Caribbean Youth. The Leaders of Today

Youth: The Leaders of Today

OCCIDENTAL COLLEGE TASK FORCE— CARIBBEAN !1


Disclaimer: This report was written by a five-person task force comprised of members of the Occidental College at the United Nations program. For four months, participating students interned in various agencies or permanent missions to the United Nations. As the authors are not official UNDP staff members, this report in no way reflects UNDP’s views or opinions. Furthermore, this report in no way endorses the views or opinions of Occidental College.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Youth: The Leaders of Today 1

Table of Contents 3

Foreword 4

Acknowledgements 5

Executive Summary 6

Background 7

Definitions and Methodology 10

Typology 13

Case Studies 14

Haiti 14

Trinidad and Tobago 25

Saint Lucia 33

Youth Voices 40

Recommendations 41

Works Cited 44

Endnotes 50

Author Biographies 54


FOREWORD

This report seeks to capture the potential of the power of youth leadership today, and the importance of expanding youth engagement to build more resilient and empowered

societies. We hope while reading this report, one sees the crucial role youth play in economic

development, sustainability, and advocacy for justice. As Deputy Secretary General Jan

Eliasson said in October at an event on youth, peace and security—“We must not only work

for youth – we must work with youth. All of us will gain by doing so.” We call on global leaders to involve youth voices and strengthen and develop programs which catalyze the

power of youth.

Occidental College has partnered with the United Nations Development Programme

(UNDP) as a means of engaging young people with UNDP’s work and the broader youth,

peace, and security agenda. This is collaborative effort is in line with the vision articulated in the UNDP Youth Strategy and UNDP Youth-GPS. This partnership has proved crucial in

building a connection between current youth and the development arena, a nexus that needs

to be further developed in order to realize the power of young people. We look forward to a

future where youth are viewed not as victims of decisions, but agents and actors in change.


“We must not only work for youth – we must work

with youth. All of us will gain by doing so.”- Deputy SG Jan Eliasson

"Let us acknowledge and celebrate what youth can do to build a safer, more just world. Let us strengthen our efforts to include

young people in policies, programmes and decision-making processes that benefit their futures and ours."

—Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon message on International Youth Day, 12 August 2010

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Examining the issue of youth, peace and security the last four months has been an

incredible privilege and a collaborative effort. While the task of creating realistic

recommendations of how UNDP and relevant organizations can empower youth in

peacebuilding efforts was particularly challenging; with the support, assistance, and care of a

few exceptional individuals, our task has proved to be a gratifying experience. We’d like to begin by thanking the original visionaries of this report: Noella Richard and Regev Ben Jacob.

Noella, we are in awe of your unrelenting passion for the empowerment of youth and

limitless kindness. And Regev, we are so thankful for your unwavering patience, guidance

and impressively prompt responses to our probing late-night questions.

Within the texture of the case studies and recommendations, there are several powerful individuals who have worked tirelessly to support our work. We are immensely

grateful to those who shared their knowledge working with youth in the Caribbean,

particularly Tecoah Dove and Janine Chase, your words were invaluable additions to our

research.

Lastly, many thanks to our Occidental College network, particularly Doug Gardner and Jacques Fomerand for providing boundless guidance and mentorship throughout this

process. Additionally, we would like to express our gratitude to Sherry Simpson-Dean for her

expertise in design whilst leading us through the crafting of the narrative for our

supplementary media piece. Special thanks to Mallory Leeper and Samantha Morrill in

presenting an inspiring video. And another huge thank you to Kara Alam for the exceptional design, layout, and editing work of the report that lies here in your hands. Finally, thank you

to William and Elizabeth Kahane and their generous endowment, the professors in the

Diplomacy and World Affairs department at Occidental, and the staff in the International

Programs Office for consistently supporting and uplifting our work.


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Over the last few years, the youth, peace and security agenda has begun to galvanize

international attention. Governments and international actors alike are looking to invest in young people as a key component of sustainable development. Organizations such as the United Nations have emphasized the role youth play as agents of change in their countries. Perhaps the most monumental step in the conversation around the importance of the youth, peace and security agenda came with the passage of UN Security Council Resolution 2250 in 2015, which addressed the need for states to engage youth as peacebuilders within their governments and communities. Since the adoption of Resolution 2250, leaders have increasingly recognized the importance of youth. Upon his swearing in, the Secretary General Designate said that ”the UN must empower youth and increase their participation in society,” once again reiterating the importance of youth in the broader peace and security agenda. If leaders continue to take steps to embrace young people as changemakers in their societies, and engage them with the necessary capacity, resources, and opportunities, the future of these communities will be brighter, more peaceful, and more sustainable.

This focus of this report is the Caribbean, with case studies of Haiti, Trinidad and Tobago, and Saint Lucia. It highlights the most pressing obstacles to youth and peacebuilding in the Caribbean region, particularly calling attention to the need for development actors to address the root drivers of organized crime, which disproportionately impact youth. While the structure of the report highlights one key development theme in each case study country, these themes are also broader themes in the Caribbean as a whole.

This report concludes with recommendations for how UNDP and other international, regional and local actors can assist in improving Caribbean youth initiatives and national policies to more effectively engage youth as agents. By addressing the needs highlighted in this report, we believe youth can play a more prominent role in creating peace, security, and prosperity within the Caribbean, and even the broader Latin America region. Our overarching recommendations fall within the following themes: social inclusion, government and private sector funding, locally driven projects, accountability and sustainability, and bringing youth to the forefront. As you read this report we hope you hear not only the potential youth have to play in the future, but also the tremendous role young people are already playing as leaders today.


BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION In December 2015, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2250

(2015) on Youth, Peace and Security— a resolution which recognized, for the first time, the significant and powerful role that young women and young men play in the prevention of conflict, in peacebuilding and in the maintenance of international security. At a time when young people have been portrayed as a group especially vulnerable to forces of violent extremism and radicalization, this resolution made a contrary and powerful assertion that young people should not solely be seen as a part of the problem, but be incorporated as a part of the solution. UNSCR 2250 focuses on several primary areas of youth involvement and rights. These include political participation, protection of youth, measures for the prevention of youth being involved in violence, creating partnerships for youth involvement, and disengagement and reintegration of youth affected by armed conflict.

Today, over 600 million young people live in fragile and conflict affected regions around the world. How can these young people be involved in peacebuilding? This report seeks to answer that question by exploring how young people from the Caribbean region are engaging in the peacebuilding sphere. We are currently at a critical juncture where young people are being recognized for the profound contributions that they can make towards creating a peaceful, stable and secure world. However, it is clear that far too often these contributions are not effectively harnessed. Thevuni Kotigala, a member of the Secretary General’s advisory group for the Progress Study on Youth, Peace and Security asserts that there are still many practical and structural difficulties existing at both national and international levels, as youth and their opinions are not highly regarded and often quickly dismissed.

This report aims to analyze these efforts at the national level, assessing the challenges involved in engaging youth in peacebuilding efforts within and across countries. It contains interviews from young people as well as experts in the field, as well as an in depth examination of current youth programs, initiatives and platforms. From our research and


“This resolution recognizes the significant role young people will play in how our world adapts to today’s global challenges,

including those to peace and security. With youth comes energy, innovation, and optimism – if there are supportive environments

and opportunities.”— UN Development Programme Administrator Helen Clark on Security Council

Resolution 2250, December 2015

these interviews we have garnered common trends and produced evidence based recommendations to UNDP and partners as to how relevant organizations can target, engage and bolster the potential of young people. It is crucial that commonalities in youth grievances be used as a platform to engage young people from different walks of life, reducing their vulnerability to being involved in conflict, and empowering them to take action on issues that matter to them. It is clear that focusing on youth is a timely issue.

2016 has proven to be a tumultuous year for youth and global society at large. As the world refugee crises surges, and the number of displaced people continues to rise, it is more important than ever to invest in youth. Youth are their own best advocates and hold the power to shift traditional norms and modes of thinking as they shape their societies. Ensuring future peace and security begins with meaningful recognition of the power of the young. Cultivating a global citizenship mindset which fosters international awareness and empathy is necessary in order to ensure our collective survival. Youth opinions and experiences must be used as a tool to counter and prevent violent extremism, and build sustainable peace.

With the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, we are at a crucial juncture in leveraging action for the implementation of these goals that aim to create a safer, more equitable, sustainable world by 2030. Young people are key actors in this process. As incoming Secretary General Antonio Guterres put it in his statement upon taking oath, “[t]he 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development… ha[s] opened a pathway to a safer, more just and peaceful world for all of us. And during these years, youth took on new levels of leadership.” This report touches on facets of this leadership and youth action on the implementation of a few of these goals, including quality education (Goal 4), decent work and economic growth (Goal 8), industry, innovation, and infrastructure (Goal 9), reduced inequalities (Goal 10), climate action (Goal 13), peace, justice and strong institutions (Goal 16), and global partnerships for the goals (Goal 17). These issues are extremely relevant to young


people, as we have seen in many of our case studies in this region. Young people in these around the world suffer from high levels of unemployment, lack of access to quality education and seem to be largely ignored as a demographic by governments. In order to tackle these issues, strong partnerships are essential.

This view has been echoed by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in his calls to action to young people around the world, notably in his recent message to his Envoy on Youth. “[In] this time of rampant poverty, hateful discrimination, rising violent extremism, environmental degradation and other global threats, we must look to those hardest hit, especially young people, for solutions…incremental progress adds up. When we steadily support the world’s youth, they can create a safer, more just and more sustainable future for generations to come.” 1

There are more young people alive now than at any other time in human history. 2

Young people bring bold ideas, new perspective, passion, and curiosity to their societies, and to not harness and empower this growing demographic would be a disservice to ourselves. Youth need to be equipped with the proper resources, tools and skill sets to tackle modern plights facing the international community.

Resolution 2250 urges member states to recognize youth as powerful agents of change and encourages collaboration across sectors. Governments, civil society actors and stakeholders alike must also treat youth as valuable assets and abandon the notion that young people are troublesome and lack the capacity to shoulder some of the worlds most difficult issues. No longer can the rhetoric around youth be focused solely on the future. The future is theirs, but so is the now. The time for youth is now.


๏Number of Youths (persons aged 10-24) in 1950๏Number of Youths (persons aged 10-24) in 2010

DEFINITIONS AND METHODOLOGY

DEFINING KEY TERMS Youth and Young PeopleYouth and young people are defined as those aged 18 to 29, as in Security Council Resolution 2250. The UNDP Youth Strategy, however, focuses principally on young persons aged 15-24, with some scope for those aged 25-30. Local understandings of youth and adulthood can be different and determined by variables such as marital or economic power. Due to the fluidity of definitions across different contexts, the report considers younger ages at times. This will be explicitly stated where relevant.

Bottom-up ApproachesBottom up approaches rely on grassroots, community-led initiatives. Bottom up approaches are often very effective at shifting norms compared to top-down approaches – offering a more organic and integrated attitude. Top-down approaches attempt to implement change through laws and policies enacted by the government.

PeacebuildingPeacebuilding promotes social cohesion and empowers nations and communities to become inclusive and resilient to external and internal shocks. Peacebuilding can involve supporting and strengthening of key governance institutions needed to peacefully navigate countries away from

potential conflict and ensure necessary societal transformations are durable.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the 2030 Agenda The 2030 Agenda seeks to stimulate action for sustainable development over the next fifteen years through goals and targets. This universal agenda includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets that focus on: people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnership. These goals are integrated to balance the three dimensions of sustainable development: the economic, social, and environmental.

SustainabilitySustainability integrates economic, social, and environmental spheres and maintains a long-lasting impact beyond the short-term.

