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CAPACITY CREATION/TRAINING
MODULE FOR RESETTLEMENT PLANNING FOR LARGE DAMS: A CASE
STUDY AYSE KUDAT
SOCIAL ASSESSMENT
2003
Ayse Kudat:Ayse Kudat:
THE THE ILISU DAM ILISU DAM THE THE ILISU DAM ILISU DAM
Dam type : Zoned rockfill with
clay core
Dam height above foundation : 135 m
Reservoir area : 313 km2
Active dam reservoir volume : 7.5 x 109 m3
Installed capacity : 1200 MW
Power : 3833 GWh/yr
Dam type : Zoned rockfill with
clay core
Dam height above foundation : 135 m
Reservoir area : 313 km2
Active dam reservoir volume : 7.5 x 109 m3
Installed capacity : 1200 MW
Power : 3833 GWh/yr
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19541954
19711971
19751975
19751975
19771977
19801980
19821982
19981998
20002000
Un
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Un
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People have been informed and many would like to know with certainty whether the dam
will finally be built or not
Household surveys indicate over 95% of communities in Diyarbakir, Batman, Mardin and Sirnak are informed. This knowledge is shared by 79% of households in Siirt
Who are the affected populations?
Although a clear definition of “affected populations” is not available from the World Bank, it is generally accepted that people who are physically forced to move or be displaced, resettlers, settlers, those who will lose their assets or their access to common resources are considered “affected”.
In the case of the proposed Ilisu Dam, residents of communities who lose part or all of their land, homes, and other assets, are clearly “affected”.
The complications arise when the case of the already “displaced” populations are considered
Although a clear definition of “affected populations” is not available from the World Bank, it is generally accepted that people who are physically forced to move or be displaced, resettlers, settlers, those who will lose their assets or their access to common resources are considered “affected”.
In the case of the proposed Ilisu Dam, residents of communities who lose part or all of their land, homes, and other assets, are clearly “affected”.
The complications arise when the case of the already “displaced” populations are considered
Settlements affected are distributed among five provinces
Dam Affected Areas
Some villages have one or more hamlets. Kinship ties exist between the village and Some villages have one or more hamlets. Kinship ties exist between the village and its hamlets, but are closer within each settlement. As hamlets grow in size, demands its hamlets, but are closer within each settlement. As hamlets grow in size, demands are made to convert them into villages with independent administrative identities. In are made to convert them into villages with independent administrative identities. In some villages and associated hamlets the land titles are available but are still in the some villages and associated hamlets the land titles are available but are still in the
name of a great grandfather from whom the villages trace their patrilineage.name of a great grandfather from whom the villages trace their patrilineage.
There are some nomadic people in the impact area. Their There are some nomadic people in the impact area. Their numbers are very small but difficult to estimate. If and how numbers are very small but difficult to estimate. If and how they may be affected by the construction of the Ilisu Dam is they may be affected by the construction of the Ilisu Dam is
unknown.unknown.
Diversity• Affected communities in all 5 provinces are primarily Kurdish
speaking. Including in Hasankeyf, there are some people of Arabic origin as well. Men and younger generations are bilingual and because of extensive use of the TV, women often speak some Turkish.
• Kinship ties are traced to Kurdish tribes within the region. Tribal structures have lost their dominance but strong lineage ties are maintained.
• Diversity with respect to faith is also common with people of Muslim and Christian origin of different sects. Some Yezidi communities are also said to live in the impact area.
• A common sense of being from a province is far more widespread than ethnic or religious background except among Suryanis. When asked, people define themselves by their place of birth or most extensive residence.
• Seasonal migrants come in large groups from other provinces.They too are of diverse origin but mix little with affected communities. Gypsies also travel and work within the region.
Out-migration has been a major feature of communities in all five provinces affected. In Baglarca Village most of
the young population has migrated to Istanbul
According to the 2000 socio-According to the 2000 socio-economic survey, seasonal economic survey, seasonal migration in affected communities migration in affected communities is an important source of income is an important source of income to both the landless and to those to both the landless and to those with marginal land. The with marginal land. The destinations are tourism and destinations are tourism and metropolitan centers.metropolitan centers.
12 Different Population Scenarios had to be prepared given large numbers of displaced populations and the difficulties involved in separating village and hamlet data
12 Different Population Scenarios had to be prepared given large numbers of displaced populations and the difficulties involved in separating village and hamlet data
Population estimates based on alternative growth rates and average settlement sizes Inhabited Settlements Vacant Settlements Total Directly
affected Indirectly affected
Directly affected
Indirectly affected
1. 1990 forecast (a)
13531 34952 5811 8600 62894
2. 1990 forecast (b)
13531 34952 12468 13152 74103
3. 1990 forecast ©
10066 26002 4323 6398 46789
4. 1990 forecast (d)
10066 26002 9275 9785 55128
5. 1997 foreceast (a)
12339 33589 5811 8600 60339
6. 1997 forecast (b)
12339 33589 12468 13152 71548
7. 1997 forecast ( c )
11276 30696 4304 6369 52644
8. 1997 forecast ( d)
11276 30696 9233 9741 60946
9. Household survey (a)
14416 37716 5811 8600 66543
10. Household survey (b)
14416 37716 12468 13152 77752
11. Household survey ( c )
14416 37716 4323 6398 62853
12. Household survey ( d )
14416 37716 9275 9785 71192
Determination of affected populations is made difficult because of displaced populations and unavailability of
separate data for villages and sub-village
Descriptions of Alternative Forecast Precedures:
1. 1990 forecast (a): The 1990 population census figures have been forecasted to the year 2000. For both vacant and inhabited settlements, 1990 hamlet residents have been assumed to be included in the core village statistics. For vacant settlements it has been assumed that if they would have stayed in place, their populations would have grown at the same rate as settlements that are currently inhabited. For settlements that are currently vacant hamlet populations have been assumed to be included in the core village figures since this appears to be the case for the population census data at that time. A rather generous population growth rate of .0243 has been assumed. This rate has been published by the State Statistical Office as the overall growth rate of all settlements.
• 1990 forecast (b): The same as (1), above with the exception that the hamlet populations have been assumed to be unreported. Thus, based on the average hamlet populations within the Ilisu region for the year 2000, the vacant hamlets have been assumed to have an average population of 170. Thus, a relatively high overall population estimate has emerged for all affected settlements.
• 1990 forecast ©: The same as (1) above except a growth rate of (-00527) has been used. This rate has been published by the State Statistical Office as the specific rural growth rate for the South-eastern Turkey for the period 1990-1997.
• 1990 forecast (d): The same as (2), above with the low rural population growth rate.
Between 1985 and 1990 population in displacedsettlements was already reduced. By 1997 no dataon them were available and only 42,831 people were recorded as residing in communities to be affected by the Ilisu Dam.
Between 1985 and 1990 population in displacedsettlements was already reduced. By 1997 no dataon them were available and only 42,831 people were recorded as residing in communities to be affected by the Ilisu Dam.
Directly affected and inhabitated
Directlyaffected villages and vacant at 1997.
Indirectly affected and inhabitated
IndirectlyAffected villages and inhabitated.
