CDP1802 Microprocessor Kit User's Manual · INS Insert byte, after current byte +512 locations will be shifted down DEL Delete current byte, 512 locations will be shifted up USER

CDP1802 Microprocessor KitUser's Manual

Rev 1.0, October, 2018

CDP1802 MICROPROCESSOR KIT

CONTENTS

OVERVIEW...........................................................................................4

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM........................................................4

HARDWARE LAYOUT...........................................................................5

KEYBOARD LAYOUT............................................................................7

HARDWARE FEATURES......................................................................9

MONITOR PROGRAM FEATURES.......................................................9

MEMORY AND I/O MAPS......................................................................10

PLD DECODER……...............................................................................11

GETTING STARTED..............................................................................12

HOW TO ENTER PROGRAM USING HEX CODE................................14

AUTO LOAD Subroutine DELAY.........................................................16

GPIO1 LED............................................................................................17

RS232C PORT......................................................................................18

DATA FRAME for UART COMMUNICATION......................................18

CONNECTING KIT TO TERMINAL.......................................................19

EXPANSION BUS HEADER.................................................................22

10ms TICK GENERATOR....................................................................23

CONNECTING LCD MODULE.............................................................24

LOGIC PROBE POWER SUPPLY........................................................25

HARDWARE SCHEMATIC, BOM

MONITOR PROGRAM LISTINGS

OVERVIEW

The CDP1802 Microprocessor Kit is a new design single board educational computer. The kit is based on CDP1802 8-bit CMOS microprocessor. System memory are 28kB monitor ROM, 32kB user RAM and 4kB memory mapped I/O. The kit provides HEX keypad and 6-digit seven segment display. Students can enter CDP1802 instructions using HEX code to the memory and run it directly. The kit also provides 10ms tick generator, 9600 UART and expansion header.

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

Notes

1. CDP1802 is CMOS microprocessor.2. The kit has 8-bit LCD module interfacing bus.3. 100Hz Tick generator is for interrupt experiment.4. Ports for display and keypad interfacing were built with discrete logic IC chips.5. Memory and Port decoders are made with Programmable Logic Device, PLD.6. Hardware UART is INS8250, 9600 bit/s.

4

HARDWARE LAYOUT

5

Selector for 10ms tick or INTR key

DC jack, +9VDC

RS232C connector, DB9 male

Safety Information

1. Plugging or removing the LCD module must be done when the kit is powered off!

2. AC adapter should provide approx. +9VDC, higher voltage will cause the voltage regulator chip becomes hot.

3. The kit has diode protection for wrong polarity of adapter jack. If the center pin is not the positive (+), the diode will be reverse bias, preventing wrong polarity feeding to voltage regulator.

6

KEYBOARD LAYOUT

HEX keys Hexadecimal number 0 to F with associated user registers, D, R3-R15 (use with key REG). CPU control keys

RESET Reset the CPU, the CDP1802 will JUMP to location 0000.

INT Make INTRPT pin to logic low, for experimenting with interrupt process

EF1 Make EF1 pin to logic low, for testing EF1 conditional branch

EF2 Make EF2 pin to logic low, for testing EF2 conditional branch

EF3 and EF4 are available on expansion header.

Monitor function keys

PC Return current address to location 8000.

DATA Set entry mode of hex keys to Data field

ADDR Set entry mode of hex keys to Address field

GO Jump from monitor program to user code, R0 will be user program counter

- Decrement current display address by one

+ Increment current display address by one

Q LED Test Q output bit, blinking yellow LED 7

INS Insert byte, after current byte +512 locations will be shifted down

DEL Delete current byte, 512 locations will be shifted up USER User key for monitor program customization

TEST Test 10ms tick, SW1 when set to 10ms tick, the gpio1 LED will be counting at10Hz rate

COPY Copy block of memory, use with key + and GO, sequence will be START, END, DESTINATION, then GO

DUMP Dump memory contents to 9600 terminal, will need RS232 cross cable and PCrunning terminal emulator

LOAD Load Intel HEX file, 1ms character and line delay will be needed.

8

HARDWARE FEATURES Hardware features:

CPU: Intersil CDP1802 CMOS Microprocessor @3.6864MHz clock Memory: 32kB SRAM, 28kB EPROM, 4kB memory mapped I/O Memory and I/O Decoder chip: Programmable Logic Device GAL22V10D Display: high brightness 6-digit 7-segment LED Keyboard: 36 keys RS232 port: INS8250 UART, 9600 bit/s 8n1 Debugging LED: 8-bit GPIO1 LED at location $7000 Q LED: high brightness yellow color dot LED for Q output bit Tick: 10ms tick produced by 89C2051 for time trigger experiment Text LCD interface: direct CPU bus interface text LCD Brownout reset: KIA7042 reset chip for power brownout reset Expansion header: 40-pin header

MONITOR PROGRAM FEATURES MONITOR program features:

Simple hex code entering Insert and Delete byte User registers: D, R3-R15, used for saving CPU registers after BREAK Copy block of memory Intel HEX file downloading Memory dump Beep ON/OFF TEST 10ms tick

9

MEMORY AND I/O MAPS The kit provides two spaces of memory, i.e. 1) 32kB RAM, 2) 28 monitor ROM.

I/O space uses 4kB Memory mapped. These I/O locations can be accessed using memory READ/WRITE instructions directly.

Monitor ROM is placed from location 0000H to 6FFFH. RAM starts at 8000H to FFFFH

I/O ports are located from 7000H to 7FFFH.

GPIO1 LED is located at 7000H. User can use instruction that writes 8-bit data with 16-bit address easily, e.g.

8000 F8 70 B4 F8 LOAD R4, GPIO1 ; LOAD R4 WITH GPIO1 LED LOCATION 8004 00 A4 8006 F8 01 LDI 1 ; LOAD D WITH 1 8008 54 STR R4 ; WRITE D TO GPIO1 8009 00 IDL ; BREAK

Note: For LCD and UART internal registers, check at the schematic and monitor source code.

10

FFFFH

7000H

LCD base address

7100H7101H

UART base address

7200H

7300H

GPIO1 LED

PORT1

PORT2

PORT0

64kB Memory I/O ports Memory Mapped

8000H

7102H

32kB User RAM

28kB MonitorROM

0000H

6FFFH

4kB I/O7000H

7FFFH

PLD DECODER The programmable logic device, GAL22V10D is memory and I/O decoder. The chip accepts addresses and control signals from CDP1802, I1 to I12 and provides output enable signals at O1 to O9.

