CE Architectural Engineering – Overview

Presented to the

Civil Engineering Advisory Council

April 13, 2012

Prepared by Architectural Engineering emphasis area Faculty of CE

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Architectural Engineering at Purdue

• The Architectural Engineering emphasis area is focused on integrated design and operation of buildings

• It includes all engineering aspects related to the built environment - mechanical systems (HVAC), electrical and lighting systems, building envelope, indoor environment

• Multi-disciplinary Research and Education

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Motivation and Objectives

• Buildings in the U.S. – 1/3 of the total energy use

• Architectural Engineers have a critical task for the following decades

Purdue CE students:

• Study the integration of different building systems and

• Learn how to design for sustainability and energy efficiency

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Funding sources

• US Department of Energy• National Science Foundation• American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and A/C

Engineers • US Geological Society (Department of Interior)• Electric Power Research Institute

Purdue Research FoundationHerrick FoundationKawneer (Alcoa)Lutron ElectronicsViraconTecumseh Ingersoll-Rand/Trane

Carrier Emerson Climate TechnologiesPurdue Physical Facilities Ecothermics Grundfos Pumps Dow Chemical

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Student Awards

• Yin Hang (advisor M. Qu) won the prestigious D. N. Chorafas Foundation Award 2011, Civil Engineering Best Thesis Awards 2011, ASHRAE graduate fellowship 2012

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Prof. Jacko – CE 498 Senior Design - Fall 2012

HVAC

Lighting, Electrical

ArchE focus

Heat/massTransport

Energy modeling

Architectural Engineering Emphasis Area

Building envelopes

ConstructionStructures Geotechnical

Renewable energy Systems integration

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What do Architectural Engineers do?

• Design high performance buildings and building systems

• Estimate building performance from the early design stage

• Supervise building systems operation

• Evaluate existing building system conditions and retrofit

opportunities

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Design Functions•Preliminary and detailed building design

•Calculate, analyze, and select devices and building equipment

•Evaluate building performance according to standards and energy efficiency targets

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ArchE Graduate Program Statistics

24 graduate students currently enrolled

Graduated:2011: 6 MS

2012: 10 MS, 3 PhD

Male: 12 Female: 12

MS: 11 PhD: 13

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ArchE Graduates – Employment (sample)Hensel Phelps Construction Co. San Jose CA

Amazon.com Coffeyville KS

ADS Engineers New York City NY

dbHMS Chicago IL

Amazon Breinigsville PA

Carrier Corporation Houston TX

Hormel Foods Beloit WI

PKS Mark III Newtown PA

Johnson Controls Cleveland OH

Affiliated Engineers Inc Madison WI

Lutron Electronics Inc Allentown PA

SSOE Group Troy MI

American Structurepoint Indianapolis IN

Ebert & Baumann New York City NY

Viridian Energy & Environmental, LLC Norwalk CT

Cooper Consulting Services Indianapolis IN

Ecotope Seattle WA

Green Building Design Oakland CA

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Architectural Engineering Courses at Purdue

Building ControlsCE 514 – ME 597

Building Energy AuditsCE 515 – ME 597

Architectural Engineering

CE 311

Building envelope design and thermal loadsCE 413 – ME 497

Building Mechanical and Electrical System Design

CE 414 – ME 497

Sustainable Building Design, Construction and Operation

CE 597

Analysis of Thermal SystemsME 518

Indoor EnvironmentME 502

Solar Energy EngineeringME 597

Lighting BuildingsCE 513

Thermal Analysis of BuildingsCE 697

Airflow in the Built EnvironmentCE 697

Noise and Acoustics ME 413

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Minor in Architectural Engineering

The Minor is focused on high performance buildings requiring 18 crs (6 courses).

Required (4) courses (12 crs): CE 311 Architectural EngineeringCE 413 Building Envelope Design and Thermal LoadsCE 414 Building Mechanical and Electrical System Design

CE 513 Lighting and Daylighting in Buildings

Elective (2) courses (6 crs) from the following list: CE 371 Structural Analysis ICE 479 Design of Building Components and SystemsCE 514 Building ControlsCE 515 Building Energy Audits

CE 597 Sustainable Building Design, Construction and Operation ME 518 Analysis of Thermal Systems

ME 502 Indoor Environment Analysis and Design

ME 597 Solar Energy Engineering

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Architectural Engineering Research at Purdue

• Design of energy-efficient buildings– Residential/commercial/office/industrial

• Improve building energy performance/operation– HVAC systems– Building envelope and facades– Lighting and daylighting

• Indoor environment and human comfort• Sustainable and green technologies• Renewable energy systems (solar/wind)• Building energy modeling/simulation

• Collaboration between Civil/Mechanical/Electrical Engineering & Herrick Labs

• Interdisciplinary Research

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International Conferences Organization

• Herrick Conferences in 2010 and 2012

• All 4 faculty members are in the organizing committee

• Thanos Tzempelikos: - Chair, 1st and 2nd International High Performance Buildings

Conference

• Travis Horton: - Chair, 20th and 21st International Compressor Engineering

Conference

• More than 600 participants from industry and academia

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Thanos Tzempelikos

Research overview

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Research Areas

• Integrated thermal and lighting analysis of perimeter

building zones

• Indoor environment

• High performance building envelopes and dynamic facades

• Daylighting, electric lighting design & control

• Passive/active solar technologies

• Building energy modeling & simulation

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Perimeter Office Zones

Lighting and Daylighting Simulation Models

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Active Facades – Flexible Construction and Controls

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Architectural Engineering Labs - Bowen

