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DC (CW) 90489/3© UCLES 2015 [Turn over

Cambridge International ExaminationsCambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

*3466513666*

PSYCHOLOGY 9698/31

Paper 3 The Specialist Choices May/June 2015

3 hours

Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.

There is a choice of five specialist options in this question paper. You must answer questions from two specialist options.Answer the question in Section A.Answer the question in Section B.Answer one question in Section C.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

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Psychology and Education

Section A

Answer this question.

1 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by ‘bullying’. [2]

(b) Describe two explanations for bullying. [4]

Section B


2 (a) Describe what psychologists have discovered about learning and teaching styles. [8]

(b) Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about learning and teaching styles, including a discussion about the reliability and validity of measures. [12]

Section C

Answer one question.

3 You are helping in a classroom of six-year-old children and one child is being disruptive by walking around the classroom.

(a) Suggest how you would modify the behaviour of this disruptive child. [8]

(b) Describe the behaviourist theory of learning on which your suggestion is based. [6]

4 A mathematics teacher has devised a test he thinks assesses mathematical giftedness. You know that any test must be both reliable and valid.

(a) Suggest how you would investigate the reliability and validity of the mathematical test. [8]

(b) Describe two ways in which special educational need other than giftedness can be assessed. [6]

3

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Psychology and Health

Section A


5 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by ‘adherence to medical advice’. [2]

(b) Describe two studies that have investigated why people might not adhere to medical advice. [4]

Section B


6 (a) Describe what psychologists have found out about pain. [8]

(b) Evaluate what psychologists have found out about pain and include a discussion about the interaction of physiological and psychological factors. [12]

Section C


7 The disclosure of medical information, where people tell a practitioner details about their illness, varies quite significantly between individuals.

(a) Suggest how you would use an interview to investigate which people give more information, and which people give less, to a medical practitioner. [8]

(b) Describe one study which has investigated the disclosure of patient information to a practitioner. [6]

8 Some students experience stress, but not all.

(a) Suggest how you would investigate why some students experience stress. [8]

(b) Describe ‘daily hassles’ as a cause of stress. [6]

4

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Psychology and Environment

Section A


9 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by the term ‘cognitive map’. [2]

(b) Describe two studies that have investigated cognitive maps in animals. [4]

Section B


10 (a) Describe what psychologists have discovered about noise. [8]

(b) Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about noise and include a discussion about the reductionist nature of some studies. [12]

Section C


11 Cognitive techniques are often used to help people cope with the negative effects of crowding.

(a) Suggest how you would conduct a field experiment to investigate a cognitive coping strategy to reduce the negative effects of crowding. [8]

(b) Describe two studies that have looked at ways in which people can cope with the effects of crowding. [6]

12 It is impossible for psychologists to investigate a disastrous or catastrophic event when it is actually taking place, but we do need to know how people behave in emergency situations.

(a) Suggest how you would investigate how people behave in an emergency situation. [8]

(b) Describe one natural disaster and describe one technological catastrophe. [6]

5


Psychology and Abnormality

Section A


13 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by the term ‘genetic explanation of schizophrenia’. [2]

(b) Using examples, describe evidence to support the genetic explanation of schizophrenia. [4]

Section B


14 (a) Describe what psychologists have discovered about obsessions and compulsions. [8]

(b) Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about obsessions and compulsions and include a discussion about biochemical (drug) treatments. [12]

Section C


15 When diagnosing abnormality, medical practitioners sometimes make a type one or a type two error.

(a) Using an example, describe what is meant by a type one and a type two error. [6]

(b) Suggest how you would investigate the decision-making process of a medical practitioner. [8]

16 Depression can be explained by learned helplessness/attributional style.

(a) Suggest how you would investigate learned helplessness/attributional style using a questionnaire. [8]

(b) Describe the learned helplessness/attributional style explanation of depression. [6]

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Psychology and Organisations

Section A


17 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by the term ‘goal setting theory of motivation’. [2]

(b) Describe the goal-setting theory of motivation proposed by Latham and Locke. [4]

Section B


18 (a) Describe what psychologists have learned about satisfaction at work. [8]

(b) Evaluate what psychologists have learned about satisfaction at work and include a discussion of the use of psychometric tests. [12]

Section C


19 Accidents can occur in operator-machine systems because of a machine malfunction or because of unsafe behaviour by the person operating the machine.

