Third Semester 2 MarksDepartment of Civil EngineeringCE 6301 ENGG GEOLOGYUNIT IGENERAL GEOLOGY1. Write short notes on Marcalli Scale.The intensity of earthquake can be measured with the help of Mercali scale. Their measurements are expressed for degree of vibration.

2. Define Plate Tectonics.Plate Tectonics is based primarily due to seismic and geomagnetic activities. In this concept, the upper part of the earth up to a depth of 100 km is actually divided into seven to ten major blocks called plates.

3. Write notes on Fluvial Glacial drift.This is also called Stratified Drift. In this accumulation, Melts water plays a prominent part in their deposition. These deposition exhibit a definite sorting according to grain size of the particles like stream deposits.

4. Define weathering. Name the different types of weathering.The term weathering means, the process of physical is breaking up (ie, Disintegration) and chemical rolling up (ie, Decomposition) of rock occurring simultaneously.

5. Define Continental Drift.Accumulation of glacial debris directly from glacial melt waters are collectively called continental drift.

6. Write short notes on Moraines.Moraines may be defined as accumulation of glacial debris (fragments of rocks, sand) that are found either on the base of an existing glacier or at various places alonga glacial valley. These material are mostly unasserted and forms a till types deposit.

7. Define Physical Geology.It deals with various process of physical agent, such as Wind, Running water, Glaciers and Sea water.8. Define Structural Geology.It deals with arrangement or architecture of rocks. It also includes the factors like folds, faults and joints.9. Define Field Geology.Its deals with study of rocks along with their structural behavior and mineralogical composition in the

10. What is meant by physical weathering?Disintegration of physical breaking up of the rocks is called physical weathering. The main agents involved of wind, Running water and glaciers .It is most active in cold, Dry and higher area of earth surface.

11. Explain deflection in erosion in wind.In this process, lose particles are removed by flowing winds. The blowing windlift up the loose, Dry and incoherent rock particles, except hard and compact masses, which remains in their original position.

12. What are the factors depends on the intensity of running water.Velocity of the water, Nature of the soil over with the water runs , Load conditionsof the rainy water.

13. Define divergent movement.The boundaries of two adjoining large plates move away from each other there by creating a gap through this gap the hot lava comes out.

14. Define convergent movement.The boundaries of two large plates move towards each other plate and push the latter upwards in from of the mountain.

15. What are the factors depends on the intensity of wind erosion. Nature of region over which the wind flow, Velocity of the wind.

16. Define tillite.It is also called unstratified drift and its most common from of glacial deposit. The dense deposited till thoroughly compacted is known as tillite.

17. What are the types of moraines.Lateral moraines, Mediam moraines,end moraines,Grand moraines,Drammlins.

18. Explain kames.These are low stratified or layered hills occurring in isolated pactcher in deserts. Kames are characterized with rounded outlines and steep slopes on sides.

19. Define eskers.These are narrow long ridges of poorly stratified drift with steeply sloping sides and zigzag out line.

20. Define aquifier.It is defined as a rock mats, a layer or formation which is saturated with ground water and yielding the stored water at economical costs when tapped. The quality is depend onThe amount of water bearing capacityrate of yield gravels etc.21. What is perched water table?A partly saturated, isolated, confined aquifer underlain by an impermeable rock with the main water table below the two

22. How are river terraces formed?A bench-like feature running along a valley side, roughly parallel with the valley walls. Most terraces form when a rivers erosional capacity increases so that it cuts down through its flood plain

23. What are sand dunes?Sand dune, mound or ridge of wind-blown sand formed in arid regions and along coasts. Often a dune begins to form because materials are deposited by the windas it encounters bash, a rock or other obstacle to impede its flow.

24. Define water tableThe water table is the upper surface of the ground water.

25. Define crust.The uppermost shell of the earths surface is called crust, this is extends to variable depths below the surface to a maximum depth of 75 km below the mountains.

26. Define Mantle.Mantle is the intermediate layer of the earth lying between the crust and Core, its depth is limited to 2900 km.

27. Define Suspended load.It consists of fine silt, clay and fine sands. Particles of such loads are transporedby the stream in a state of suspension within the moving water.