Marginalized/Vulnerable YouthMarginalized youth often lack access to education, opportunity, and knowledge of their human rights. While the degree of marginalization and vulnerabilities vary from country-to-country, each country has marginalized or vulnerable youth irrespective of their high, middle, or low-income status. The term marginalized can also refer to those who are vulnerable due to race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, disabilities, gender, etc.


METHODOLOGY

1. Initially, our team analyzed the major trends within the area to find the archetypal case

studies in which we would draw our conclusions and recommendations.

2. After determining four critical country case studies and subsequent thematic realms,

we researched the country context, UNDP’s presence and projects within the region,

and interventions beyond UNDP’s scope.

3. Our team conducted nearly 15 individual and group individual interviews with local

youth, experts, organizations, and implementers to identify best practices. Following

these interviews, we analyzed the core strengths and weaknesses within the case

studies and determined ways to strengthen these process towards a peacebuilding

framework.

4. Additionally, we recognized that one of our strongest assets is that we ourselves are

young people. Therefore, we created a “youth voices” section to highlight the ideas of

young people we interviewed.

5. After analyzing the case studies and interviews, we synthesized the main themes of

our research to provide concrete recommendations contained with specific examples

aimed at how UNDP and similar organizations can build awareness of youth, peace,

and security.

6. In an effort to bridge the limited access to in-person feedback, we have taken a number

of steps to integrate youth voices around the world. We requested feedback on related

topics to youth participation and peacebuilding, and received feedback form 37 young

people from 20 countries. You can see key quotes highlighted in the Youth Voices

section.

7. In conjunction with this report, we have also developed a related video campaign,

available on the Youth4Peace platform. We encourage readers to visit the Youth4Peace

platform or visit the Youth4Peace Facebook page for further information on the efforts

of young people globally in peacebuilding.


LIMITATIONS

While our team strived to make this report as comprehensive as possible on the youth

and peace efforts in the Caribbean region, it is crucial to acknowledge that there were several

key limitations. First, and most importantly, we had very limited access to youth from these

regions, and, as a result, their voices do not feature prominently in our report. We also had

limited access to professionals and organizations which engage with youth in the Caribbean

region. The individuals that we were able to interview offered invaluable insights into their

work and practical knowledge of the region and the context of peacebuilding. We are grateful

for their generosity in sharing their time and opinions with us. Secondly, many program

websites and social media pages did not include follow up data on the successes and results

of their programs, which limited our ability to provide strong recommendations for certain

interventions. Lastly, our case studies included countries which have outdated census

information and are currently revising their government policies. This limited the availability

of recent data on youth and youth involvement over the last five years. Given the information

and resources available to us, we have worked to provide the most cohesive overview of

youth, peace and security in the Caribbean and the role youth play as change makers.


TYPOLOGY Over 600 million young people live in fragile and conflict affected regions across the

world today. These young people have huge potential to actively engage in their governments and civil society structures, but often the conflict contexts make it challenging for them to be able to engage in these spheres, and they often face serious obstacles to entering the workforce or finding employment in the informal sector. The Caribbean region is an example of an area that, while largely stable, still experiences many of the complexities and development challenges of fragile states.

The most serious development challenge facing the Caribbean is the question of citizen security. Despite rapidly increasing economic growth in the broader region of Latin America and the Caribbean, the area continues to be the most unequal and one of the most violent regions in the world. Citizen security is associated with “security against the threat of crime or violence and is used to refer to the paramount security of individuals and social groups.” The shift to a citizen security approach responds to the relationship between the state and the citizenry, by highlighting the need of institutions to serve the Caribbean people more effectively and address their unmet needs. This concept is a response to the history of inequality, discrimination and violent crime in the region, which demands action at the community level. Promoting the concept of citizen security is a call to action for both governments and institutions and individual citizens. Achieving citizen security requires the engagement of citizens and governments to promote human rights and liberties, addressing drivers of violent crime, and promoting innovative solutions to create opportunities to improve the wellbeing of communities.

Another key area of focus for the Caribbean region is the question of organized crime. Many countries in the Caribbean serve as transit routes for illicit drugs making their way from Latin America to the North America or Europe. Gang activity is also a prevalent challenge. High crime rates emerge as a product of these organized crime groups, fueling homicide, assault, and robbery. Many interventions in youth peacebuilding efforts have attempted to rehabilitate and reintegrate youth who have been involved in organized crime back into society through reintegration.


CASE STUDIES HAITI

INTRODUCTION Haiti faces formidable challenges

holistically and in all facets of daily life, and as such, the role of youth in peacebuilding can assume many forms. Considering that 33.4% of Haiti’s population is fourteen or under, and another 21% is between the ages of 15 and 24, empowering, investing in, and engaging with Haitian youth is crucial for the whole population. Youth-led 3

peacebuilding cannot reach its entire potential until the economic, social, and development challenges faced by Haiti are addressed as a whole. All relevant factors— the international community, the Haitian government, NGOS, and civil society--

accept that without economic access there can be no sustainable solution to structural violence, inopportunity, and low quality of life. This is why capacity at the most 4

foundational levels is key to enhancing

youth’s potential as peace-builders and happy, active members of Haitian society.

Lasting, sustainable peace is only possible if economic prospects, social cohesion, absence of violence, and resilience to natural disasters are improved. Capacity building would equip Haitians and Haitian institutions with the basic tools to start making lasting development progress in strengthening the rule of law, legal and financial governance, policy formulation and implementation, infrastructure development, and basic social services. In 5

conjunction with these foundational improvements, Haitian youth in particular would also greatly benefit from bolstering personal skills and knowledge bases that make them competitive, innovative contributors to the job market and establishing role models and guidance mechanisms that direct them away from organized crime, leaving school, and a general sense of hopelessness. The broad


HAITI: YOUTH FACTS ✴ Population: 10.32 million✴ Government definition of youth:

“Youth” is age group of young people between the age of 15 and 24

✴ Youth as percentage of population: 33.4% under 14, 21% 15-24

✴ Youth unemployment: 20.1%

FMSC Marketplace (1)

and far-reaching problems faced by Haiti make peacebuilding a daunting task, but it also means that youth can make positive entrepreneurial change in all realms of social and economic development.

CURRENT CHALLENGES The broad, interlocking, and critical

obstacles that Haiti faces show that foundational changes are urgent. Holistic approaches at the organizational, legal, institutional, economic, and political levels are imperative to solve-- rather than put a

bandaid on— these formidable challenges. For youth to be peacebuilders, the

requisites for social cohesion and opportunity must be in place. In many ways, Haiti does not yet harbor these conditions. As the poorest nation in the Americas, Haiti has suffered obstacles of tremendous proportions. Dictatorship, military intervention, and lack of stability

have been determining factors in Haiti’s development history. Health and sanitation 6

are major struggles, with high levels of malnutrition and HIV/AIDS at “epidemic” levels. Peaking levels of crime and 7

corruption have far reaching consequences to development, including physical damage to infrastructure, reduced tourism, heightened incarceration, and drastically decreased human capital of Haiti as a whole. This crime intersects with high rates 8

of domestic violence and drug abuse, creating a vicious and self-perpetuating cycle of social injury. 9

Haiti is also uniquely prone to natural disasters. On January 12th, 2010, an extremely destructive 7.0 magnitude


CONTEXT: CAPACITY BUILDING Capacity building is a broad and far-reaching process that encompasses bolstering legal, technological, organizational, institutional, human, and resource capabilities at their foundations. It affects policy and development projects at their most crucial levels, and sets solid policy frameworks for social and economic progress to sustain themselves. Successful capacity building takes a holistic approach to development— acknowledging the ways that social, economic, political, and infrastructural obstacles reinforce each other— and enhances communities’ understandings and competencies to overcome them effectively. Capacity building is a long-term and evolving process in which beneficiaries and stakeholders will need to be engaged and educated for change to be sustainable. It is essential for a country like Haiti— which requires major policy adjustments at the macro level— build capacity so that the foundations of sustainable peace-building can be set in place.

After Hurricane Matthew, Devastation in Southern Haiti (2)

earthquake hit Haiti. More than 200,000 people were killed, 1.5 million more were displaced, and 300,000 buildings were destroyed. This aggravated the burdens of 10

a fragile political system, unemployment, and weak infrastructure; at the time of this report, the country has yet to fully recover more than six years later. In October 2016, 11

class-4 Hurricane Matthew wreaked havoc on local infrastructure and the main sources of livelihoods for many Haitians. Despite 12

decades of aid from the international community, large numbers of displaced

people, widespread hunger, lack of sustainable and resilient housing and infrastructure represent that major reparations are yet to be made . Subsistence 13

agriculture, timber export markets, and the legacy of the colonial plantation system render Haiti deforested and soil eroded, heightening the country’s vulnerability to natural disasters and inability to provide food and natural resources14

There is a sizable UN presence in Haiti. Outside of development initiatives, MINUSTAH—the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti—works to secure stability, uphold the rule of law, and endorse and protect human rights. MINUSTAH—along with 15

United Nations Development Programme and Office of Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, has also been a first responder in

times of environmental crisis. However, MINUSTAH’s positive contributions are often overshadowed by the spread of cholera, which can be traced back to its Peacekeeping forces. Though MINUSTAH has undertaken expansive measures to counter the spread of cholera, more than 10,000 people died and hundreds of thousands were sickened in result. 16 17

Haiti’s youth were certain to be among those in the short and long-term.

CHALLENGES FACING YOUTH The principles of capacity building

reinforce that it is impossible to assess Haiti’s youth development and peace-building situation without considering the obstacles the country faces as a whole. Of the 1.6 million Haitian youths aged 15-24, only 13% report to be content with their lives. Malnutrition, lack of investment, 18

debilitated infrastructure, low quality of public schools and lack of health services leads to low educational attainment, low

social capital accumulation, poor health, and violent behavior. Rather than feeling 19

hopeful for the future and anticipating


“Brothers”— Two young men at their home near the Haitian Citadel (3)

Female youth are more likely to be unemployed, uneducated, and

inactive in society in general.

improvements, many young Haitians feel a sense of being stuck and as failures. This is especially problematic as youth have specific needs that need to be addressed, such as lack of education, lack of social support systems, unemployment, or loss of traditional sources of income. In regards to 20

peacebuilding, this is a major obstacle, as it can render Haitian youth apathetic and despondent to sparking social change.

More than half of Haitian youth have not completed secondary education and nearly half in the job market are unemployed. The unemployment situation is worse for young Haitian women, as gender largely determines the work sector and degree of education for youth, with men working in agriculture and women in the private and service sectors. Female 21

youth are more likely to be unemployed, uneducated, and inactive in society in general.22

Significant portions of Haitian youth leave school at an early age to support their families financially, increasing drop-out rates and premature entry into the workforce. Many Haitian youths migrate 23

to larger economic centers, such as the capital Port-au-Prince, where 90% of businesses are informal and 60% of youth are unemployed, in response to 24

unemployment, poverty, and lack of opportunities. According to the World Bank, migrants in Haiti are “mainly economic migrants, who are more able, ambitious, aggressive, entrepreneurial, and otherwise more favorably selected than individuals who remain in their place of origin.” 25

Despite this entrepreneurial ambition, unemployment and unprepared entry into the labor market stymies skill development, diminishes potential earning capability and human capital, and can harm self esteem and self confidence and investment in the peace and well being of their surroundings. 26

Disadvantaged youth with lack of opportunity and social mobility are more likely to partake in risk taking behaviors such as drug abuse, alcohol abuse, and organized crime. On the other hand, youth who are well-prepared, qualified for their work force, and self-confident are better able to cope with dismal job prospects. 27


SDG CONNECTION: SDG 9 Haiti is primed for social innovation and change: it just needs the basic tools to do so. Improved infrastructure would enable both economic improvements and improve quality of life for many Haitians. Natural disasters and lack of funding have undermined the basic infrastructure needed for healthcare, sanitation, and an enabled economy. Providing proper sanitation would avoid disease— such as the Cholera epidemic— for a healthier, happier, and more productive population. Buildings, roads, and plumbing systems should also be constructed in a manner more resilient to flooding and earthquakes to mitigate damage if there are natural disasters in the future. Access to electricity would bolster greater productivity and innovation. Though technology does not guarantee social change, it is is a major obstruction to social and economic progress that only 10% of Haitians have access to the internet; improving internet access would empower youth in their studies, serve as a tremendous educational tool, and connect them to the outside world. Improving these basic systems would also attract more external investment, connecting Haiti to foreign markets and industries.

