cdma2000 Air Interface Evolution Overview

Dr. Edward Tiedemann (Qualcomm)

Chair, 3GPP2 TSG-AC

tsgac_chair@3gpp2.org

3GPP2 Air Interface Evolution

• 9.6 & 14.4 kbps • Circuit & Packet Data

2G

• 64 kbps Packet Data

• ~2x voice capacity

• 153.6 kbps FL/RL3

cdma20001x Rev 0

3G

• 2.4 Mbps FL packet channel

• 2.4 Mbps FL• 153 kbps RL• BCMCS

• 3.1 Mbps FL• 1.8 Mbps RLpacket channel• BCMCS

2000 2004 2006

• 3.1 Mbps FL• 1.8 Mbps RL• BCMCS1

• Multi-carrier• N x 4.9 Mbps FL2

• N x 1.8 Mbps RL

IS-95-B

2002

IMT-2000 Technologies: MC-CDMA

cdma20001x Rev A

• 307.2 kbps FL/RL3

• ~3-4x voice capacity increase

• Higher data capacity

1999 2000 2002 2004 2009

cdma20001x Rev B

cdma20001x Rev C

cdma20001x Rev D

cdma20001x Rev E

HRPDRev 0

HRPDRev A

HRPDRev B

IS-95-A

HRPD: High Rate Packet Data (EV-DO)

N: Number of Carriers

1x Rev C and Rev D are 1xEV-DV

• Enhanced rate adaptation

• CCSH4

1: Enhanced OFDM-based BCMCS

2: 4.9 Mbps per FL carrier with 64-QAM, 3.1 Mbps with 16-QAM

3: One supplemental channel

4: CCSH: Code combining soft handoff

2

HRPDRev C

• Smart Networks• FL-MIMO-OFDM• RL-MIMO

N=3 FL: 14.7/9.3 Mbps, RL: 5.4 Mbps

2010

cdma20001x Rev F

2012

M2M enhancements (see separate presentation)

cdma2000 1x Enhancements

3

Increased Data Capacity with 1x-Adv Where EV-DO is Not Available

Voice Capacity

DataCapacity Up to 3x data capacity

increase with 1X Advanced

4x*

3x

1X Rev 0

1X Rev E (1x Advanced)

More Data

More Voice

* Capacity increase possible with new codec (EVRC-NW), handset interference cancellation, and receive diversity; 3x without receive diversity; over cdma2000 Rev 0 and EVRC service option 3

1X Advanced: combination of 1x Rev E and EVRC NW

4

1x Advanced Frees Up Spectrum for Data

• Same voice capacity in one (1) quarter of the spectrum• Freed-up spectrum can be used for HRPD data

cdma2000 Rev 0 1X Advanced HRPD

5

Up to 70% Increase in 1x Coverage

Capacity and Coverage Tradeoff Notes: Coverage is defined as the maximum area with less than 1% of the users in outage; Assumptions : 3GPP2 simulation frame work, embedded sector, with all the 1X Advanced new RC, receive diversity, FL and RL Interference cancellation.. Based on Qualcomm simulations.

x

Up to 4x more capacity with same coverage

as 1x Rev 0

Up to 70% larger coverage area with same capacity

as 1x Rev 0

x

4x

x1x

Advanced

1x Advanced1X Rev 0

6

Brief Overview of 1x-Advanced Enhancements

• Efficient Source Coding withnon-critical 1/8 rate packets

EVRC-NW*

• Reduces Forward Link InterferenceFL IC**

• Efficient Voice Signal Transmission1/8th Rate Blanking*

• Reduced Rate Commands on Forward & Reverse Links

Power Control*

• Increases Traffic Demodulation Performance

Frame Early Termination*

• Cancels interference from QOF used to increase code spaceEnhanced FL IC**

• Reduce intra-cell and inter-cell interference

RL IC**

• Increasing Frame Eb/NtMobile Receive Diversity (MRD)**

Reduce Required

Power

Increase Voice

Capacity

1x-AdvancedNew Features

* Part of 3GPP2 1x Rev. E and EVRC-NW (DTX)** Implementation dependent 7

QOF: Quasi Orthogonal FunctionsIC: Interference cancellation

EVRC Family of Speech Codecs

EVRC8.3 kbps

SO3 C.S0014 First codec standardEVRC SO3 C.S0014-A Interoperable bug fixing

• All are variable rate• AADR: Active average data rate• SO: Service Option• NB: Narrowband• WB: Wideband• NW: Narrowband/Wideband• Regular is the same as

narrowband

• Bit exact code (C.R0014)• Minimum Performance Specifications (C.S0018)• Electro-Acoustic Recommended MPS (C.S0056, C.R0056)

Wide Audio BW

EVRC-WB7.4 kbps

SO70 C.S0014-CSuperior wideband voice quality

AADR not higher than EVRC

EVRC-NW3.5-8.3/7.4 kbpsSO73 C.S0014-D

Combined NB and WB CodecCS DTX: additional Capacity gain

8

Regular Audio BW

EVRC-B3.5-8.3 kbps

SO68 C.S0014-BAADR Dynamically ControlledUp to 40% Capacity gain over

EVRC

Better Voice Qualityfor Similar Capacity

Voice Capacity

VoiceQuality

1x Advanced(EVRC-NW (WB))

1x Rev 0(EVRC)

x 3.5x 4x

1x Advanced(EVRC-NW (NB))

Higher Voice Quality for similar capacity

9

HRPD (EV-DO) Enhancements

10

Smart Networks Exploit Typically Unevenly Loaded Networks

Network loading continuously changes with time and location

Fully loaded sectors are usually surrounded by lightly loaded neighbors

Heavy Load

Medium Load

Light Load

11

Smart Networks Increase Network Capacity and User Experience, Where & When Needed

Improvement depends on deployment, demand distribution and implementation. Apart from the above, Adaptive Frequency Reuse (aka Demand Matched Configuration) is also another Smart Network technique.