Further it is divided into two parts1. Upper mantle2. Lower mantle7. Define Core.The innermost layer of the Earths structure is called core.It is divided further into two parts1. Outer core2. inner core

28. Define Denudation.It is the general term expressing the sum total of the process of weathering and erosion operating for a long time in a certain region.

29. What is scree or talus?Conical heaps of angular or sub angular fragments which are removed from the parent rock are called scree or talus.

30. What are factors affecting weathering.1. Nature of rock2. Climatic condition3. Physical environment

31. Define OasisIn deserts deflation may remove the sand from a particular location to such an extent that a depression small or great is created, the base of which virtually touching the water table. Such origin is called Oasis.

32. Define Ventifacts.These are small sized rock fragments having one, two, three or more polished faces. They abound in many rock deserts.

33. What are the branches of Geology?1. Physical geology2. Geomorphology3. Mineralogy4. Petrology5. Historical geology6. Economic geology

34. Define frost action.As is known, water on freezing undergoes an increase in its volume by about 10 percent. This expansion is accompanied by exertion of pressure at a rate of 140 kg/ cm2 on the walls of vessel containing the freezing water. This is called frost action.

35. What are the types of river load?1. Suspended load2. Bed load3. Dissolved load

36. Define bed load.This fraction of river load comprises the heavier particles of sand, pebbles,gravels and cobbles and other debris which are transported along the river bed.

37. Define dissolved load.This fraction includes particles of materials soluble in water. River water duringits journey dissolves good quantity of salts from chemically susceptible rocks such as limestone etc. These loads are called dissolved load.

38. What are the types of aquifer?1. Unconfined aquifer2. Confined aquifer

39. Define vadose waterIt occurs from the surface downward up to a variable depth and is in a state of downward movement under the influence of gravity. Its movement is commonly described as infiltration.

40. What are types of subsurface water?1. Vadose water2. Ground water

41. Define Focus.The place or point of origin of an earthquake below the surface of the earth is termed as focus,

42. Define Epicenter.The point or place on the surface vertically above the focus of a particular earthquake is termed as Epicenter. Also it is that place on the earth where the vibrations from a particular earthquake reach first of all.

UNIT- 2MINERALOGY1. What is mean by faces?A crystal may be defined as a solid regular, polyhedral from bounded by smoothgeometrical surfaces called faces.

2. Define crystallography.Crystallography is that branch of science which deals with all the aspects of crystals that is their formation from the melts their internal structure and their external shape or morphology.

3. Explain Crystal facesAny crystal will have one or more types of external surface which may be regular or modified geometrical figures such as a square, a rectangle, a trapezium or a rhombus, such an external regular surface on a crystal is called faces.

4. Explain Interfacial angle.There are always a number of faces on a crystal. The angle at which any two adjacent faces are placed on the crystal with respect to each other is called an interfacial angle.

5. What is mean by element symmetry?Symmetry is a property of fundamental importance for a crystal. It can be studiedwith reference to three different characters, commonly called element of symmetry.

6. Write note on a plane of symmetry.Any imaginary plane passing through the centre of a crystal in such a way that it divides the crystal in two exactly similar halves is called a plane of symmetry.

7. Write notes on a plane of symmetry.It is defined as an imaginary line in a crystal passing through its centre in such away that when a crystal is given a complete rotation along this line a certain crystal face comes to occupy the same position at least twice.

8. Write notes on a center of symmetry.A crystal is said passes a centre of symmetry if an passing on imaginary line from some definite face, edge or corner on one side of the crystal through its center, anotherexactly similar face or edge or corner is found on the other side at an equal distance from the center.

9. Define parameters.The relative intercepts made by a crystal face on the three crystallographic areasknown as parameter.

10. Define indices.In common practice the relationship of a crystal face with the crystallographic axes is expected in simple whole numbers which are called indices.

11. Define symbol.It is the simplest and the most representative indices for a set of similar that constitutea crystallographic form.

12. What are the types of forms?Holohedral form, hemihedral form, hemimorphic form, enantiomorphic form,fundamental form, open and closed form.

13. Name the physical properties of minerals?Co lour, lusture, Streak, Harness, Cleavage, Parting, Fracture, Tenacity, Structure,Specific gravity, form, Miscellaneous.