The decoder logic was implemented with PLD equations.

!ROM_CE = !MRD & ADDRESS:[0000..6FFF];

!RAM_CE = ADDRESS:[8000..FFFF];

!RAM_WR = !MWR & ADDRESS:[8000..FFFF];

!GPIO1 = A15 # !A14 # !A13 # !A12 # A10 # A9 # A8 # A1 # A0 # MWR; /* 7000H */

PORT0 = A15 # !A14 # !A13 # !A12 # A10 # A9 # !A8 # A1 # A0 # MRD; /* 7100H */

!PORT1 = A15 # !A14 # !A13 # !A12 # A10 # A9 # !A8 # A1 # !A0 # MWR; /* 7101H */

!PORT2 = A15 # !A14 # !A13 # !A12 # A10 # A9 # !A8 # !A1 # A0 # MWR; /* 7102H */

!LCD_E = A15 # !A14 # !A13 # !A12 # A10 # !A9 # A8 # (MWR & MRD); /* 7200H */

UART = A15 # !A14 # !A13 # !A12 # A10 # !A9 # !A8; /* 7300H */

PLD equation was assembled and translated into JEDEC file using WinCupL. The JEDEC file will be used to program to the PLD chip.

11

GETTING STARTED

The kit accepts DC power supply with minimum voltage of +7.5V. It draws DC current approx. 180mA. However we can use +9VDC from any AC adapter. The example of AC adapter is shown below.

The center pin is positive. The outer is GND.

12

If your adapter is adjustable output voltage, try with approx. +9V. Higher voltage will make higher power loss at the voltage regulator, 7805. Dropping voltage across 7805 is approx. +2V. To get +5VDC for the kit, we thus need DC input >+7.5V.

When power up, we will see the cold boot message 1802.

1802Press PC, the display will show HOME location at 8000. The data field will show its content.

8000 30. 13

HOW TO ENTER PROGRAM USING HEX CODE Let us try enter HEX CODE of the example program to the memory and test it. We write theprogram with CDP1802 instructions.

Address Hex code Label Instruction comment

8000 F8 70 B4F8 00 A4

MAIN LOAD R4, 7000 Load R4 with 7000

8006 F8 01 LDI 1 Load D with 1

8008 54 STR R4 Write to 7000

8009 00 IDL Wait for DMA or interrupt

Our test program has only four instructions.

The first instruction is

LOAD R4,GPIO1

Load R4 register with the 7000

This instruction has six bytes hex code i.e., F8, 70, B4, F8, 00, A4.

[ To load 16-bit value to R4, CDP1802 will need:

LDI 70PHI R4LDI 00PLO R4]

The 2nd instruction is

LDI 1 load immediate value 1, to D register. The instruction's machine code is F8. The immediate 8-bit is 01.

The 3rd instruction is STR R4, write register D to memory location pointed to by R4.

The last instruction is IDL, with hex code 00. It makes CPU to wait for DMA or interrupt process. We can use it to break here.

This test code has only 10 bytes, F8, 70, B4, F8, 00, A4, F8, 01, 54, 00. The first byte will be entered to location 8000. And the following bytes will be entered at 8001, 8002, 8003, 8004, to the last byte at 8009.

14

Let us see how to enter these codes into memory.

Step 1 Press RESET, PC, the display will show current memory address and its contents.

8000 00. The location 8000 has data 00. There are small dots at the data field indicating the active field, ready for modifying the hex contents.

Step 2 Press key F and key 8. The new hex code F8 will be entered to the location 8000.

8000 F8. Step 3 Press key + to increment the location from 8000 to 8001. Then enter hex key 7, 0.

8001 70.

Repeat Step 3 until completed for the last location. We can verify the hex code with key + or key -.

To change the display location, press key ADDR. The dots will move to Address field. Any hex key pressed will change the display address.

To RUN the program, press PC then GO.

See what is happening at gpio1 LED?

Can you change the load value? How?

15

AUTO LOAD Subroutine DELAY The kit provides automatically loaded DELAY subroutine on RESET. Every RESET will load the DELAY subroutine to the last page of user RAM.

F000 D0 RET_DELAY: SEP R0 F001 F8 64 DELAY: LDI 100 F003 A6 PLO R6 F004 F8 00 DELAY1: LDI 0 F006 A7 PLO R7 F007 27 DELAY2: DEC R7 F008 87 GLO R7 F009 3A 07 BNZ DELAY2 F00B 26 DEC R6 F00C 86 GLO R6 F00D 3A 04 BNZ DELAY1 F00F 30 00 BR RET_DELAY

The subroutine provides delay for testing USER code.

Let us see another example:

8000 F8 F0 B3 F8 LOAD R3, F001 ; delay 8004 01 A3 8006 7B LOOP: SEQ ; set q bit 8007 D3 SEP R3 ; delay 8008 7A REQ ; reset q bit 8009 D3 SEP R3 ; delay 800A 30 06 BR LOOP ; repeat

The kit has Q LED that shows Q logic. Simple program, Q LED blinking will need R3 loaded with F001.

Let us try with hex key code entering. Press PC, then GO.

What is happening at Q LED?

We can change blinking rate easily at location F002. Try change it to 20. And press PC, GO.

16

GPIO1 LED The kit provides a useful 8-bit binary display. It can be used to debug the program or code running demonstration. The I/O address is 7000. The output port is 8-bit data flip-flop. Logic 1 at the output will make LED lit.

Try below code for testing how to use gpio1 LED.

8000 F8 F0 B3 F8 LOAD R3, DELAY ; F001 8004 01 A3 8006 F8 70 B4 F8 LOAD R4, GPIO1 ; 7000 800A 00 A4 800C 15 LOOP: INC R5 ; INCREMENT R5 800D 85 GLO R5 ; GET LOW BYTE R5 800E 54 STR R4 ; WRITE D TO GPIO1 800F D3 SEP R3 ; CALL DELAY 8010 30 0C BR LOOP ; JUMP TO LOOP

Enter the hex code and run it.

Can you change counting rate faster? How?

17

RS232C PORT

The RS232C port is for serial communication. We can use the RS232 cross cable or null MODEM cable to connect between the kit and terminal. The connector for both sides are DB9 female. We may build it or buying from computer stores.