Total
1985 census
9579 5193 23058 7890 45841
1990 census
10611 4557 27409 6744 49443
1997 census
11471 Not available
31227 Not available 42831
Source : 1997 Population Census, Administrative Division ( SIS )
WOMEN
ADULTS, CHILDREN OF EXTENDED FAMILIES
LIVESTOCK MANAGERS
DISPLACED• Displaced populations are particularly vulnerable• They will not benefit from state support extended to those repatriated to their vacated
communities • Their preferences are not well established since they cannot easily be located• Those without titles to assets
– Their numbers are difficult to estimate– Their entitlements raise concerns– Landless among them may have no entitlements
• Some occupy homes of landlords
• Reduced size of land in the areas coupled with use of some pasture areas for irrigated agriculture would further shrink livestock incomes
• Compensation and resettlements rights are household specific
• They generate the bulk of livestock income, and livestock activity may be substantially reduced• Compensation payments if divided among adult children of household may exclude daughters• Stress of adjustment to urban areas including those deriving from male unemployment may fall
disproportionately on women
Vulnerable groups
LANDLESS
What can be done?• Displaced
Compensate the fully affected for their assets unless they immediately opt for state assisted resettlement
Make early resettlement arrangements for those without assets that request state support. Determine nature of impacts on partially affected settlements and facilitate their return to
their original communities. Schedule compensation and resettlement budget accordingly so that this particular
vulnerable group will not have to wait until dam construction is near completion.• Landless
Those requesting state support would be entitled to homes as well as land; the special category who have no homes of their own creates concern. Identify their legal entitlements.
Given acute shortages of cultivatable land, provide them with skills training to encourage urban resettlement.
• Livestock managers Better estimate impacts of reduced pasture land on livestock incomes. Encourage feed management
• Adults, children of extended families Direct new employment opportunities created by the dam and establish appropriate
strategies for targeting training for future urban employment.• Women
Rapid socioeconomic change is ongoing in the region and gradual improvements in the status of women are expected. Informing women of their individual legal rights and of skills building opportunities would also help.
OHAL (exceptional conditions) continue
But there is a gradual shift to normality
THE PROVINCES AND SETTLEMENTS AFFECTED BY THE ILISU DAM THE PROVINCES AND SETTLEMENTS AFFECTED BY THE ILISU DAM ARE GOVERNED UNDER MARTIAL CONDITIONSARE GOVERNED UNDER MARTIAL CONDITIONS
Normalization is expected to create the much Normalization is expected to create the much needed circumstances for development needed circumstances for development investments. It is also expected to facilitate the investments. It is also expected to facilitate the return of displaced people to their communities.return of displaced people to their communities.
THE ILISU DAM RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
COMMUNITY STRUCTURES AND ASSETS
Assessing the cost of lost infrastructure is an essential part of the RAP.
Little is known about the nature and value of infrastructure in the affected communities.
Of equal or greater importance is the lack of knowledge or access to common property resources.
There is no information on displaced communities.
With respect to “built” structures, information is available on housing from the 2000 socio-economic survey that shows that most families own homes, but do not have title deeds. Other than in the town of Hasankeyf, local materials – stabilized mud and stone – are most frequent. Some caves are also used as homes. The poor occupy more of the mud homes that will not receive much in compensation.
The towns also have better amenities. Electricity, televisions and refrigerators are almost universal. Water shortages are acute.
Building materials of houses
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Hasankeyf Inhabited Settlements
Sun-dried bricks Stone Brick Wood Concrete
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Hasankeyf Inhabited Settlements
Sun-dried bricks Stone Brick Wood Concrete
715Do not have house
8474Have house
Inhabited settlements
Hasankeyf
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Own title deed Own property without title deed
Hasankeyf Inhabited
OWNERSHIP OF HOUSE TITLES
Household TypesIn addition to these structures,a few families still live in caves in Hasankeyf.
Brick
Stone
Wood
Concrete
Stabilized mud
In rural settlements homes are In rural settlements homes are large but built of simple local large but built of simple local materials- stabilized mud, materials- stabilized mud,
stone and brick. Concrete homes are more visible in urban areas. stone and brick. Concrete homes are more visible in urban areas.
Not all the assets of the communities will be adequately
compensated.
The habitat of the area offers opportunities for construction of staples, storage houses and other facilities; affected households may not be able to claim compensation for these
The habitat of the area offers opportunities for construction of staples, storage houses and other facilities; affected households may not be able to claim compensation for these
•Caves are the most distinguishing landscape formation of the region. The story behind who the first settlers were is still unknown.
•The inhabitants of Suceken village were resettled from these caves to their current village (right across the caves on the bank of Tigris) during late 60s through state support. They still use their caves as staple for their animals.
Urban Homes in Hasankeyf have much better amenities than rural homes
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Hasankeyf Inhabited settlements
Have toilet in thehouseHave toilet outside
Gardens and homes are larger in rural areas. This is one of the reasons why government resettlement houses are perceived as “boxes”. The large size of
rural families is yet another important factor.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Hasankeyf Inhabitedsettlements
Garden size (sqm)
House size (sqm)
Number ofrooms/house
The officials in the region point to high levels of illegal use of energy. Bills The officials in the region point to high levels of illegal use of energy. Bills are not paid, illegal connections are made, and meters are damaged. The are not paid, illegal connections are made, and meters are damaged. The
energy agency recently declared its intention to raise tariffs. However, how energy agency recently declared its intention to raise tariffs. However, how they will combat revenue leakage is yet to be explained to the public.they will combat revenue leakage is yet to be explained to the public.
In many cases, communities support the dam In many cases, communities support the dam construction and want to be resettled because of construction and want to be resettled because of acute water shortages.acute water shortages.
Percentage of households with access to “safe” drinking water is much higher in
Hasankeyf than in rural communities
97
32
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Hasankeyf
InhabitedSettlement
Hasankeyf Inhabited Settlement
Ownership of Durable Consumer Products
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
No telephone
No fridge
No laundry
No oven
Hasankeyf Inhabited settlements
The area that will be impacted by the Ilisu Dam is vast. Large segments of nearby The area that will be impacted by the Ilisu Dam is vast. Large segments of nearby surface waters are irrigated directly by the people themselves. Irrigation systems surface waters are irrigated directly by the people themselves. Irrigation systems
based on pumping water from the rivers can be installed either by the landowner or based on pumping water from the rivers can be installed either by the landowner or by the tenant farmer at their own cost. Landowners also use groundwater; water by the tenant farmer at their own cost. Landowners also use groundwater; water extracted from the ground belongs to the landowner. Surface water irrigation is extracted from the ground belongs to the landowner. Surface water irrigation is
preferred because electricity, rather than gas, is used for pumping. Despite a preferred because electricity, rather than gas, is used for pumping. Despite a shortage of electricity, revenue leakage is extremely high.shortage of electricity, revenue leakage is extremely high.
In addition to being highly exploited for self-constructed irrigation schemes, In addition to being highly exploited for self-constructed irrigation schemes, rivers are also exploited for building materials.rivers are also exploited for building materials.
The area that will be impacted by the Ilisu Dam is vast. Large segments of nearby The area that will be impacted by the Ilisu Dam is vast. Large segments of nearby surface waters are irrigated directly by the people themselves. Irrigation systems surface waters are irrigated directly by the people themselves. Irrigation systems
based on pumping water from the rivers can be installed either by the landowner or based on pumping water from the rivers can be installed either by the landowner or by the tenant farmer at their own cost. Landowners also use groundwater; water by the tenant farmer at their own cost. Landowners also use groundwater; water extracted from the ground belongs to the landowner. Surface water irrigation is extracted from the ground belongs to the landowner. Surface water irrigation is
preferred because electricity, rather than gas, is used for pumping. Despite a preferred because electricity, rather than gas, is used for pumping. Despite a shortage of electricity, revenue leakage is extremely high.shortage of electricity, revenue leakage is extremely high.
There is a visible lack of horticulture and tree cover in the affected communities of Ilisu. Unfortunately, There is a visible lack of horticulture and tree cover in the affected communities of Ilisu. Unfortunately, the socio-economic surveys made no attempt to establish tree ownership. Whether the issue is related to the socio-economic surveys made no attempt to establish tree ownership. Whether the issue is related to
goat ownership or not is uncertain. Some of the landlords are planting trees on a yearly basis. Some goat ownership or not is uncertain. Some of the landlords are planting trees on a yearly basis. Some foreign observers seem to think that this is because they intend to receive higher levels of cash foreign observers seem to think that this is because they intend to receive higher levels of cash
compensation from the government. In fact, few landlords believe that Ilisu will ever be built. They compensation from the government. In fact, few landlords believe that Ilisu will ever be built. They plant trees to diversify their farming and to make better use of the irrigation infrastructure they have plant trees to diversify their farming and to make better use of the irrigation infrastructure they have
established.established.