These factors are also major determinants for school drop out or push out, strongly correlated with economic success and social mobility, and the self-confidence and social investment to act as peace builders in their communities .28 29

Bleak economic prospects can push Haitian youths to rely on organized crime for livelihood and social solidarity, a major step backward for Haitian youth in peacebuilding. This perpetuates crime and violence in the public and private realms, which which Haitian legal and social services are not equipped to deal with.

The lack of external opportunity make Haitian youth particularly susceptible

to recruitment to organized crime groups. Haiti has no warring parties, no peace agreement and no former factions that need to be reintegrated into society; rather, informal settlement neighborhoods in particular, especially those in Port-au-Prince, suffer from overlapping factors such as lack of service provisions, dysfunctional families, urban violence associated with

criminal gangs and political unrest stemming from from widespread poverty, inequality and social exclusion. There are few credible alternatives than to be involved in criminal and gang activity, perpetuating

violence in the social, institutional, and domestic realms. For example, in families 30

with a child in primary school, twenty percent of households reported the wife had been beaten in front of the child. This 31

means that many young Haitians are acclimated to violence and social discord as they grow older; peacebuilding is not the norm in domestic life for many Haitian youths. As the World Bank states, this prevalence of violence and crime at home and in the workplace renders “a fundamental lack of trust in other persons affects youth in various social and economic ways; social networks deteriorate and effective and efficient markets are non-existent. Some simply cannot go to school because of a violent environment.” Violent 32

conflict often brings rapid changes in social norms and prevents opportunities for lost generations to reintegrate into peaceful civilian life . When violence is normalized 33

in society, Haitian youth may be further compelled to disassociate from their


Haitian youth at a song and dance program through the Canadian Red Cross (4)

There are few credible alternatives than to be involved in criminal and gang activity, perpetuating violence in the

social, institutional, and domestic realms

communities and desert peacebuilding efforts.

UNDP SUPPORT FOR YOUTH UNDP has its own capacity-building

tool kit, featuring national ownership, country- and context-specific enablers, integrated monitoring and feedback mechanisms, and engagement of particularly vulnerable populations. In general, capacity building efforts have been targeted at populations as a whole—rather than just an age-specific group such as young Haitians—but there are notable youth-directed initiatives. In 2015, for example, UNDP completed the construction of six schools for more than 1,000 children. 34

In terms of professional development, UNDP has supported vocational training in debris management, recycling, and the construction of robust building frameworks and riverbank protection, which provides jobs, mitigates the effects of natural disasters, and fortifies infrastructure for potential natural disasters in the future. 35

This three-pronged approach stimulates the economy, reconstructs necessary infrastructure, and provides youth with a sense of purpose. UNDP has also helped coordinate plans for schoolchildren to safely evacuate during natural disasters, such as by helping Haiti’s Directorate of Civil Protection to better prepare for emergencies,

develop risk management systems, and implement long-term sustainable development policies. 36 37

A notable UNDP contribution to youth development is SHIFT— the UNDP Week of Innovative Action—consisting of 5 days of “design jams, inspirational talks, and an innovation fair, [and] a 48-hour hack-a-thon.” UNDP has also contributed 38

to Lidé—translating to “idea” in Creole— which is a bus transformed into a mobile innovation center to convey and help mobilize the ideas and goals of unemployed Haitian youth. Lidé’s self-proclaimed 39

mission statement is to ‘strengthen social cohesion through economic inclusion.” It 40

offers young people access to the technology and coaching required to

develop their ideas and initiatives directly into their neighborhood. Lidé has trained 300 young people in entrepreneurship and has given training to nearly a hundred Haitian youths who showed interest in financial accounting, creating a business


Schoolgirls in Cap-Haitien. Young Haitian women are more likely than their male counterparts to drop out of school

early. (5)

When violence is normalized in society, Haitian youth may be further

compelled to disassociate from their communities and desert peacebuilding

efforts.

plan, and marketing. Outstanding 41

participants were given a grant of 500 to 1500 US dollars to start a business, receive technical support, or found a social development project. Example programs 42

include organic chocolate companies, electronic and computer services, library and book-sharing initiatives, restaurants with Creole cuisine, and a production-based Haitian native plants for fragrances. 43

Programs such as Lidé empower the most disenfranchised in society—providing outlets for hope, intellectual stimulation, creativity, and a sense of inclusion—whilst stimulating the economy. They also 44

demonstrate the innovation and entrepreneurial potential of young Haitians when given the basic resources.

YOUTH LED IMPACT The potential contribution of young

Haitians as effective peacebuilding and reconstruction forces has received little international and domestic attention and support. This is a major obstruction, as it is a formidable challenge to foster social cohesion and trust amidst a traumatized and conflicted society. Successful capacity-building and peace-building efforts recognize that these spheres (better word?) are overlapping and inseparable and must be addressed in tandem. Haitian youth face

the overlapping dilemmas of lack of education, health resources, and social security nets, friendship and solidarity, and livelihood opportunities. This demonstrates the duality of the impact of youth on peace: youth in Haiti can either be despondent and apathetic or they can be innovative and resilient forces for social cohesion and hope. As violent conflict and poverty 45

disintegrate the social fabric of communities, youth organizations can play a vital role as they are often closely connected to their communities and rely on them for safe, positive, supportive relationships and enhance the peace building agency of youth. Young Haitians can find solidarity in youth-driven organizations which acknowledge the potential of youth in leadership roles to transform their surroundings and be vocal and active members in their communities. 46

Successful peace-oriented groups and organizations situate themselves in the daily realities of Haitian youth and empower youth be driving decision-makers and motivators.


One of UNDP’s contributions to youth development in Haiti is the SHIFT

Program— UNDP Week of Innovative Action, 5 days of jams, innovation

fairs, inspirational talks, and a 48-hour hackathon

A young woman stands by her home in an informal settlement after the 2010

Earthquake (6)

There is much overlap between youth-led impact initiatives and existing NGOs, and many youth-led and youth-driven initiatives are implemented in conjunction with existing NGOs. Non-governmental organizations also play a significant role in Haitian youth development— no other country has as many NGOs per capita as Haiti. 47

Accusations of corruption against the Haitian government have diverted a large portion of aid resources to the privatized social sector; Haitians have begun to dryly refer to their country as “the republic of NGOs.” Some notable organizations 48

include the American Red Cross, which aims to improve the mental and physical well-being of youth, bolster economic opportunity, and provide training and volunteer opportunities to be engaged and informed citizens. L’Institut Sacre Cœur du Cap-Haitien was recently featured at the UN 10th Anniversary of Community Violence Reduction Programmes event for its work in socio-cultural development, skills training, and civic leadership. The 49

NGO Haiti 155 aims to build sustainable economic change by empowering Haitians to inspire change at the grassroots levels. Organizations such as HYDE—Haiti Youth and Development— provide a useful template for this engagement by refocusing youth from the challenges in daily life and use sports, music, and education to motivate youths and their parents to stay positive whilst facing bleak social and economic circumstances. The Inter-50

American Development Bank hosts a program called “YouthBuild Haiti Reconstruction Academy”, a three year

program to improve well being and economic prospects for almost 5,000 16-26 year old women and men in seven communities by increasing their livelihood skills. The FOKAL Project brings youth-51

led discussions, consultations, and public hearings throughout the country, giving youth an open forum to voice their concerns and aspirations on matters of rule of law, economics and development, gender

equality, identity, and social welfare. 52

Outlets for dialogue, open listening, and community support are essential for youth to feel inspired to promote social change.

UNDP has been training volunteers to reach out to their own demographic and frame issues in a manner that is more accessible to young people. Similarly, 53

UNICEF has worked with the Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population and local organizations to equip youth with smartphones to record the locations of health and safety hazards, medical facilities and dangerous areas to paint a real-time portrait of the risk factors of their neighborhoods. This program also 54

informed youths of HIV risks, transmission and prevention, in conjunction with the information generated from the UNICEF-


Children take a break from UNICEF-led job training (7)

GIS digital mapping platform. Programs 55

like these equip young Haitians to take control of their environments—with which they are the most familiar with—and empowers them to make a change, feel a sense of purpose, and communicate with their peers, with whom they are the most efficient disseminators of information. For peacebuilding efforts to be sustainable, it is integral that youth take play a major planning and implementation role.

RECOMMENDATIONS Capacity building is the first major

step to empower youth as peacebuilders because it is impossible to separate youth from the larger development context of Haiti. The broad and interlocking challenges that Haiti faces will require extensive capacity building efforts at the institutional,

social, and individual levels. Peace building interventions through job training or infrastructure projects are good starts as small part of a larger series of advancement. Unfortunately, though, these programs alone tend to be “temporary and unsustainable, failing to generate enough jobs to change the economic reality of poverty and unemployment or to decisively alter the incentive structures faced by marginalized youth.” The multitudinous 56

peace-building platforms in Haiti do not share data or common strategies to

streamline their efforts, creating a disparate collection of well-intentioned but futile efforts. They do not acknowledge that Haiti’s peacebuilding situation is determined by the various social, political, and economic factors that obstruct youth’s path to success and prosperity. Until they do, episodic unrest and political turmoil

resulting from widespread poverty and exclusion will remain rampant . Haiti’s 57

history, combined with the social and poverty indicators, show that youth should not be seen as a problem, but as a product of the family and community environment and therefore should be treated as a potential solution to Haiti’s development challenges. Including youth is a two-58

pronged approach by simultaneously building opportunities for Haitian youth and garnering more accurate, truthful data with those who know their communities the best.

Creating job opportunities and steering the education system to accommodate the needs of the labor market would help young Haitians trying to find jobs, an essential building block of the peacemaking process. Haitian youth could 59

also benefit greatly from role models, guidance, expectations, and contacts in the forms of parents or educators to keep them in school and inspired to find


It is impossible to separate youth empowerment from

the larger development context of Haiti.

Peace building interventions through job training or

infrastructure projects are good starts as small part of a larger

series of advancement.

employment. Affirmation from peers, role 60

models, and contacts to guide and motivate young Haitians. It is understood that support and modeling from the community, focusing on increasing accountability and setting expectations will help motivate Haitian youth to stay in school and be more successful in their employment. According to the World Bank, more emphasis should be placed on teachers as role models and motivators, as “the general level of trust in

schools and in teachers’ skills is great. This trust motivates most parents to send their children to school although public provision is scarce and quality is unregulated.” For 61

youth-driven and youth-motivated policies to succeed, young people need to be rewarded or have some form of positive encouragement, from program operators or each other. Otherwise, they may feel that their work is amounting to nothing and that they are wasting their time. Equipping 62

youth as outreach officers may be more successful for public education because they are better acquainted with the obstacles of daily life and may encourage each other to be more active in their communities. 63

Successful peacebuilding initiatives will be acquainted with these contexts.

