Caroline (Tornado)

8/13/2019 Caroline (Tornado)

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Tornado

A tornadois a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface

of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloudor, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. They

are often referred to as twistersor cyclones, although the word cyclone is used in

meteorology, in a wider sense, to name any

closed low pressure circulation. Tornadoes come in

many shapes and sizes, but they are typically in the

form of a visible condensation funnel, whose

narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled

by a cloud of debrisand dust. Most tornadoes have

wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour

(1 !m"h#, are about $%0 feet (& m# across, and

travel a few miles (several !ilometers# before

dissipating. The most e'tremetornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 00 miles per

hour ()* !m"h#, stretch more than two miles (.$ !m# across, and stay on the ground for

dozens of miles (more than 100 !m#.

+arious types of tornadoes include the landspout,multiple vorte' tornado,

andwaterspout. aterspouts are characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind current,

connecting to a large cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud. They are generally classified as non-

supercellulartornadoes that develop over bodies of water. These spiraling columns of air

freuently develop in tropical areas close to the euator, and are less common at high

latitudes./ther tornado-li!e phenomena that e'ist in nature include the gustnado,dust

devil, fire whirls, and steam devil.

Tornadoes have been observed on every continent e'cept Antarctica. owever, the

vast maority of tornadoes in the world occur in the so-called 2Tornado Alley2 region of

the 3nited 4tates, although they can occur nearly anywhere in 5orth America.They also

occasionally occur in south-central and eastern Asia, northern and east-central 4outh

America,4outhern Africa, northwestern and southeast 6urope, western and southeastern

Australia, and 5ew 7ealand.Tornadoes can be detected before or as they occur through the

use of8ulse-9oppler radarby recognizing patterns in velocity and reflectivity data, such

ashoo! echoes, as well as by the efforts of storm spotters.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_pressure_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel_cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Bridge_Creek_%E2%80%93_Moore_tornadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landspouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_vortex_tornadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterspouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustnadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_devilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_devilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_whirlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_devilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_Alleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-Doppler_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_echohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_spotterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_pressure_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel_cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Bridge_Creek_%E2%80%93_Moore_tornadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landspouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_vortex_tornadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterspouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustnadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_devilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_devilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_whirlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_devilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_Alleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-Doppler_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_echohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_spotter


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There are several scales for rating the strength of tornadoes. The :uita scalerates

tornadoes by damage caused and has been replaced in some countries by the

updated 6nhanced :uita 4cale. An :0 or 6:0 tornado, the wea!est category, damages trees,

but not substantial structures. An :% or 6:% tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings off

their foundations and can deform larges!yscrapers. The similar T/;;/ scaleranges from a

T0 for e'tremely wea! tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful !nown

tornadoes.9oppler radardata,photogrammetry, and ground swirl patterns (cycloidalmar!s#

may also be analyzed to determine intensity and assign a rating.

Etymology

The word tornado is an altered form of the 4panish word tronada, which means

2thunderstorm2. This in turn was ta!en from the however, this may be a fol! etymology. A tornado is also commonly referred to as a

2twister2, and is also sometimes referred to by the old-fashioned collouial term cyclone. The

term 2cyclone2 is used as a synonym for 2tornado2 in the often-aired 1?? film, The Wizard

of Oz. The term 2twister2 is also used in that film, along with being the title of the 1??&

tornado-related film Twister.

Funnel cloud

This tornado has no funnel cloud; however, the rotating dust cloud indicates

that strong winds are occurring at the surface, and thus it is a true tornado .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujita_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_Scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TORRO_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogrammetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twister_(1996_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twister_(1996_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tornado_with_no_funnel.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujita_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_Scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TORRO_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogrammetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twister_(1996_film)


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referred to as a 2stovepipe2 tornado.


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however, there is no substantial evidence that this occurred in the case of the Tri-4tate

Tornado. =ndeed, modern reanalysis of the path suggests that the tornado may have begun 1%

miles ($) !m# further west than previously thought.

Electromagnetic, lightning, and other effects

Tornadoes emit on the electromagnetic spectrum, withsfericsand 6-fieldeffects

detected.There are observed correlations between tornadoes and patterns of lightning.