Surprisingly most households use wood for heating
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Hasankeyf Inhabited settlements
Dung Wood
Coal Other
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Malaria Bronchitis Osteoartritis Poisoning(snake andscorpions)
Common Cold
Hasankeyf
Inhabited Settlements
0123456789
10
Hasankeyf Inhabited settlements
No illnessIncidence and type of illness vary according
to settlements
Incidendce
Of Malaria is
Surprisingly
High in
Villages
THE ILISU DAM RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
TYPOLOGY OF AFFECTS
Typology of Affects
Types of settlements impacted are diverse.
Total of 183 settlements are impacted.
In 104 settlements, residential areas will be inundated.
In 79 settlements, only a portion of the land will be impacted.
85 settlements have already been displaced in the early 1990s, a situation that presents an unprecedented challenge for the RAP. There are other complications – title deeds are not available for a large percentage of communities, especially for those displaced.
Security concerns in the area resulted in the recruitment of some 60,000 “village guards” in southeast Turkey, including in the affected settlements. While most guards are members of the communities, some have been brought in from outside and expect to benefit from the Ilisu compensation process.
Although not all displacement was caused by security concerns, displaced people have resettlement entitlements under the Turkish law.
Given this complex web of issues, the RAP should recommend a process and a budget to: (i) formulate solutions specific to settlement typology; (ii) take early measures to prepare land registration systems for displaced communities, giving priority to those fully displaced; (iii) provide early compensation for displaced people of fully impacted settlements; (iv) establish with certainty affected lands in partially impacted displaced settlements and design strategies to facilitate people to return to their communities (in collaboration with other government agencies involved in this effort).
Large number of settlements are affected by the dam
Partially affected Fully affected
104 79
57 VillageVillage
47 HamletHamlet
2929VillageVillage
4949HamletHamlet
11TownTown
HasankeyfHasankeyf
A total of 183 settlements impacted
Inhabited 37
Vacant20
Inhabited 16
Inhabited 18
Inhabited 26
Vacant21
Vacant13
Vacant31
Inhabited Villages
• Display different characteristics with respect to migration. • In most, seasonal migration is needed to supplement
incomes.• Some continue to lose their younger members to labor
markets outside.• As in the past, some continue to send temporary or
permanent migrants to metropolitan or tourism centers.• To some, families from outside have been brought in as
“village guards”.• Still others host large numbers of seasonal farm workers
from within and outside the region.
There are several types of Vacant Villages*
• Totally vacant and no security clearance for land to be cultivated.• Homes have been vacant for nearly a decade but farmers
especially recently have been cultivating their lands.• Communities for which security clearance has been obtained for
the people to return if they wish to do so.• The government and the army are collaborating to facilitate the
return of people to evacuated villages, however developmental assistance will not be provided to those that might be affected by the Ilisu Dam. Thus, the people are keen for a decision one way or the other. If the dam will not be built they will return to their homes.
*Two types of out migration have been significant in the region in the 1990s. First is the “economic migration”; this has not resulted in the total evacuation of any one community. In the 1960s and 1970s opportunities were more prevalent and the dominant pattern has been for rural populations to head for Western Anatolian cities and even to Europe. A more significant and unique form of out migration concerns population displacement for security reasons. More specifically, in the early 1990s the Government requested communities either to arm themselves and fight on its side against the “terrorists” or to evacuate their homes. As a result, over 3,000 affected communities have been evacuated and are currently uninhabited.
Baglarca Village: Example of a partially vacant village. Houses near the
Jandarma base have been displaced
Displacement in some situations occurs because communities are Displacement in some situations occurs because communities are entirely evacuated. In other cases, conflicts between those who agree to entirely evacuated. In other cases, conflicts between those who agree to function as guards and those who did not do so resulted in the departure of function as guards and those who did not do so resulted in the departure of some families.some families.
In a large number of cases, communities are partially vacated In a large number of cases, communities are partially vacated because of fear of terrorism. Whether these families will return or because of fear of terrorism. Whether these families will return or whether they have property left behind is uncertain.whether they have property left behind is uncertain.
Some inhabited villages are partially vacated:Some inhabited villages are partially vacated:
Baglarca Village: Example of a partially vacant village. Houses Baglarca Village: Example of a partially vacant village. Houses near the Jandarma base were displaced.near the Jandarma base were displaced.
If a census of entitlements was prepared, they might have been If a census of entitlements was prepared, they might have been excluded from resettlement preferences. Thus, the decision to move excluded from resettlement preferences. Thus, the decision to move forward with the dam construction might be needed before these people forward with the dam construction might be needed before these people can be informed and make a decision to either come forward with their can be informed and make a decision to either come forward with their demands or to stay in their respective new homes elsewhere.demands or to stay in their respective new homes elsewhere.
Different Resettlement Classifications are possible
People who have legal title to land and are still
there.
People who have no legal title to land and are
still there.
People who have had legal title to land and
have left.
People who have no legal title to land and have
left.
People who have arrived in the last eight years.
Fully affected*Partially affected*
Vacant
Full
No Title deed
Legal title deedSome assets with tit
le
complex residential and legal complex residential and legal arrangements determine the type of arrangements determine the type of
impactsimpacts
Gradually returning
Works on land
Still vacant
Immigrant guards
* Communities that will be fully affected will completely lose their residential areas to the dam reservoir. Most of these will also lose their cultivable lands. Residential areas in partially affected communities will not be affected but some or most of their cultivated areas will be inundated.
Fully affected/ Partially affectedFully affected/ Partially affected
As defined by DSI (and the resettlement plan under preparation), totally flooded communities would lose their residential core; whereas in partially flooded communities the build environment will not be affected
Complications:•Not all “fully flooded” communities would lose their assets entirely e.g. Ilisu• How much of a “partially affected” community will actually be affected is unknown
Assumptions•In situations where a settlement center would be inundated cultivable lands would also be fully flooded •As to “partially affected” communities, a yardstick from past experience has also been used: these communities would lose about half their cultivable areas.
In their original Rural communities
In their original Urban communities
People Who Have Legal Title to Land and Are Still:
Want state assisted
resettlement
Want cashcompensation
Want state assisted
resettlement
Want cashcompensation
Partially affected Fully affected
In their original Rural In their original Rural communitiescommunities
In their original Urban In their original Urban communitiescommunities
People Who Have NO Legal Title to Land and Are Still:
Want state assisted
resettlement
Want cashcompensation
Want state assisted
resettlement
Want cashcompensation
Partially affected Fully affected
Most communities lack cadastral systems and owners have no legal titles yet.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Fully affected Partially Affected
Own-title home Own-no-title
Not an owner
People Who Have had Legal Title to Land and have left either:
Other new Rural
communities
Other new Urban communities
Want state assisted
resettlement
Want cashcompensation
Want state assisted
resettlement
Want cashcompensation
Sold their Land for economic reasons:
Lost their claim
Could not sell their Land and were displaced for security reasons to:
Partially affected Fully affected
Other new Rural communities
Other new Urban communities
People Who Have had No Legal Title to Land and have been displaced are either in:
Want state assisted
resettlement
Want cashcompensation
Want state assisted
resettlement
Want cashcompensation
Partially affected Fully affected
People who have arrived in the last eight years
Claim to have purchased land
Did notpurchase land
and are farming
Are paid as security guards by government
In Their new In Their new Rural Rural
communitiescommunities
In Their new In Their new Urban Urban
communitiescommunities
Want state assisted
resettlement
Want cashcompensation
In Their new In Their new Urban Urban
communitiescommunities
Want cashcompensation
Want state assisted
resettlement
In Their new In Their new Rural Rural
communitiescommunities Own Land
Do not own land
Want state assisted
resettlement
Want cashcompensation
Farm land they do not own
Partially affected Fully affected
Fewer of the vacant villages have land registration
Vacant46%
Inhabited54%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Land registrationavailable
No land registration
Fully affected Partially affected
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Land registrationavailable
No land registration
Fully affected Partially affected
Affected Settlements
If the RAP of the Ilisu dam literally followed international standards and If the RAP of the Ilisu dam literally followed international standards and excluded households not resident in the impact area at the time of a census, or excluded households not resident in the impact area at the time of a census, or the socio-economic studies, a large number of displaced people would have beenthe socio-economic studies, a large number of displaced people would have beenexcluded from resettlement and expropriation benefits.excluded from resettlement and expropriation benefits.