For new PC or laptop computer without theRS232 port. It has only USB port, we mayhave the RS232C port by using the USB toRS232 converter.

DATA FRAME for UART COMMUNICATION

Serial data that communicated between kit and terminal is asynchronous format. The CDP1802 kit has UART chip. The kit functions key has commands for HEX file downloading and memory dumping. Bit stream includes START bit, 8-data bit and one STOP bit. Bit period is 1/9600.

18

CONNECTING KIT TO TERMINAL We can connect the CDP1802 kit to a terminal by RS232C cross cable. You may download free terminal program, teraterm from this URL, http://ttssh2.sourceforge.jp/index.html.en

The example shows connecting laptop with COM1 port to the RS232C port of the CDP1802kit. New laptop that has no COM port, we may use the USB-RS232 adapter for converting the USB port to RS232 port.

To download Intel hex file that generated from the assembler or c compiler, set serial port speed to 9600 bit/s, 8-data bit, no parity, no flow control, one stop bit.

One ms delay for character and line.

Step 1 Run teraterm, then click at Serial connection.

19

VT100 Terminal CDP1802 Kit

RS232C cross cable

http://ttssh2.sourceforge.jp/index.html.en

Step 2 Click setup>Serial port.

Step 3 Set serial port speed to 9600 and format as shown below.

20

Step 4 Press DUMP, the kit will print memory contents.

Key LOAD will wait for Intel hex file.

Click File>Send File..> then select the HEX file to be sent, click OPEN.

The gpio1 LED will show byte being received. When completed, the kit display will be turned on.

21

EXPANSION BUS HEADER JP1, 40-pin header provides CPU bus signals for expansion or I/O interfacing. Students maylearn how to make the simple I/O port, interfacing to Analog-to-Digital Converter, interfacing to stepper motor or AC power circuits. CDP1802 provides N0,N1 and N2 for I/Ointerface.

22

10ms TICK GENERATOR SW1 is a selector for interrupt source between key INTR or 10ms tick produced by 89C2051 microcontroller. Tick generator is software controlled using timer0 interrupt in the89C2051 chip. The active low tick signal is sent to P3.7. For tick running indicator, P1.7 drives D2 LED.

Tick is a 10ms periodic signal for triggering the CDP1802 INTRPT pin. When select SW1 to Tick, the 8080 CPU can be triggered by the external interrupt. The 100Hz tick or 10ms tick can be used to produce tasks that executed with multiple of tick.

NOTE: Key TEST, will use 10ms tick for making binary counting at 10Hz rate.

23

10ms 10ms 10ms 10ms

10ms tick

CONNECTING LCD MODULE

JR1 is 16-pin header for connecting the LCD module. Any text LCD with HD44780 compatible controller can be used. R12 is a current limit resistor for back-light. R13 is trimmer POT for contrast adjustment. The LCD module is interfaced to the CDP1802 bus directly. The command and data registers are located in memory space having address from 7200H to 7203H.

Be advised that plugging or removing the LCD module must be done when the kit is powered off.

Text LCD module accepts ASCII codes for displaying the message on screen.Without settings the LCD by software, no characters will be displayed. The first line will be black line by adjusting the R10 for contrast adjustment.

If the LCD module is connected, the system monitor will write CDP1802 to LCD.

Any text LCD with HD44780 compatible controller can be used.

24

LOGIC PROBE POWER SUPPLY

The kit provides test points TP4(+5V) and TP5(GND) for using the logic probe. Students may learn digital logic signals with logic probe easily. Tick signal is indicated by D1 LED blinking. Red clip is for +5V and Black clip for GND.

25

+ 5V at TP4

GND at TP5

HARDWARE SCHEMATIC, PARTS LIST

5

5

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

D D

C C

B B

A A

10ms Tick

Designed by Wichit Sirichote, [email protected], (C) 2018

VOLTAGE DIP RESET

0x8000-0xFFFF 32kBSRAM

PLD decoder logic

Programmable system tick

INTRPT TEST KEY

0x0000-0x6FFF MonitorProgram CPU expansion connector

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CDP1802 MICROPROCESSOR KIT 2018

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1 3Monday, September 17, 2018

Title

Size Document Number Rev

Date: Sheet of

A4

EF1

A11

DMAOUT

D5

A8

N1

A14

A1

D2

A[8..14]

D6

A2

A14

A[0..7]

D0

D4

A15

MRD

D3

DMAIN

N0

A7

TICK

CLK

EF2

D5

D4

D2

A12

MWR

D3

A8

D5

D1

INT

D7

A13 A13

INT

D4

EF4

A6

RESET1

TICK

D0

D3

DMAIN

D6

A10

A0

TPB

A7

A3

D0

A9

A2

PCLKD6

D6

MWR

D1

A12

A5

MRD

A5

EF2

A13

D4

D7A9

A12

D6

A10

D5

RAM_WR

A14

ROM_CE

D3

D7

D2

A6

A1

D3

EF3

RAM_CE

TICK/2

MRD

D0

RESET2

D1

RESET1

D0

D5D4A4

WAIT

EF1

EF4

EF2

D1A0

PCLK

D7

A11

D7

EF3

A3D2

D1

N2

D2

RESET2

A0A1A2A3

A7

TPA

A8A9A10A11A12A13A14A15

CLK

CLEAR

INTWAITDMAOUT

EF1EF2EF3EF4

EF1

N0N1N2

MWR

TPB

A10

ROM_CERAM_CERAM_WR

Q

SC0SC1

D0D1D2D3D4D5D6D7

RESET2

RESET1

PCLK

A9

VSS

Q

VDD

A5A4

A6

A8A1A0

CLEAR

PORT2

D1LCD_E

D6

D2PORT0

A[0..7]

PORT1

GPIO1

VCC

D7

D3

D5

D[0..7]

D0

D4

PCLK

PRESET

UART

MWRMRD

RESET_LOW

A0A1

A2

VCC

+5V

+5V

+5V

+5V

+5V

VCC

+5V

+5V

+5V

+5V

+5V

+5V

+5V

+5V

+5V

SW3

RESET

C80.1uF

C110.1uF

SW2

INTRPT

JP1

HEADER 20X2

1 23 45 67 89 1011 1213 1415 1617 1819 2021 2223 2425 2627 2829 3031 3233 3435 3637 3839 40