Tornadic storms do not contain more lightning than other storms and some tornadic cells

never produce lightning. More often than not, overall cloud-to-ground (DE# lightning activity

decreases as a tornado reaches the surface and returns to the baseline level when the tornado

lifts. =n many cases, intense tornadoes and thunderstorms e'hibit an increased and anomalous

dominance of positive polarity DE discharges.6lectromagneticsand lightning have little or

nothing to do directly with what drives tornadoes (tornadoes are basically

athermodynamicphenomenon#, although there are li!ely connections with the storm and

environment affecting both phenomena.


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Types

Multiple vortex

A multiple-vortextornadooutside allas, Texason April !, "#$%.

A multiple-vortex tornado is a type of tornado in which two or more columns of

spinning air rotate around a common center. Multivorte' structure can occur in almost any

circulation, but is very often observed in intense tornadoes. These vortices often create small

areas of heavier damage along the main tornado path. This is a distinct phenomenon from a

satellite tornado, which is a wea!er tornado which forms very near a large, strong tornado

contained within the same mesocyclone. The satellite tornado may appear to 2orbit2 the larger

tornado (hence the name#, giving the appearance of one, large multi-vorte' tornado.

owever, a satellite tornado is a distinct circulation, and is much smaller than the main

funnel.

Waterspout

A waterspout near the&lorida 'eysin "#(#.

A waterspoutis defined by the5ational eather 4ervice as a tornado over water.

owever, researchers typically distinguish 2fair weather2 waterspouts from tornadic

waterspouts. :air weather waterspouts are less severe but far more common, and are similar

to dust devils and landspouts. They form at the bases of cumulus congestus clouds over

tropical and subtropical waters. They have relatively wea! winds, smoothlaminarwalls, and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Dallas_Tornado_Outbreakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Dallas_Tornado_Outbreakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_congestushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trombe.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1957_Dallas_multi-vortex_1_edited.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Dallas_Tornado_Outbreakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_congestushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flow


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typically travel very slowly. They occur most commonly in the :lorida Geysand in the

northern Adriatic 4ea. =n contrast, tornadic waterspouts are stronger tornadoes over water.

They form over water similarly to mesocyclonic tornadoes, or are stronger tornadoes which

cross over water. 4ince they form from severe thunderstormsand can be far more intense,

faster, and longer-lived than fair weather waterspouts, they are more dangerous.

Similar Circulations Gustnado

A dust devil inAri)ona

Agustnado, orgust front tornado, is a small, vertical swirl associated with a gust

frontordownburst. @ecause they are not connected with a cloud base, there is some debate as

to whether or not gustnadoes are tornadoes. They are formed when fast moving cold, dry

outflow air from athunderstormis blown through a mass of stationary, warm, moist air near

the outflow boundary, resulting in a 2rolling2 effect (often e'emplified through aroll cloud#.

=f low levelwind shearis strong enough, the rotation can be turned vertically or diagonally

and ma!e contact with the ground. The result is a gustnado.They usually cause small areas of

heavier rotational wind damage among areas of straight-line wind damage.

Safety

Though tornadoes can stri!e in an instant, there are precautions and preventative

measures that people can ta!e to increase the chances of surviving a tornado. Authorities such

as the 4torm 8rediction Denteradvise having a pre-determined plan should a tornado warningbe issued. hen a warning is issued, going to a basement or an interior first-floor room of a
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sturdy building greatly increases chances of survival.=n tornado-prone areas, many buildings

have storm cellars on the property. These underground refuges have saved thousands of lives.

4ome countries have meteorological agencies which distribute tornado forecasts and

increase levels of alert of a possible tornado (such as tornado watches andwarningsin the

3nited 4tates and Danada#. eather radiosprovide an alarm when a severe weather advisory

is issued for the local area, though these are mainly available only in the 3nited 4tates.

3nless the tornado is far away and highly visible, meteorologists advise that drivers par!

their vehicles far to the side of the road (so as not to bloc! emergency traffic#, and find a

sturdy shelter. =f no sturdy shelter is nearby, getting low in a ditch is the ne't best option.

ighway overpasses are one of the worst places to ta!e shelter during tornadoes, as the

constricted space can be subect to increased wind speed and funneling of debris underneaththe overpass.