14. What is mean by luster?It is defined as the shine of a mineral. It is technically defined as the intensity ofreflection of light from the mineral surface and depends at least on three factors.

15. What is mean by Streak?It is an important and diagnostic property of many colored minerals. It is defined asthe co lour of the finely powdered mineral as obtained by scratching or rubbing the mineral over a rough unglazed porcelain plate. The plate is often named as streak in a geology laboratory.

16. What is mean by luster?It is defined as the resistance which a mineral offers to an external deformation actionas scratching, abrasion, rubbing or indentation.

17. What is mean by Cleavage?It is defined as the tendency of a crystallized mineral to break along certain definitedirection yielding more or less smooth, plane surfaces.

18. What is mean by Fracture?The appearance of broken surface of a mineral in a direction other than that ofcleavage is generally expressed by the term fracture.

19. Explain coal?Coal is a sedimentary formation, which are obtained largely from vegetable matter. Itis sill worlds largest and leading mineral fuel than petroleum.

20. Explain Petroleum?

Petroleum is liquid oil having complex mixture of variety of hydrocarbons and small quantities of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen. It is one of the important fuels of the 20thcentury and has becomes a necessity of the modern civilization.21. Define mineral.A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid substance that is characterized with a definite chemical composition and very often with a definite atomicstructure. 22. Write any two uses of mica?1. White mica or muscovite is used in electronic insulators.2. Ground mica used in paint as joint cement.

23. What are the elements of a crystal?The crystal face, the angle between the crystal faces, the relationship between these faces with reference to certain assumed lines passing through the crystal and also the arrangement of these faces. These characters form element of a crystal.

24. Enlist the physical properties of Garnet minerals.Color:Red, green, yellow, brown, pink, purple, gray, blackHardness:6.5-8.5Refractive index:1.780-1.889Specific gravity:3.5-4.3Luster:VitreousMineral class:garnet

25. Define a plane of symmetry.Any imaginary plane passing through the centre of a crystal in such way that it divides the crystal in to two exactly similar halves is called a plane of symmetry.

26. Define an axis of symmetry.It is defined as an imaginary line in a crystal passing through its centre in such way that when a crystal is given a complete rotation along this line a certain crystal face comes to occupy the same position at least twice.

27. Define centre of symmetry.A crystal is said to posses a centre of symmetry if on passing an imaginary line from some definite face, edge or corner on one side of the crystal through its centre, another exactly similar face or edge or corner is found on the other sideat an equal distance from the centre.

28. What are the types of axis of symmetry?Axis of symmetry further divided into four types1. Axis of Binary or twofold symmetry2. Axis of trigonal or threefold symmetry.3. Axis of tetragonal or fourfold symmetry4. Axis of hexagonal or six fold symmetry

29. Define crystal.A crystal may be defined as a solid regular, polyhedral form boundede by smooth geometrical surfaces called faces.30. Define luster.Simply defined, it is the shine of a mineral. Technically speaking, it is intensity of reflection of light from the mineral surface.

31. Define streak.Streak is the color of the finely powdered mineral as obtained by scratching or rubbing the mineral over a rough unglazed porcelain plate.

32. Define cleavage.It is defined as the tendency of a crystallized mineral to break along certain definite directions yielding more or less smooth, plane surfaces. In other word cleavage planes are the planes of easiest fracture.

33. Define lamellar structure.The mineral is made up of relatively thick, flexible, leaf-like sheets

34. Write the physical properties of mica?1. Perfect basal cleavage2. Low hardness3. Vitreous lustro4. Platy habit of the crystals

35. Write the crystal system of quartz (sio2)Hexagonal (Rhombohedra). Crystals common, some crystals weighing more tones have been reported. Twinned, right handed and left handed crystals are common

36. What are the classifications of coal?1. Anthracite2. Bituminous3. Ignite4. Peat

37. Define Anthracite.It is a hard form of coal. A form of coal with high heat content and a high concentration pure carbon..38. What is meant by liquefaction?Any process by which solid coal is converted to a liquid fuel.

39. What is the mixture of average crude oil?An average crude oil contain about 84% carbon, 14% of hydrogen, 1%-3% sulfur, and less than 1% of nitrogen, oxygen, metals, and salts 40. Define sour and sweet in crude oils.Crude oils that contain appreciable quantities of hydrogen sulfide or other reactive sulfur compounds are called sour.