Example of a totally uninhabited village:
Sincanli Village
Sincanli Village is a mezra of Sincanli Village is a mezra of Oymatas. The villagers left their Oymatas. The villagers left their village and migrated to Batman. village and migrated to Batman. There were 20 households pre-There were 20 households pre-migration, and they still have migration, and they still have their land and work on their land their land and work on their land during the day, commuting during the day, commuting daily. As they were leaving they daily. As they were leaving they took all of their belongings, took all of their belongings, windows, doors and trees to windows, doors and trees to reuse them for construction reuse them for construction purposes in Batman.purposes in Batman.
Example of a totally vacant village: Kumluca Village
Some of the evacuated communities are extremely difficult to reach. Some of the evacuated communities are extremely difficult to reach. This is because some areas are mined, and in others the road and This is because some areas are mined, and in others the road and energy infrastructure is totally destroyed. The process of rebuilding energy infrastructure is totally destroyed. The process of rebuilding these communities is going to be extremely costly. Neither a program these communities is going to be extremely costly. Neither a program nor a specific budget exists to launch the program. nor a specific budget exists to launch the program.
Nevertheless, steps could Nevertheless, steps could be taken to give priority be taken to give priority to the rebuilding of to the rebuilding of partially affected vacant partially affected vacant settlements with settlements with particular emphasis on particular emphasis on those that were those that were marginally impacted.marginally impacted.
Displacement is not always due to security, in some cases displacement is caused by blood feud
There is an ongoing migration from the villages to towns, and not all can be attributed to security enforcement. Other than security and economic constraint, another reason for migration is blood feuds among the families,which is widespread in the region. The blood conflict can be among villages or within a village among specific families. Like in the case of Yenikopru Village, half of the village (approx. 75 households) have left because of blood feuds within the village.
Internal disputes not related to Kurdish politics have Internal disputes not related to Kurdish politics have also caused massive out-migration from a few communities. also caused massive out-migration from a few communities.
In this community one young man from one of the In this community one young man from one of the two tribes was killed. The members of the other tribetwo tribes was killed. The members of the other tribe
had to leave fearing revengehad to leave fearing revenge.
In many parts of the region, especially in mountainous terrain, the evacuation of the villages caused a phenomenon previously unknown: wild pigs multiplied in enormous numbers and are destroying the crops. Even when the communities are increasingly more secure (“from the terrorists”) to return, they can no longer get a harvest. The communities that opted for the guard system and stayed in place enjoyed the advantage of continuous agricultural income and lesser threat from wild pigs.
Clear Titles Are Available in Some cases
Those who are resident land owners with clear titles that belong to a single household present the least challenge. If these households, although perhaps a minority, have a nuclear structure without adult children there would be only one major concern: the land would be registered on the name of the husband only. Should there be cash compensation, this would be paid directly to the husband. If there are adult children and their father has the title to his own name, these children would not have additional resettlement entitlements.
Unregistered Land of nuclear families can be registered and
compensated
Complications arise when owners are already displaced. The least problematic situation is when displaced owners have title deeds. If the evacuated communities are safe to return and accessible for the work of the officials, ownership can also be established. There are however inaccessible communities without security clearance and these would present problems for receipt of entitlements. This is a situation unique to Ilisu.
Multiple Claims to Land are widespread because of prevalence
of Extended Families
Solution of multiple claims of large numbers of joint owners would be particularly difficulties where land titles are lacking. The registration system might be substantially delayed should opposition arise from either resident or absentee owners.
One owner with multiple wives, multiple sons can be found easily
Yet another widespread situation derives from the fact that lands were originally owned by one person with multiple wives and many sons. The third and fourth generation owners, sometimes as many as 100 adult male heirs, have joint title to lands that spread over many communities. Those that will be affected are expecting that land will be made available to them in other shared properties. This, however, may not happen in all cases without problems and thus land disputes that might arise would block the chances of large numbers to having access to compensation.
Land Tenure: Tenants
Yet another rather unique situation concerns those large numbers of resident farmers who make a good living by leasing land primarily, but not exclusively, from absentee owners. These farmers would be entitled for compensation for their homes or for state assisted resettlement, however they are bound to lose income without legal recourse.
C opyright Ayse Kuda t 2000
Land Tenure: Clear Titles
Those who are resident land owners with clear titles thatbelong to a single household present the least challenge. Ifthese households, although perhaps a minority, have anuclear structure without adult children there would beonly one major concern: the land would be registered onthe name of the husband only. Should there be cashcompensation, this would be paid directly to the husband.If there are adult children and their father has the title tohis own name, these children would not have additionalresettlement entitlements.
Not all improvements on land are made by the land
owners
Yet another complication relates to the quality of the land. Some (few) landowners have installed artesian wells on their land and use/lease it as irrigated land. Others may have installed it on the river and these systems are movable. Many others lease their dry land the tenant installs the irrigation scheme. During valuation of these lands, problems are likely to arise and people have already anticipated “win-win” situations that would maximize the return to land owners.
LAND VALUES ARE DIFFICULT TO CALCULATE
“Irrigated land in Diyarbakir/ Batman area costs between $1000-$3000/decares, but no one sells. They wait until the time of expropriation. They would then sell it or demand for it $5000.
Past investments in land have been limited. Almost no one sells their land and it is thus difficult to
accurately establish land values
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Hasankeyf Inhabited Settlements
Invest money in land Do not invest money in land
LAND TENURE: THE SITUATION OF WOMENLAND TENURE: THE SITUATION OF WOMEN
Women in the area are not given land. The fact that most marriages occur within similar socio-economic classes and often among first cousins or other kin, usually results in women sharing the family wealth through their husbands rather than through their fathers (and lacking title in both cases). However, large number of people keep moving to cities and some have moved to western Turkey a decade or two ago. Women who have lived and perhaps worked outside their traditional setting may also start laying claims on land. This too, while benefiting some women, would result in legal blockages to any one owner’s ability to take compensation payments.
THE ILISU DAM RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
CONSULTATIONS AND STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION
A large number of stakeholders are involved in the construction of the Ilisu Dam and the preparation/implementation of the RAP.
Stakeholders have very different income levels and sources of wealth. They also have very diverse and sometimes conflicting interests and preferences.
A good start has been made in consulting some of the key stakeholders, especially through the socio-economic survey of 2,000 households. However, consultation needs to include systematically all key stakeholders.
International experience has shown that participation:
(a) enhances the appropriateness and relevance of RAPs and makes
it more likely that implementation will be successful; and
(b) increases the commitment and support of stakeholders, not simply
for the RAP but for the overall dam project.