TP3

TEST POINT

1

+C7

1000uF25V

+ C410uF

TP5

GND 1

TP4

+5V1

U3

AT89C2051

1

1213141516171819

20

236789

11

54

RST/VPP

P1.0/AIN0P1.1/AIN1

P1.2P1.3P1.4P1.5P1.6P1.7

VCC

P3.0/RXDP3.1/TXDP3.2/INTOP3.3/INT1P3.4/T0P3.5/T1

P3.7

XTAL1XTAL2

R510k

TP2TEST POINT

1

U1

27C256

109876543

252421232

2627

20221

1112131516171819

A0A1A2A3A4A5A6A7A8A9A10A11A12A13A14

CEOEVPP

O0O1O2O3O4O5O6O7

U2

HM62256B

109876543

252421232

261

202227

1112131516171819

A0A1A2A3A4A5A6A7A8A9A10A11A12A13A14

CEOEWE

D0D1D2D3D4D5D6D7

U7

74HC573

111

20

1918171615141312

23456789

OELE

VCC

1Q2Q3Q4Q5Q6Q7Q8Q

1D2D3D4D5D6D7D8D

C120.1uF

U5

CDP1802A

89101112131415

16

20

36

37

38

40

1

2

3

39

65

3433

4

357

24232221

2526272829303132

191817

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VCC

VSS

INTRPT

DMAOUT

DMAIN

VDD

CLK

WAIT

CLEAR

XTAL

SC0SC1

TPATPB

Q

MWRMRD

EF1EF2EF3EF4

MA0MA1MA2MA3MA4MA5MA6MA7

N0N1N2

Q1

KIA7045

1

2

3

J1

DC Input

12

+ C510uF

Y1

3.6864MHz

+

C1

10uF

R7

1k

SW5

EF2

+C6

10uF 16V

C

R3

RESISTOR SIP 9

1 23456789

C

R2

RESISTOR SIP 9

1 23456789

U6D

74HC14A

98

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U87805

1

2

3 VIN

GN

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VOUT

U6B

74HC14A

3 4

U6A

74HC14A

1 2

C130.1uF

D2 1N4733A

C322pF

D3

Q LED

U4

22V10

123456789

101113

23222120191817161514

24

I1/CLKI2I3I4I5I6I7I8I9I10I11I12

O1O2O3O4O5O6O7O8O9

O10

VC

C

R4680

SW4

EF1

TP1

TEST POINT

1

D5

1N4007

12

C2

22pF

C140.1uF

D1

LED

D4

POWER

U6C

74HC14A

56

R1680

SW1

ESP switch

21

3

C100.1uF

R610M

5

5

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

D D

C C

B B

A A

7-segment test

0x01

<Doc> 1


B


Title


Date: Sheet of

D1

D3

C

PC1

D5

PC4

D3

D0

D0

B

PA4

PA7

A

D6

PA6

PA4

A

PA7

D7

D

G

PC6

D1

PA0

D4

B

PC0

D7 DP

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PC6

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A

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PA6

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DP

D7

C

F

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PA3

PC2

D

PA2

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PC5

D1

SPEAKER

E

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D2

D4

PC3

PC5

C

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PC0

PA2

D6

FD6

PA3

PC2

PC4

SPEAKERPC7

D4

D5

PC4

D2

E

D3

PA1

PC2

D4

D2

PC0

D5

D1

PA5

F

DP

B

D3

PC3

PA1PA0

PA5

D6

PC5

PC1

D3D2

PORT0

PORT1

D6D5

VCC

PORT2

D0

D7

D1

D4

PRESET

VCC

VCC

VCC

+5V

VCC

VCC

+5V VCC

S23

C16100nF

S30

U10

LTC-4727JR

14161335

11157

1 2 6 8

4

ABCDEFGDP

DIG

IT1

DIG

IT2

DIG

IT3

DIG

IT4

L1L2L3

S24 S25

S27S26 S28

S19R10

10

LS1

SPEAKER

U11

74HC573

111

20

1918171615141312

23456789

OELE

VCC

1Q2Q3Q4Q5Q6Q7Q8Q

1D2D3D4D5D6D7D8D

S32

+ C1510uF

S1 S2 S3 S4

C

R1110k RESISTOR SIP 912

3456789

S5 S6

R9

4.7k

C

R810k RESISTOR SIP 912

3456789

S7 S8

S31

S9 S10 S11

U12

74HC573

111

20

1918171615141312

23456789

OELE

VCC

1Q2Q3Q4Q5Q6Q7Q8Q

1D2D3D4D5D6D7D8D

S12

U13

74HC541

23456789

119

1817161514131211

20

A1A2A3A4A5A6A7A8

G1G2

Y1Y2Y3Y4Y5Y6Y7Y8

VCC

S13 S14 S15 S16 S17

S29

S18

S20

J2

CON3

123

Q2BC327

1

2

3

S21

U9

LTC-4727JR

14161335

11157

1 2 6 8

4

ABCDEFGDP

DIG

IT1

DIG

IT2

DIG

IT3

DIG

IT4

L1L2L3

S22

5

5

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

D D

C C

B B

A A

8-bit Binary display LED x8

RS

9600 bit/s

R/W

HD44780 compatible TextLCD interface

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Title


Date: Sheet of

D5

D1

D6

D0

D1

D5

D7

D6

D3

D7

D2

D0

D5

D4

D4

D2

D0

D3

D6D7

D1

D2D3

D4

D4

RTS

D6

RXD

D0D1

TXD

D3

DCD

D7

D2

D5

GPIO1

D0

RXD

D1

D3

D7

LCD_E

CTSVCC

D5D6

RTS

D4

D2

TXD

UART

PCLK

PRESET

MRDMWR

PRESET A0A1A2

A0A1

+5V

VCC

+5V

+5V

+5V+5V

+5V

VCCVCC

+5V

D10D9D8

LED

D7

D14

1N5227A

D6

VB1

SUB-D 9, Male (cross cable)