Targeting at-risk youth needs to be based not only on income poverty indicators but also on a number of risk and protective factors. Instead of considering 64

only the blatantly evident signs of direct failures such as youth committing robbery or using drugs, there are other indicators of poor prospects for the future. Such negative transitions may be observed dropping out of school, a general sense of hopelessness, and poor financial conditions which will help identify key prevention points. 65

Feeling safe is important for a young person to be able to go to school, work, the market, explore neighboring communities, towns, and cities, and to have social relations. 66

More successful peace-building efforts approach it as a social topic rather than a law enforcement issue. This addresses the underlying causes— such as social exclusion and economic marginalization-- which can lead to community violence and disaccord. This is why it is crucial to 67

improve conditions for youth in their respective households and neighborhoods, in order to decrease crime and violence in the future. In addition, further research on 68

youth and the labor market should consider the gender issue in greater detail. Programs should be encouraged to assume a gendered perspective, giving special emphasis to young Haitian women to remain in school, as they are more likely to drop out of school and earn lower incomes than their male counterparts.

Strong communities and the fortified economic, social, and political foundations on which they rely are important deterrents to the numerous and interlocking forms of violence and inopportunity faced by young


UNDP-Led Course on seismic activity (8)

Haitians. Well-designed, bottom-up engagement programs are necessary. Indeed, young Haitians can be important drivers and agents of change in the development of their society, as they are tasked with the guiding the direction of Haiti’s future. Haitian youth are receptive to feedback, entrepreneurial, ambitious, innovative, and thirsty for change. Young 69

Haitians are vital stakeholders in conflict-prevention and peacebuilding— they have the potential to act as as community leaders in peace building, reconciliation, and post-conflict reconstruction. On the other hand, when youth are not included in the political

process and feel excluded from the rest of society, they may desert civil engagement entirely and gravitate towards organized crime and other groups which undermine the rule of law. The Haitian government 70

needs to be compelled and then assisted to design and implement public employment and engagement schemed specifically for youth which analyzes the links between employment and reduced crime. 71

It cannot be reiterated enough that the underlying social, economic, and political dynamics of Haiti are unresponsive

to unidimensional approaches and limit the effectiveness and sustainability of patchy, disparate, and temporary interventions. 72

As Haiti faces formidable challenges in nearly every sector of development, the role of youth in peacebuilding can assume many forms. Capacity building is essential to equip Haiti—and its young population—with the basic tools to improve their surroundings. Haitian youth’s struggles cannot be solved by new departments, job trainings, or extracurricular programs; there will need to be true and drastic measures taken to improve quality of life in Haiti as a whole to create the environment for youth

peacebuilding efforts to thrive. This does not mean that youth engagement should be considered a lost cause— Haitian youth’s innovation, entrepreneurial ambition, and in-depth knowledge of their surroundings make them critical assets for Haiti’s future and inspire hopefulness (different word?) for the country’s future. Haiti—and its young population who will be held accountable for the country as time moves on—will not make progress until these foundations are in place.


HAITI: RECOMMENDATIONS ✴ Empower youth at the most foundational level, including them at every phase

of the development process✴ Structural changes to empower youth are necessary to sustainably create

economic and societal change within Haiti✴ Frame peacebuilding as a development issue rather than a law enforcement one✴ Encourage programs that foster peer counseling and deter youth from entering

cycles of organized crime✴ Investigate the role of gender in youth and peacebuilding contexts.✴ Preserve a sense of hope through informing youth of positive economic change

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOBACKGROUND

The dual-island nation of Trinidad and Tobago is situated in the Caribbean Sea just off the northeast coast of Venezuela. The country is known for its beautiful beaches, calypso music and festive Carnival. It is home to nearly 1, 364, 973 people, with an economy that relies heavily on energy commodities such as oil and gas and has very high literacy rates at nearly 99% of the total population. According to UNDP, 73

trends in the demography of Trinidad and Tobago show an aging population and a slowing rate of population growth and declining fertility, meaning that cultivating the needs of youth are and should be the utmost of importance. Nevertheless,

Trinidad and Tobago is a flourishing nation that typically enjoys high GDP and low unemployment rates but continues to face issues such as increased organized crime and violence, poverty and access to healthcare. Because the twin-islands are an illicit transit location for drug and weapon traffickers persistent and related crimes

plague local communities. As a consequence of the drug trade, findings show that the prevalence of gangs and gang related violence is now being perpetrated at increasingly younger ages and is affecting both boys and girls in Trinidad and Tobago. According to “self reported data from school-aged youth in ten Caribbean countries (Trinidad and Tobago included), between 17-24 %of males and 11-16 % of females admitted to having been involved in gangs. Perpetuation of gang violence is 74

a direct result of the increased exposure to it, of which youths are also reporting. Not 75

only are youth facing the allure of violence, but also health issues such as teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections such as HIV. To combat these 76

challenges, UNDP and other relevant civil society actors have implemented programs that work to educate youth, provide vocational training and empowerment. Youth development programs remain a prominent force in Trinidad and Tobago and are becoming the standard as they are being


TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: YOUTH FACTS

✴ Population: 1.341 million✴ Government definition of youth:

“Youth” is age group of young people between 12-29

✴ Youth as percentage of population: 34.2%

✴ Youth unemployment: 10%

๏Youth unemployment Ages 15-24๏Unemployment Rate๏Population Below National Poverty Line

integrated into schools, community centers and the daily fabric of society. By

investigating the institutionalization of these youth participatory mechanisms, connections can be made as to how youth are thus contributing to the broader scope of peace and security in Trinidad and Tobago.

OVERVIEW OF PROGRAMS IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO There are numerous programs for

youth in Trinidad and Tobago, however only a handful are direct “peacebuilding” initiatives, which address the direct challenges facing youth. While youth are typically beneficiaries of these programs, many of these programs allow them to take initiative and serve as leaders in their communities. Many reports prepared by UNDP or NGOs in Trinidad and Tobago state they are working “at improving participation in the democratic process, especially among under-represented or marginalized groups.” However many still 77

feel these programs are inaccessible and only privy to a more educated, urban, elite demographic. According to a focus group

cited in the Regional Human Development Report for Latin America and the Caribbean“All the systems do exist but the systems do not consider the poor... Whilst the systems are in place, the systems are in place for people who can access the systems.”

Having a more inclusive framework encourages youth of all identities to come forward and engage with one another. Programs are typically implemented in schools and encourage youth leadership and civic participation while educating them on prominent issues such as sustainable development and in turn the SDGs. Trinidad and Tobago is a leader in youth development as they value volunteerism, participation and engagement. Their comprehensive National Youth Policy spans from 2012-2017 and delves into the drivers of youth instability—gang violence, lack of education or integration etc. Many youth programs and youth policy in Trinidad and Tobago are holistically driven considering institutional support, familial and religious organizations that work to service young people. The National Youth Policy states that youth development is a national issue that everyone must take part in. Youth in Trinidad and Tobago have the mechanisms in place to enact change and take a more participatory role, it is just a matter of ensuring those mechanisms are sound and monitored to ensure they are in fact fostering the needs of the youth.

JUVENILE COURT PROJECT (JCP)

UNDP and the Judiciary, with funding from USAID, have implemented a


Police in Trinidad and Tobago (1)

program entitled Juvenile Court Project, which “aims to strengthen the capacity of the Judiciary to deal with children matters using a rehabilitative, restorative and less

retributive approach.” This project 78

integrates youth participation through a branch of JCP called Peer Resolution, which provides training to prepare youth to serve as Peer Assessors, Peer Advocates and Peer Judges. After intensive training based on restorative justice and court room protocols the Peers then hear cases of minors who have committed minor offenses, and then proceed to provide sanctions in order to hold their peers accountable. The training 79

includes guidance and feedback from experts in this field, and this youth-led approach allows for learning opportunities for those who have done wrong and also leadership roles for youth who wish to seek them. The program is being piloted in two ways: school based and court-annexed. 80

Currently it has been implemented in four secondary schools in Tobago during the fall of 2015 with Tobago House of Assembly. According to the JCP website, the pilot program operates on a basic level within

schools, so if a student breaks a rule the student can choose to have their matter heard in a Peer Resolution where they can then receive sanctions from peers. While the court annexed JCP has a Judge or Master of the Children Court refer a child (first time minor offender for example) to Peer Resolution. Parental and participant consent is necessary to move forward. JCP of Trinidad and Tobago states they have 118 children and 46 adults who will be trained to serve in various Court annexed PR roles. As the program spreads and 81

increases young peoples knowledge of the criminal justice systems, and helps foster accountability at a young age, the connection can be made that with more active civic participation young people will learn to make improved choices and choose peace instead of violence and by doing so avoiding their chances of becoming an offender or repeat offender.

Strengths1. Provides less punitive measures to

youth offenders— the restorative justice aspect of the program provides less punitive measures and provides


Celebrating Volunteering: UNDP (2)

Juvenile Youth Project: UNDP (3)

sanctions including: behavioral programs, education workshops, counseling, restitution etc. Peer resolution does no determine the guilt of children but rather provides a learning opportunity.

2. Strengthening of relationships between youth and judicial system— the program has the potential to cultivate a more fluid and peaceful relationship between law enforcement, the judicial system and youth themselves fostering mutual respect, understanding and personal responsibility. This could lead to the establishment of a youth cadet program or a youth crime and violence unit to supplement the efforts of the Juvenile Court Program.

3. Perceptions of justice and civic participation— the program provides an opportunity to create a normative shift in the way youth perceive justice and civic participation. One youth, who was convicted to the Youth Training

Centre and quoted in the Juvenile Court Project blog stated “We follow what we see…there are few good role models.” 82

The program provides youth the opportunity to become good role models to other youths in their communities, and the fact that 40 and counting youths have already participated in this training indicates a need and interest in this area.

Why is this program important? Institutionalization as opposed to

rehabilitation is oftentimes the route taken for youth offenders. This program educates youth on basic legal framework and provides an entry point to the realm of civic engagement at a young age. With this knowledge they perhaps can encourage their friends to stray from violence if they are more aware of the intricacies of the

system and the hardships and realities of the consequences. It also fosters a more holistic reintegration that educates


RECOMMENDATIONS FOR JCP ✴ Continued outreach for the Juvenile Court

Project utilizing social media outlets and regional training programs to engage rural youth through their schools and communities

✴ Provide follow up conferences on youth leadership after young people have participated in JCP where evaluations can be conducted and further leadership development

✴ Consider a peer mentorship program that connects interested young people with one another and helps a young offender with reintegration

JCP Comic (4)

offenders as opposed to ostracizing and punishing them.

PHOENIX PROJECT The Phoenix Project, a collaborative

effort between the Teocah Dove Legacy Foundation, The Canadian High Commission, UNDP Caribbean Youth Think Tank and BoldLeaders (a U.S. based NGO) is an evidence based social intervention that works to rehabilitate juvenile offenders in a holistic manner. The program targets at-risk youth using an interventionist model that also provides training and support to institution staff. Interventions focus on working through traumas that may have caused the young people to act out. The program uses simulations and has the young people relive those traumas and then utilizes a variety of techniques to deal with

the related emotions and distress. For example, yoga, art therapy and practicing mindfulness are all used. As well as family therapy that works to minimize risk and vulnerability once the offender is released by mending familial relationships that might have exacerbated stress or bred a toxic environment.

Youth in institutions are often immobilized for several years and fall prey to repeat offending and the cycle of violence. Therefore, working on providing offenders with skills, education and confidence while they are institutionalized will better prepare, competent members of their society and community. Project Phoenix is different than JCP because while JCP ensures youth are bettered served within the justice system, Project Phoenix assists respondents after they have already dealt with the justice system and are moving forward. It interacts with young people holistically addressing their mental well being, emotional and physical, while monitoring behavioral changes in a closer environment. Incepted in 2016, evidence collected from the pilot year will help inform policy and improve services for at-risk youth in a more inclusive framework.