Network Load BalancingUtilizing unused capacity of lightly loaded neighbors

Smart Carrier Management Assigning carriers based on accurate load and location

Distributed Network Scheduler Users preferentially served by carriers that maximize capacity

Single Carrier Multi-Link Leveraging multicarrier devices in single-carrier networks

Can double network capacity and cell-edge data rates

Carrier# 1

Carrier # 2

High Load

Low Load

12

DO Advanced Performance Improvement - Example

Note: The performance shown is for users in the central cells (with 2x load) . The increase depends on deployment, demand distribution and implementation

Relative Sector Load:

Sample Cluster with Uneven Load

x 2x

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Dist. in km

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

-1.5

Dis

t. in

km

Improved Performance During Loaded Conditions

13

Source: Qualcomm simulations. Assumes 1 single carrier macro, with 2 double carrier picocells. Picocells are randomly placed in the network. The data loading ratio of 4:1 between high-demand and low-demand areas

Macro(1 Carrier)

DO Advanced techniques applied to networks with microcells, picocells, etc.

1X

Macro

Network Capacity (DL)

Picocell(2 carrier)

1.7X

Macro+

Pico

DO Advanced

3.3X

(Macro + Pico)

DO Advanced Optimizes Performance of Heterogeneous Networks

14

Enhanced Connection Management

Supports more interactive users such as “push-pull” mobile e-mail

Efficient use of paging and access channels

Better traffic congestion management

EnhancedConnection

Management

Improved “Always ON” experience

Improved battery life

Better user experience even during congestion

Higher Connection -Capacity

Better user Experience

15

Thank You!For more information, please visit http://www.3gpp2.org.

16

LINKS

About 3GPP2

Partners

Members

Committees

Specifications

Procedures

News/Events

Contact us

How to join

Related Links

cdma2000® is the trademark for the technical nomenclature for certain specifications and standards of the Organizational Partners (OPs) of 3GPP2. Geographically (and as of the date

of publication), cdma2000® is a registered trademark of the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA-USA) in the

United States.

17

Backup Slides

18

EVRC Family of Codecs Mode Structures

EVRC(SO3) EVRC-B (SO68)

EVRC-WB(SO70)

EVRC-NW(SO73)

Higher Capacity Gain (Lower Average Data Rate) EVRC-B >> EVRC

EVRC-B >> EVRC-WB > EVRCEVRC-B = EVRC-NW (NB Modes) >> EVRC

EVRC-WB = EVRC-NW (WB Mode) with RC3/RC4EVRC-NW with DTX over RC8/RC11 > EVRC-NW with RC3/RC4

COP0

COP4

COP0

COP7

COP2

COP3

COP4

COP5

COP6

COP7

COP0

COP1

COP2

COP3

COP4

COP5

COP6

COP7

COP1

Vocoder Hard Handoff via SO Negotiation

Vocoder Frame Interop via Service Option Control Message Negotiation is Possible

Wideband Mode

Narrowband Modes

DTXEighth-Rate

Smart Blanking on RC8/RC11

19

SO: Service OptionCOP: Capacity

Operating Point

• HRPD Revision 0– 2.4 Mbps Forward Link– 153.6 kbps Reverse Link– Multiple Personalities– RL silence interval and Busy bit

High-level Features – HRPD

•HRPD Revision B– Multi-carrier (up to 20 MHz)– Higher peak rates (64-QAM)– Battery life enhancements

• Quick Paging Channel• DTX and DRX

– Flexible Duplex Band Support– Increased MAC Indices– Greater H-ARQ granularity– Emergency Call Support

• HRPD Revision A – 3.1 Mbps Forward Link– 1.8 Mbps Reverse Link– QoS for Multiple Flows– VoIP– RL MAC Enhancements– Dynamic Slot Cycle Index– Support for BCMCS– Fast Cell Selection– Reverse link Hybrid ARQ– Generic Attribute Update

Protocol20

•Upper layer enhancements– Network Load Balancing – Single-Carrier Multilink– Connection Less data transfer– TDM’d connections– Multi-AT page message– Application-Layer Air-Link

Encryption– Emergency Alerts – Femto-cell support– Support for Priority services

•Physical layer enhancements– FL MIMO-OFDM– FL OFDMA– Higher RL data rates– RL MIMO– Closed-Loop MTD (AT side

only)

HRPD-Revision C(DO-Advanced)

•Benefits– AN protocol upgrades at for

substantial increase in Network Capacity and user experience• Enhanced performance for both

existing and new devices

– Increase number of simultaneous connections

– Improved user experience everywhere in network

– Higher Sector Capacity – Higher peak data rates for hot-

spots and re-use scenarios

21