594837261

+

C1810uF+

C1710uF 10V

U15

8250

121314

21182219

282726

12345678

2535

1617

9

343130

113233

1038373639

242329

15

CS0CS1CS2

RDWRRDWR

A0A1A2

D0D1D2D3D4D5D6D7

ADSRESET

XTAL1/CLKXTAL2

RCLK

OUT1OUT2

INT

TXDRTSDTR

RXDDCDDSRCTS

RI

CSOUTDDIS

NC

BAUDOUT

+ C19

10uF

JR1

CONN RECT 16

12345678910111213141516

123456789

10111213141516

R12 5

C21100nF

+C20

10uF

R1310K

1 3

2

U16

HIN232

138

1110

1345

2

6

129

147

R1INR2IN

T1INT2IN

C+C1-C2+C2-

V+

V-

R1OUTR2OUT

T1OUTT2OUT

D13D12

U14

74HC573

111

20

1918171615141312

23456789

OELE

VCC

1Q2Q3Q4Q5Q6Q7Q8Q

1D2D3D4D5D6D7D8D

D11

LED

PARTS LIST

Semiconductors

U1 27C256, 32kB EPROMU2 HM62256B, 32kB SRAMU3 AT89C2051, preprogrammed 10ms tick generatorU4 22V10, preprogrammed PLDU5 CDP1802A, Intersil CMOS microprocessorU6 74HC14AU7,U11,U12,U14 74HC573U8 7805, +5V voltage regulatorU10,U9 LTC-4727JR, high brightness 7 segment displayU13 74HC541U15 INS8250, UARTU16 HIN232, RS232 converterQ1 KIA7042, voltage detectorQ2 BC557, PNP transistor

D1,D6,D7,D8,D9,D10,D11, 3mm LED (red)D12,D13D2 1N4733AD3 Q LED ( yellow)D4 POWER LEDD5 1N4001D14 1N5227A

Resistors (all resistors are 1/8W +/-5%)

R4,R1 680R3,R2 RESISTOR SIP 9R13,R5 10kR6 10MR7 1kR11,R8 10k RESISTOR SIP 9R9 4.7kR10 20R12 5

Capacitors

C1,C4,C5,C15,C18,C19,C20 10uFC3,C2 22pFC6 10uF 16VC7 1000uF25VC8,C9,C10,C11,C12 0.1uFC13,C14 0.1uFC21,C16 100nFC17 10uF 10V

Additional parts

JP1 HEADER 20X2JR1 CONN RECT 16J1 DC InputJ2 CON3LS1 SPEAKERSW2 INTRPTSW3 RESETSW4 EF1SW5 EF2S1,S2,S3,S4,S5,S6,S7,S8, 12mm tact switchS9,S10,S11,S12,S13,S14,S15,S16,S17,S18,S19,S20,S21,S22,S23,S24,S25,S26,S27,S28,S29,S30,S31,S32SW1 ESP switch, 10ms selector switchVB1 SUB-D 9, Male (cross cable)Y1 3.6864MHz XtalPCB double side plate through holedisplay filter sheet,Keyboard sticker printable SVG file

MONITOR PROGRAM LISTINGS

1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071

/*Monitor source code for CDP1802 Microprocessor Kit 2018(C) 2018 by Wichit Sirichote

Xtal frequency 3.6864MHz, 32kB RAM, 28kB ROM, 4 kB memory mapped I/OROM 0-6FFF,I/O 7000-7FFFRAM 8000

*/

// prototype declaration

void key_dump();void pstr(char *s);void read_record1();

volatile unsigned char *gpio1 = (unsigned char*) 0x7000;volatile unsigned char *segment = (unsigned char*) 0x7102;volatile unsigned char *digit = (unsigned char*) 0x7101;volatile unsigned char *port0 = (unsigned char*) 0x7100;volatile unsigned char *port1 = (unsigned char*) 0x7101;volatile unsigned char *port2 = (unsigned char*) 0x7102;

volatile unsigned char *uart_buffer = (unsigned char*) 0x7300;volatile unsigned char *uart_line_status = (unsigned char*) 0x7305;volatile unsigned char *uart_fifo = (unsigned char*) 0x7302;volatile unsigned char *uart_lcr = (unsigned char*) 0x7303;volatile unsigned char *uart_divisor_lsb = (unsigned char*) 0x7300;volatile unsigned char *uart_divisor_msb = (unsigned char*) 0x7301;volatile unsigned char *uart_scr = (unsigned char*) 0x7307;

volatile unsigned char *LCD_cwr = (unsigned char*) 0x7200;volatile unsigned char *LCD_dwr = (unsigned char*) 0x7201;volatile unsigned char *LCD_crd = (unsigned char*) 0x7202;volatile unsigned char *LCD_drd = (unsigned char*) 0x7203;

volatile unsigned char *tick = (unsigned char*) 0xffff;

#define BUSY 0x80

char convert[16]= {0xBD,0x30,0x9B,0xBA,0x36,0xAE,0xAF,0x38,0xBF,0xBE,0x3F,0xA7,0x8D,0xB3,0x8F

char text1[]={"\r\n\n\n\nCDP1802 MICROPROCESSOR KIT 2018"};char text2[]={"CDP1802 KIT-----"};char text3[]={"32k RAM 9600UART"};char text4[]={"\r\nLoad Intel Hex file..waiting"};char text5[]={"\r\nBye check sum error!"};char text6[]={"\r\n0 error..."};

//---------------------------- utility subroutines ------------------------------------------// user delay subroutine will be loaded into RAM at location F000// to use it, load register with F001, the set it to be program counterchar user_delay[]={0xD0,0xF8,0x64,0xA6,0xF8,00,0xA7,0x27,0x87,0x3A,07,0x26,0x86,0x3A,04,0x30,

// interrupt service routine @ F020char interrupt_test[]={0xF8,0xF0,0xB1,0xF8,0x38,0xA1,0xF8,0x70,0xB4,0xF8,00,0xA4,0xF8,0xFF,0xB6,0xF8,0xFF,0xA6,0xE0,0x70,0x00,0x30,0x35,0x70,0x22,0x78,0x06,0xFC,01,0x56,0xFB,0x0A,0x3A,0x46,0x56,0x15,0x85,0x54,0xC4,0x30,0x37};

mon1802.c 29/10/2561 7:07

Page 1 of 19

72737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899

100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142

char n,c,t,hit;

int i,j,k;int temp;unsigned int warm;

char flag;

char bcc, save_bcc, bcc_error, record_type;

char o,q,key;char key_pressed;char buffer[6];

int temp,temp16,timeout;int num, start, end, desti;

unsigned int PC, save_PC;

char state,x,hit;

char *dptr;char *dptr2;

char user_d, user_df, user_xp;int user_r3,user_r4,user_r5,user_r6,user_r7,user_r8,user_r9,user_r10;int user_r11,user_r12,user_r13,user_r14,user_r15;

void delay_num1(){

temp=0;temp=0;

