CALM

outline• Overview of the CALM Concept

– What is CALM?

• CALM Service Types• CALM media

– CALM originate interfaces– Protocol managed interfaces– ISO15628 compatible interfaces...

• CALM networking• - based on IPv6 、 MIPv6• CALM management

– CALM / Application Management Entity (CME)– Network Management Entity (NME) – Interface Management Entity (IME)

The CALM concept

• The fundamental principles of the CALM concept is predicated on the principle of making "best" use of the resources available

CALM overview

• Continuous Air-interface, Long and Medium range (CALM)

• CALM is being developed by Working Group 16 of Technical Committee 204 of the ISO

• The CALM concept is therefore developed to provide a layered solution that enables continuous or quasi continuous communications– vehicles to vehicles – Vehicles to infrastructure– Infrastructure to infrastructure

• The aim of CALM is to provide wide area communications to support ITS applications– GSM/GPRS 、

3G 、 4G 、 satellite 、 microwave 、 millimeter wave 、 infrared 、 WiMAX and Wi-Fi …

ITS智慧型運輸系統

• (ITS, Intelligent Transportation System) 乃是應用先進的電子，通信，資訊與感測等技術，以整合人，路，車的管理策略，提供即時 (real-time) 的資訊而增進運輸系統的安全，效率及舒適性，同時也減少交通對環境的衝擊。

• Vehicles– which can be located, identified, assessed and controlled using ITS

• Road users– who employ ITS, for instance, for navigation, travel information

and their monitoring capabilities

• Infrastructure– for which ITS can provide monitoring, detection, response,

control, road management and administration functions

• Communications networks– to enable wireless transactions amongst vehicles and transport

users

• CALM specifications/standards are not designing a physical piece of equipment

• CALM is actually a related set of protocols, procedures and management processes

CALM working groups

• CALM have eight sub-working groups ,including 16.0, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5 and 16.6– SWG 16.0 Architecture– SWG 16.1 Media– SWG 16.2 Networking– SWG 16.3 Probe Data– SWG 16.4 Application Management– SWG 16.5 Emergency Communications– SWG 16.6 Non-IP Networking– SWG 16.7 Security and Lawful Intercept

General Structure of CALM

CALM Scope

• Three main modes of operation:– Vehicle-Infrastructure– Vehicle-Vehicle– Infrastructure-Infrastructure

• Inter-operability and seamless handover between networks and applications.

• CALM used IPv6 exclusively. (initial specification)

CALM in a multi-platform, multimedia environment

CALM safety service

• INFRASTRUCTURE <-> Vehicle CALM enabled Safety Services – INFRASTRUCTURE to ON BOARD EQUIPMENT

• Animal Crossing Zone Information - Adaptive Headlight Aiming - Blind Merge Warning

• Curve Speed Warning - Emergency Vehicle Signal Preemption • Emergency Vehicle Video Replay • External Speed Limitation • GPS Corrections - Highway/Rail Collision Warning - Homeland Security Identification

and Management • Incident Mapping and Warning • Infrastructure Intersection Collision Warning - Intelligent On-Ramp Metering • Intelligent Traffic Lights • Intersection Collision : Infrastructure-Based Warning • Intersection Collision : Vehicle-Based Warning

– ON BOARD EQUIPMENT-to-INFRASTRUCTURE • Automatic Crash Notification • Blind Merge Warning • eCall • Intelligent Traffic Light pre-emption for priority vehicles • Intersection Collision • Probe data • Vehicle-Based Warning • SOS Services

• Vehicle< -> Vehicle CALM enabled Safety Services• Approaching Emergency Vehicle Warning • Blind Merge Warning - Blind Spot Warning - Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control • Cooperative Collision Warning • Cooperative Glare Reduction - Cooperative Vehicle-Highway Automation System (Platooning) • Crash Warning - Curve Speed Warning - Enhanced Differential GPS Corrections - Highway

Merge Assistant • Highway/Rail Collision Warning - Hybrid Intersection Collision Warning - Instant (Problem)

Messaging - Intersection Collision – Vehicle-Based Warning • Lane Change Assistant - Left Turn Assistant - Merge Assistant - Pre-crash Sensing • Post-Crash Warning • Right Turn Assistant • Road Feature Notification - SOS Services • Stop Sign Movement Assistant - Vehicle-based Road Condition Warning - Vehicle-to-Vehicle