DSIDSICONSORTIUM COMPANIESCONSORTIUM COMPANIES
TURKISHTURKISH GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT
5 LOCAL GOVERNMENTS5 LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
GAP REGIONAL OFFICEGAP REGIONAL OFFICE
FARMERSFARMERS
AFFECTED AFFECTED POPULATIONSPOPULATIONS
DISPLACED POPULATIONSDISPLACED POPULATIONSHOST HOST POPULATIONSPOPULATIONS
PRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR
LOCAL NGOSLOCAL NGOS INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL NGOSNGOS
PUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SECTOR
LANDLORDSLANDLORDS
LIVESTOCKLIVESTOCK MANAGERSMANAGERS
CITY GOVERNORSCITY GOVERNORS
ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPSENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS
CULTURAL HERITAGE CULTURAL HERITAGE GROUPSGROUPS
POLITICAL GROUPSPOLITICAL GROUPS
DSI REGIONAL OFFICEDSI REGIONAL OFFICE
THE POORTHE POOR
LANDLESSLANDLESSWOMENWOMEN
GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF RURAL SERVICESGENERAL DIRECTORATE OF RURAL SERVICES
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CONSULTATIONS DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CONSULTATIONS ARE HELD WITH STAKEHOLDERS ARE HELD WITH STAKEHOLDERS
Consultations carried out for RAP preparation constitute a
good start • Most people are informed and over 2,000 households were
approached through a recent socio-economic survey concerning their preferences.
• Not all, however, are informed of their rights under the Law, especially with respect to resettlement arrangements. Some believe that they can ask for cash compensation for their land, credit for their economic activities, as well as a new home. According to the existing procedures, they will be informed by DSI but only once a final decision on the dam is reached.
• A new baseline and a well funded systematic information campaigns are included in the first phase of the resettlement implementation plan.
Displaced people are difficult to locate. Displaced people are difficult to locate. The city of Siirt is host toThe city of Siirt is host to
a large number of them and a large number of them and the neighborhoods that they cluster aroundthe neighborhoods that they cluster around
can be located. can be located.
Consultations have been carried out in many communities. Consultations have been carried out in many communities. Partially affected communities are supportive of the dam.Partially affected communities are supportive of the dam.
•Despite being on the river bank, the peasants of Oymatas have limited irrigation capabilities due to lack of financial resources. “There has to be at least 30 billion TL ($50,000) or an aga (landlord) to set up an irrigation system”. With a maximum arable land of 200-300 decares, drought poses a key constraint for agriculture. 15 households are landless. As a source of income, in addition to getting paid for being guards, they do fishing and go to Istanbul for seasonal work. For a household involved in agriculture, annual income from agriculture (cotton) is 2.5 billion TL (4160 $) per year.
•Residents of Oymabas have highly positive opinions about the dam. “We want the dam to be built. If there is a dam, they are going to pay for our houses. Our land is higher, we can continue to cultivate with more water, and use the money”. The dam is going to provide them water that they’ve been longing for.
The landless perform tenant farming for a living. The landless perform tenant farming for a living. Those with larger land holdings expand their Those with larger land holdings expand their
cultivation by renting more land.cultivation by renting more land.
0
20
40
60
80
100
PERCENT O F HO USEHO LDS
LANDLESS 1-50 da OVER 50 da TOTAL
LAND OWNERSHIP
DO YOU WORK AS A SHARECROPPER, TENANT OR A PAID PERSON? YES NO
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
PERCENT OF
HOUSEHOLDS
LANDLESS 1-50 da OVER 50 da TOTAL
LAND OWNERSHIP
DID YOU EARN CASH INCOME FROM AGRICULTURE IN 1999?
YES NO
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
US $
LANDLESS 1-50 da OVER 50 da TOTAL
LAND OWNERSHIP
AVERAGE MONTHLY INCOME PER CAPITA
AVERAGE MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME
TOTAL MONTHLY HOUSEHOLD INCOME
INCOME LEVEL BY TYPE OF LAND OWNERSHIPINCOME LEVEL BY TYPE OF LAND OWNERSHIP
Sale of agricultural products during the 1999 season has been substantial even in
the Hasankeyf town
0 20 40 60 80 100
Hasankeyf
InhabitedSettlement
Have agricultural products Do not have agricultural products
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
PERCENT HOUSEHOLDS
BISMIL OTHER AREAS
OWNERSHIP OF DEEDS/TITLES
DEED/TITLEOWNERSHIP
DSI SURVEY 2000
Historic Town of Hasankeyf
History of Hasankeyf dates back thousands of years. Each civilization has left its mark on the town. Yet the most interesting site is the city tower which was built on stories of caves. The landscape of the region has created thousands of caves are that still hosting two families in the case of Hasankeyf.
The History of Hasankeyf isStill not known to most of its residents Hasankeyf is claimed to have provided home to
settlers in ancient Mesopotamia as many as 10,000 years ago. Many civilizations have inhabited the city, with its built and natural cave elements constantly developing. Byzantines, Sassanides, Omayyads, Abbasides, Hamdanides, Mervanides, Artuks, Eyyubians and Ottomans are all said to have contributed to its history. Therefore, the government took the town, in its entirety, under complete archeological and environmental protection through a relevant law. Some residents now ask why over the past 20 years they were not allowed to build and develop the city if in another 10 years it was to be destroyed in any case.They are also unclear who some sites are declared as “protected areas” if they are not to be protected.The people in Hasankeyf say that they understand and personally experience energy problems. Yet they are not convinced that alternatives have been pursued and all costs are considered.
THE ILISU DAM RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
LAND OWNERSHIP
What was once the village school, has evolved into a
home for two poor families in Yurekveren Village
Poverty and landlessness is Poverty and landlessness is widespread. The long lasting widespread. The long lasting drought, inaccessibility of some drought, inaccessibility of some pasture land and displacement pasture land and displacement due to lack of peace have all due to lack of peace have all contributed to worsening the contributed to worsening the recent situation of some.recent situation of some.
Bedia is a wife of one of the families. Bedia is a wife of one of the families. She is 17 years old and already has She is 17 years old and already has three children, and she comments that three children, and she comments that she does not want anymore. Her she does not want anymore. Her husband is a shepherd. They were husband is a shepherd. They were placed in the school because of poverty placed in the school because of poverty along with another poor family.along with another poor family.
Displaced populations have left behind all their land. No information is available on Displaced populations have left behind all their land. No information is available on land distribution prior to their displacement. The fact that an increasing number are land distribution prior to their displacement. The fact that an increasing number are applying for permission to return indicates that many do have property. The analysis of applying for permission to return indicates that many do have property. The analysis of a small sample of displaced people shows that about one half owned land prior to their a small sample of displaced people shows that about one half owned land prior to their displacement.displacement.
Fewer of the vacant villages have land registration
Vacant46%
Inhabited54%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Land registrationavailable
No land registration
Fully affected Partially affected
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Land registrationavailable
No land registration
Fully affected Partially affected
Affected Settlements
Some displaced farmers work as sharecroppers/tenant farmers living in rental homes in the region
Land tenure arrangements are highly differentiated and related closely to entitlements. Several tenure categories create particular challenges, not typical of resettlement cases previously documented.
Village headmen from affected communities report substantial proportion of landless. Some of these poor live on livestock management and/or agricultural labor; they have been residents for generations. Others have moved in the last 2 decades and continue to move as tenant farmers. There are also large numbers of seasonal workers brought in from other provinces or to a smaller degree, from the impact region. These work for landlords, travel in families and live under the most deplorable circumstances.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
% L
andl
ess H
ouse
hold
s
Batman Diyarbakir Mardin Siirt
Source: 1999 Village Headmen SurveySource: 1999 Village Headmen Survey
Landless Households
Land OwnershipLand Ownership
Absentee land owners are widespread. According to the headman survey (1999) the majority of the affected
communities have absentee land owners.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
%
Batman Diyarbakir Mardin Siirt
Percentage of Absentee Land Owners
LANDOWNERSHIP PER CAPITA BY PROVINCE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97
PERCENT OF POPULATION
DE
CA
RE
S
DIYARBAKIR
SIIRT
MARDIN
SIRNAK
BATMAN
LANDOWNERSHIP PER CAPITA BY PROVINCE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97
PERCENT OF POPULATION
DE
CA
RE
S
DIYARBAKIR
SIIRT
MARDIN
SIRNAK
BATMAN
Per capita land ownership is extremely inequitable. While half of Per capita land ownership is extremely inequitable. While half of the households do not own any land, a few landlords may own one the households do not own any land, a few landlords may own one
or more village communities. or more village communities.