(a) Suggest how you would investigate types of unsafe behaviour by people operating machinery. [8]

(b) Using examples, describe types of human decision-making error. [6]

20 Behavioural theories of leadership distinguish between two types of behaviour.

(a) Describe two behavioural theories of leadership. [6]

(b) Suggest how you would use an observation to investigate the types of behaviour shown by a leader. [8]

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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.


DC (CW) 90488/3© UCLES 2015 [Turn over


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PSYCHOLOGY 9698/32


3 hours






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Section A


1 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by ‘giftedness’. [2]

(b) Describe two types of giftedness. [4]

Section B


2 (a) Describe what psychologists have discovered about perspectives on learning. [8]

(b) Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about perspectives on learning and include a discussion of the usefulness of different perspectives. [12]

Section C


3 According to Brophy, praise is an effective way for a teacher to motivate children. It has also been shown that praise can be ineffective.

(a) Suggest how you, as a teacher, would use praise in your classroom. [8]

(b) Describe the behaviourist approach to motivation. [6]

4 Disruptive behaviour is sometimes caused by poor teaching style. There is a teacher whose pupils disrupt the class. You decide to observe this teacher to determine their teaching style.

(a) Suggest how you would design and conduct your observational study of teaching style. [8]

(b) Describe one teaching style that should not cause disruptive behaviour. [6]

3



Section A


5 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by ‘recording devices and sample tests’ to measure stress. [2]

(b) Describe one study that has used a recording device and one study that has used a sample test to measure stress. [4]

Section B


6 (a) Describe what psychologists have found out about adherence to medical advice. [8]

(b) Evaluate what psychologists have found out about adherence to medical advice, discussing the validity of measures of adherence. [12]

Section C


7 Patient controlled analgesia is where people can control the amount and frequency of a pain-controlling drug they give to themselves to manage acute pain. This is instead of being given a fixed amount of the drug at a fixed time by a medical practitioner.

(a) Suggest how you would conduct an experiment to investigate the effectiveness of patient controlled analgesia. [8]

(b) Describe medical techniques for managing or controlling pain. [6]

8 Reason (2000) categorises the causes of accidents into what he calls ‘Theory A’ and ‘Theory B’. There has been an accident in a workplace and you have been sent to investigate the cause.

(a) Suggest how you would investigate whether the cause of the accident was due to ‘Theory A’ or ‘Theory B’. [8]

(b) Describe two accidents that could be attributed to ‘Theory A’. [6]

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Section A


9 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by the term ‘noise’. [2]

(b) Using examples, describe factors that make noise annoying, such as those suggested by Kryter. [4]

Section B


10 (a) Describe what psychologists have discovered about density and crowding. [8]

(b) Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about density and crowding, including a discussion about the use of experiments to gather data. [12]

Section C


11 You have been consulted by the designers of a housing project who want to avoid the problems of the Pruitt-Igoe project.

(a) Suggest how you would design a successful housing project. [8]

(b) Describe the evidence on which your suggestion is based. [6]

12 Pigeons are said to navigate (way-find) using a substance in their brain called magnetite. Humans may also use magnetite to way-find.

(a) Suggest how you would use a field experiment to investigate whether humans use magnetite to way-find. [8]

(b) Describe any two studies that have investigated cognitive maps in animals. [6]

5



Section A


13 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by ‘cognitive restructuring’. [2]

(b) Describe cognitive restructuring as outlined by Beck (1979) in relation to depression. [4]

Section B


14 (a) Describe what psychologists have discovered about schizophrenia. [8]

(b) Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about schizophrenia, including a discussion about generalisations. [12]

Section C


15 Impulse control disorders are often said to be caused by a combination of factors.

(a) Suggest how you would investigate the relationship between biochemical and psychological factors in impulse control disorders. [8]

(b) Describe how biochemical and psychological factors may interact to explain one impulse control disorder. [6]

16 A compulsion is a recurring action the person is forced to enact. Psychologists wonder what causes these actions and want to find out whether they are really compulsive.