Road Feature Notification • Vehicle Platooning • Visibility Enhancer - Wrong-Way Driver Warning

CALM Commercial Services

• INFRASTRUCTURE - Vehicle CALM enabled Commercial Services – INFRASTRUCTURE to ON BOARD EQUIPMENT

• Commercial Service Payments • Commercial Vehicle Operations • Enhanced Route Guidance and Navigation - GPS Corrections - Just-In-Time Repair

Notification • Map Downloads and Updates - Optimal Speed Advisory • Parking Space Identification/Navigation- GPS Corrections - Infotainment • Intelligent On-Ramp Metering (road management) • Intelligent Traffic Lights (road management) • Internet in-vehicle • Instant Messaging • Open Road (no barrier) Tolling • Video Downloads

• Vehicle - Vehicle CALM enabled Commercial Services

• Cross Vehicle Messaging• In vehicle Internet - Region Feature Notification

CALM infrastructure

The CALM concept at the highest level of abstraction

The CALM Media

CALM combines complementary media:

For short and medium distances

(directed):

Infrared, MM-Wave

For short and medium distances:

Microwave 5.8 GHz

For long distances:

GSM, UMTS

• CALM originated interfaces– ISO 21214 CALM InfraRed– ISO 21215 CALM M5– ISO 21216 CALM Millimeter

CALM originated interfaces

• This class of air interface has been specifically designed for CALM

• CALM originated interfaces should offer the highest performance interface at any particular frequency

• 5Ghz– 5.8 GHz DSRC (dedicated short range

communications)– The European Standard has been adopted and is

now used in many countries including Australia, several countries in Asia and South America .

• Millimeter– Frequency range : 62-63 GHz – High directionality– High data rates – It can also be used in conjunction with radar

signals at similar frequencies.

• Infra red– Infra red is already used in tolling systems– High data rates and a relatively lightweight,

comparatively inexpensive, beacon infrastructure, with relatively high directionality.

– The Standard supports current and future ITS applications with data rates from 1Mbit/s to 128Mbit/s

• The CALM-IR medium provides virtually “continuous communications” even in the presence of interruptions of the link caused by physical barriers.

• Target domains of infrared are car-to-car communication and directed communication to infrastructure facilities such as traffic signals, traffic-signs and information-beacons.

• The link setup-time is usually less than one millisecond– important feature in safety-related car-to-car

communication

• Low-power infrared beacons, in combination with solar panels, also enable also power-line independent roadside installation.

CLAM-IR application (German)

• German Truck-Tolling-Project

IR application

Physical Transportation and Exchange of Data via oncoming traffic

Curve-Warning

Traffic Information

Hazard-Warning

CALM IR Applications

Communication Zones for Car-to-Car and Car-to-Infrastructure communication

• Protocol managed interfaces– ISO 21212 Cellular 2G– ISO 21213 Cellular 3G– Mobile Wireless Broadband (MWB)

• HC-SDMA 、 802.16e (WiMAX) and 802.20

Protocol managed interfaces

• This class of air interface has not been specifically designed for CALM

• They are deigned for generic wireless telecommunications session

• These interfaces are adopted as potential CALM interfaces because they have wide area, even ubiquitous, coverage.

• Cellular (2G)– The 2G cellular network is ubiquitous around most

of the word– Applications tend to relate to non continuous,

emergency systems– Examples of such systems are emergency buttons

in vehicles that call the emergency services, and are based on 2G+GPS coordinates.

• Cellular (3G)– 3G systems offer significantly improved data rates

which are capable of carrying many first generation ITS services. However, in respect with more advanced systems, the data-rates will be inadequate.

• Although the initial introduction of 3G has largely been on a connection time basis, it is clear that the cost models are moving to fixed subscription basis, at least for domestic usage.

• Mobile Wireless Broadband (MWB)– wireless broadband will become ubiquitous within

urban areas and in areas where wired broadband installation is difficult or not cost effective.

– Challenge: travelling vehicle will soon move from one cell to another. handover

– HC-SDMA, 802.16e (WiMAX) and 802.20

• Satellite– Satellite communications are unlikely to be a low

cost media, but are provided globally, and therefore a useful media for CALM to provide global reach for ITS.