Those with less sulfur are called Sweet.

UNIT 3PETROLOGY

1. What are the classifications of rocks?1. Igneous rocks2. Sedimentary rocks3. Metamorphic rocks

2. Distinguish between Granite and Gneiss.Granite is an intrusive igneous rock, formed from the solidification of felsic magma.Gneiss is a foliated metamorphic rock which can be derived from several protoliths.

3. Define MetamorphismChanges in the body of a rock that is due to variations in the factors of pressure temperature and chemical environment known as metamorphic changes. This process is called Metamorphism

4. Explain Cross bedding.The condition of having laminae lying transverse to the main stratification planesof the strata; occurs only in granular sedimentary rocks. Also known as cross- lamination or cross-stratification.

5. Define volcanic rock.These are igneous rocks formed by the cooling and crystallization of lava erupted from volcanoes on the surface of the earth.

6. Define Magma and Lava.The hot molten material occurring naturally below the surface of the earth is called magma.It is called lava when erupted through volcanoes.

7. Define plutonic rock.These are igneous rocks generally formed at considerable depths- generally between 7-10 km below the surface of the earth8. What are the types of textures?Equigranular Textures Inequigranular Textures Poiklitic Textures Directive Textures Intergrowth Textures Intergranular Textures

9. What is meant by concordant bodies?All those intrusions in which magma has been injected and cooled along the structural planes of the host rocks are grouped as concordant rocks

10. Define sills.Those igneous intrusions that have been injeceted along or between the bedding planes of sedimentary sequence are known as sills.

11. What are t he types of sills? Simple sill Multiple sill Composite sill Differential sill Interformational sill.

12. Write any two uses of granites? Architectural and massive construction Monuments and memorials Columns and steps in buildings Concrete aggregates after crushing.

13. What is meant by welding in sedimentary rocks?It is process of compaction and consolidation of the sediments accumulated in basin due to pressure

14. Write any two uses of Limestone?1. Limestone is a primary source material for the manufacture of Portland cement.2. Used as a flux in the manufacture of fertilizers.

15. Define metamorphism.All those changes in the body of a rock that are due to variations in the factors of pressure, temperature and chemical environment are known as the metamorphic changes and the process itself is termed as metamorphism.

16. What are all the kinds of metamorphism? Thermal metamorphism Contact metamorphism Pyrometamorphism Plutonic metamorphism

17. Define schistose structure.The rock in such cases consist of parallel or sub parallel bands or layers of flaky platy or rod like minerals making it vary weak in the direction of parallelism.

18. Write any two uses of slate?Slate is locally used as roofing material.Slate is used for external and internal flooring

19. Write the uses of marbles?Marbles are commonly used in building construction in the form of blocks, arches and as chips for flooring. In most the cases the stone is used for decorative and ornamental purpose.

20. Define Granites?Granite may be defined as plutonic light colored igneous rocks. These are amongthe most common igneous rocks. The word Granite is derived from Latin word granum meaning a grain and abriously refers to the equigranular texture of the rocks. 21. Define Igneous Rocks?All rocks that have formed from an original hot, molten material through theprocess of cooling and crystallization may be defined as Igneous Rocks.

22. Explain about Hypabyssal Rocks?These Igneous Rocks are formed at Intermediate depths, generally up to 2 Km,below the surface of earth and exhibit mixed characteristics of volcanic and plutonic rocks. Porphyries of various compositions are example of Hypabyssal Rocks.

23. Define Texture of Igneous Rocks?The term texture has been defined as the mutual relationship of differentmineralogical constituents in a rock. It is determine by size, shape and arrangement of these constituents within the body of rock.

24. What are the factors Explaining Texture?a) Degree of CrystallizationHolocrystalline, Holohyaline. b) GranularityCoarse grained, Medium grained, Fine grained. c) FabricPanidiomorphi, Allotrimorphic, Hypidiomorphic.

25. Define Equigranular and Inequigranular Texture?All those textures in which majority of constituent crystals of rock are broadlyequal in size are described as equigranular textures.All those textures in which majority of constituent minerals show marked difference in their relative grain size are grouped as inequigranular textures.

