Causes, Course, and Consequences

World War I

The Wars Catalyst

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo 6/28/1914.

The Wars Causes: Nationalism

Serbian NationalismGvrillo Princip and

the Black Hand

NationalismSelf Determination:

France set off a century of revolution and reform that saw the ideas of the enlightenment impact Europe.

Revolutions occurred in the Netherlands, Prussia, Austria.

Unification of nationalist countries in Germany and Italy.

Franco-Prussian War

The Ottoman Empire: “Sick man of Europe”Ottoman had seen

an erosion of their state

Eastern QuestionMulti-national empire

like that of the Austro-Hungarians.

Loss of Balkans and Greeks.

Greece as a model

Ottoman lands begin to fall as the Greek state had.

Slavic nationalism on the rise “Pan-Slavism”.

Austria-Hungary

Cause III: Colonial DisputesAs chp. 34 illustrated the late 19th early 20th

century saw countries tripping over themselves to gain land.

Conflicts were bound to emerge.Germany and Britain, Germany and France

the most heated

Algericas Conference“Temporarily” solved tensions between

Germany and France.The unsolved tension would be a key cause

of WWI.

Balkan WarsBalkan countries

sought to pick apart Ottoman Empire.

Setting Euoprean countries against each other.

Building up the agitation leading to WWI.

AlliancesThe system of

interlocking relationships under which one country would go to war in defense of another.

Causes IV: Alliance System (from McKay text)

Triple Alliance (1882) Alliance of Three Emperors (1881)

GermanyAustria-

HungaryItaly

GermanyAustria-

HungaryRussia

Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

Central Powers (TA)GermanyAustria-HungaryItalyMotivations of each?

Triple EntenteGreat BritainRussiaFrance

Global War

Schlieffen Plan

“This war is just fine and great”Howard Zinn on enlistments…

Mutual Butchery“The War will be over by Christmas”Slogans and optimism abound.Battle on the Western Front

Total War: The HomefrontWar of attritionPlanned economies requiredMobilization of resources and psychePropaganda a common tool

Conflict Abroad: Japan and the 21 DemandsJapan demanded from Germany territory in

China to preserve East Asian Peace.Japan enters on the side of the Allies and

eroded German defenses in the area.Japan sent China 21 demands which

reduced them to a “protectorate of Japan”Harbinger for JapanCaused trouble amongst Allies.

Battle of GallipoliBritish assault on Ottomans to weaken the

Central Powers.Winston ChurchillStunning defeat for the BritishStaggering death tollsWeakening of imperialismRise of nationalist Turkey-Mustapha Kemal

End of the OttomansTreaty of SevresTreaty unacceptable

to Turkish nationalists (Kemal) and they launched the Turkish war of Independence.

Modern TurkeyAtaturk and

modernizationSecular governmentExpanded rights for

womenEuropean legal

systemLong term progressDictator until 1938

Lawrence of ArabiaBritish scholar and

archaeologist who led arab troops in revolt against the Turkish—goal to weaken Central Powers.

Revolution in RussiaGreat War had humiliated Russia.Left it backward, starving, and in chaos.Series of Revolutions break out.February RevolutionOctober Revolution

February RevolutionFueled by Angry

WorkersSovietsIncomplete and poorly

planned.Petrograd Soviet and

provisional government at odds.

Didn’t meet the needs of communist ideology.

George Lvov and A. Kerensky

October RevolutionLenin’s returnDevotion to Marxism“organized

Marxism”-role of the Soviet

Uncompromisingly opposed to War

“Peace, Land, and Bread”

24 OctoberOctober 24, Soviets

storm Winter Palace.Provisional

Government ends in chaos.

Goal to change Russian institutions along Marxist lines.

Treaty of Brest-LitovskEnds war for RussiansCreates turmoil for AlliesLost massive land and populationHumiliating, yet relieving—internal

problems.

The Peace Conference

Key PointsWilson’s 14 PointsRussian exclusionJapanese exclusionTerms:

War Guilt ClauseWar reparationsNo German military Loss of land and colonies

Wilson’s 14 points…1/8/18Specific aims?First five2nd EightLast onePublic opinion?

Versailles 1919Wilson goes in

person?Public perception

of Wilson…European

perception of Wilson…

Article 231

“Self Determination”“Self Determination

will raise hopes which can never be realized. It will, I fear, cost thousands of lives. In the end it is bound to be discredited to be called the dram of an idealist who failed to realize the danger of it until it was too late”. H. C. Lodge

Map after Versailles

Problems caused by WWIGerman crisis of the 20’sMid east tensionsWWIICrisis in the BalkansJapanese Empire of the 30’s.

Mandate system:“Neo

Imperialism”Problems

profoundOttoman

state dismembered

Racial EqualityJapanese amendment: calls for equality,

the contingent of Versailles rejects it and gives them…a piece of China.

Also given is ammunition for the development of anti-Americanism in the Pacific rim and the creation of a Japanese Empire.

A League of NationsInternational peacekeeping body designed

to bring about peace through collectivism.