CONNECTION: PEACE AND SECURITY

Mitigating the perpetration of youth crime is vital in stabilizing a region plagued by cycles of violence. It begins with youth and by implementing preventative and restorative mechanisms to address crime, violence and inequalities civil society, the government and UNDP are taking a more proactive approach to peace and security as opposed to reactive, when it is already too late. Instilling values of self esteem and understanding while providing structure, as one Peer Resolution trainee, Julien Skeete of Tobago stated, “will not only deal with the child we save today, but the adult we save tomorrow.”

Strengths1. Address and remedy root causes of

vulnerable youth— according to Teocah Dove, creator and facilitating consultant of the project, altering the methods of how institutions serve youth was important. Instead of hard or retributive punishment for young offenders a more comprehensive approach was needed, one that addressed why these young people might be struggling in the first place. By addressing violence, crime and familial struggles the program attempts to understand youth and their motives and create teachable moments instead of strictly punishing them.83

2. Encourages collaboration between the government, juvenile institutions and NGOs— this program commandeered a multifaceted approach that integrated specialists from civil society (BoldLeaders), the UN (UNDP Caribbean Think Tank) and the government. This type of approach that engages youth and integrates their needs and potential into a formal setting is

exactly what will usher in normative changes that encourage more respect and dignity for youth.

3. Inform policy makers, provide insight to stakeholders, strengthen the capacity of institutions— the experiences of youth and institutional staff workers can help inform policy makers as to what approaches they should take when


SDG CONNECTION: SDG 17 The institutionalization of youth initiatives and youth oriented programs in Trinidad and Tobago are a direct result of effective multi-sectoral and collaborative partnerships. With the collaboration of civil society, UNDP and the Department of Youth Affairs, the youth along with relevant leaders in Trinidad and Tobago have the power to harness and mobilize pooled resources in order to help cultivate youth potential. The Phoenix Project is a great example of effective collaboration and multifaceted efforts. Such partnerships can help reinforce responsibility and accountability of youth pilot programs which could help turn programs into policy.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PHOENIX PROJECT

✴ Consider long term funding of evidence based programs—consider small grants programs that are rewarded after successful pilot years✴ Strengthen the collection of data to

collect evidence, surveys and feedback that will measure the success of programs

✴ Consider creating a youth reintegration employment agency that helps integrate youth offenders into the work force upon release

assisting and reintegrating young offenders. That way they are taking a more holistic approach and considering the root causes of why youth are offending. Youth may then feel like they are being heard and valued and more inclined to collaborate with officials. Data and surveys taken from this program can help bolster support for institutional intervention, providing more long term funding to ensure longevity of the program.

Why is this important?This program grants participants

respect and a second chance. It also challenges the traditional institutional system of punishment. By structuring their time when youth are institutionalized, the program promotes self-esteem, healthy recreation, sense of service, and provides an outlet for them to express their grievances and work through them. The program address the root causes of why youth might have offended such as unhealthy family situations, victims of abuse and violence or ostracization etc. The program works to empower participants and grant them respect they may feel has been taken away. Through therapy and mindfulness the program prepares youth to handle the challenges of our world helping inform a more global citizen. Having more global citizens means having more youth who have the skills to work through issues peacefully and informatively thus contributing to peacebuilding efforts.

Connection: Peace and SecurityBy implementing programs that

engage and target youth who may feel disenfranchised and marginalized, this

program in essence is serving as a peacebuilding mechanism. Providing a space for all youth identities allows for a more inclusive society, where tolerance is practiced and all are valued. While it may not seem like a traditional peacebuilding tactic, youth who are willing to take part in this program and resist the cycle of violence and the urge to find belonging in gangs or other outlets are thus choosing peace.

AGENTS OF CHANGE: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO YOUTH

PARLIAMENT The National Youth Parliament is

conducted under the Trinidad and Tobago Branch of the Commonwealth. Students in sixth form from schools around the country participate in a mock Parliamentary Debate. By engaging in mock parliaments youth are able to learn and understand the pillars of democracy and civil society and are able to express their ideas and opinions. According to the National Youth Parliament, the

objectives of the Parliament are as follows:● Foster youth development through

social dialogue


Participants at the Trinidad and Tobago Youth Parliament: UNDP (5)

● Grant young people the opportunity to have their views heard by decisions makers and the public

● Help young people understand and participate in the parliamentary process

● Help young people learn how to influence governmental decision making

● Highlight the importance of helping young people understand how decisions are made and how they can be involved in influencing their worlds84

This program serves as a peacebuilding initiative because youth can act as agents of change by presenting their ideas on a platform to key officials. This type of experiential learning provides youth with tangible “real world” experience. The youth parliament is a clear entry point into the realm of civic engagement and youth are given the tools to navigate it. It is a proactive attempt to prepare youth for their civic duties and by integrating them into these discussions ensures a youth perspective on prominent issues in the world and the country.


OTHER NOTEWORTHY INITIATIVES

SIDS Youth Focal Point:The SIDS youth focal point from

Trinidad and Tobago is tasked with initiating outreach to other young people from SIDS, facilitating online meetings/discussions with young people from SIDS, providing input and policy recommendations advocating from a youth perspective, learning more about SDGs and 2030 Agenda, sharing opportunities with youth and help build the capacity of young people to enable increased participation in UN 2030 Agenda.

Tobago Roxborough Police Youth Club:The mission of this group is to

“provide youths in the community with resources that would help facilitate holistic development.” The club provides discipline for young people in the community in order to reduce crime by structuring leisure time in a productive manner.

SAINT LUCIACONTEXT AND CHALLENGES OF YOUTH AND PEACEBUILDING IN

SAINT LUCIA Saint Lucia is a small Caribbean

island state with a population of 164,464, with over 36% of the population under 24 years old. Regarding population 85

distribution and urbanization, the majority of the population live on the periphery of Saint Lucia, with concentration in the north of the island surrounding the capital of Castries, bringing the island’s urban population size to nearly 19%. Challenges 86

to the island nation include high unemployment, organized crime, a reactive economy, and high public debt. Organized crime presents the greatest challenge to peacebuilding and citizen security. Similar to many other Caribbean countries, Saint Lucia is a trade point for illicit South American drugs en route to North America and Europe. High crime rates due to gang activity and the drug trade, such as homicide, assault, and robbery persist.

As a small island developing state with a 24.9% unemployment rate (170/208 globally) lack of employment opportunities present a serious roadblock to economic development and growth. The economy 87 88

depends primarily on tourism, the manufacturing sector, and exporting crops such as bananas and mangos. Given the small size of the economy, Saint Lucia is vulnerable to external shocks. Public debt made up 77% of Saint Lucia’s GDP in 2012, restricting the country’s ability to invest in

social services. Saint Lucia’s Human 89

Development Index (HDI) is relatively high for a small island nation, encouragingly, the nation has experienced considerable increases in life expectancy and schooling over the last 30 years. Despite high rates of education, the majority of the unemployed population are youth, with a youth unemployment rate of 27.5%. Therefore, 90

creating opportunities for youth which provide opportunities for employment and political participation is crucial to creating a peaceful and empowered society.

YOUTH INTERVENTIONS IN SAINT LUCIA

There are few direct “peacebuilding” interventions on youth in Saint Lucia. Rather, many youth-centered projects in Saint Lucia seek to tackle the drivers of youth instability and marginalization by


SAINT LUCIA: YOUTH FACTS ✴ Population: 164,464✴ Government definition of youth:

“Youth” is age group of young people between 15 and 29 years old. For operational purposes different actors have used other classifications (i.e. 10 – 35 and other)

✴ Youth as percentage of population: 26%

✴ Youth unemployment: between 27.5% and 34%, depending on youth definition

boosting youth participation and empowerment across sectors. Many of these interventions prompt youth to lead their communities through entrepreneurial initiatives (ex: employment innovation, sustainable development innovations). The goal of these efforts to boost youth leadership through innovation in their communities is to improve citizen security in Saint Lucia, while also guiding Saint Lucia towards embracing the SDGs in the coming years. It is important to note some large gaps in Saint Lucia’s federal youth policy which impacts youth participation in many respects. The current National Youth Policy was published in 2000. This document is severely outdated, and leaves federal policy far behind the lived reality of young Saint Lucians, such as the mass-scale youth unemployment caused by the 2008 recession.

Saint Lucia has recognized this deficit and is currently drafting an updated National Youth Policy which was scheduled to be released in April 2016, but has not yet been completed. During the process the government has requested technical

assistance and feedback from youth. The call for technical assistance poses a great opportunity for development actors, including UNDP, to meaningfully shape Saint Lucia’s policy to be inclusive for youth. This national drafting process also provides opportunity for UNDP to provide


SDG CONNECTION: SDG 13 Saint Lucia has taken substantive action to combat climate

change and its impacts, partially through the empowerment of youth. This is exemplified in the Global Environment Facility Small Grants Programme (GEF SGP) thriving in Saint Lucia

today. The 2016-2019 GEF SGP Country Programme Strategy places greater emphasis on climate appropriate technologies

and mechanisms which are in line with national and global sustainable development targets, as well as a focus on

community empowerment to identify threats, define solutions and implement appropriate actions.

CITIZEN SECURITY Citizen security is associated with “security against the threat of crime or violence and is used to refer to the paramount security of individuals and social groups.” The shift to a citizen security approach responds to the relationship between the state and the citizenry, by highlighting the need of institutions to serve the Caribbean people more effectively and address their unmet needs. This concept is a response to the history of inequality, discrimination and violent crime in the region, which demands action at the community level. Promoting the concept of citizen security is a call to action for both governments and institutions and individual citizens. Achieving citizen security requires the engagement of citizens and governments to promote human rights and liberties, addressing drivers of violent crime, and promoting innovative solutions to create opportunities to improve the wellbeing of communities.

development support at a higher level in Saint Lucia, as the majority of UNDP projects are through the Small Grants Program and subsequently are at the grassroots level. Strategic support for National Youth Policy also provides opportunity to increase synergy between UNDP HQ, the regional centre and the UNCT.

SPECIFIC INTERVENTIONS: UNDP AND BEYOND

UNDP projects in Saint Lucia tend to be small scale not only because of the small size of the country, but also because of its current emphasis on the Global Environment Facility Small Grants Country Programme (GEF SGP). In 2013, the former Resident Coordinator for Barbados and OECS, Michelle Gyles McDonnough commented on this point, noting that the Saint Lucia Country Programme Strategy (CPS) for GEF SGP in the 2016-2019 period would to focus “more and more on

upscaling projects.” Indeed, the 2016-19 91

Saint Lucia CPS requires all projects have the following criteria points: (i) potential for upscaling, (ii) potential for significant backward and forward linkages, (iii) the ability to create a ‘buffer zone’ in the production landscape and (iv) address the level of threats to endemic and threatened species. 92


SDG CONNECTION: SDG 17 Partnerships play a particularly important role in both achieving the SDGs and empowering youth as powerful agen ts o f change. Th is i s exemp l i fied in the SocialInnov4Change project in Saint Lucia, where UNDP relied on Saint Lucia’s National Youth Council to assist with outreach to youth across the island, ultimately resulting in a more successful program. Strong partnerships can make the difference between a successful project and one which does not effectively accomplish its agenda. To reach the most vulnerable groups, and realize the theme of leave no one behind, partnerships are more crucial than ever in the interconnected 2030 agenda.

CONNECTION: YOUTH AND PEACE AGENDA

Youth are viewed as both perpetrators and victims of violence within their communities, and studies display that “across the Caribbean, youth

are the primary perpetrators and victims of crime.” However, the programs examined within this case study tell a crucial story- youth are also

incredible entrepreneurs of change. The Caribbean Human Development Report

published in 2012 found that “over 80 percent of the youth surveyed indicated their willingness to

work towards the reduction of violence.” Harnessing youth’s desire to promote peace

through involving them in citizen security and sustainable development agendas are central to

reducing violent crime and achieving peace.