(a) Suggest how you could use an observation to investigate whether the behaviour of a person is compulsive. [8]

(b) Describe both the psychodynamic and biochemical explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder. [6]

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Section A


17 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by the term ‘job analysis techniques’. [2]

(b) Describe two job analysis techniques. [4]

Section B


18 (a) Describe what psychologists have found out about organisational work conditions. [8]

(b) Evaluate what psychologists have found out about organisational work conditions and include a discussion about ecological validity. [12]

Section C


19 In 1970, Maslow extended his theory of motivation from five to eight needs.

(a) Suggest how you would use a questionnaire to investigate whether people have achieved any one of the three additional needs. [8]

(b) Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. [6]

20 Leaders can have different styles of behaviour.

(a) Suggest how you would investigate the style of behaviour shown by a leader. [8]

(b) Describe one theory of leadership style such as that by Muczyk and Reimann (1987). [6]

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DC (ST) 108062© UCLES 2015 [Turn over


*8300508668*

PSYCHOLOGY 9698/33


3 hours






2

9698/33/M/J/15© UCLES 2015


Section A


1 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by ‘bullying’. [2]

(b) Describe two explanations for bullying. [4]

Section B


2 (a) Describe what psychologists have discovered about learning and teaching styles. [8]

(b) Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about learning and teaching styles, including a discussion about the reliability and validity of measures. [12]

Section C


3 You are helping in a classroom of six-year-old children and one child is being disruptive by walking around the classroom.

(a) Suggest how you would modify the behaviour of this disruptive child. [8]

(b) Describe the behaviourist theory of learning on which your suggestion is based. [6]

4 A mathematics teacher has devised a test he thinks assesses mathematical giftedness. You know that any test must be both reliable and valid.

(a) Suggest how you would investigate the reliability and validity of the mathematical test. [8]

(b) Describe two ways in which special educational need other than giftedness can be assessed. [6]

3



Section A


5 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by ‘adherence to medical advice’. [2]

(b) Describe two studies that have investigated why people might not adhere to medical advice. [4]

Section B


6 (a) Describe what psychologists have found out about pain. [8]

(b) Evaluate what psychologists have found out about pain and include a discussion about the interaction of physiological and psychological factors. [12]

Section C


7 The disclosure of medical information, where people tell a practitioner details about their illness, varies quite significantly between individuals.

(a) Suggest how you would use an interview to investigate which people give more information, and which people give less, to a medical practitioner. [8]

(b) Describe one study which has investigated the disclosure of patient information to a practitioner. [6]

8 Some students experience stress, but not all.

(a) Suggest how you would investigate why some students experience stress. [8]

(b) Describe ‘daily hassles’ as a cause of stress. [6]

4

9698/33/M/J/15© UCLES 2015


Section A


9 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by the term ‘cognitive map’. [2]

(b) Describe two studies that have investigated cognitive maps in animals. [4]

Section B


10 (a) Describe what psychologists have discovered about noise. [8]

(b) Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about noise and include a discussion about the reductionist nature of some studies. [12]

Section C


11 Cognitive techniques are often used to help people cope with the negative effects of crowding.

(a) Suggest how you would conduct a field experiment to investigate a cognitive coping strategy to reduce the negative effects of crowding. [8]

(b) Describe two studies that have looked at ways in which people can cope with the effects of crowding. [6]

12 It is impossible for psychologists to investigate a disastrous or catastrophic event when it is actually taking place, but we do need to know how people behave in emergency situations.

