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Cell Respiration
3.7 Core8.1 Additional Higher Level
3.7.1 DEFINE cell respiration.
The controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP.
Can take place w/ or w/o oxygen Either: 1st stage is glycolysis
3.7.2 State that, in cell resp, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP.
1 Glucose 2 pyruvate + 2 net ATP In cytoplasm/cytosol No oxygen necessary Pyruvate = 3-C molecule
3.7.3 Explain that, during anaerobic resp, pyruvate can be converted in the cytoplasm into lactate, or ethanol and carbon dioxide, with no further yield of ATP.
GLUCOSE
GLYCOLYSIS in cytoplasm
PYRUVATE + small amt ATP
Aerobic Resp in mitochondria
Anaerobic Resp (only when no oxygen) in cytoplasm
Into CO2 + H2O + lots ATP in
animals (muscle)
Into lactate (3-C) in animals & bacteria, w/small amount ATP
Sprinting! Body doesn’t produce enough ATP to contract muscles w/the
limited Oxygen...cramping
Into ethanol (2-C) and CO2 in yeasts and
plants, w/small amount ATP
Mmm!
3.7.3 Explain that, during anaerobic resp, pyruvate can be converted in the cytoplasm into lactate, or ethanol and carbon dioxide, with no further yield of ATP.
GLUCOSE
GLYCOLYSIS in cytoplasm
PYRUVATE + small amt ATP
Aerobic Resp in mitochondria
Anaerobic Resp (only when no oxygen) in cytoplasm
Into CO2 + H2O + lots ATP in
animals (muscle)
Into lactate (3-C) in animals & bacteria, w/small amount ATP
Sprinting! Body doesn’t produce enough ATP to contract muscles w/the
limited Oxygen...cramping
Into ethanol (2-C) and CO2 in yeasts and
plants, w/small amount ATP
Mmm!
3.7.4 Explain that, during aerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be broken down in the mitochondrion into carbon dioxide and water with a large yield of ATP.
IF OXYGEN’S PRESENT! Pyruvate moves into mitochondrion Much more ATP produced
AEROBIC SUMMARY:
Summary of Human Cell Resp
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
3.8 Core
3.8.1 State that photosynthesis involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
Need carbon dioxide, water w/light and chlorophyll... glucose and oxygen
3.8.2 State that light from the Sun is composed of a range of wavelengths (colors).
Sunlight = white light (all colors, λ)
3.8.3 State that chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment.
Green, reflects green light & absorbs all others
Various kinds, each has own absorption spectrum
3.8.4 Outline the differences in absorption of red, blue, and green light by chlorophyll.
Shine white light through a chlorophyll solution
Some absorbed, some not “not” goes through a
prism...some colors missing b/c were absorbed
Intensity of colors = abs spectrum
Orange-red & blue mostly absorbed
Green mostly reflected/transmitted
3.8.5 State that light energy is used to produce ATP, and to split water molecules (photolysis) to form oxygen and hydrogen.
Light dependent reactions
e-
3.8.6 State that ATP and hydrogen (derived from the photolysis of water) are used to fix carbon dioxide to make organic molecules.
Light-independent reactions
ATP High energy bonds
between phosphate groups
Reversible reaction (ATPADP + P + energy)
Similar to NADPHNADP+ + H+
3.8.7 Explain that the rate of photosynthesis can be measured directly by the production of oxygen or the uptake of carbon dioxide, or indirectly by an increase in biomass.
Production of oxygen Enclosed/controlled expt
Shine bright light on water plant Measure oxygen in water
Uptake of carbon dioxide Enclosed/controlled expt
Measure CO2 before/after or pH of water
Increase in biomass Change in organic matter, not water Dehydrate the plant before weighing
3.8.8 Outline the effects of temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis.
Temperature: Optimal ranges
for enzymes Kinetic energy
of reactants denaturation
Light intensity: Increases, rate
increases Too high can
damage chlorophyll
[Carbon dioxide]: Reactant (like
[substrate]) Saturation level =
max rate Shaded on graph