Beyond UNDP, there are several important actors sparking youth participation and entrepreneurship in Saint Lucia today. Three highlights include: The Youth Advocacy Alliance, the International Youth Federation, the Saint Lucia National Youth Council and the CARICOM Commission on Youth Development.

UNDP SOCIALINNOV4CHANGE PROGRAM

The UNDP SocialInnov4Change program was originally piloted in Saint Kitts and Nevis in 2014 and was expanded to Saint Lucia in 2015. The program was launched in Saint Lucia through a Youth

Ideation Workshop on August 2015, which asked youth participants to come together to reimagine Saint Lucia 10 years in the future, and to submit ideas to improve citizen security. The selected ideas received $2,000 of funding for implementation in October of 2015, after a competitive

application process over the fall. Youth and youth organizations which received grants participated in an additional workshop to assist them in planning and implementing their projects. The program slogan is ‘empowering youth to drive change’, and is particularly focused on preventing the rise of violent crime in the region, in which young people are viewed as both victims and perpetrators. The competition was open to youth between the ages of 16 and 35 in Saint Lucia.93

CHALLENGES AND SUCCESSES OF THE PROGRAM

Overall, the SocialInnov4change has been quite successful; of the six projects which received funding in St Kitts, five were successfully implemented. Several important lessons were learned during the initial launch of the program in St Kitts, which allowed the program to achieve even more effective results when it was launched in Saint Lucia the following year. The program staff identified the need to

improve outreach to at-risk youth, reflecting that they had not fully reached the target population in St Kitts. This resulted in SocialInnov4Change’s decision to partner with Saint Lucia's National Youth Council to increase outreach through the local networks and a more careful consideration


“At UNDP, we see youth as catalyst and agents of economic and social transformation. But in order to harness their potential, we must provide them with the opportunities. It is important that we facilitate their participation in decision

making, by not only listening to them but also in creating spaces and improving the framework for their effective participation and contribution to society.”

—Ms. Chisa Mikami, Deputy Resident Representative of Barbados.

of the factors that might prevent youth from participating (travel, lack of stipend, etc). Beyond the positive impacts that the implemented projects have had on communities, the SocialInnov4Change program serves as a launching platform for youth to enter other competitions to scale up their projects, or to continue to compete if they did not receive funding. For example, one participant in the Social Innov4change competition who proposed a

medical health registry, but did not receive funding, continued to refine his idea and

recently received funding through a different competition. The Social Innov4Change program is currently working with St Vincent and Grenadines to provide technical support in implementing yet another program similar, displaying the strength of the program’s scalability and strong platform to generate creativity. 94


Youth at UNDP’s SocialInnov4Change

EMERGING PROJECT SPOTLIGHT: YOUTH EMPOWERED FOR LIFE PROJECT

At the end of October 2016, the Caribbean Development Bank approved 3.7 million dollars of funding to empower at risk youth in Saint Lucia. The program hopes to improve security in Saint Lucia and reduce crime by providing youth with more economic and social opportunities. Their plans to accomplish these goals are still in the preliminary stages, and include the following approaches: expand existing social services, enlarge existing Youth Court Diversion Programmes, develop additional community based programs (such as after school and summer programs), and invest in the safety and quality of public spaces such as parks. The program will also allocate funding to hold a regional symposium on community based policing to address crime and insecurity. Due to the very recent announcement of the funds from the bank, little information is yet known about the project details. This will be a crucial project to track and monitor successes and challenges over the next year, given the positive impact and potential it represents.

“Through [Youth Empowered for Life] Project, we hope to divert young people away from crime

and violence, and enable them to make positive contributions to their households, communities and wider society. The Project

was designed to meet the needs of different age groups and genders, and we are optimistic about the

outcomes it will achieve.” —Deidre Clarendon, Division Chief, Social

Sector Division, CDB.

YOUTH IN ACTION: SUCCESSES AND CHALLENGES Name Summary of Intervention and Analysis

Saint Lucia Youth Business Trust (SLYBT)

SLYBT assists young people in developing entrepreneurial skills. This includes access to start-up capital, business mentoring, networking, advisory and marketing support services. SLYBT is part of The Commonwealth Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs-Caribbean & Canada, an alliance aiming to “contribute to regional sustainable development by helping to increase the numbers of young entrepreneurs who grow businesses, create jobs, change lives and ensure future economic prosperity.”This intervention is strong in all regards, with the exception of having no direct peacebuilding connection. SLYBT excels in utilizing effective channels to reach youth, as seen use of social media through its Facebook page. SLYBT is significant because it is built around the common trade partners Saint Lucia has in the Caribbean, but also seeks to expand Saint Lucia-Canada trade and business relations. It is thus targeting Saint Lucia’s broader strategic economic interests, while also elevating youth participation in business spaces. This youth participation will dually drive down Saint Lucia’s high youth unemployment and disenfranchisement.

Saint Lucia Chamber of Commerce, Industry, and Agriculture

The Saint Lucia Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture describes itself as a “promoter, trainer, advocate, business opportunity interlocutor, researcher and community representative. Most of all, the Chamber has served as a "partner" facilitating and working with the business community to help them in their pursuit of growth and prosperity.” The Chamber’s Junior Achievement Program only impacted a total of 4,000 young people in 2016. The Chamber also expresses its support for the Saint Lucia Youth Business Trust, noted above, but offers little information on what the Chamber’s contribution looks like. The Chamber’s website requests donations to support the SLYBT, suggesting possible underfunding for their youth programming. Given the mandate of the Chamber, it should be doing much more to support youth employment in Saint Lucia. While the mandate indicates the Chamber’s current shortcomings, it also poses a strong opportunity for partnership with development actors in Saint Lucia.

Innovations in Civic Participation (ICP): Project Saint Lucia

Project Saint Lucia is a youth-focused and youth-run program designed to empower young people in Saint Lucia and spark interest in community involvement and volunteer work. The work done by Project Saint Lucia is a direct response to trends outlined in a study by the World Bank, which found an upward trend among young people in the Caribbean in drug trafficking, HIV/AIDS infection, adolescent pregnancies and other risky behavior. Project Saint Lucia is attempting to harness the energy and vitality of its young people and channel it toward civic engagement activities to address these issues. Project Saint Lucia is unique in that it is directly tying the issues of youth civic engagement to issues of citizen security and peacebuilding. In this regard, Project Saint Lucia excels. The project does not offer any programming to tackle youth unemployment. Its rhetoric also frames youth as beneficiaries rather than leaders in their countries future. Their social media outreach is not substantial but remains stronger than many other Saint Lucia youth interventions.


RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Continue comprehensive update to National

Youth Policy. Saint Lucia is currently in the process of updating the National Youth Policy, a process which began in the fall of 2015. This decision to update the policy can serve as a model for other Caribbean states to mainstream and revitalize youth participation. Prior to this update, Saint Lucia’s last update to the National Youth Policy was in 2000. The current drafting process would benefit from a p a r t i c i p a t o r y structure, utilizing youth feedback and priorities, as well as an awareness of the previously noted c h a l l e n g e s impacting the country and region more broadly.

2. Collaborate with C h a m b e r o f Commerce to encourage youth focused programming. More collaboration is needed with the Saint Lucia Chamber of Commerce. The Saint Lucia Chamber of Commerce Industry & Agriculture has two youth-specific programs, but they are very low-reach and appear to have little funding.. Currently, UNDP has no formal ties to the Chamber. Partnership with the Chamber of Commerce poses a great opportunity for synergy and collaboration between the two

organizations. UNDP or other development actors should provide strategic policy and program support to boost the capacity of the Chamber to support youth.

3. Scale up! Both UNDP and grassroots initiatives relevant to youth are on a very small scale: both in terms of scope and funding. Providing larger grants to programs and reaching more youth will lead to more impactful changes, and more positive benefits to citizen security. This is

why the new project launched through the Caribbean Development Bank, Youth Empowered for Life, presents an i n c r e d i b l e opportunity given the substantial funding provided4.Expand the focus of youth outreach programs. There is a need to establish broader youth o u t r e a c h a n d representation for

youth in UNDP’s non-youth programs; for example, involve more youth representatives and employ youth in climate action and SDG implementation efforts. Given the focus on climate change in small island developing states, Saint Lucia has a unique opportunity to engage youth to reimagine a more sustainable future through involving them in grants across disciplines.


RECOMMENDATIONS ✴ Continue comprehensive

update to National Youth Policy

✴ Collaborate with Chamber of Commerce to encourage youth focused programming

✴ Scale UP!✴ Expand the focus of youth

outreach programs

YOUTH VOICES


RECOMMENDATIONS Upon reviewing the case study findings, there are several thematic areas where youth

initiatives can be strengthened its practices. Additionally other stakeholders can improve their policies in order to create new opportunities for youth engagement through implementation of these best practices. These recommendations evolved from research on specific UNDP initiatives, as well as other contextual challenges in the Caribbean.

SOCIAL INCLUSION Oftentimes youth initiatives or programs are privy to a certain demographic; the more educated, wealthier class. As a result, youth initiatives often fail to accurately represent the grievances and experiences of youth, particularly those most at risk. Therefore, UNDP programs should focus on more diverse outreach initiatives that integrate marginalized populations. Often times educational outreach or recreational outreach has been a priority, however, outside of the classroom or sports field there is little interaction or outreach. Engaging youth in non-traditional settings, (ie: outside the realm of sports and classroom initiatives) or providing them merely with a safe space to express their needs, and sense of identity is crucial.

GOVERNMENT/PRIVATE SECTOR FUNDING TO SUPPORT CIVIL SOCIETY

Our findings indicate that civil society has implemented useful vocational programs, however, those programs are considered temporary. In order to support the longevity of these programs governments need to provide additional financing through more success based funding or perhaps even awarding funding to youth themselves to carry out their innovations. Many countries around the world already have youth competitions that foster creativity and inclusiveness. The awarding of small grants to youth who have recommended the strongest proposal encourages youth participation and assures them that leaders do in fact value their ideas and contributions.


CASE STUDY HIGHLIGHT: SOCIAL INCLUSION In Saint Lucia the SocialInnov4Change program identified the need to better involve at risk youth after being piloted initially in St Kitts. As a result, when the program was launched in Saint Lucia, UNDP partnered with the Saint Lucia’s National Youth Council to improve outreach to youth at the local level. Involving local actors to improve outreach to a diverse array of youth, and removing barriers to youth attendance of programs and initiatives through providing stipends and scholarships will result in more successful and inclusive progams.

LOCALLY DRIVEN PROJECTS Many UNDP projects are based off of assessments of the locals needs and while singularly inclusive they may not accurately reflect what the people want. Hosting community forums for various communities and groups to voice their grievances and express what they wish to see, learn or want from UNDP provides a horizontal platform for local development and youth participation.

DATA DRIVEN METRICS OF SUCCESS In order to ensure longevity, programs need to be monitored frequently based on an assessment criterion. Auditing allows for reflection and improvement. Throughout our research we found that even certain UNDP country websites were outdated and while they listed youth programs incepted in 2012, 2013 and onward there was no follow up. It seemed as if the programs halted, as there was no transparency or information available on the efficacy of these programs. On a similar note a more concerted effort needs to be made on the data front in order to track these programs. By accumulating data which could be used as a barometer of success could help inform government officials that might be more inclined to fund programs they can tangibly recognize have been successful, thanks to the collection of data. Making the information public further substantiates the legitimacy of the programs for posterity.