Tornadoes of !*"!

&rom +ikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Synopsis

ap of all killer tornadoes within the nited tates in !*"!. Only affected counties with fatalities are highlighted along

the tracks.

The year began with an unusual number of tornadoes during Fanuary $01$. The first

maor tornado outbrea! occurred on Fanuary $$-$, when a spring-li!e system moved across

the southern Mississippi valley, producing at least two dozen confirmed tornadoes

acrossAr!ansas, Gentuc!y,Mississippi, Tennessee, andAlabama. As a whole, Fanuary was

the third most active on record, behind 1??? and $00*. 9espite this, a significant contrast in

activity occurred for the month of :ebruary. 9espite a slow beginning, the month of :ebruary
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ended with a significant tornado outbrea! on the $*th and $?th. Another ramp-up in activity

occurred in early March, with one of the largest outbrea!s ever recorded in the 3nited 4tates

for that time of the year. This outbrea! produced 1&0 reported tornadoes, and affected areas

across =ndianaandGentuc!yin particular. 3sing the adusted preliminary tornado count

(*%H of the total preliminary reports in order to remove overcount#, $01$ attained record

tornado activity on March $ with 1? reports, eclipsing the previous record of 1.

A relative lull in tornado activity occurred in mid-March, but activity soon rose again

by the end of the month when an 6:$ !illed one person on March $ near 0 tornadoes were confirmed on April

1 and April 1) but have not yet been rated
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentuckyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky


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6ight people in the community were inured by the tornado. Another 6:0 tornado touched

down less than $0 minutes later before the event ended.

anuary #$

As a line of intense thunderstorms moved southward throughout much of the /hio

;iver +alley and 4outheast, many tornadoes were reported. The first

tornado of the day occurred near Madison, =ndiana, and was rated an

6:0 on the 6nhanced :uita scale> only minor damage was reported.

The second tornado occurred in:loyd Dounty, =ndiana, which

destroyed portions of homes and trees> it was later rated an 6:1. The third tornado touched

down near Dlar!sville, =ndiana, and was rated an 6:0 due to the minor damage it caused. /ne

of the first confirmed tornadoes on Fanuary 1 was an 6:1 near4t. Matthews, Gentuc!y,

which inured a truc! driver on =-$&%. The most significant tornado was an 6:$ southwest

of 4cottsville, Gentuc!ythat tore the roof from one home and destroyed numerous wea!er

structures. Another 6:$ tornado destroyed a mobile home and badly damaged several

permanent homes near 4andy oo!, Mississippi. A total of 1) tornado reports were called in

this day.

anuary %%"%&

A home in 2enter 3oint, Ala4amamostly destroyed 4y an 0&5 tornado

9uring the late afternoon of Fanuary $$, aparticularly dangerous situationtornado

watch was issued for much ofAr!ansasand parts ofTennesseeand Mississippi. At roughly

sunset, severe storms developed along a pronounced line in central Ar!ansas with the

southern cells prompting tornado warnings. An intense cell developed near :ordyce,

Ar!ansasearly that evening with severe damage reported according to GAT+coverage.

EF

0

EF

1

EF

2

EF

3

EF

4

EF

5

5 10 9 1 0 0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_County,_Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarksville,_Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Matthews,_Kentuckyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsville,_Kentuckyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_Point,_Alabamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_Point,_Alabamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particularly_dangerous_situationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennesseehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordyce,_Arkansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordyce,_Arkansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KATVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:January_23,_2012,_Center_Point,_Alabama_tornado_damage.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_County,_Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarksville,_Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Matthews,_Kentuckyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsville,_Kentuckyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_Point,_Alabamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particularly_dangerous_situationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennesseehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordyce,_Arkansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordyce,_Arkansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KATV


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A tornado emergencywas issued downstream for;ison. An inspection conducted by the

5ational eather 4ervice in


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Fe(ruary %-"%!