}

void delay_ms(unsigned int w){unsigned int n;for( n = 0; n < w; n++);

}

void blink_q(){asm(" seq \n");delay_ms(100);asm(" req \n");delay_ms(2000);

asm(" seq \n");delay_ms(100);asm(" req \n");delay_ms(2000);

}

char scan(){

k = 1;

key = 0xff;

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143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213

q = 0;

for(i=0; i<6; i++){

*digit = ~k;

*segment = buffer[i];

if(buffer[i] != 0x30 && buffer[i] != 0x38 && buffer[i] != 0x70) delay_ms(3);else delay_num1();

*segment = 0;

// delay_ms(1);

o= *port0;

for(n=0; n<6; n++){

if((o&1)==0){key=q;

}

else q++;o = o >> 1;

}

k = k << 1;}

key_pressed=key;

// *gpio1=key;

return key_pressed;

}

void dot_address(){buffer[0]=buffer[0]&~0x40;buffer[1]=buffer[1]&~0x40;

buffer[2]=buffer[2]|0x40;buffer[3]=buffer[3]|0x40;buffer[4]=buffer[4]|0x40;buffer[5]=buffer[5]|0x40;

}

void dot_data(){

buffer[0]=buffer[0]|0x40;buffer[1]=buffer[1]|0x40;

buffer[2]=buffer[2]&~0x40;buffer[3]=buffer[3]&~0x40;buffer[4]=buffer[4]&~0x40;buffer[5]=buffer[5]&~0x40;

}

void hex4(int h){

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Page 3 of 19

214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271272273274275276277278279280281282283284

temp16 = h;buffer[2]= convert[temp16&0xf];temp16>>=4;buffer[3]= convert[temp16&0xf];temp16>>=4;buffer[4]=convert[temp16&0xf];temp16>>=4;buffer[5]=convert[temp16&0xf];}

void address_display(){

temp16 = PC;

hex4(temp16);

}

void data_display(){

dptr = (char *)PC;

n = *dptr;

buffer[0]= convert[n&0xf];n = n>>4;buffer[1]=convert[n&0xf];}

void read_memory(){

address_display();data_display();}

void key_address(){

state = 1;

read_memory();

dot_address();hit=0;

}

void key_data(){

read_memory();dot_data();hit=0;

state=2;

}

void key_plus(){

if(state==1 || state==2){

PC++;

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Page 4 of 19

285286287288289290291292293294295296297298299300301302303304305306307308309310311312313314315316317318319320321322323324325326327328329330331332333334335336337338339340341342343344345346347348349350351352353354355

read_memory();key_data();

}

if(state==5){

state=6;start = num;hit=0;buffer[0]=0x8f; /* end cursor */return;

}

if(state==6){

state=7;end = num;hit=0;buffer[0]=0xb3; /* destination cursor */

// if(end <= start) print_error();

}

}

void key_minus(){

if(state==1 | state ==2){PC--;read_memory();

key_data();}

}

void data_hex(){

dptr = (char *)PC;x = *dptr;if(hit==0) x=0;{hit =1;x = x << 4;x = x|key;

*dptr = x;

read_memory();

dot_data();}}

void key_PC(){

PC=save_PC;key_data();

}

void hex_address(){

if(hit==0) PC=0;{

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Page 5 of 19

356357358359360361362363364365366367368369370371372373374375376377378379380381382383384385386387388389390391392393394395396397398399400401402403404405406407408409410411412413414415416417418419420421422423424425426

hit=1;

PC<<=4;PC |= key;read_memory();dot_address();

}}

/* insert byte and shift 512 bytes down */

void insert(){dptr=(char *)PC;

for(j=512; j>0; j--){*(dptr+j)=*(dptr+j-1);

}*(dptr+1)=0; /* insert next byte */PC++;

read_memory();state=2;}

/* delete current byte and shift 512 bytes up */

void cut_byte(){

dptr=(char *)PC;for(j=0; j<512; j++)

{*(dptr+j)=*(dptr+j+1);

}read_memory();

state=2;}

void key_go(){

if(state==1 || state==2){

asm(" ldAD r5,_PC \n"" ldn r5 \n"

" phi r0 \n"" inc r5 \n"" ldn r5 \n"

" plo r0 \n"" sep r0\n"

);

}

if(state==7){

desti = num;temp = end-start;dptr = (char *)start;dptr2 = (char *) desti;

for(i=0; i<temp; i++){*(dptr2+i)=*(dptr+i);}PC = desti;

read_memory();dot_data();

state=2;

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427428429430431432433434435436437438439440441442443444445446447448449450451452453454455456457458459460461462463464465466467468469470471472473474475476477478479480481482483484485486487488489490491492493494495496497

}

}

void key_test(){

PC = 0xf020; // test 10ms timer SW1 selects 10ms

state = 1;

key_go();

}

void key_load(){

pstr(text4);read_record1();

if(bcc_error) pstr(text5);else pstr(text6);

PC = 0x8000;key_data();

}

void key_reg(){

buffer[5]= 0x03;buffer[4]= 0x8F;buffer[3]= 0xad;buffer[2]=0;buffer[1]=0;buffer[0]=0;

state = 3; /* register display state = 3 with hex key */

}

void reg_d(){

n = user_d;

buffer[2]= convert[n&0xf];n = n>>4;buffer[3]=convert[n&0xf];buffer[4]=0;buffer[5]=0;buffer[1]=0;buffer[0]=0xb3; // reg d}

void reg_df(){

n = user_df; // DF = 0 or 1

buffer[2]= 0;buffer[3]=convert[n&0xf];