Building envelope research

Commercial advanced facades research Daylighting & lighting controls

Integration with HVAC systems

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Multi-functional Building Envelopes

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Center for High Performance Buildings at Purdue$12M NIST grant - $23M total

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Travis Horton

Research overview

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ImprovedHVAC&R

Alternative Technologies

BuildingRetrofits

Secondary loop

systems

Combined heat& power systems Separate sensible

andlatent cooling

Geothermal heat pumpsand system modeling

Cold climateheat pumps

Low-energy datacenter cooling

Deep retrofitsolutions

Reduced order modeling

Optimization of lowincome housingBuilding energy

auditing

Integrated Building Research Thrusts

BuildingModeling &

Optimization

Inverse modeling techniques

Radiant heatingand cooling

systems

Total buildingcommissioning

process

Free-coolingopportunities atthe campus level

Discrete and continuousoptimization algorithms

Change pointenergy analysis

Geothermal power

production

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Optimization of Low Income Housing

• Objective: Develop tools and methodologies to consider trade-offs between first cost (materials) and operating cost (energy utilities) for a typical Habitat for Humanities home

Considered* 12 parameters: Roof and attic, external wall type & construction, floor and foundation, A/C & furnace efficiencies* 79 total variables* 5x108 possible combinations in the design space* Studies performed for each of 5 different locations (climate zones) around the U.S.

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ImprovedComponents

Alternative Technologies

ImprovedSystems

Evaporator

Condenser

ExpansionDevice

Compressor

Transcritical CO2-cycle technology

Absorption, adsorption,& combined cycle

analysis

Compressor modeling, performance testing, design optimization

Expansion work recovery: expanders,

ejectors

Evaluation of novel compression

concepts

Heatexchangeranalysis

Gas cycle analysis: Ericsson, Stirling, &

reversed Brayton

Secondary loop

refrigeration systems

Steady-state and transient system

simulation models

Evaluation of alternate working fluids

Naturalrefrigerants

Thermal Systems Research Thrusts

Waste HeatRecovery

Inverse modeling techniques

Organic Rankine Cycle

Liquid-flooded expansion

engines

ORC with solution circuit

Flooded compression technology

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Modeling of Flooded Compression

Condenser

LiquidSep

Evaporator

RegComp

Oil Cooler

Condensing UnitCooling Load

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910

11Expander

Tsource

Tsink

System Schematic for a liquid-flooded cold climate heat pump:

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Waste Heat Recovery

Waste Heat Source TH

Turbine

Pump Pump

Condenser

Heater

Separator

Mixer

Evaporator

Regenerator

Environment TL

Flooding Medium Loop

Working Fluid Loop

Zero superheat at turbine inlet and potential for regeneration after turbine outlet account

for improvements in efficiency.

The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) with flooded expansion and internal regeneration operates with

two separate fluid loops.

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Panagiota Karava

Research overview

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Research Interests

• Integrated modeling, testing, design, analysis, and control of advanced building systems– Emphasis on annual energy and peak load

reduction, comfort delivery and on-site renewable energy production

– Expertise on coupled thermal and airflow modeling and simulation

• Current research projects– Mixed-mode cooling in buildings– Building-integrated Photovoltaic-thermal

systems, BIPV/T

Mixed-mode Cooling - Considerations

Corridors leading to SE façade motorized inlet

grilles (1.4 m²/floor)

Motorized exhaust grilles (5.4 m²)

Air Supply

Air return

Motorized atria connecting floor grilles ( 4 m2)

Corridors leading to NW façade motorized inlet grilles (1.4 m²/floor)

Building geometry

• Space dimensions;

• Embedded mass in building structures;

• Façade orientation;

• Window ratio;

• Shading devices;

Airflow modeling

• Opening configuration;

• Supplementary fan;

• Air flow rate and temperature;

Load profile

• Total energy demand;

• Peak load demand;

Climate

• Air temperature

• Relative humidity

• Solar radiation

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Mixed-mode Cooling – Model-predictive Controls

Performance criteria

Optimization problem(GenOpt)

Sequence of future control inputs

Building

Dynamic model and system constraints(MATLAB and Fluent)

Detailed prediction model

CFD ES Reduced-order model: parameter identification

Control disturbance

Internal heat gain prediction

Weather forecast

TMY NOAA

“Online”“Offline”“Offline” “Online”

Measurement

Energy use

Comfort

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PV/T Systems Integrated with Solar-Air Collectors

• Key concepts:– Thermal management and heat

recovery– Combined thermal/electrical

efficiency– End energy-use (building energy

systems integration)

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Reducing the Total System Cost of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics

Modeling for design optimization and building integration of the next generation Dow POWERHOUSE™ Solar Shingle

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Ming Qu

Research overview

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Research Interests

• Modeling, Operation, Test, System Simulation and System Optimization of Solar Absorption Cooling and Heating Systems

• Sustainable Building Design, Operation, and Simulation

• Innovative Energy Efficiency Research in Building Energy Supply and HVAC systems

• Building Control and Integration• Building Investment Decision

Solar Cooling and Heating Research Lab

• Double effect absorption chiller

• High temperature stationary solar collectors

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LCA E3 Optimization

Economy

Energy Environment

Multi-objective Optimization

• Life cycle energy, economic, and environmental assessment for SACH system supported by NSF

• New Methodology for System Assessment and Optimization

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CCHP & Data Center

• Experimental data based evaluation of energy, economic, and environmental performance for CCHP systems for Qualcomm data center at San Diego

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Building controls

• CO2-based Demand Controlled Ventilation

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Solar Collector Optical analysis

• Optical Analysis of external compound parabolic solar collector

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Thank you for your attention