(a) Suggest how you would investigate how people behave in an emergency situation. [8]

(b) Describe one natural disaster and describe one technological catastrophe. [6]

5



Section A


13 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by the term ‘genetic explanation of schizophrenia’. [2]

(b) Using examples, describe evidence to support the genetic explanation of schizophrenia. [4]

Section B



(b) Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about obsessions and compulsions and include a discussion about biochemical (drug) treatments. [12]

Section C


15 When diagnosing abnormality, medical practitioners sometimes make a type one or a type two error.

(a) Using an example, describe what is meant by a type one and a type two error. [6]

(b) Suggest how you would investigate the decision-making process of a medical practitioner. [8]

16 Depression can be explained by learned helplessness/attributional style.

(a) Suggest how you would investigate learned helplessness/attributional style using a questionnaire. [8]

(b) Describe the learned helplessness/attributional style explanation of depression. [6]

6

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Section A


17 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by the term ‘goal setting theory of motivation’. [2]

(b) Describe the goal-setting theory of motivation proposed by Latham and Locke. [4]

Section B


18 (a) Describe what psychologists have learned about satisfaction at work. [8]

(b) Evaluate what psychologists have learned about satisfaction at work and include a discussion of the use of psychometric tests. [12]

Section C


19 Accidents can occur in operator-machine systems because of a machine malfunction or because of unsafe behaviour by the person operating the machine.

(a) Suggest how you would investigate types of unsafe behaviour by people operating machinery. [8]

(b) Using examples, describe types of human decision-making error. [6]

20 Behavioural theories of leadership distinguish between two types of behaviour.

(a) Describe two behavioural theories of leadership. [6]

(b) Suggest how you would use an observation to investigate the types of behaviour shown by a leader. [8]

7

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DC (RCL (JDA)) 48451/3© UCLES 2012 [Turn over

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSGeneral Certificate of Education Advanced Level

*7792745718*

PSYCHOLOGY 9698/33

Paper 3 Specialist Choices October/November 2012

3 hours



If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.



2

9698/33/O/N/12© UCLES 2012


Section A


1 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by a ‘corrective strategy’ for disruptive behaviour. [2]

(b) Describe one behaviour modification technique. [4]

Section B


2 (a) Describe what psychologists have discovered about intelligence. [8]

(b) Intelligence is often said to be what intelligence tests measure. Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about intelligence and include a discussion of psychometric testing. [12]

Section C


3 Children can be gifted in many ways. The problem is how to know whether they are truly gifted, very good or just had a lucky day. You could ask a teacher for his or her opinion, but a different teacher might give a conflicting view. What we need is a teacher consistency test!

(a) Suggest how you could test teacher accuracy in assessing giftedness. [8]

(b) Describe different types and definitions of giftedness. [6]

4 Chrissy has passed her examination achieving a grade A, but Charlie has failed his. Charlie is demotivated and is considering giving up his studies.

(a) Suggest one way in which Charlie’s motivation can be improved. [8]

(b) Describe the assumptions of the approach to education on which your suggestion is based. [6]

3

9698/33/O/N/12© UCLES 2012 [Turn over


Section A


5 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by the term ‘physiology of stress’. [2]

(b) Describe the general adaptation syndrome (GAS model) proposed by Selye. [4]

Section B


6 (a) Describe what psychologists have discovered about health promotion. [8]

(b) “If we scare people enough they will change their behaviour.” Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about health promotion and include a discussion of the ethics of health promotions. [12]

Section C


7 If I’m in pain, such as when I trap my finger in a door, all I have to do is to think of my favourite food, pizza, and the pain goes away!

(a) Devise a cognitive strategy for reducing acute pain that could be used by anyone. [8]

(b) Explain the theory that would enable your strategy to work. [6]

8 You have been invited to work as a researcher on non-verbal interpersonal skills in medical practitioners. The research question is simply to discover which non-verbal skills the practitioner you are observing uses most often.