HOUSEHOLD LAND OWNERSHIP, CULTIVATED AREA, AND FAMILY HOLDINGS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
PERCENT OF POPULATION
DEC
AR
ES
FAMILY HOLDING LAND
TITLED LAND
CULTIVATED LAND
HOUSEHOLD LAND OWNERSHIP, CULTIVATED AREA, AND FAMILY HOLDINGS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
PERCENT OF POPULATION
DEC
AR
ES
FAMILY HOLDING LAND
TITLED LAND
CULTIVATED LAND
Cultivated area is somewhat better distributed than ownershipCultivated area is somewhat better distributed than ownershipbecause many families work as tenant farmersbecause many families work as tenant farmers
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Diyarbakir Siirt Sirnak
INCOME GROUPS BY PROVINCE % (percent of HouseHould)
POOR LOW INCOME MIDDLE INCOME RICH
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
US
$
POOR LOWINCOME
MIDDLEINCOME
RICH
INCOME PER CAPITA YEAR BY INCOME GROUPS, US$
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
DEC
AR
ES
POOR LOW INCOME MIDDLE INCOME RICH
LAND OWNERSHIP OF HOUSEHOLDS BY INCOME GROUPS (De)
0%10%20%
30%40%
50%60%70%
80%90%
100%
POOR LOWINCOME
MIDDLEINCOME
RICH
PROPORTION CULTIVATING LAND BY INCOME GROUP (% of HH)
YES
NO
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
POOR LOWINCOME
MIDDLEINCOME
RICH
HOUSEHOLD PARTICIPATION IN SEASONAL WORK BY INCOME GROUP (%of HH)
no
yes
% of HH
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
US
$
POOR LOWINCOME
MIDDLEINCOME
RICH
Total monthly household income of income groups ($ US)
THE ILISU DAM RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
IRRIGATION
Large segments of the impact area are irrigated with direct Large segments of the impact area are irrigated with direct investments from the people. Thus, whether the state wouldinvestments from the people. Thus, whether the state wouldexpand irrigation after the Ilisu dam is built is not of directexpand irrigation after the Ilisu dam is built is not of directconcern to the affected populationsconcern to the affected populations
Sugarcane fields: Irrigation is carried out by artesian
wells
Is this land Is this land irrigated ?irrigated ?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% Ir
riga
ted
Lan
d
Siirt Batman Diyarbakir Mardin Sirnak
Village Headmen Survey: 1999Only a few communities in Sirnak and Siirt were sampled; thus the distortion in the graph.
Irrigation There are many implications of this situation for the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and its implementation.
(a) Land values would be higher than originally expected and thus the expropriation costs might be substantially higher than the average present value paid for other recent dams in the area (DSI’s most recent estimates are 2,000,000,000 TL/donum ($3,200/decare). Indeed, land owners who made heavy irrigation investments in their land have expectations close to $7,000/decare.(b) Displaced or other tenant farmers may suffer due to loss of access to lands they are currently irrigating. (c) The current inequity in having access to irrigation would be reduced.(d) The current inequity of the more influential farmers getting subsidized or free energy used for irrigation purposes would be reduced.
…and distributed via pipes to the surrounding land for flood irrigation
Water is pumped from Tigris to the fields
Is this land irrigated ?Is this land irrigated ?
Tenants install irrigation schemes
IRRIGATION IN THE SARI VILLAGE:
The Sari village and several nearby communities are all owned by one family jointly. Each plot has a title but is registered to the name of the grand father of younger generation farmers. Thus, there are 50-100 claims on each plot. A young men together with his father and brothers, has started a new business.
“We rent dry land at 3 million TL, install pumps and pipes on it, and rent it out for 12 million. The family who rents pays the rent in advance as we do. This pays for pipes. This year, I paid 3 billion for rental and 14 billion for irrigation. After getting paid by the tenant I will lose some 5 billion, but next year, I will lease the same land for 30-50 million, not for 12. From next year on, it will all be profit. If the landowner does not extend my lease it does not matter. There are other lands and I can easily move my pumps and pipes”.
THE ILISU DAM RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
LIVESTOCK OWNERSHIP
•Livestock Management
•Livestock management is an important source of income. Its ownership is highly inequitable as is income derived from livestock management.•Landless families rely on their small stock for subsistence. Because of security concerns their access to pasture and other grazing lands has been constrained. Families with larger plots of land own substantial livestock and earn large amounts of cash income.
•A great majority of displaced families do not have livestock because of their urban based survival strategy.
•In Hasankeyf, most families do not own any livestock. •Women are the primary managers of livestock among all classes of families. •The extent to which the Ilisu Dam will constrain access to grazing areas is not known. Given that riverbanks are used for grazing during the summer indicates that the impact will be considerable. These need to be estimated to complete the RAP.
•The landless have a greater tendency to ask for state support in resettlement. They also rely on livestock for subsistence. Given difficulties in accommodating resettlers in rural areas, urban resettlement will deprive the landless of an important source of income. It is therefore essential that a strategy be designed to enhance marketable urban based skills of the landless families. This also applies to women.
Livestock management is a key source of in-kind income for the landless families; others maintain larger herds and
earn cash incomes as well.
SHEEPSHEEP
CATTLECATTLE
LANDLESS LANDLESS FAMILIESFAMILIES
1-50 DECARES 1-50 DECARES LANDOWNERSLANDOWNERS
50 PLUS 50 PLUS DECARE DECARE LANDOWNERSLANDOWNERS
12.3812.38
1.641.64
17.2117.21 39.9139.91
2.122.12 2.742.74
About a quarter of inhabited communities do not own any Livestock. Those in Hasankeyf and displaced less seldom manage livestock.
(Fully Affected Settlements)
18
76
26
82
24
74
Hasankeyf
InhabitedSettlements
DisplacedCommunities
Do not own livestock
Own livestock
Livestock ownership in partially affected inhabited settlements follow the the exception of Hasankeyf
Own livestock75%
Do not own livestock
25%
SHEEP AND GOAT OWNERSHIP
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
PERECENT OF PEOPLE
SH
EEP A
ND
GO
AT
ALL HH
DIYARBAKIR
BATMAN
SIIRT
MARDIN
SIRNAK
SHEEP AND GOAT OWNERSHIP
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
PERECENT OF PEOPLE
SH
EEP A
ND
GO
AT
ALL HH
DIYARBAKIR
BATMAN
SIIRT
MARDIN
SIRNAK
Almost all families own a few sheep and goats. More than 17% own more than 50 animals. In Siirt, Almost all families own a few sheep and goats. More than 17% own more than 50 animals. In Siirt, livestock management is particularly widespread and the accumulation of large stocks in a few livestock management is particularly widespread and the accumulation of large stocks in a few hands is particularly visible. With respect to resettlement, the highly distorted distribution of hands is particularly visible. With respect to resettlement, the highly distorted distribution of
income, livestock and other assets all point to less severe asset losses for the poor and a greater income, livestock and other assets all point to less severe asset losses for the poor and a greater flexibility on their part to enter other income generating work sectors, should they become flexibility on their part to enter other income generating work sectors, should they become
available.available.