26. Define Structure of Igneous Rocks?Those feature of Igneous Rocks that are developed on a large scale in the body ofan extraction or instruction giving rise conspicuous shapes or forms are included under the term structures. They may be so well developed as to be recognized easilyon visual inspection or they become apparent only when this section of such rocks is examined under microscope. In latter case they are termed microstructure.

27. What are the numbers of factor depending on Igneous Rocks?a) The structural deposition of the host rock (also called country rock).b) The viscosity of the magma or lava.c) The composition of the magma or lava.d) The environment in which injection of magma or eruption of lava place.

28.Define Volcanic Necks?In some cases, vents of quiet volcanoes have become sealed with the intrusion, such instruction are termed volcanic Necks or Volcanic Plugs. These masses may be circular, semicircular or irregular and show considerable variation in their diameter.

29.Define Sedimentary Rocks?Sedimentary are also called secondary Rocks. This group includes a wide varietyof rocks formed by accumulation, compaction and consolidation of sediments; particlesare remaining of organisms in suitable environment under ordinary condition of temperature and pressure.

30. What are the Structures Sedimentary Rocks?a) Mechanical StructuresStratification, Lamination, Cross Bedding, Graded Bedding, Mud Cracks, RainPrints, Ripple Marks. b) Chemical StructureConcretionary Structure, Oolitic and Pisolitic Structures, Nodular Structure, Geode Structure.c) Organic Structures.

31. What is the Classification of Sedimentary Rocks?a) Clastic RocksGravelsBoulders, Cobbles, Pebbles.SandsCoarse Sands, Medium Sands, Fine SandsSiltsClaysRudites, Arenites, Lutites. b) Non Clastic RocksChemically formed rocksSiliceous Deposits, Carbonate Deposits, Ferruginous Deposits, PhosphaticDeposits, Evaporties.Organic Deposits c) Miscellaneous Deposits.

32. Explain metamorphic changes.All the changes in the body of rocks that are due to variations in the factors ofpressure, temperature and chemical environment are know the metamorphic changes andte process itself is termed metamorphism.

33. What are the kinds of Metamorphism?Three major kinds of Metamorphism differentiated on the basis of dominant factors are thermal metamorphism, dynamic metamorphism and Dynamo thermal metamorphism

34. Define Metamorphism?It is defined as a metamorphic process involving formation of new minerals bythe mechanism of chemical replacement of the pre-existing minerals, chiefly under the influence of chemically active fluids.

35. What is the factor which depends on the effects of Metamorphism?a) The types of rocks involved in the processb) The kind of metamorphism that is predominant in the process.

36. Define Metamorphic RocksMetamorphic rocks are defined as those rocks in which have formed through theoperation of various types of Metamorphism processes on the pre-existing rocks involving either textural or structural changes or changes in mineralogical composition or reconstitution in the both the directions.

37. Define Stress minerals.Those minerals which are produced in the metamorphic rocks chiefly under theinfluence of factor are known as stress minerals.

38. Define Slate?Slate is an extremely fine grained metamorphic rocks characterized by a slatycleavage by virtue of which it can be split in to thin sheets parallel smooth surfaces, The slaty cleavage is due to parallel arrangement of platy and flaky operating during the process of metamorphism39. Define Schist?Schist is megascopically crystalline metamorphic rocks characterized by typicalschistose structure. The constituent platy and Flaky minerals are mostly arranged in irregular parallel layers or bands.

UNIT 4STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICAL METHOD1. What is a primary structure?Those structural features that are developed in a body of rock during its formation stage are termed as primary structure.

2. What is a secondary structure?All the modification of the original structures and development of new forms,shapes and re-arrangement of grains and component minerals are induced in the rocks after their formation are termed as secondary structure.

3. What is synclinal fold?The strata concave upward is called synclinal fold. These folds are the reverse of anticlines in details.

4. Define Outcrop.An outcrop is the exposure of a solid rock on the surface of the earth

5. What is true dip?True dip is the dip angle of a layer which is measured in a direction exactly right angles to the strike of the layer.

6. What is apparent dip?The dip angle measured at any other direction with the strike of a layer is termedas apparent dip7. What is Limbs?These are the sides of a fold. An individual fold will have two limbs but whenfolds occur in groups, as they do very often, a middle limb will be common to two adjacent folds.