CASE STUDY HIGHLIGHT: GOVERNMENT/ PRIVATE SECTOR FUNDING

In Haiti, non-governmental organizations fill gaps where there is a lack of state intervention in youth development. For example, HYDE—Haiti Youth and Development— provides a template for youth engagement through sports, music, and education to motivate youth and their parents to stay positive whilst facing bleak social and economic circumstances. This helps compensate for intellectual engagement, social connections, and diversion that would otherwise be provided by a robust public schooling program.

CASE STUDY HIGHLIGHT: LOCALLY DRIVEN PROJECTS Trinidad and Tobago annually hosts a National Youth Parliament which fosters social dialogue and allows young participants to have their views heard by the public and key decision makers. Additionally, the SIDS Youth Focal Point from Trinidad and Tobago reaches out to young people and facilitates online meetings and discussions so young people can provide input and policy recommendations, share opportunities and support one another.

COUNTRY MONITORING Regional or country office could provide periodic monitoring to ensure the programs remain productive. UNDP country offices could then communicate with local governments, perhaps even utilizing a youth liaison or youth envoy to serve this function. Thus, providing a youth voice in the government and youth input in the implementation and creation of these programs.

BRING YOUTH TO THE FOREFRONT Youth programs and participation efforts are often separated from broader policy goals, and are frequently distinct silos from the top agendas. Bringing youth to the center of efforts, such as SDG implementation, could demonstrate the crucial role youth can play on important items, rather than just at the periphery.


CASE STUDY HIGHLIGHT: DATA DRIVEN METRICS OF SUCCESS The Juvenile Court Youth Project (Trinidad and Tobago), a collaborative initiative through USAID, the Judiciary and UNDP created a specific and separate website which provides specifics on objectives and targets of the program, achievements to date and outlines the plan of action moving forward. The website also includes videos of actual participants, comics used for training materials and quantitative data that exhibits the success and prevalence of the program.

CASE STUDY HIGHLIGHT: COUNTRY MONITORING In Haiti, youth initiatives displayed that rather than just focusing on poverty indicators, risk factors such as school dropout, a sense of hopelessness, and lack of social support should be considered. Considering these factors will help identify key prevention points for poor prospects for the future such as inflicting violence, drug and alcohol abuse, and delinquency.

CASE STUDY HIGHLIGHT: BRING YOUTH TO THE FOREFRONT To accomplish this, youth representatives should be appointed to create and implement National Sustainable Development Strategies in the Caribbean in collaboration with government officials. In Saint Lucia case study research found that projects such as SocialInnov4change are particularly effective due to their scalability in different communities. This type of program could be scaled up to the national level throughout Caribbean states to promote youth engagement through entrepreneurial, SDG focused projects, which could potentially generate funding given the attention to the implementation of the 2030 agenda.

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https://www.flickr.com/photos/petterphoto/6778327044/in/photolist-bjYGtE-xdMtKx-cpzLKo-7vjyKH-qKGvF2-7vwtMm-rKpc8n-GKNNu-byfBbp-KG9sPn-dpdHhy-d6mgME-qVSZUi-bWAncj-b2zyp8-7BPNY2-7zipCJ-peQksn-pSutBF-SwtXN-j61KN2-rubvJn-9cbFq1-b4jG28-qJGdd1-7vJLyf-7vNwA3-cQzuKd-b1EYZe-cRmXLh-wdNop7-7CsXsA-b4RbZV-81TEAS-bpMFqr-qyYZVk-rduFVJ-7vENTa-7vjeJR-LsrpQu-7vNw8J-7vNvGN-trSEod-cpAaCm-dPsbWT-vkiDu2-pvLEHp-b5TLGp-KRDQo6-7vr9PV

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https://www.flickr.com/photos/nikonman24/4367858177/in/photolist-aAJCrS-5pmLGm-9wgJs-aARUTF-9z9Ssb-5phviD-5pmLZy-4AKbRR-aAGfJT-7DJ5ia-fza1eP-5pmNC3-7DYq4B-q9Hn9R-fzoVto-9xUt95-6etSFV-9proiw-8utP5Y-6w1R5A-e2hbvY-aVv2PK-6w24T5-6etRLg-9podHe-dy2uhX-bhgHaZ-99aQba-5pmLKw-7Dxxh7-eh7csh-8uujT1-5phvbT-eh7cj5-7wkZgz-fzoyc5-e2hbxG-9kWD52-e2byLZ-6w1H2b-6w1TCd-54a6J6-aAUzFL-8vuJy4-9ZVbwU-9ZVcyU-8u55ED-aYg14z-aAFtCq-7xomaL

e 2 h b x G - 9 k W D 5 2 - e 2 b y L Z - 6 w 1 H 2 b - 6 w 1 T C d - 5 4 a 6 J 6 -aAUzFL-8vuJy4-9ZVbwU-9ZVcyU-8u55ED-aYg14z-aAFtCq-7xomaL

6— “NYHQ2010-0281”. UNICEF Canada. 9 Feb. 2010. https://www.flickr.com/photos/unicefcanada/4406742624/in/photolist-7HpH47-pE6DBo-pC5U1w-9fEBVJ-pDRrVp-pnDfz4-9fEBeE-aRENN8-e8UM42-5wmVHF-oyiSpy-7EwKuT-6etPW6-e4SHXN-9kWD2v-e7PKtZ-6qsSLb-e7VpT3-agACuf-e7PKsp-3RPE1V-7HkLVz-7HkM3n-dPD9uh-7xjxc2-6etN3Z-aAFxuW-6etSTZ-c98Z6b-6etTtc-6etUQ4-aAFWGe-7HpGXm-aAFMxf-aAUDhC-r k W q 8 B - 8 v x M 2 J - q F A G a i - 9 q w 5 V V - e s R U 5 H -riYKce-7y13RR-9ZSjRi-5phvfc-2v511t-7E3XEw-7HpGAs-7HpGS1-5pmN7J-aUTpen.

7— http://www.unmultimedia.org/photo/index.jsp UN online database. Children take a break from their UNICEF-led job training.

8— http://www.ht.undp.org/content/haiti/fr/home/presscenter/articles/2016/09/28/ha-ti-et-les-pays-de-la-cara-be-se-pr-parent-mieux-faire-face-au-risque-sismique-en-milieu-urbain/ UNDP-led courses to educate youth about seismic activity

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 1— Unknown. Police in Trinidad and Tobago. October 21, 2013. Caribbean. In Gangs Are the New Law in

Urban Trinidad and Tobago. http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/gangs-are-the-new-law-in-urban-trinidad-tobago.

2—Celebrating Volunteerism. UNDP in Trinidad and Tobago. In UNDP in Trinidad and Tobago. http://www.tt.undp.org/content/trinidad_tobago/en/home/ourwork/povertyreduction/successstories/celebrating-volunteerism/.

3—Trinidad and Tobago Peer Resolution. "Trinidad and Tobago Juvenile Court Project-Peer Resolution in Action." Comic strip. Juvenile Court Project.

4—Juvenile Youth Project. UNDP in Trinidad and Tobago. In UNDP in Trinidad and Tobago. http://www.tt.undp.org/content/trinidad_tobago/en/home/presscenter/speeches/2014/tt_juvenile_court_project/

5—Does the United Nation Have Any Power to Maintain the World's Peace and Security? In Www.Salem-News.com. http://www.salem-news.com/articles/august062012/un-human-rights-aao.php.

6—Climaquest: Planting the seeds of environmental change in young minds across Trinidad and Tobago. UNDP in Trinidad and Tobago. In UNDP in Trinidad and Tobago. http://www.tt.undp.org/content/trinidad_tobago/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/successstories/UNDP_TT_GEF_SGP_Climaquest/

7—Democratic Governance. UNDP in Trinidad and Tobago. In UNDP in Trinidad and Tobago. http://www.tt.undp.org/content/trinidad_tobago/en/home/ourwork/democraticgovernance/overview.html

8—CARICOM. "UN Major Group of Children and Youth Selects SIDS Youth Focal Points." CARICOM Caribbean Community.

Chart, UNDP. "Unemployment Is More Severe among Youth, with the Exception of Belize, Guyana and St. Kitss & Nevis." Digital image. Caribbean Human Development Report. 2016.

SAINT LUCIA 1— "UNDP SocialInnov4Change Logo." Digital image. United Nations Development Programme.

2014. Accessed December 7, 2016. http://www.bb.undp.org/content/barbados/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2014/10/15/socialinnov4change_call_for_ideas.html.


https://www.flickr.com/photos/nikonman24/4367858177/in/photolist-aAJCrS-5pmLGm-9wgJs-aARUTF-9z9Ssb-5phviD-5pmLZy-4AKbRR-aAGfJT-7DJ5ia-fza1eP-5pmNC3-7DYq4B-q9Hn9R-fzoVto-9xUt95-6etSFV-9proiw-8utP5Y-6w1R5A-e2hbvY-aVv2PK-6w24T5-6etRLg-9podHe-dy2uhX-bhgHaZ-99aQba-5pmLKw-7Dxxh7-eh7csh-8uujT1-5phvbT-eh7cj5-7wkZgz-fzoyc5-e2hbxG-9kWD52-e2byLZ-6w1H2b-6w1TCd-54a6J6-aAUzFL-8vuJy4-9ZVbwU-9ZVcyU-8u55ED-aYg14z-aAFtCq-7xomaL

https://www.flickr.com/photos/unicefcanada/4406742624/in/photolist-7HpH47-pE6DBo-pC5U1w-9fEBVJ-pDRrVp-pnDfz4-9fEBeE-aRENN8-e8UM42-5wmVHF-oyiSpy-7EwKuT-6etPW6-e4SHXN-9kWD2v-e7PKtZ-6qsSLb-e7VpT3-agACuf-e7PKsp-3RPE1V-7HkLVz-7HkM3n-dPD9uh-7xjxc2-6etN3Z-aAFxuW-6etSTZ-c98Z6b-6etTtc-6etUQ4-aAFWGe-7HpGXm-aAFMxf-aAUDhC-rkWq8B-8vxM2J-qFAGai-9qw5VV-esRU5H-riYKce-7y13RR-9ZSjRi-5phvfc-2v511t-7E3XEw-7HpGAs-7HpGS1-5pmN7J-aUTpen

http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/gangs-are-the-new-law-in-urban-trinidad-tobago

http://www.tt.undp.org/content/trinidad_tobago/en/home/ourwork/democraticgovernance/overview.html

http://www.bb.undp.org/content/barbados/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2014/10/15/socialinnov4change_call_for_ideas.html

2—Photo of Youth at UNDP's SocialInnov4Change Program. Digital image. United Nations Development Programme. March 2016. Accessed December 7, 2016. http://w w w. l a t i n a m e r i c a . u n d p . o r g / c o n t e n t / r b l a c / e n / h o m e / o u r p e r s p e c t i v e /ourperspectivearticles/2016/03/17/empowering-youth-to-drive-change-in-the-eastern-caribbean-chisa-mikami.html.