Livestock management is
limited in Hasankeyf
Livestock management is
limited in Hasankeyf
Hasankeyf19%
Inhabited settlements
81%
0
5
10
15
20
25
Sold cattle Sold sheep/goat Sold animalproducts
Hasankeyf
Inhabited settlements
Livestock production and sale is an important source of income in inhabited settlements
SHEEP AND GOAT OWNERSHIP-HASANKEYF EXCLUDED
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
200,0
250,0
300,0
350,0
400,0
PERECENT OF PEOPLE
SH
EEP
AN
D G
OA
T
ALL HH
DIYARBAKIR
BATMAN
SIIRT
MARDIN
SIRNAK
COMPARISON OF BISMIL AND OTHER AREAS: ANIMAL COMPARISON OF BISMIL AND OTHER AREAS: ANIMAL OWNERSHIPOWNERSHIP
0
10
20
30
40
50
CATTLE:O WNERSO NLY
CATTLE:ALLHO USEHO LDS
SHEEP O RGO AT:O WNERS O NLY
SHEEP O R GO AT:ALLHO USEHO LDS
IMPACTED SETTLEMENTS: LIVESTOCK OWNERSHIP
BISMIL OTHER AREAS
DSI SURVEY 2000
LANDOWNERSHIP PER CAPITA BY PROVINCE
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
200,0
250,0
300,0
PERCENT OF POPULATION
DEC
ARE
S
DIYARBAKIR
SIIRT
MARDIN
SIRNAK
BATMAN
Livestock production has been substantially reduced when large Livestock production has been substantially reduced when large areas of the region, especially the pastures, were made inaccessible areas of the region, especially the pastures, were made inaccessible
for security reasons.for security reasons.
Hasan has been a shepherd for as long as he remembers. He is contracted by a number of Hasan has been a shepherd for as long as he remembers. He is contracted by a number of families from the village. His permanent home,where his school-age children and wife stay most of the families from the village. His permanent home,where his school-age children and wife stay most of the time, is in a small town nearby. During six to seven months of the year village sheep and goats are time, is in a small town nearby. During six to seven months of the year village sheep and goats are herded in pastures or lands near the river. With pastures far less accessible during the past 10 to 15 herded in pastures or lands near the river. With pastures far less accessible during the past 10 to 15 years, he has been grazing the stock on harvested fields. Hasan is given a room to stay in the village years, he has been grazing the stock on harvested fields. Hasan is given a room to stay in the village and has brought his wife and son along. His wife attends to the cooking and cleaning and stays at home. and has brought his wife and son along. His wife attends to the cooking and cleaning and stays at home. He and his son herd the animals until dark and return them to the stables in the evenings. He cares for He and his son herd the animals until dark and return them to the stables in the evenings. He cares for a herd of about 150 animals and receives $200 a month.a herd of about 150 animals and receives $200 a month.
In-kind incomes are largely In-kind incomes are largely underestimated and would be a major loss underestimated and would be a major loss for low income familiesfor low income families. . LLivestock ivestock management is a very important source of management is a very important source of livelihood in the area. Many families that livelihood in the area. Many families that are landless generate income from sheep are landless generate income from sheep and goat keeping primarily for subsistence. and goat keeping primarily for subsistence. Families that are able to maintain a Families that are able to maintain a substantial herd size, can make a good substantial herd size, can make a good living. Others, make a living as shepherds. living. Others, make a living as shepherds. Some shepherds are rural residents. Some shepherds are rural residents. Others, keep an urban base and herd the Others, keep an urban base and herd the livestock of a group of familieslivestock of a group of families.
Women are the primary managers of livestock: Resettlement may drain their
income substantially
Case: FatmaCase: Fatma
THE ILISU DAM RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
HOST COMMUNITIES
The host community impacts of the project will derive primarily from the estimated affected population of 52,000 currently residing in their communities; those displaced have so far not suffered themselves but have added to the unemployment pressures widespread throughout the region. The host communities, especially those in the region, might be adversely affected should nothing else change in the next decade. Currently, the cities of Diyarbakir, Batman, Siirt, Sirnak and Mardin are full of people who are unemployed.
Among many benefits expected are the use of labor for dam construction and the provision of some building materials and range of services. Once the project is completed, from energy to tourism many other additional benefits are expected to vitalize the cities. If the host environments are thus changed, the immigration of project affected populations to these cities might not have adverse impacts.
• In Sirnak, resettlement sites are available and some of the displaced populations are being settled.
•In Diyarbakir, there is a settlement site available allocated for the use of the General Directorate of Village Affairs. This site can accommodate nearly 1800 families should there be a demand.
• In Siirt, there are a number of opportunities within the city.
Resettlement area allocated in Diyarbakir
The office already has land planned for settlement of 2800 households at the district of 500 Evler- a location that is 8-10 km out of Diyarbakir. For those who wish to be resettled in Diyarbakir by state support, the state will construct individual houses.
In the past subsidies investments have resulted in enormous wastage of resources. In Ilisu care should be given to ensure
success of employment creating investments.Development agencies fear that people may waste the compensation payments they receive by going into business they know little about and thus fall into destitution. They, therefore, feel that it would be important for the state to guide all affected people.
The Ilisu impact region displays rich examples of the failure of state supported, subsidized investments (tesvik) once popular to ensure the development of the region. The influential people of the region, many of landed origin, have sought and received highly subsidized credits to establish “employment generating” industrial enterprises. It is said that many took the credit and used it for other purposes. In any case, they never completed the projects for which they sought support.
THE ILISU DAM RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND AND RESETTLEMENT
EXPERIENCE WITH OTHER DAMS
Legislative Background and Previous Resettlement Experience in Turkey
There is an adequate legislative basis for expropriation and resettlement.
Implementation of these laws has been constrained by institutional weaknesses and inadequate budgets.
Institutional responsibility for resettlement should be coordinated by one agency not fragmented.
Sufficient funds should be budgeted, and then allocated in a timely fashion on an annual basis.
Even more serious constraints come from shortage of rural land for resettlement.
In the past 30 years resettlement was provided for about 100 families annually.
Given past performance it will be a challenge for the state to meet fully people’s resettlement expectations.
LAND EXPROPRIATION
The current expropriation procedures of DSI consist of: Obtaining ministerial approval for public interest. Preparation of expropriation plans including cadastral surveys,
data collection and mapping. Notification of affected populations about expropriation. Valuation of immovable assets. Compensation.
Two main laws deal with the concerns of affected populations: Expropriation Law (no. 2942). Resettlement Law (no.2510).
The current expropriation procedures of DSI consist of: Obtaining ministerial approval for public interest. Preparation of expropriation plans including cadastral surveys,
data collection and mapping. Notification of affected populations about expropriation. Valuation of immovable assets. Compensation.
Two main laws deal with the concerns of affected populations: Expropriation Law (no. 2942). Resettlement Law (no.2510).
© Ayse Kudat 2000
Resettlement
• DSI, based on the Turkish law, tries to resettle affected communities within 15 km of their original villages.
• This may be possible if land is available: upper elevations for a group of houses.
The past experience shows, however, that this objective is rarely achieved.
© Ayse Kudat 2000
Resettlement
• Bottlenecks to resettlement arrangements are many, ranging from institutional weaknesses, to budgeting.
• Resettlement land, because of the legal requirement to resettle communities collectively, is becoming increasingly difficult to find. Treasury lands are largely not available or have been cultivated by the people. The privately owned lands are expensive. The state is sometimes forced to acquire land to resettle people (and at a high cost)
• Thus, increasingly lands provided for resettled communities are not particularly of good quality. Coupled with their limited size, they do not provide adequate living for affected families.
© Ayse Kudat 2000
Resettlement Cost
Compensation EquationK=R/F
Where K= Value/ expropriation compensationR= Net income
F= Capitalization rate(risk of the capital invested in agricultural land. It is an average ratio between per unit price of agricultural land and the land’s income in a region).
Resettlement houses
The General Directorate of Rural Services is well behind in its delivery of resettlement housing. Although it pays resettlers’ rent for the first two years while they are waiting to be resettled, thereafter the people are on their own. It is excessively optimistic to expect that affected populations will be resettled in a timely manner if reliance on existing institutional arrangements continue.These are suggested solutions:• DSI could more aggressively pursue changes in the existing legal framework so that the agencies that cause involuntary resettlement would carry the sole responsibility for all land acquisition and resettlement arrangements.