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498499500501502503504505506507508509510511512513514515516517518519520521522523524525526527528529530531532533534535536537538539540541542543544545546547548549550551552553554555556557558559560561562563564565566567568

buffer[4]=0;buffer[5]=0;buffer[1]=0xb3; // flag DFbuffer[0]=0x0f; //}

void reg_xp(){

n = user_xp; // xp

buffer[2]= convert[n&0xf];n = n>>4;

buffer[3]=convert[n&0xf];buffer[4]=0;buffer[5]=0;buffer[1]=0x13; // XPbuffer[0]=0x1F; //}

void reg_r3(){

hex4(user_r3);

buffer[1]=0x03;buffer[0]=0xba;}

void reg_r4(){

hex4(user_r4); //

buffer[1]=0x03; //buffer[0]=0x36;}

void reg_r5(){

hex4(user_r5); //

buffer[1]=0x03; //buffer[0]=0xae;}

void reg_r6(){

hex4(user_r6); //

buffer[1]=0x03; //buffer[0]=0xaf;}

void reg_r7(){

hex4(user_r7); //

buffer[1]=0x03; //buffer[0]=0x38;}

void reg_r8(){

hex4(user_r8); //

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Page 8 of 19

569570571572573574575576577578579580581582583584585586587588589590591592593594595596597598599600601602603604605606607608609610611612613614615616617618619620621622623624625626627628629630631632633634635636637638639

buffer[1]=0x03; //buffer[0]=0xbf;}void reg_r9(){

hex4(user_r9); //

buffer[1]=0x03; //buffer[0]=0xbe;}void reg_r10(){

hex4(user_r10); //

buffer[1]=0x03; //buffer[0]=0x3f;}void reg_r11(){

hex4(user_r11); //

buffer[1]=0x03; //buffer[0]=0xa7;}void reg_r12(){

hex4(user_r12); //

buffer[1]=0x03; //buffer[0]=0x8d;}void reg_r13(){

hex4(user_r13); //

buffer[1]=0x03; //buffer[0]=0xb3;}

void reg_r14(){

hex4(user_r14); //

buffer[1]=0x03; //buffer[0]=0x8f;}

void reg_r15(){

hex4(user_r15); //

buffer[1]=0x03; //buffer[0]=0x0f;}

void reg_display(){

switch(key){

case 0: reg_d(); break;

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Page 9 of 19

640641642643644645646647648649650651652653654655656657658659660661662663664665666667668669670671672673674675676677678679680681682683684685686687688689690691692693694695696697698699700701702703704705706707708709710

//case 1: reg_df(); break; // future work//case 2: reg_xp(); break;case 3: reg_r3(); break;case 4: reg_r4(); break;case 5: reg_r5(); break;case 6: reg_r6(); break;case 7: reg_r7(); break;case 8: reg_r8(); break;case 9: reg_r9(); break;case 10: reg_r10(); break;case 11: reg_r11(); break;case 12: reg_r12(); break;case 13: reg_r13(); break;case 14: reg_r14(); break;case 15: reg_r15(); break;

}}

void enter_num(){

if(hit==0) num=0;{

hit=1;

num<<=4;num |= key;hex4(num);

}}

void clear_buffer(){for(i=0; i<6; i++)*(buffer+i)=0;

}

void key_copy(){

state=5;hit=0;clear_buffer();

buffer[2]= 0xbd;

buffer[0]=0xae;buffer[1]=0;

}

/* return internal code hex keys and function keys */

char key_code(char n){char d;if(n == 0x10) return 0;if(n == 0x21) return 1;if(n == 0x1b) return 2;if(n == 0x15) return 3;if(n == 0x16) return 4;if(n == 0x20) return 5;if(n == 0x1a) return 6;

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Page 10 of 19

711712713714715716717718719720721722723724725726727728729730731732733734735736737738739740741742743744745746747748749750751752753754755756757758759760761762763764765766767768769770771772773774775776777778779780781

if(n == 0x14) return 7;if(n == 0x1c) return 8;if(n == 0x1f) return 9;if(n == 0x19) return 0xa;if(n == 0x13) return 0xb;if(n == 0x22) return 0xc;if(n == 0x1e) return 0xd;if(n == 0x18) return 0xe;if(n == 0x12) return 0xf;

if(n == 0xc) return 0x10; // pcif(n == 0xd) return 0x11; // regif(n == 0xe) return 0x12; // dataif(n == 0xf) return 0x13; // address

if(n == 6) return 0x14;if(n == 7) return 0x15; // MUTEif(n == 8) return 0x16; // -if(n == 9) return 0x17; // +

if(n == 0) return 0x18; // loadif(n == 1) return 0x19; // insertif(n == 2) return 0x1a; // deleteif(n == 3) return 0x1b; // go

if(n == 0x13) return 0x1c;if(n == 0x1d) return 0x1d; // testif(n == 0x17) return 0x1e; // dumpif(n == 0x00) return 0x1f;if(n == 0x23) return 0x20; // copy

return 0xff;

}

void delay_beep(){

for(j=0; j<2; j++)continue;

}

void beep(){

*port2=0;

for(x=0; x<60; x++){*port1 = (char) ~0x80;delay_beep();

*port1 = 0xff;delay_beep();

}

}

void key_mute(){

flag ^=1;}

void key_qled(){

while(1){asm(" seq \n");delay_ms(500);asm(" req \n");

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782783784785786787788789790791792793794795796797798799800801802803804805806807808809810811812813814815816817818819820821822823824825826827828829830831832833834835836837838839840841842843844845846847848849850851852

delay_ms(30000);}}

void key_exe(){

if(flag==0) beep();

if( key>15){if(key==0x13) key_address();if(key==0x12) key_data();if(key==0x17) key_plus();if (key==0x16) key_minus();if (key==0x10) key_PC();if (key==0x1b) key_go();if (key==0x11) key_reg();if (key==0x19) insert();if (key==0x1a) cut_byte();if (key==0x1e) key_dump();if (key==0x1d) key_test();if (key==0x18) key_load();if (key==0x20) key_copy();if (key==0x15) key_mute();if (key==0x14) key_qled();

}

else{switch(state){

case 1: hex_address(); break;case 2: data_hex(); break;case 3: reg_display(); break;case 5: enter_num(); break;case 6: enter_num(); break;case 7: enter_num(); break;

}

}

}

void scan1(){

while(scan() != 0xff);delay_ms(10);

while(scan() == 0xff);delay_ms(5);

key = scan();

key = key_code(key);

// *gpio1=key; // debug

if((key>=0) && (key <0x30)) key_exe();}

//------------------------------- UART --------------------------------

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853854855856857858859860861862863864865866867868869870871872873874875876877878879880881882883884885886887888889890891892893894895896897898899900901902903904905906907908909910911912913914915916917918919920921922923

void init_8250(){

*uart_lcr = 0x83;*uart_divisor_lsb = 24; // computed for 3.6864MHz*uart_divisor_msb = 0;*uart_fifo =7;