• ISO15628 compatible interfaces– ISO 15628 DSRC

• Systems compliant to ISO 15628– ISO 15625 was developed to provide an

application layer for European DSRC at 5.8 GHz. Services

CALM communication scenarios

CALM Scenarios

CALM networking

• Mobile IPv6– Allow IPv6 nodes to move from one IP subnet to

another.

• NEMO(Network MObility)– NEMO is concerned with managing the mobility of

a network.

Mobile IP scope

140.123.113.100 140.123.114.100

Get Care-of Address (CoA)

Foreign Agent (FA)

Home Agent (HA)

Corresponded Node (CN)

Mobile Node (MN)

Binding Update Data Transmission

Home Network

Foreign Network

Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)

NEMO

• Network Mobility Support– Entire network mobile as a unit and attached to the Internet via a Mobile Router (MR)– MR changes its point of attachment

• Only MR changes its IP address• Nodes behind MR don't change their own point of attachment

– Current address recorded at the HA (dedicated server)– Handled by NEMO WG

• NEMO Basic Support: RFC 3963 (Jan.05)

Benefit of network mobility support over host mobility support

• The vehicle changes its point of attachment to the Internet– Host Mobility: each node maintains Internet access

• Each host must perform Mobile IPv6

• Network Mobility: only the mobile router (MR) maintains Internet access– Standards IPv6 nodes can be located behind the MR: no mobility

support

CALM Architecture and SAPs of Network

Service Access Points

• SAPs – Service Access Points– Between the air interface and the networking

protocols– Between the air interface and the CALM

management protocols

• SAPs provide a common basis for transaction …– between the air interface and the network layer.– between the network layer and the upper

application layers.

Data SAPs

• The different CALM media all use the same CALM network layer.

• All media also use the same type of SAP to communicate between the CALM network layer and the communications adaptation layer.

• Two service primitives – request and indication

Management SAPs

• These SAPs handle the overall management of the transaction: start, reset, join, authenticate, re-authenticate, de-authenticate, scan (for media), associate, de-associate, re-associate, etc.

• CALM-aware applications use M-SAPs to communicate with other management entity.

CALM Management Entity

• CALM/Application Management Entity (CME)– Select the best communication media for application

• Network Management Entity (NME)– Signal the Network status to CME– Achieve inter-network (inter-media) handover– Use IP(v6) layer to control mobility

• Interface Management Entity (IME)– Signal the media status to NME– Avoid interferences among communication media– Achieve intra-network (intra-media) handover

CALM policies

• Media– interface protocol 提供給 interface status list

• Requirement– application protocol 提供給 application

requirement list

• Policy– Media selection policy

CALM/Application Manager• Its principal role is to manage the overall functioning of CALM, but it also has to provide the session management with the application.• To manage the session it has to direct messages/data/requests to/from the application to the appropriate destination in the vehicle. • CME needs Policies to decide communication links and they can be

– User-defined 、 Manufacturer-defined 、 Local authorities-defined

CALM/Application manager entity

Network Manager

• It provides the link between one or more media and one or more service and directs data to/from the service provider to the application service running on board the vehicle.

• When required, it has to move the media to the instruction of the CALM Application Manager.

The principles involved in determining optimal choiceof network

Interface Manager

• The Interface Manager has to find what media are available at any time, and the qualities of that signal (signal strength, data rate etc) and keep the records of the status of the media updated. • The Interface Manager will know all active interfaces and their capabilities and can activate a local handover source/destination address can be kept intact .

The OSI Communications Stack

CALM architecture

References• [1] Bob Williams, CALM Handbook, 2005• [2] ISO TC 204 WG16 CALM, http://www.calm.hu/• [3] ITS Application Overview, http://www.itsoverview.its.dot.gov/• [4] R. Koodli, Ed., RFC4068 Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6, July

2005,EXPERIMENTAL• [5] D. Johnson, C. Perkins, J. Arkko, RFC3775 Mobility Support in IPv6,

June 2004, PROPOSED STANDARD• [6] T. Ernst, H-Y. Lach, RFC4885 Network Mobility Support Terminology,

July 2007, INFORMATIONAL• [7] R. Wakikawa, A. Petrescu, P. Thubert, RFC3963 Network Mobility

(NEMO) Basic Support Protocol,?V. Devarapalli, January 2005, PROPOSED STANDARD