

    XPL

    Stephanolithion speciosum

    octum Deflandre in Deflandre

    and Fert, 1954 ssp. Rood and

    Barnard, 1972

    Lower Bathonian (Middle

    Jurassic)

    Port en Bessin, N. France

    PC

    Stephanolithion

    speciosum Deflandre in

    Deflandre and Fert, 1954 ssp.

    octum Rood and Barnard, 1972

    Upper Bajocian-Lower Callovian

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc009.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc008.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc007.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc006.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc009.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc008.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc007.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc006.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc009.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc008.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc007.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc006.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc009.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc008.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc007.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc006.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    11/33

    (Middle Jurassic)

    Escoville, France

    distal view

    Biscutum novum (Goy,1979)

    Bown, 1987

    Aalenian/Bajocian

    Brenha, Portugal

    XPL

    Biscutum novum (Goy,1979)

    Bown, 1987

    Lower Toarcian

    Trimeusel, Germany

    distal view

    Biscutum novum (Goy,1979)

    Bown, 1987

    Upper Toarcian

    Ballrechten, Germany

    proximal view

    Carinolithus

    superbus (Deflandre in

    Deflandre and Fert, 1954) Prins

    in Grun et al, 1974

    Lower Toarcian-Lower Bajocian

    Ilminster, UK

    proximal oblique view SEM

    Carinolithus

    superbus (Deflandre inDeflandre and Fert, 1954) Prins

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc014.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc013.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc012.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc011.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc010.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc014.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc013.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc012.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc011.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc010.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc014.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc013.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc012.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc011.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc010.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc014.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc013.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc012.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc011.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc010.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc014.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc013.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc012.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc011.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc010.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    12/33

    in Grun et al, 1974

    Lower Toarcian-Lower Bajocian

    Ilminster, UK

    side view SEM

    Crucirhabdus minutus Jafar,

    1983

    Norian-Rhaetian (Upper

    Triassic)

    Fischerwiese, Austria

    XPL distal view

    Crucirhabdus minutus Jafar,

    1983

    Norian-Rhaetian (Upper

    Triassic)

    Weissloferbach, S. Germany

    distal view SEM

    Lotharingius haufii Grun and

    Zweili in Grun et al, 1974

    Lower Toarcian

    Untersturmig, Germany

    XPL

    Lotharingius haufii Grun and

    Zweili in Grun et al, 1974

    Upper Pliensbachian-Upper

    Bathonian

    Untersturmig, Germany

    PC

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc019.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc018.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc017.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc016.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc015.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc019.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc018.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc017.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc016.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc015.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc019.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc018.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc017.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc016.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc015.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc019.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc018.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc017.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc016.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc015.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc019.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc018.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc017.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc016.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc015.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    13/33

    Lotharingius haufii Grun and

    Zweili in Grun et al, 1974

    Upper Pliensbachian-Upper

    Bathonian

    Untersturmig, Germany

    SEM (collapsed coccosphere)

    Parhabdolithus liasicus

    distinctus Deflandre in Grasse,

    1952 ssp. Bown, 1987

    Hettangian-Lower Toarcian

    Timor

    XPL plan view

    Parhabdolithus liasicus

    distinctus Deflandre in Grasse,

    1952 ssp. Bown, 1987

    Hettangian-Lower Toarcian

    Timor

    XPL side view

    Parhabdolithus liasicus

    distinctus Deflandre in Grasse,

    1952 ssp. Bown, 1987

    Hettangian-Lower Toarcian

    Mochras Borehole, UK

    side view (SEM)

    Prinsiosphaera triassica Jafar,

    1983

    Norian-Rhaetian

    Weissloferbach S. Germany

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc023.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc022.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc021.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc020.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc023.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc022.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc021.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc020.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc023.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc022.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc021.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc020.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc023.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc022.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc021.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc020.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    14/33