• DSI would initiate contacts and pursue possibilities for construction firms to share responsibility with resettlement arrangements.
• DSI would minimally ensure that people who want to be resettled in their respective communities are assisted without any delay. It may be possible for the consortium members to contribute to this effort on a grant basis.
• Should all other efforts fail, DSI would seek special arrangements for Ilisu so that the General Directorate of Rural Services would receive earmarked budget allocations to construct resettlement housing without any delay.
• Special campaigns are made to establish resettlement preferences of displaced populations within 3 months of the final decision to proceed with the Ilisu Dam construction.
Resettlement Solutions
CO
MP
LE
TE
D D
AM
S
DA
MS
UN
DE
R
CO
NS
TR
UC
TIO
N
FO
RC
ED
RE
SE
TT
LE
ME
NT
NO
MA
DS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
RESETTLEMENT CONTEXT
TOTALRURALURBAN
FAMILIES AWAITING RESETTLEMENTFAMILIES AWAITING RESETTLEMENT
MOST OF THE MOST OF THE AFFECTED AFFECTED POPULATIONS POPULATIONS HAVE HAVE REQUESTED REQUESTED RURAL RURAL RESETTLEMENT, RESETTLEMENT, BUT THERE ARE BUT THERE ARE SEVERE SEVERE CONSTRAINTS IN CONSTRAINTS IN THE ABILITY OF THE ABILITY OF THE STATE TO THE STATE TO FIND SUITABLE FIND SUITABLE LAND.LAND.
56 46 1981 67
44 54 8119 33
100
050
100150
Dam
s
Nom
ads
Coa
lR
eser
ves
For
est
Imm
igra
nts
Bor
der
RESETTLEMENT CONTEXT
PE
RC
EN
T O
F
HO
USE
HO
LD
S
UrbanRural
DAMS
NOMADS
FOREST
IMMIGRANTSBORDER
COAL RESERVES
Number of Households per Resettlement Context
RESETTLEMENT PROVIDED BY THE STATE 1970-1999RESETTLEMENT PROVIDED BY THE STATE 1970-1999
KHGM:2000
IN THE PAST IN THE PAST ABOUT HALF OF ABOUT HALF OF THE RESETTLERS THE RESETTLERS WERE PLACED IN WERE PLACED IN RURAL AREAS.RURAL AREAS.
56%
84%99% 100%
44%
100%
16%1%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
KA
YR
AK
TE
PE
DA
M I
N I
CE
L
YA
MU
LA
DA
M I
NK
AY
SE
RI
BO
YA
BA
TK
EP
EZ
DA
MIN
CO
RU
M
BO
YA
BA
TK
EP
EZ
DA
MIN
SIN
OP
BO
YA
BA
TK
EP
EZ
DA
MIN
SA
MS
UN
DAMS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
PER
CEN
T O
F H
OU
SEH
OL
DS
RES
ETT
LIN
G IN
U
RB
AN
VS
. RU
RA
L A
REA
S
URBANRURAL
PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION FOR WHICH PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION FOR WHICH RESETTLEMENT SITES AND CULTIVATABLE LAND RESETTLEMENT SITES AND CULTIVATABLE LAND HAVE NOT BEEN FOUND: HAVE NOT BEEN FOUND: WHERE WILL HOUSEHOLDS RESETTLE?WHERE WILL HOUSEHOLDS RESETTLE?
Resettlement homes are built for various social groups: thoseResettlement homes are built for various social groups: thoseaffected by dams, nomadic tribes wishing to settle down, thoseaffected by dams, nomadic tribes wishing to settle down, thoseaffected by natural disasters, and recently, those from displacedaffected by natural disasters, and recently, those from displacedcommunities. No systematic information about them is available.communities. No systematic information about them is available.Casual interviews reveal high levels of unemployment and Casual interviews reveal high levels of unemployment and difficulties in generating sustained income.difficulties in generating sustained income.
THE ILISU DAM THE ILISU DAM RESETTLEMENT ISSUESRESETTLEMENT ISSUES
RESETTLEMENT PREFERENCES
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Hasankeyf Other inhabitedsettlements
Displaced communities
Dam will be beneficial Dam will not be beneficial No idea
Among the fully affected settlements the majority of the displaced people regard the dam to be beneficial as opposed to settled communities in Hasankeyf and other towns.
Fully affected towns and villages
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Inhabited settlementsDam will be beneficialDam will not be beneficialNo idea
Partially affected towns and villages
In partially affected settlements the dam is favored
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Inhabited settlements
Dam will be beneficial Dam will not be beneficial No idea
Partially Affected Settlements
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Hasankeyf Inhabited settlements
Dam will have benefits Dam does not have any benefits No idea
0
5
10
15
20
25
Dam won'tcause anyproblems
Loss ofproductive
land
Life struggle Migration Majorproblems
duringresettlement
Miss village Others
Hasankeyf
Inhabited Settlements
Will the dam be beneficial?
More than half outside Hasankeyf believe that the Ilisu dam will be beneficial to them and over a fifth believe that displacement will not create any personal problems.
0
5
10
15
20
25
No Problems Struggle tomake a living
Migration Majorproblemsexpectedduring
resettlementMale Female
05
101520253035
Solve the deedproblem
Give credit Pay thecorrect
expropriation
Male Female
What problems is the dam expected to cause?
What are the expectations from the government?
Female respondents also differed in their perception of problems associated with the dam
No problem23%
Loss of productive land21%
Life struggle20%
Migration21%
Major problems during resettlement
8%
Other7%
Community consultations show that people in partially affected communities where only a small portion of the lands are expected to be affected look
forward to the dam’s construction.
Most people do not want state assisted resettlement
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Self-resettlement 73
With state support 18
Resettlement withcredit
5
No Response 5
HH %0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Self-resettlement 73
With state support 18
Resettlement withcredit
5
No Response 5
HH %
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Self-resettlement 80
With state support 15
Resettlement with credit 5
No Response 0
HH%0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Self-resettlement 80
With state support 15
Resettlement with credit 5
No Response 0
HH%
Fully affectedFully affected Partially affectedPartially affected
• Turkey’s experience points to a low level of requests for state assisted resettlement. People prefer to act on their own, moving where jobs and kin are. With historically high levels of rural/urban and eastern/western outmigration, many have close kin in urban areas and in western Turkey.
• On average, about 15% of affected populations ask for state assistance. In the recent Batman dam this was 15% and in the case of Ilisu it is 17%.
Characteristics of those who prefer self-resettlement
Characteristics of those who prefer self-resettlement
213.01Mean land Size
85%Land Ownership
Mean income from agricultural work (previous year)
Mean total monthly income
Mean total annual income
Mean monthly total expenditure
Mean household size
$2577.55
$233.14
$2805.71
$216.35
7.28
Characteristics of those that prefer state assisted resettlement
Characteristics of those that prefer state assisted resettlement
63.1%Land ownership
$1972.98Mean total annual income
$164.41Mean total monthly income
$1756.64Mean income from agricultural work (previous year)
160.08Mean land Size
$159.55Mean monthly total expenditure
6.95Mean household size
THE MAJORITY PREFERS TO SETTLE IN URBAN AREAS
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
HOUSEHOLDS
Fully affected Partially affected
Urban areas within the region Urban areas outside the regionRural areas within the region Rural areas outside the regionOthers
IS THERE A SOLUTIONIS THERE A SOLUTION
NODAM SHOULD NOT BE BUILT
LET US DISCUSS WHY RESETTLEMENT
PLANS FOR SUCH A PROJECT WILL NOT
BE ACCEPTABLE TO LENDERS