(a) Suggest an appropriate way to observe the medical practitioner. [8]

(b) Describe why we have non-verbal communication and outline one study which has investigated non-verbal communication. [6]

4

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Section A


9 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by ‘positive uses of sound (music)’. [2]

(b) Describe two studies which have investigated the effect of music on consumer behaviour. [4]

Section B


10 (a) Describe what psychologists have learned about density and crowding. [8]

(b) “Rats and humans: same or different ?” Evaluate what psychologists have learned about density and crowding including a discussion of the usefulness of animals in psychological research. [12]

Section C


11 It is said that women cannot read maps and make lots of errors using them. Is this true or not? As psychologists we need to investigate before drawing any conclusion.

(a) Suggest how you might investigate differences between males and females in the errors they make when drawing sketch maps. [8]

(b) Using examples, describe the types of errors typically made when drawing sketch maps. [6]

12 Edward Hall outlined personal space zones, but he didn’t investigate alpha and beta personal space.

(a) Describe the difference between alpha and beta personal space and describe the stop-distance method. [6]

(b) Suggest how you could investigate beta personal space using the stop-distance method to gather qualitative data. [8]

5



Section A


13 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by ‘type of schizophrenia’. [2]

(b) Describe two types of schizophrenia. [4]

Section B


14 (a) Describe what psychologists have discovered about models of abnormality. [8]

(b) There are a number of different models of abnormality, each with strengths and weaknesses. Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about models of abnormality including a discussion about competing models. [12]

Section C


15 You are a behaviourist and you treat alcoholics using aversion therapy.

(a) Describe how you would treat alcoholics using aversion therapy. [6]

(b) Suggest how you would assess the effectiveness of your treatment programme. [8]

16 Victor gets up at 4am to go to school because he has to wash and then wash again because he does not feel clean. Then Victor washes again and again. Victor has obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) which involves obsessions (thoughts) and compulsions (behaviours).

(a) Suggest a suitable treatment for Victor that would target both obsessions and compulsions. [8]

(b) Describe the assumptions of the approach or model on which your suggested treatment is based. [6]

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Section A


17 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by the term ‘group dynamics’. [2]

(b) Describe two explanations of group development. [4]

Section B


18 (a) Describe what psychologists have discovered about the selection of people for work. [8]

(b) “We want to give the job to the best applicant.” Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about the selection of people for work and include a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the interview method. [12]

Section C


19 How can workers be motivated? Your organisation produces badges that say “I love psychology” and the average worker makes ten every hour. You want to increase production, so you set a goal for your workers.

(a) Suggest how you can increase production and keep your workers happy. [8]

(b) Describe goal setting theory by Latham and Locke (1984). [6]

20 The leader-member exchange model suggests that leaders form different relationships with different groups of workers. Those workers in the in-group are often favoured over those in the out-group. But how do you know who is in which group?

(a) Suggest how you could determine whether a worker is in the in-group or in the out-group. [8]

(b) Describe one psychological theory of leaders and followers. [6]

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University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

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DC (RW) 59543/2© UCLES 2013 [Turn over


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PSYCHOLOGY 9698/31

Paper 3 The Specialist Choices October/November 2013

3 hours






2

9698/31/O/N/13© UCLES 2013


Section A


1 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by ‘strategies for educating children with special educational need’. [2]

(b) Describe two ways in which children with learning difficulties or disabilities can be educated. [4]

Section B


2 (a) Describe what psychologists have found out about disruptive behaviour in schools. [8]

(b) “If it works with one child then it will work with them all.” Evaluate what psychologists have found out about disruptive behaviour in schools and include a discussion about the reductionist nature of behaviour modification techniques. [12]

Section C


3 You and your friend are arguing over who has the more effective teacher of psychology because they use different teaching styles. As you are a psychology student you decide to design an experiment to find out.

(a) Suggest how you would use the experimental method to investigate which teacher has the more effective teaching style. [8]

(b) Outline two different teaching styles. [6]

4 According to Vygotsky the role of the teacher is to provide support that is just beyond the level a child can achieve alone.