A shopping center in 6arris4urg, 7llinoisdestroyed 4y an 0&8 tornado

A severe weather system that started in Dentral 5ebras!a and Dentral Gansas brought

straight-line winds, golfball-size hail, torrential rain, and significant tornadoes to Gansas

mid-section. There was a small confirmed tornado touchdown near5orth 8latte, 5ebras!a.


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March

March %"&

amage in downtown+est 9i4erty, 'entuckyfrom an 0&5 tornado

A moderate ris! of severe weather was issued for March $ a day in advance for a

large area from near Tuscaloosa, Alabamato 9ayton, /hio as an intense storm system

trac!ed across the region in a very high shear environment. =ntense tornadoes are

possible. /n the morning of March $, it was upgraded and a high ris! of severe weather was

issued for Middle Tennesseeand central Gentuc!y, later e'tended into central and

southern=ndianaand southern /hio.The 4torm 8rediction Denter mentioned the potential forsignificant tornadoes. Multiple 894tornado watcheswere issued shortly thereafter. :or only

the second time in history (the first being April $, $011#, 9r. Ereg :orbes, severe weather

e'pert for The eather Dhannel, issued a T/;ID/5 (short for 2tornado condition inde'2, a

scale to rate the ris! of tornadic activity over a given region based on atmospheric conditions#

rating of 10> this time for the shortly after ?I00 am D4T, an intense tornado north

of untsville, Alabamaresulted in severe damage to houses and heavily damaged a high

school. A long-lived tornadic supercell also formed ust north of the/hio ;iver that

afternoon, resulting in e'treme damage to numerous communities in southern =ndiana,

includingMarysvilleand enryville.At around &I00 pm 64T, an 6: tornado affected

the est


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March #'

As a wea! disturbance moved across the /hio +alley, energy

associated with the system, combined with abnormally warm

temperatures, led to the formation of severe thunderstorms from

Michigan to theEulf 4tates, where the 4torm 8rediction Denterhad

already issued a 4light ris!. As the day progressed, isolated thunderstorms began to form and

uic!ly strengthened into tornado-producing cells across the state of Michigan, with Tornado

arnings being issued for


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:ort orth =nternational Airportand at9allas


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:or only the second time in history (previously for April , $00, a day two high

ris!of severe weather was issued by the 4torm 8rediction Denter. =n the discussion, the 48D

stated that a maor tornado outbrea! was li!ely across central Gansas and north-central

/!lahoma during the afternoon and overnight hours of April 1). =t was later e'panded to

include a second high ris! area across much of 5ebras!a, where a rare )%H tornado

probability was given during the morning update of April 1). 9uring the morning hours, the

high ris! area was e'panded again to combine the two separate areas into a single large one.

4everal 894 Tornado arnings were issued. Many tornadoes have been reported, but most

of them were in rural areas with little damage despite being considered 2large and e'tremely

dangerous2.

A possible tornado struc! and damaged the Ereater ;egional Medical Denter

inDreston, =owa. The hospital was triaging and moving patients. A temporary hospital was

set up at 4outhwest Dommunity Dollege.

At least four apparent tornadoes were reported near 9odge Dity, in southwestern

Gansas. Two were reported in ;ush Dounty. /ther tornadoes began touching down in

/!lahoma as well.


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A slight ris! of 4evere eather was issued across two areas on May 1, with the first

encompassing portions of 5ebras!a, =owa, 4outh 9a!ota, Minnesota, and isconsin, and the

second covering portions of Gentuc!y, =ndiana, /hio, and est +irginia. Across Minnesota,

a brief tornado touchdown was recorded, while numerous tornado touchdowns, funnel clouds,

and wall clouds were reported across =ndiana and =llinois.

May

May 1 *apan

/n May &, an :$ tornado trac!ed through the town ofTsu!uba, =bara!iroughly )0 mi

(&) !m# away from To!yo, Fapan, !illing one and inuring forty-five others. The tornado

destroyed )0-%0 houses and left roughly twenty thousand people without electricity. Asecond tornado, rated :1, struc! Mo!a, Tochigi and inured one person.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba,_Ibarakihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo,_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moka,_Tochigihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba,_Ibarakihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo,_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moka,_Tochigi

Documents

Caroline (Tornado)