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5/14/2018 cancerul bronho-pulmonar - slidepdf.com
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ESTERA LUCACI
medic rezident an I
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Carcinoamele bronho-pulmonare reprezinta cea maifrecventa cauza de mortalitate prin cancer in SUA
In Romania, ocupa locul intai in mortalitatea la barbati si
locul al 4-lea la femei
85% din cancerele bronho-pulmonare sunt datorate
fumatului
Alti factori de risc: azbest,radiatii ionizante, radon, unii
carcinogeni chimici, susceptibilitatea genetica
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Cancer bronho-pulmonar central:
¡ Originea in epiteliul bronsiilor principale,lobare¡ Dezvoltare endobronsica,exobronsica si mixta
Cancer bronho-pulmonar periferic:
¡ Originea in epiteliul bronsiilor segmentare,subsegmentare si a bronsiolelor
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Carcinoame ,,non-small cell” (fara celulemici)
v Carcinomul epidermoid (scuamos)
v Adenocarcinomul
v Carcinomul nediferentiat cu celule mari
v Carcinomul bronsiolo-alveolar
Carcinoame cu celule mici (small cell)
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Ø Tumori centrale
v Carcinom epidermoid
v Carcinom cu celule mici
Ø Tumori periferice
v Adenocarcinom
v Carcinom cu celule mari
v Carcinom bronsiolo-alveolar
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Semne de suspiciune
§ Fumator>40 de ani
§ Modificarea caracterului tusei la un vechi
tusitor
§ Episoade de pneumonie obstructiva
§ Sputa discret hemoptoica
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Simptome caracteristice
a) Tumora endobronsica sau centrala:• Tuse
• Hemoptizie
• Cornaj
•
Tiraj• Dispnee obstructiva
• Pneumonita obstructiva (febra, tuse productiva)
b)Tumora primara periferica:
• Evolutie mai lunga asimptomatica
• Durere
• Tuse iritativa
• Dispnee restrictiva
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Radiografia standard
TC
IRM
Scintigrafia
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Dezvoltarea endo- si/sau exobronsica a
tumorii
Situarea pe bronsiile mari (central) sau
bronsiile mici (periferic)
Prezenta unor complicatii cum ar fi:
suprainfectarea,necroza-excavatia, colectia
pleurala, adenopatia satelita,interesarea
organelor mediastinale
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In stadiul initial
¡ obstructie bronsica cu ventil expirator
¡ hiperinflatie localizata la nivelul teritoriuluiventilat de bronsia afectata
Rx toracica
¡ hipertransparenta, cu dimensiuni crescute
CT-vizualizeaza tumora
Bronhoscopia cu biopsie- certifica diagnosticul
Diagnostic diferential
¡ Astm bronsic in criza
¡ Emfizem pulmonar
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In stadiu avansat
¡ atelectazie prin obstructie bronsica
completa
Rx toracica
¡ opacitate sistematizata,triunghiulara,intensitate mare, omogena, retractila
CT
¡ tumora
¡ atelectazia
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Pacient, 63 ani, Carcinom epidermoid
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Rx torace
¡ Opacitate nodulara, localizata la nivelul
hilului,care face corp comun cu mediastinul
¡ contur neregulat,cu prelungiri in parenchimulpulmonar
CT
¡ Masa de tesut moale cu contur neregulat¡ cu prelungiri spre parenchimul adiacent
¡ omogena- dimensiuni mici
¡ heterogena- voluminoasa
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Pacienta, 73 ani, Carcinom cu celule mici
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Rx torace
¡ Opacitate rotunda, de intensitate mare,
omogena sau heterogena¡ contur polilobat,cu prelungiri in parenchim, fara
legatura aparenta cu hilul
CT¡ Masa de tesut moale, imprecis delimitata, cu
prelungiri in parenchimul pulmonar
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Metastaza pulmonara hematogena unica
Chist hidatic pulmonar
Infiltrat tuberculos precoce Tuberculom
Hematom
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Pacient, 82 ani, Carcinom epidermoid
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Pacienta, 75 ani, Adenocarcinom
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Pacienta, 73 ani, Adenocarcinom, expunere la azbest
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Pacient, 48 ani, Adenocarcinom
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Apare mai ales in cancerul periferic printr-un procesde necroza ischemica
Rx torace si CT
¡ Imagine hipertransparenta cu perete gros
¡ contur intern anfractuos
¡ contur extern neregulat
¡ Imagine hidroaerica
Diagnostic diferential
¡ Caverna tuberculoasa
¡ Abcesul pulmonar partial evacuat
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Pacient, 68 ani, Carcinom epidermoid
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Pacienta, 73 ani, Carcinom bronsiolo-alveolar
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Clinic -sindromul Claude Bernard Horner
-dureri la nivelul membrului superior
Rx torace¡ Opacitate situata la nivelul varfului
pulmonar
¡ Osteoliza arcurilor anterioare sau
posterioare ale primelor coaste
CT
IRM-metoda de electie
¡ aprecierea invaziei plexului brahial si
a canalului spinal
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Sistemul de stadializare TNM pentru cancerul bronho-pulmonar
a 7-a editie
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Stage T3 tumors. Chest CT scan shows a primary mass with satellite nodules in the right lower lobe
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STADIUL I
Chirurgie (+/- RT adjuvanta; +/- CHT
adjuvanta)
RT exclusiva este indicata la pacientii
inoperabili din cauze medicale
STADIUL II
Chirurgie (+/- RT adjuvanta; +/- CHT
adjuvanta)
RT exclusiva este indicata la pacientii
inoperabili din cauze medicale
STADIUL III
III A
Boala nerezecabila
• CHT+RT
Boala rezecabila
• Chimio-Radioterapie neoadjuvanta
urmata de chirurgie
III B• CHT+RT
STADIUL IIIB cu colectie pleurala + IV
Chimioterapie paliativa
Tratament simptomatic
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Boala limitata:
¡ Chimioterapie (cisplatin+etoposid 4-6 cicluri)asociata cu radioterapie mediastino-pulmonara
¡ Radioterapie craniana profilactica
Boala extinsa:
¡ Chimioterapie paliativa
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Tumorile maligne primare ale plamanului reprezinta una
dintre cele mai frecvente localizari ale cancerului mai ales
la barbat, si una dintre cele mai importante cauze de
mortalitate
Diagnosticul lor in fazele incipiente ramane grevat de
serioase dificultati,intrucat nici simptomatologia clinica,
nici aspectul radiologic nu sunt caracteristice in aceste
faze
Prezenta unei imagini suspecte obliga la efectuarea unui
examen CT si a unui examen bronhoscopic cu prelevare
bioptica, proceduri ce pot furniza elemente de certitudine
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D. Negru, “Radiologie si imagistica medicala”, 2007
V. Grancea, “Bazele radiologiei si imagisticii medicale”, 1996
D. Radulescu, “Radiologie medicala”, 1983
V.M. Nagy, “Propedeutica oncologica”, 2008
Collins, Jannette; Stern, Eric J., Chest Radiology: TheEssentials, 2nd Edition, 2008
American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2011.
Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2011.
http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/30/5/1163.full
http://flylib.com/books/en/3.98.1.109/1/
http://www.ajronline.org/content/194/5/W354.full
http://www.chestradiology.net/main.cgi?tut=/
tumors.cgi&frame=main&s=1&t=Adenocarcinoma&mod=all
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