    XPL

    Prinsiosphaera triassica Jafar,

    1983

    Norian-Rhaetian

    ODP Site 761, Wombat Plateau,

    NW Australian shelf

    SEM

    Lower

    Cretaceous

    Axopodorhabdus

    albianus (Black, 1967) Wind and

    Wise in Wise and Wind, 1977

    Middle Albian-Upper

    Cenomanian

    Folkestone, UK

    XPL

    Axopodorhabdus

    albianus (Black, 1967) Wind and

    Wise in Wise and Wind, 1977

    Middle Albian-Upper

    Cenomanian

    English Channel Borehole R330,

    UK

    distal view SEM

    Calcicalathina

    oblongata (Worsley, 1971)

    Thierstein, 1971

    Lower Valanginian-Lower

    Barremian

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc027.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc026.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc025.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc024.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc027.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc026.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc025.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc024.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc027.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc026.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc025.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc024.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc027.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc026.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc025.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc024.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    15/33

    Bulgaria

    XPL distal view

    Calcicalathina

    oblongata (Worsley, 1971)

    Thierstein, 1971

    Lower Valanginian-Lower

    Barremian

    DSDP Site 547B, Atlantic Ocean

    distal view SEM

    Calcicalathina

    oblongata (Worsley, 1971)

    Thierstein, 1971

    Lower Valanginian-Lower

    Barremian

    DSDP Site 547B, Atlantic Ocean

    side view SEM

    Ceratolithina bicornuta Perch-

    Nielsen, 1988

    Middle Albian-Upper Albian

    Folkestone, UK

    XPL

    Corollithion kennedyi

    Cenomanian

    Lydden Spout, Folkestone, UK

    XPL

    Cruciellipsis cuvillieri (Manivit,

    1966) Thierstein, 1971

    Lower Berriasian-Upper

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc032.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc031.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc030.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc029.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc028.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc032.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc031.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc030.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc029.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc028.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc032.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc031.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc030.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc029.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc028.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc032.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc031.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc030.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc029.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc028.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc032.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc031.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc030.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc029.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc028.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    16/33

    Hauterivian

    DSDP Site 397, E.Atlantic Ocean

    XPL

    Cruciellipsis cuvillieri (Manivit,

    1966) Thierstein, 1971

    Lower Berriasian-Upper

    Hauterivian

    DSDP Site 547B, Atlantic Ocean

    distal view SEM

    Eiffellithus

    turriseiffelii (Deflandre in

    Deflandre and Fert, 1954)

    Reinhardt, 1965

    Upper ALbian-Upper

    Maastrichtian

    Folkestone, UK

    XPL distal view

    Eprolithus floralis (Stradner,

    1962) Stover, 1966

    Lower Aptian-?Lower

    Campanian

    Folkestone, UK

    XPL distal view

    Gartnerago segmentatum

    Cenomanian-Maastrichtian

    Langdon Stairs, Dover, Kent, UK

    XPL distal view

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc036.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc035.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc034.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc033.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc036.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc035.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc034.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc033.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc036.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc035.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc034.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc033.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc036.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc035.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc034.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc033.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    17/33

    Micrantholithus

    obtusus Stradner, 1963

    Berriasian-Upper Aptian

    Speeton, UK

    XPL

    Micrantholithus

    obtusus Stradner, 1963

    Berriasian-Upper Aptian

    DSDP Site 398D, Atlantic Ocean

    SEM

    Nannoconus abundans Stradner

    and Grun, 1973

    Barremian-?Lower Aptian

    Speeton, UK

    XPL

    Nannoconus abundans Stradner

    and Grun, 1973

    Barremian-?Lower Aptian

    Speeton, UK

    side view SEM

    Prediscosphaera

    columnata (Stover, 1966) Perch-

    Nielsen, 1984

    Lower Albian-Turonian

    Folkestone, UK

    XPL distal view

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc037.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc041.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc040.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc039.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc038.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc037.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc041.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc040.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc039.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc038.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc037.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc041.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc040.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc039.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc038.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc037.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc041.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc040.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc039.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc038.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc037.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc041.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc040.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc039.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc038.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc037.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    18/33