8. Name the device used in Seismic survey.

Seismograph

9. Define strike and dip of the rock.Dip: - It is defined as the maximum angle of slope of bed or layer of rock with the horizontalStrike: - It is the geographic direction of extension of the layers of rock.

10. Define joints.Joints are defined as divisional planes or fractures along which there has been no relative displacement. Joints may be open or close in nature.

11. What is mural joint?In granitic and other rock masses, there may occur three sets of joints in such a way that one set is horizontal and other sets are vertical, all the three sets being mutually at right angles to each other.

12. What is meant by columnar joint?The joints divide the rock mass into polygonal blocks, each block being boundedby three to eight sides. Normally the main joints are vertical or perpendicular to the cooling surface and may extend to varying depths.

13. What are the types of Geophysical methods?1. Electrical method2. Seismic methods

14. What are the types of electrical methods?1. Self potential method2. Potential drop methoda) Equipotential method b) Resistivity method

15. Define self potential methodAll those electrical methods that involve measurement of natural electrical potential of the subsurface rocks are termed as self potential method

16. Define potential drop method.In this method electrical current is artificially introduced from an external sourceat certain points.17. Write down the configuration of WENNERS method.In this arrangement, the potential electrodes are placed at a distance 1/3 awhere a is the total distance between the current electrodes.

18. Define fan shooting.In this method, detectors are arranged along a curve with shot point as the central point.

19. Define profile shooting.In this arrangement, a linear tract is selected for investigation. Shot point and detectors are arranged along that line.

20. Write any two applications of geophysical investigations?1. To find out the depth to the bed rock2. To find out the location of geological structures like folds, buried valleys, crushed and fractured zones due to shearing and faulting.

21. Define Dip?The inclination of the bedding planes, with the horizontal, is called dip and is alwaysexpressed in degrees.

22. Explain true dip?It is the maximum inclination of bedding planes with the horizontal, or in other wardsit is the inclination of the direction of which water would flow, if poured on the upper surfaceofthebed.

23. Explain apparent dip?The inclination of the bedding planes, with the horizontal, in any other direction,other than the direction of the true dip, is know as the apparent dip. The value of apparent dip is always less than the true dip.

24. Define strike?It is the direction, measured on a Horizontal surface, of a line formed by theintersection of dipping bed with the horizontal plan. It is always expressed in terms of main direction ie, is North, South, East or West.

25. What is mean by folds?The earths crust is tilted out of the horizontal and is bent into folds. Such a fold mayranges from a microscopic crinkle to great arches and troughs even up to 100 kms across.A set of such arches and troughs is called a fold.

26. What is mean by Anticline and Syncline?When the beds are unfolded in an arch-like structure, it is called an anticline. Whenthe beds are down folded in trough like structure, it is called a Syncline. It may be noted that in an anticline the oldest rock is in the centre, where as in a syncline the youngest rocks is in the centre.

27. Explain Causes of folding?The interior of the earth is getting cooler and cooler day by day, which is sure tocause some shrinkage in the earths crust. This stink age is responsible for the compressive and shearing stress to be developed within the earths crust. Some time these stresses are small in magnitudes but go on exerting pressure for a sufficient length of time and result in buckling or folding of the layers of the earths crust.

28. What are types of folds? a) Symmetrical fold b) Asymmetrical foldc) Overturned fold d) Isoclinal folde) Recumbent fold f)Plunging foldg) Open foldh) Closed foldi)Anticlinorium j)Synclinorium k) Domel)Basinm) Nonoclinal fold.

29.Define Faults?Faults are fractures, along which the movement of one block with respect to other,has taken place. This movement may vary from a few centimeters to many kilometers depending upon the magnitude of the stresses, and the resistance offered by the rocks.

30. Explain the Causes of Faulting?The interior of the earth becoming cooler day by day, which is sure to cause someshrinkage in the earths crust. This stink age is responsible for the stress to be developed within the earths crust. These stresses, when greater in magnitudes exert so much pressure that the layers of the earths crust are fold due to compressive stresses and after wards when the stresses are released, fractures are formed. If the stresses still continue,the blocks move up or down along the fault plane depending upon the direction of stresses and their intensity. Such a fracture, along which a movement has taken place, is called a fault.