Cover Page photo fromm UNDP Haiti Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/undphaiti/8358312999/in/album-72157632461676343/


http://www.latinamerica.undp.org/content/rblac/en/home/ourperspective/ourperspectivearticles/2016/03/17/empowering-youth-to-drive-change-in-the-eastern-caribbean-chisa-mikami.html

ENDNOTES www.un.org/youthenvoy/2016/08/call-empower-youth/1

UNFPA. "World Population Day in Six Eye-Popping Charts." United Nations Population Fund. July 11, 2016.2

The Central Intelligence Agency. “Haiti.” The World Factbook. 21 Nov. 2016. Web. Accessed 29 Nov. 2016. https://3

www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html� Donais, Timothy and Geoff Burt. “Vertically Integrated Peace Building and Community Violence Reduction in Haiti.” The 4Centre for International Governance Innovation. 2014. Accessed 7 Dec. 2016. Web. https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/no25_0.pdf Columbia University Earth Institute. “Identifying Capacity Building Needs for the Government of Haiti.” 16 May. 2013. 5

Accessed 20 Nov. 2016. Web. http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2013/05/16/capacity_building_haiti_cantave_jeanlouis/ Justesen, Michael and Dorte Verner. Factors Impacting Youth Development in Haiti: Policy Working Paper 4110. World 6

Bank. Jan 2007. Accessed 20 Nov. 2016. Web. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6884 Ibid.7

Ibid.8

Ibid.9

United Nations Development Programme. “Haiti: From Recovery to Sustainable Development.” N.d. Accessed 12 Nov. 10

2016. Web. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/our-projects-and-initiatives/crisis_in_haiti.html United Nations Development Programme in Latin American and the Caribbean. Haiti: Rising After the Storm. 12 Oct. 2016. 11

Accessed 20 Nov. 16. Web. https://undplac.exposure.co/haiti-rising-after-the-storm Ibid. 12

http://www.buildingpeace.org/search/node/haiti13

United Nations Development Programme. “Haiti: From Recovery to Sustainable Development.” N.d. Accessed 12 Nov. 14

2016. Web. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/our-projects-and-initiatives/crisis_in_haiti.html United Nations. Minustah: United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti. N.d. Accessed 20 Nov. 16. Web. http://www.un.org/15

en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/ Katz, Jonathan M. U.N. Admits Role in Cholera Epidemic in Haiti. The New York Times. 17 Aug. 2016. Accessed 20 Nov. 16

2016. Web. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/18/world/americas/united-nations-haiti-cholera.html?_r=0

Cholera Outbreak in Haiti. N.d. Accessed 20 Nov. 2016. Web. http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/17

emergency.shtml Justesen, Michael and Dorte Verner. Factors Impacting Youth Development in Haiti: Policy Working Paper 4110. World 18


United Nations Youth Development Working Growth. “Young People’s Participating in Peacebuilding: a Practice Note.” Jan 20

2016. Accessed 7 Dec. 2016. Web. http://www.un.org/en/peacebuilding/pbso/pdf/Practice%20Note%20Youth%20&%20Peacebuilding%20-%20January%202016.pdf

Ibid.21

Ibid.22

Ibid.23

Justesen, Michael and Dorte Verner. Factors Impacting Youth Development in Haiti: Policy Working Paper 4110. World 24


Ibid.26

Ibid.27

Ibid.28


http://www.un.org/en/peacebuilding/pbso/pdf/Practice%20Note%20Youth%20&%20Peacebuilding%20-%20January%202016.pdf

http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/emergency.shtml

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6884



http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/18/world/americas/united-nations-haiti-




https://undplac.exposure.co/haiti-rising-after-the-storm

http://www.buildingpeace.org/search/node/haiti


http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2013/05/16/capacity_building_haiti_cantave_jeanlouis/

United Nations Development Programme. Rodney Alcindor: un volontaire dynamique et passioné. 9 May. 2016. Accessed 29

20 Nov. 2016. Web. http://www.ht.undp.org/content/haiti/fr/home/presscenter/articles/2016/05/09/rodney-alcindor-un-volontaire-dynamique-et-passionn-/

Burt, Geoff. “Haiti’s Multi-Dimensional Peacebuilding Challenge.” Security Sector Reform Resource Centre. 27 Feb. 2016. 30

Accessed 7 Dec. 2016. Web. https://www.ssrresourcecentre.org/2013/02/27/haitis-multi-dimensional-peacebuilding-challenge/



United Nations Development Programme. “Empowered Youth, Sustainable Future.” UNDP Youth Strategy 2014-2017. 33

2014. Print. United Nations Development Programme. “Haiti: From Recovery to Sustainable Development.” N.d. Accessed 12 Nov. 34

2016. Web. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/our-projects-and-initiatives/crisis_in_haiti.html Ibid.35

Ibid.36

United Nations Development Programme. Les enfants du Grand Nord developpent des reflexes avec la simulation d’un 37

séisme/tsunami. 10 May. 2016. Web. Accessed 19 Nov. 2016. Web. http://www.ht.undp.org/content/haiti/fr/home/presscenter/articles/2016/05/10/les-enfants-du-grand-nord-developpent-des-reflexes-avec-la-simulation-d-un-seisme-tsunami/

United Nations Development Programme Innovation. SHIFT Haiti. 25 Sept. 2014. 38

Accessed 20 Nov. 2016. Web. https://undp-innovates.exposure.co/shift-haiti United Nations Development Programme. Projet Lidé: L’autobus de l’innovation pour jeunes entrepreneurs Haïtiens. 23 39

Aug. 2016. Web. Accessed 20 Nov 2016. Web. https://undplac.exposure.co/projet-lide United Nations Development Programme. Projet Lidé: L’autobus de l’innovation pour jeunes entrepreneurs Haïtiens. 23 40

Aug. 2016. Web. Accessed 20 Nov 2016. United Nations Development Programme. Projet Lidé: L’autobus de l’innovation pour jeunes entrepreneurs Haïtiens. 23 41

Aug. 2016. Web. Accessed 20 Nov 2016. Ibid. 42

Ibid.43

Ibid.44


2014. Print. United Nations Youth Development Working Growth. “Young People’s Participating in Peacebuilding: a Practice Note.” Jan 46


Edmonds, Kevin. NGOs and the Business of Poverty in Haiti. North American Congress on Latin America. N.d. Accessed 47

20 Nov. 2016. Web. Ibid.48

Institut Sacre-Cœur du Cap-Haitien. Institut Sacre Cœur du Cap Haitien: Former le Cœur et l’Esprit. 2016. Accessed 20 49

Nov. 2016. Pamphlet. Haitian Youth Development and Education Foundation. The purpose of Hyde in Haiti. N.d. Accessed 20 Nov. 2016. Web. 50

http://www.haitiyouth.org/hydeinhaiti.htmInter-American Development Bank. “Improving Economic Opportunities of Vulnerable Youth in Haiti.” N.d. Accessed 7 Dec. 51

2016. Web. http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project-description-title,1303.html?id=ha-m1035 Valkering, Anne. The 400 voices of Haitian Youth, FOKAL. International Debate 52

Education Association. 3 Sept. 2015. Accessed 20 Nov. 2016. Web. http://idebate.org/news-articles/400-voices-haitian-youth-fokal




http://www.ht.undp.org/content/haiti/fr/home/presscenter

http://idebate.org/news-articles/400-voices-haitian-youth-fokal

http://www.haitiyouth.org/hydeinhaiti.htm


https://undplac.exposure.co/projet-lide


https://undp-innovates.exposure.co/shift-haiti




United Nations. Mapping a city’s risks, Haiti youth learn about health and technology. Office of the Secretary General’s 54

Envoy on Youth. 2 Sept 2013. Accessed 20 Nov. 2016. Web. http://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2013/09/mapping-a-citys-risks-haiti-youth-learn-about-health-and-technology/

Ibid.55

Donais, Timothy and Geoff Burt. “Vertically Integrated Peace Building and Community Violence Reduction in Haiti.” The 56

Centre for International Governance Innovation. 2014. Accessed 7 Dec. 2016. Web. https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/no25_0.pdf

Ibid.57



Ibid. 60

Ibid.61



Ibid.63



Ibid.66

Donais, Timothy and Geoff Burt. “Vertically Integrated Peace Building and Community Violence Reduction in Haiti.” The 67


Ibid.68

United Nations Youth Development Working Growth. “Young People’s Participating in Peacebuilding: a Practice Note.” Jan 69


Ibid.70


2014. Print. Donais, Timothy and Geoff Burt. “Vertically Integrated Peace Building and Community Violence Reduction in Haiti.” The 72


"Population of Trinidad and Tobago 2016." CountryMeters. 73

Caribbean Human Development Report Multidimensional Progress: Human Resilience beyond Income 2016. Report. 74

United Nations Development Program. New York: UNDP. 69 ibid75

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United Nations Development Assistance Framework. 15 UNDP. "Democratic Governance." UNDP in Trinidad and Tobago. 77

UNDP. "Peer Resolution." UNDP in Trinidad and Tobago. 2015.78

ibid79

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Ibid.81

“Blog-Juvenile Court Project. September 2016" Trinidad and Tobago Juvenile Court Project82

"Teocah Dove on Trinidad and Tobago Youth." Online interview by author. November 19, 2016. 83

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"CIA - The World Factbook -- Saint Lucia," CIA - The World Factbook -- Saint Lucia, October 27, 2016, , accessed 85

November 03, 2016, http://www.factbook.org/factbook/st.shtml





http://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2013/09/mapping-a-citys-risks-haiti-youth-learn-about-health-and-technology/







Ibid.86

Ibid.87

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"CIA - The World Factbook -- Saint Lucia," CIA - The World Factbook -- Saint Lucia, October 27, 2016, , accessed 89

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http://www.bb.undp.org/content/barbados/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2013/02/14/formal-launch-of-the-saint-lucia-gef-sgp-country-office.html


AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES


ANNA MISENTI: CARIBBEAN COORDINATOR Anna Misenti is an intern with the UN Relations and Policy team at the UN Foundation. She is originally from Bainbridge Island, WA and is studying Diplomacy and World Affairs at Occidental College. Anna is passionate about human rights, sustainable development and women’s empowerment. Last fall, she studied abroad in Nepal where she studied Nepali and conducted independent research on community based credit systems. The past two summers Anna has interned at New Course, a nonprofit focused on empowering women to use sustainable practices in order to reduce poverty, prevent environmental degradation and improve livelihoods. Anna was coordinator for the Caribbean report.

KARA ALAM— EDITOR AND LAYOUT Kara Alam is a Diplomacy and World Affairs major born in New York and raised in Lahore, Pakistan. She is currently interning at the United Nations Global Compact, working with the Business for Peace team. Her academic interests include the Responsibility to Protect, Women Peace and Security, and political philosophy. At Oxy, Kara writes for The Occidental Weekly, served as Chair of Occidental’s Honor Board, and is an active member of Delta Omicron Tau sorority. Outside of school, Kara loves golf, long runs, live jazz, and reading The Atlantic. Contact: [email protected]

JULIA D’AMOURS Julia d’Amours is a Diplomacy and World Affairs major from Southern California. She is interning at the Guatemalan Mission to the UN, where she primarily covers the Disarmament Committee and Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural Committee. Her interests include human rights, rule of law and justice systems, disarmament, and Latin America. She studied abroad in Argentina during high school and at the American University of Paris, London School of Economics, and University of Cape Town in college. At Oxy, Julia is a Resident Advisor, serves in student government, and member of the Occidental College Karate Team. Julia loves collecting vinyl records, gardening, and magical realist literature. Contact: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]





OLANI EWUNNET Olani Ewunnet is an Urban and Environmental Policy major at Occidental College, passionate about developing participatory design strategies in Africa's rapidly growing cities. She is currently working at the Strategic Policy Unit of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Prior to joining UNDP, Olani studied sustainable urban design in Berlin, Germany - developing a series of local prototypes addressing urban resource useage. At Occidental College, Olani served on the Renewable Energy and Sustainability Fund, assisting to delegate $70,000 for sustainability and renewable energy initiatives on Occidental’s campus. Outside of studies and work, Olani enjoys playing krar and exploring audio-visual production. Contact: [email protected]

SAMMI MORRILL Samantha is a senior Diplomacy and World Affairs major and Spanish minor at Occidental College and is from Naugatuck, Connecticut. She is working as an Adviser for the Mission of Costa Rica supporting the legal council by following issues on the Third and Sixth Committee covering issues on human rights and international legal matters respectively. Contact: [email protected]