    Prediscosphaera

    columnata (Stover, 1966) Perch-

    Nielsen, 1984

    Lower Albian-Turonian

    Folkestone, UK

    XPL side view

    Prediscosphaera

    columnata (Stover, 1966) Perch-

    Nielsen, 1984

    Lower Albian-Turonian

    Copt Point, UK

    side view SEM

    Watznaueria barnesae (Black in

    Black and Barnes, 1959) Perch-

    Nielsen, 1968

    Lower Bajocian-Maastrichtian

    Gorodische, Russia

    XPL

    Watznaueria barnesae (Black in

    Black and Barnes, 1959) Perch-

    Nielsen, 1968

    Lower Bajocian-Maastrichtian

    Speeton, UK

    SEM (Coccosphere)

    Watznaueria

    britannica (Stradner, 1963)

    Reinhardt, 1964

    Lower Bajocian-Lower

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc042.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc046.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc045.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc044.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc043.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc042.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc046.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc045.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc044.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc043.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc042.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc046.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc045.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc044.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc043.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc042.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc046.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc045.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc044.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc043.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc042.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc046.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc045.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc044.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc043.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc042.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    19/33

    Cenomanian

    Cleveland Farm Pit, Wiltshire,

    UK

    XPL

    Zeugrhabdotus

    erectus (Deflandre in Deflandre

    and Fert, 1954) Reinhardt, 1965

    Lower Pliensbachian?-Upper

    Maastrichtian

    Cleveland Farm Pit, Wiltshire,

    UK

    XPL

    Zeugrhabdotus

    erectus (Deflandre in Deflandre

    and Fert, 1954) Reinhardt, 1965

    Lower Pliensbachian?-Upper

    Maastrichtian

    Mochras Borehole, UK

    distal view SEM

    Zeugrhabdotus

    erectus (Deflandre in Deflandre

    and Fert, 1954) Reinhardt, 1965

    Lower Pliensbachian?-Upper

    Maastrichtian

    Dorset, UK

    side view SEM

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc049.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc048.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc047.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc049.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc048.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc047.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc049.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc048.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc047.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    20/33

    Upper

    Cretaceous

    Arkhangelskiella

    cymbiformis Vekshina, 1959

    Campanian-Maastrichtian

    DSDP Site 249, Indian Ocean

    XPL distal view

    Arkhangelskiella

    cymbiformis Vekshina, 1959

    Campanian-Maastrichtian

    Keswick, Norfolk, UK

    oblique distal view SEM

    Eiffellithus eximius (Stover,

    1966) Perch-Nielsen, 1968

    Turonian-Campanian

    Zoe C BH, South Africa

    XPL

    Eiffellithus eximius (Stover,

    1966) Perch-Nielsen, 1968

    Turonian-Campanian

    Zoe C BH, South Africa

    XPL rotated

    Lithastrinus grillii Stradner,

    1962

    Coniacian-Campanian

    near Plymouth Bluff, Lowndes

    County, Mississippi, USA

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc054.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc053.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc052.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc051.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc050.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc054.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc053.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc052.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc051.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc050.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc054.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc053.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc052.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc051.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc050.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc054.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc053.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc052.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc051.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc050.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc054.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc053.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc052.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc051.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc050.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    21/33

    XPL

    Lucianorhabdus

    cayeauxii Deflandre, 1959

    Coniacian-Maastrichtian

    near Portland, Dallas County,

    Alabama, USA

    XPL

    Marthasterites

    furcatus (Deflandre in Deflandre

    and Firt, 1954) Deflandre, 1959

    Turonian-Campanian

    DSDP Site 258, E.Indian Ocean

    XPL

    Marthasterites

    furcatus (Deflandre in Deflandre

    and Firt, 1954) Deflandre, 1959

    Turonian-Campanian

    DSDP Hole 550B, NE Atalntic

    Ocean

    SEM

    Microrhabdulus

    decoratus Deflandre, 1959

    Cenomanian-Maastrichtian

    DSDP Site 401, NE Atlantic

    Ocean

    SEM

    Microrhabdulus

    decoratus Deflandre, 1959

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc059.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc058.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc057.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc056.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc055.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc059.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc058.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc057.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc056.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc055.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc059.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc058.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc057.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc056.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc055.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc059.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc058.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc057.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc056.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc055.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc059.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc058.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc057.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc056.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc055.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    22/33