31. What are the classifications of faults?Faults are classified on the basis of their apparent displacement, ie, the direction ofmovement, of one block, with respect to the other along the fault plane.

32. What are the criteria for the recognition of a fault?1) Discontinuity of strata2) Repetition and omission of strata3) Physiographic features4) General.

33. What is mean by Joints?When sufficient tensile stress in developed between two successive points, a crack isdeveloped at right angle to the direction of the stress, such cracks are called joints.

34. What is mean by Master joints?The joints always occur in sets and groups. A set of joints means, joint occurring inthe same dip or strike. A group of joints means a few sets of joints having almost the same trend. If a few sets or groups of joints appear for a considerable length in a rock, such joints are called major joints or master joints.

35. Define out crop?A little consideration will show that the out crop of a rock is affected by the angle ofdip also. If a rock has a vertical dip then the outcrop will be less, than that when the same rock is dipping at some angles.

36. What are the different forms of out crops?a) Out lierb) In lierc) Unconformity d) Overlape) Cross bedding.

37. Define over lap?An over lap is particular type of an unconformity, in which the overlying strataextends so as to over lap the underlying strata.

38. Define cross bedding?Sedimentary beds or layers are generally parallel to one another. But, sometimes, ithas been observed that the beds lie slightly oblique to the major bedding planes.

39. What are the classifications of joints?a) Geometrical classificationStricke joints, Dip joints, Oblique joints b) Genetic classificationTension joints, shear joints

40. What are the methods of Geophysical Exploration?Depending upon the type of energy field used, the following methods may be used.Seismic method, Electrical method, Gravitational method, Magnetic method, Radiometric method, Geothermal method.

UNIT-5

GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING1. What is bridging capacity in tunnel construction?The time a rock mass may remain unsupported in a tunnel is called its bridging capacity or stand up time.

2. Differentiate aerial photograph from satellite Imagery.Aerial Photograph: -Aerial photograph is done by air craft, the altitude varies depending upon the purpose of the photo, but it is typically about 5,000 to 30000 feetSatellite imagery: -Satellite imagery data is taken by a satellite orbit at an altitude of several hundredto several thousand miles, depending on the use for the images

3. Define Subsidence.It represents the downward movement of the surface. It may occur due to plastic outflow of the underlying strata or due to the compaction of the underlyingmaterial.

4. Define Satellite imageries.A picture of the earth taken from an earth-orbital satellite. Satellite images may be produced photographically or by on-board scanners5. What is meant by soil creep?It is a type of slow flowage and consists of gradual, almost imperceptible down slope transit of soil and may sometimes take place even under the cover of vegetation.

6. What is mean by solifluction?It is also a slow flowage type mass movement similar to soil creep in many characters but is essentially a freeze- thaw phenomenon. As such solifluction type of failure is localized in periglacial environments where it is considered a main type destruction process.

7. What is mean by landslide?A true land slide is a type of mass failure in which a superficial mass fails by moving as a whole along a definite surface of failure. The surface of failure maybe planar or semicircular in outline.

8. What are the types of landslide?1. Transitional landslides2. Rotational slides3. Rock falls

9. Define Transitional slides.The surface of failure is generally planar in character, speed of failure is quite rapid and the nature of mass involved in failing may be rock blocks, rock slabs, debris and soil cover or even a mixture of all of them. These slides are frequenton slopes made up of rocks and cohesive soils.

10. Define Rotational slides.In such slides, the failing surface is generally curved in character and the speedof failure is also quite rapid. Because of the nature of the failing surface, the movement of the mass takes the form of a sort of rotation, rather than translation.

11. What are the objectives of construction of a dam?1. Generation of hydropower energy2. Providing water for irrigation facilities3. Providing water supply for domestic consumption and industrial uses.4. Fighting droughts and controlling of floods5. Providing navigational facilities.

12. What are the forces acting on a dam?1. Weight of the dam2. Water pressure3. Uplift pressure4. Earthquake forces13. What are the types of tunnels?It is mainly classified into three types1. Traffic tunnels2. Hydropower tunnels3. Public utility tunnels

14. What are tests taken for the sample of rocks in tunnel construction?1. Mineralogical composition2. Compressive Strength value3. Shear strength value4. Modulus of elasticity5. Porosity and permeability6. General chemical character15. What is sea erosion?The landward displacement of the shoreline caused by the forces of waves and and currents is termed as Sea erosion or coastal erosion.