(a) Use Vygotsky’s theory to suggest how a teacher could improve the teaching of science to young children. [8]

(b) Describe the psychology on which your suggestion is based. [6]

3



Section A


5 (a) Describe what is meant by ‘biofeedback’ to manage stress. [2]

(b) Describe one study that has used biofeedback to manage stress. [4]

Section B


6 (a) Describe what psychologists have learned about the doctor-patient relationship. [8]

(b) “So have you taken all your pills or not?” Evaluate what psychologists have learned about the doctor-patient relationship and include a discussion about the usefulness of self report measures. [12]

Section C


7 According to Ley (1988) adherence to medical requests can be improved by changing a number of things that a practitioner does.

(a) Outline three things a practitioner could do to improve adherence to medical requests. [6]

(b) Suggest how you would assess the long-term effectiveness of any changes a practitioner may make. [8]

8 Some people say they are too busy with modern life to cook and eat healthy food, so they eat what is called ‘junk’ or ‘fast’ food. Your task is to get as many people as you can in a community to eat less junk food and to cook and eat more healthily.

(a) Suggest how you would conduct a community health promotion programme designed to encourage people to cook healthy food. [8]

(b) Describe a community health promotion programme that was successful. [6]

4

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Section A


9 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by ‘social density’. [2]

(b) Describe one laboratory study of crowding and density. [4]

Section B


10 (a) Describe what psychologists have learned about personal space and territory. [8]

(b) “Stop right there. Let me measure.” Evaluate what psychologists have learned about personal space and territory, including a discussion about different methods used to gather data. [12]

Section C


11 It is suggested that we always behave in the same way in similar situations because we have a ‘script’ of how we (and everyone else) behave in such situations. If the situation we are in becomes an emergency it is suggested that we will still follow the script for that situation rather than consider alternative ways to escape.

(a) Suggest how you could investigate whether people behave according to a script in an emergency situation. [8]

(b) Describe evidence on scripts. [6]

12 Oscar Newman outlined two features of housing design and used them in his successful designs.

(a) Suggest how you would determine whether a housing design was successful or not. [8]

(b) Describe the two features of successful housing design as used by Newman. [6]

5



Section A


13 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by ‘psychoanalytic explanation of phobias’. [2]

(b) Using an example, describe the psychoanalytic explanation of phobias. [4]

Section B



(b) “There are OCI, RAS and RIQ in addition to the Maudsley OCD Inventory.” Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about obsessions and compulsions, and include a discussion of the use of psychometric tests in the assessment of OCD. [12]

Section C


15 You have invented a new drug to treat depression and you need to test it on volunteers before it is given to the general public.

(a) Suggest how you would test whether the drug is safe to give to the general public. [8]

(b) Describe the ‘neurochemical explanation of depression’. [6]

16 You are head of the fire service and you think that a number of fires have been started deliberately by the same person, perhaps a pyromaniac. You want to catch the person starting a fire, so you decide to do an observation.

(a) Suggest how you would use the observation method to obtain data on a pyromaniac. [8]

(b) Describe the characteristics of an impulse control disorder such as ‘pyromania’. [6]

6

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Section A


17 (a) Explain, in your own words, what is meant by ‘personnel selection decisions’. [2]

(b) Describe two multiple decision-making models. [4]

Section B


18 (a) Describe what psychologists have found out about motivation to work. [8]

(b) “One word of praise is priceless.” Evaluate what psychologists have found out about motivation to work and include a discussion about the extent to which psychological theories of motivation consider individual differences. [12]

Section C


19 It is sometimes said “Leaders are born, not made”.

(a) Suggest how you would investigate whether leadership is inherited. [8]

(b) Describe two universalist theories of leadership. [6]

20 Measures of job satisfaction are often reductionist because they use rating scale questionnaires so each worker typically ends up with a single number score. People are more than just a number!

(a) Suggest how you could find out about job satisfaction in a more holistic way than using the reductionist approach of rating scale questionnaires. [8]

(b) Describe a measure of job satisfaction that might be considered reductionist. [6]

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