    Cenomanian-Maastrichtian

    DSDP Site 249, W. Indian Ocean

    XPL

    Micula staurophora (Gardet,

    1955) Stradner, 1963

    Coniacian-Maastrichtian

    near Ripley, Tippah County,

    Mississippi, USA

    XPL

    Prediscosphaera

    arkhangelskyi (Reinhardt, 1965)

    Perch-Nielsen, 1984

    Santonian-Maastrichtian

    DSDP Site 249, W. Indian Ocean

    XPL

    Prediscosphaera

    cretacea (Arkhangelsky, 1912)

    Gartner, 1968

    Cenomanian-Maastrichtian

    DSDP Site 249, W. Indian Ocean

    XPL

    Prediscosphaera

    cretacea (Arkhangelsky, 1912)

    Gartner, 1968

    Cenomanian-Maastrichtian

    near Plymouth Bluff, Lowndes

    County, Alabama, USA

    XPL

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc064.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc063.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc062.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc061.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc060.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc064.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc063.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc062.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc061.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc060.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc064.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc063.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc062.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc061.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc060.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc064.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc063.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc062.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc061.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc060.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc064.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc063.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc062.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc061.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc060.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    23/33

    Quadrum gartneri Prins and

    Perch-Nielsen in Manivit et al,

    1977

    Turonian-?Maastrichtian

    DSDP Site 217, N. Indian Ocean

    XPL

    Tranolithus

    orionatus (Reinhardt, 1966a)

    Reinhardt, 1966b

    Albian-Maastrichtian

    Folkestone, UK

    XPL

    Uniplanarius trifidus (Stradner

    in Stradner and Papp, 1961)

    Hattner and Wise, 1980

    Campanian-Maastrichtian

    DSDP Site 217 N. Indian Ocean

    XPL

    Uniplanarius trifidus (Stradner

    in Stradner and Papp, 1961)

    Hattner and Wise, 1980

    Campanian-Maastrichtian

    DSDP Site 241 W. Indian Ocean

    XPL

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc067.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc066.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc065.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc067.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc066.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc065.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc067.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc066.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc065.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    24/33

    Palaeogene

    Chiasmolithus

    solitus (Bramlette and Sullivan,

    1961) Locker, 1968

    Lutetian-Bartonian (Middle

    Eocene)

    Whitecliff Bay, UK

    PC

    Chiasmolithus

    solitus (Bramlette and Sullivan,

    1961) Locker, 1968

    Lutetian-Bartonian (Middle

    Eocene)

    Fayum, Egypt

    oblique distal view SEM

    Discoaster tanii Bramlette and

    Riedel, 1954

    Middle Eocene-Oligocene

    Hampden Beach, New Zealand

    distal view SEM

    Discoaster

    saipanensis Bramlette and

    Riedel, 1954

    Middle-Upper Eocene

    Fayum, Egypt

    distal view SEM

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc071.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc070.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc069.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc068.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc071.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc070.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc069.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc068.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc071.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc070.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc069.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc068.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc071.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc070.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc069.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc068.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    25/33