16. Write any four major causes of erosion?1. Action of waves2. Near-shore currents3. Storms4. Catastrophic events like tsunamis

17. What are the Structural preventive measures taken for sea erosion?a) Through construction of Sea wall / Revetment b) Groynesc) Off shore breakwater

18. What are the soft measures taken for preventive of sea erosion?a) Artificial nourishment of beaches b) Vegetation coversc) Sand bypassing at tidal inlets

19. What is the rock consideration for the construction of Roads in hilly area?Special investigations should be carried out for the rock considerations are1. Dip and strike of the bed2. Lithological composition of the rocks3. Presence and nature of faulting, jointing, and permeability

20. What are the types of Dams according to design of construction?1. Gravity dams2. Arch dams3. Buttress dams

21. Define remote sensing.Every object on earth emits its own internal energy according to its molecular andatomic structure, in addition to reflecting sun light during the day time. This radiations can be registered by sensors in several wavelengths, including those in the infrared and microwave regions of the spectrum. When such sensors are installed on aircrafts or onsatellites they can record the earths objects from for off distances. Such distant (Remote) acquisition of information about the objects on the earths surface is known as remote sensing.

22. What is meant by aerial photography & Imageries.The photographs of the earth taken from aircrafts are called the aerial photographs, while the pictures taken from the satellites are called the imageries.

23. Define aerial photographs.Aerial photographs of the region are taken by cameras placed in the aircrafts. Aerialphotos give three dimension of the photographed area. These photos contain a detailed record of the ground at the time exposure.

24. Define satellite imageries.The satellite imageries can either be read manually like aerial photographs, or withthe help of computers.

25. What is meant by geographic information system?The modern computers can process maps and data with suitable computerprogrammer. The process of integrating and analyzing various types of data with the helpof computer is known as geographic information system.

26. What are applications of remote sensing?General geological mapping, mineral prospecting, petroleum exploration, groundwater exploration, engineering .uses of site rocks, disaster studies, coastal geological studies.

27. What are geological considerations involved in the construction of buildings.Basic requirements of a building foundation, building foundation on soils, buildingfoundation carried to the deep hard rocks, building founded on surface bed rocks, types of settlement in buildings.

28. What are the characteristics of air photos?Shape and size, flight and photo data, scale.

29. What are the kinds of air photos?Vertical air photos, oblique air photos, anusaics, photostrips, stereoprain.

30. Define stereo meterThe instrument is used under a mirror stereoscope for measuring heights and areas ofobjects from air photos.

31. What is mean by measuring dots?A stereo meter consists of two small Trans parent glass or platic plates attached to along metallic bar. A clear dot is etched on earth of the paltes called measuring dots.

32. Define land slide.A land slide is a slow or sudden down hill movement of slope forming rock and soil materials under the force of gravity.

33. Places in which land slide occur.They occur in hill valley slopes, sea coasts, river banks and bends, on the slopes of volcanic cones and in earth quake prone areas. They also occur under water as on lake or sea floor.

34. What are the classifications of land slides?Presence or absence of a definite slip plane, materials involved and their watercontent, kind and rate of movement.

35. What are the parts of atypical slidesCrown, scrap, head, slip plane, flanks, transverse ridges, fool, toe, length, width,height, depth.

36. What are the types of landslides? (1) Slides:Translational, Rotational(2) Falls(3) FlowsSlow, Soil creep, Rock creep(4) Complex slides.

37. What are the characteristics of land slide?1, Steep scraps in their upper parts and irregular ridges and furrows at lower parts.2, Land slides vary in extent from several square meters to several kilometers. It is thickness may several meters.3, Land slide velocities ranges from very small movement to more than 100 km/h.

38. What are the causes of land sides?a) Natural causes.1, Internal factors.2, External factors.b) Man induced causes.

39. What are the Geological considerations involved in Road cutting?a. Topographyb. Lithological charactersc. Structural features of the rocks d. Ground water conditions

40. What are the structural features of tunnel sites?a. Dip and strikeb. Folds c. Faults d. Joints.