*uart_lcr = 3;}

void cout(char n){while((*uart_line_status & 0x20)==0);*uart_buffer=n;}

char cin(){while((*uart_line_status & 1)==0);c =*uart_buffer;

return c;}

void pstr(char *s){while( *s ){

cout(*s);s++;

}}

void test_uart(){

for(c=0x20; c<0x80; c++)cout(c);

}

void newline(){cout(0x0a);cout(0x0d);}

void send_hex(char n){

k = n>>4;k = k&0xf;

if (k>9) cout(k+0x37); else cout(k+0x30);k= n&0xf;if (k>9) cout(k+0x37); else cout(k+0x30);

}

void send_word_hex(int n){

temp16 = n>>8;k = temp16&0xff;send_hex(k);k = n&0xff;send_hex(k);

}

void key_dump(){

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924925926927928929930931932933934935936937938939940941942943944945946947948949950951952953954955956957958959960961962963964965966967968969970971972973974975976977978979980981982983984985986987988989990991992993994

int j,p;

dptr = (char *)PC;

for(j=0; j<16; j++){

newline();send_word_hex(PC);cout(':');

for(p=0; p<16; p++){

send_hex(*(dptr+p));cout(0x20);}

cout(0x20);

for (p=0; p<16; p++){q=*(dptr+p);

if(q >= 0x20 && q < 0x80) cout(q);else cout('.');

}

dptr+=16;PC+=16;}newline();

// PC = dptr;key_address();

}

char nibble2hex(char c){char n;if(c<0x40) return (c-0x30);else return (c-0x37);

}

char gethex(){

char a,b;

a = cin();b = cin();

a = nibble2hex(a)<<4;b = nibble2hex(b);a = a|b;bcc = bcc+a; /* compute check sum */

return (a);}

int get16bitaddress(){

unsigned int load_address;

load_address =0;

load_address |= gethex();load_address <<=8;load_address |= gethex();

return load_address;}

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Page 14 of 19

995996997998999

100010011002100310041005100610071008100910101011101210131014101510161017101810191020102110221023102410251026102710281029103010311032103310341035103610371038103910401041104210431044104510461047104810491050105110521053105410551056105710581059106010611062106310641065

// read Intel hex record// :20 0000 00 71F8FFB2F8F0A2F800B3F814A37BD37AD3300DD0F864A6F800A727873A1A2686EB

void read_record1(){

char x;char byte_count;

int address16bit;

bcc_error=0;

do{

bcc =0;

while(cin()!= ':');

byte_count = gethex(); /* only data record */

dptr = (char *) get16bitaddress();

record_type= gethex();

// now read byte

for(x=0; x<byte_count; x++){*(dptr+x) = gethex();

}

// bcc = gethex();// bcc = ~bcc; /* one's complement */

// bcc+= bcc; // two's complement

*gpio1=bcc; /* loading indicator */

// save_bcc= bcc;

// if(save_bcc != gethex()) bcc_error=1;

}

while(record_type==0);

}

//---------------------------------------------------------------------

//---------------------------- LCD drivers ------------------------------

/* LCD driver */

void LcdReady(){

timeout=0;

while(((*LCD_crd&0x80)==1) && (timeout<500))++timeout;

}

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void clr_screen(){

LcdReady();*LCD_cwr=0x01;

}

void goto_xy(int x, int y){

LcdReady();

switch(y){case 0: *LCD_cwr=0x80+x; break;

case 1: *LCD_cwr=0xC0+x; break;case 2: *LCD_cwr=0x94+x; break;case 3: *LCD_cwr=0xd4+x; break;}

}

void InitLcd(){

LcdReady();*LCD_cwr=0x38;LcdReady();*LCD_cwr=0x0c;clr_screen();goto_xy(0,0);

delay_ms(100);}

void PutLCD(char *str){

char i;for (i=0; str[i] != '\0'; i++)

{LcdReady();*LCD_dwr=str[i];}

}

void putch_lcd(char ch){

LcdReady();*LCD_dwr=ch;

}//------------------------- end of LCD drivers ----------------------------

void load_user_subroutines(){PC = 0xf000;dptr = (char *) PC;

for (i=0; i<17 ;i++ ){

*(dptr+i) = user_delay[i];}

PC = 0xf020;

dptr = (char *) PC;

for (i=0; i<sizeof(interrupt_test) ;i++ ){

*(dptr+i) = interrupt_test[i];}

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}

void service_break(){

asm(" plo r2 ; save D first \n"

" ldAD r1, _USER_D \n"" glo r2 \n"" str r1 \n"

" ldAD r1, _USER_R3 \n"" ghi r3 \n"" str r1 \n"" inc r1 \n"" glo r3 \n"" str r1 \n"

" ldAD r1, _USER_R4\n"" ghi r4 \n"" str r1 \n"" inc r1 \n"" glo r4 \n"" str r1 \n"






" ldAD r1, _USER_R10\n"" ghi r10 \n"" str r1 \n"" inc r1 \n"" glo r10 \n"

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" str r1 \n"






" lbr 0 ; return to system monitor\n"

);

}

void main(){

*segment = 0;*digit = 0xff;*gpio1 = 0;

*tick=0;

state =0;

init_8250();InitLcd();

if(warm != 0xaaaa){

flag =0;warm = 0xaaaa;

}

blink_q();

PC = 0x8000;save_PC = 0x8000;

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// asm("ldAD r1,9000h \n"); // load interrupt vector at 9000h

load_user_subroutines();

dptr= (char *) PC;

// test_uart();

PutLCD(text2);goto_xy(0,1);

PutLCD(text3);

pstr(text1);

buffer[0]=0;buffer[1]=0;buffer[2]=convert[2];buffer[3]=convert[0];buffer[4]=convert[8];buffer[5]=convert[1];

while(1){

scan1();}}

void setRAM(){

asm("ROM_END1: EQU $\n");asm(" org 0fe00h\n"); // space for monitor variables

}

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NOTE

Documents

CDP1802 Microprocessor Kit User's Manual · INS Insert byte, after current byte +512 locations will be shifted down DEL Delete current byte, 512 locations will be shifted up USER