    Discoaster

    saipanensis Bramlette and

    Riedel, 1954

    Middle-Upper Eocene

    Benidorm, Spain

    distal view SEM

    Discoaster

    saipanensis Bramlette and

    Riedel, 1954

    Middle-Upper Eocene

    Whitecliff Bay, UK

    PC

    Discoaster kuepperi Sradner,

    1959

    Lower-Middle Eocene

    North Sea, UK

    PC

    Discoaster kuepperi Sradner,

    1959

    Lower-Middle Eocene

    Benidorm, Spain

    proximal view SEM

    Discoaster kuepperi Sradner,

    1959

    Lower-Middle Eocene

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc072.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc076.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc075.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc074.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc073.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc072.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc076.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc075.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc074.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc073.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc072.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc076.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc075.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc074.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc073.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc072.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc076.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc075.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc074.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc073.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc072.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc076.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc075.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc074.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc073.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc072.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    26/33

    Benidorm, Spain

    distal view SEM

    Discoaster kuepperi Sradner,

    1959

    Lower-Middle Eocene

    Benidorm, Spain

    side view SEM

    Cruciplacolithus primus Perch-

    Nielsen, 1977

    Upper Palaeocene

    St. Paul Monastery, Egypt

    oblique distal view SEM

    Neococcolithus

    dubius (Deflandre in Deflandre

    and Fert, 1954) Black, 1967

    Lower-Upper Eocene

    Whitecliff Bay, UK

    oblique distal view SEM

    Neococcolithus

    dubius (Deflandre in Deflandre

    and Fert, 1954) Black, 1967

    Lower-Upper Eocene

    Whitecliff Bay, UK

    distal view SEM

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc080.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc079.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc078.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc077.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc080.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc079.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc078.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc077.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc080.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc079.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc078.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc077.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc080.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc079.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc078.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc077.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    27/33

    Fasciculithus tympaniformis Hay

    and Mohler in Hay et al, 1967

    Upper Palaeocene-Lower

    Eocene

    Pegwell Bay, Kent, UK

    XPL

    Fasciculithus tympaniformis Hay

    and Mohler in Hay et al, 1967

    Upper Palaeocene-Lower

    Eocene

    St. Paul Monastery, Egypt

    oblique proximal view

    Fasciculithus tympaniformis Hay

    and Mohler in Hay et al, 1967

    Upper Palaeocene-Lower

    Eocene

    St. Paul Monastery, Egypt

    proximal view

    Sphenolithus

    moriformis (Bronniman and

    Stradner, 1960) Brmlette and

    Wilcoxon, 1967

    Palaeocene-Pliocene

    DSDP Site 590B, S.W Pacific

    SEM

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc081.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc084.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc083.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc082.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc081.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc084.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc083.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc082.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc081.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc084.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc083.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc082.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc081.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc084.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc083.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc082.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc081.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    28/33

    Sphenolithus

    moriformis (Bronniman and

    Stradner, 1960) Brmlette and

    Wilcoxon, 1967

    Palaeocene-Pliocene

    DSDP Site 593, S.W Pacific

    SEM

    Discoaster lodoensis Bramlette

    and Riedel, 1954

    Palaeocene-Pliocene

    Benidorm, Spain

    XPL

    Discoaster lodoensis Bramlette

    and Riedel, 1954

    Palaeocene-Pliocene

    Benidorm, Spain

    proximal view SEM

    Discoaster lodoensis Bramlette

    and Riedel, 1954

    Palaeocene-Pliocene

    Benidorm, Spain

    distal view SEM

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc085.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc088.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc087.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc086.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc085.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc088.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc087.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc086.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc085.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc088.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc087.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc086.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc085.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc088.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc087.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc086.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc085.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    29/33

    Neogene

    Amaurolithus amplificus (Bukry

    and Percival) Gartner and

    Bukry, 1975

    Upper Miocene-Pliocene

    Manavgat, S.Turkey

    XPL

    Amaurolithus amplificus (Bukry

    and Percival) Gartner and

    Bukry, 1975

    Upper Miocene-Pliocene

    Manavgat, S.Turkey

    PC

    Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich,

    1871) Schiller, 1930

    Lower Palaeocene-Recent

    N. Atlantic off S.W coast of

    Iceland

    SEM entire coccosphere

    Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich,

    1871) Schiller, 1930

    Lower Palaeocene-Recent

    ODP Site 1052b, Western N.

    Atlantic

    SEM distal view 10 microns

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc092.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc091.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc090.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc089.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc092.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc091.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc090.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc089.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc092.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc091.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc090.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc089.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc092.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc091.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc090.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc089.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    30/33

    Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich,

    1871) Schiller, 1930

    Lower Palaeocene-Recent

    ODP Site 1052b, Western N.

    Atlantic

    SEM proximal view 10 microns

    Discoaster

    challengeri Bramlette and

    Riedel, 1954

    Miocene-Pliocene

    Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta

    SEM proximal view

    Discoaster

    challengeri Bramlette and

    Riedel, 1954

    Miocene-Pliocene

    G. Mihmandar Borehole, Malta

    PC

    Discoaster exilis Martini and

    Bramlette, 1963

    Middle Miocene

    Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta

    proximal view SEM

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc093.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc096.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc095.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc094.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc093.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc096.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc095.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc094.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc093.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc096.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc095.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc094.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc093.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc096.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc095.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc094.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc093.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    31/33

    Discoaster exilis Martini and

    Bramlette, 1963

    Middle Miocene

    Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta

    PC

    Discoaster variabilis Martini and

    Bramlette, 1963

    Middle Miocene-Pliocene

    Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta

    proximal view SEM

    Discoaster variabilis Martini and

    Bramlette, 1963

    Middle Miocene-Pliocene

    Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta

    PC

    Florisphaera profunda Okado

    and Honjo, 1973

    Middle Miocene-Recent

    Almerian Canyon, Western

    Mediterranian Sea

    10 microns SEM

    Gephyrocapsa

    oceanica Kamptner, 1943

    Pleistocene-Recent

    Almerian Canyon, Western

    Mediterranian Sea

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc097.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc101.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc100.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc099.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc098.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc097.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc101.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc100.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc099.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc098.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc097.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc101.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc100.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc099.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc098.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc097.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc101.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc100.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc099.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc098.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc097.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc101.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc100.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc099.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc098.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc097.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    32/33

    10 microns SEM

    Calcidiscus tropicus Kamptner,

    1956

    Lower Miocene-Recent

    DSDP Site 593, S.W Pacific

    Ocean

    SEM

    Calcidiscus tropicus Kamptner,

    1956

    Lower Miocene-Recent

    DSDP Site 593, S.W Pacific

    Ocean

    SEM

    Helicosphaera carteri (Wallich,

    1877) Kamptner, 1954

    Upper Oligocene-Recent

    DSDP Site 590B, S.W Pacific

    Ocean

    XPL

    Helicosphaera carteri (Wallich,

    1877) Kamptner, 1954

    Upper Oligocene-Recent

    DSDP Site 590B, S.W Pacific

    Ocean

    proximal view SEM

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc105.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc104.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc103.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc102.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc105.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc104.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc103.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc102.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc105.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc104.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc103.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc102.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc105.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc104.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc103.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc102.gif
  • 8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English

    33/33

    Reticulofenestra

    pseudoumbilica (Gartner)

    Gartner, 1969

    Miocene-Pliocene

    Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta

    proximal view SEM

    Reticulofenestra

    pseudoumbilica (Gartner)

    Gartner, 1969

    Miocene-Pliocene

    Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta

    coccosphere SEM

    Sphenolithus

    heteromorphus Deflandre, 1953

    Lower Miocene-Middle

    Miocene

    DSDP Site 593, S.W Pacific

    Ocean

    SEM

    Sphenolithus

    heteromorphus Deflandre, 1953

    Lower Miocene-Middle

    Miocene

    DSDP Site 590B, S.W Pacific

    Ocean

    SEM

    http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc109.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc108.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc107.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc106.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc109.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc108.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc107.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc106.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc109.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc108.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc107.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc106.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc109.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc108.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc107.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc106.gif