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Cells and Cell Organelles
Cells and Organelles
Cells are the basic “living” unit in an organism that has• structure • function• organization
Organelles are the parts within a cell that work together for the cell to function.• Made up of molecules
The Plasma Membrane(in all cells)
• It is a semi-permeable barrier that allows for the passage of some things based upon ______, _______, and _____________.size charges
solubility in fat
• Fingerlike-projections from the cell’s membrane
• increase the surface area for better absorption or excretion
Plasma Membrane’s Microvilli
(animal cells)
Cell Wall(in plant cells and prokaryotic cells)
• Surrounding the , this 1. provides support2. protectsplant cells and prokaryotes
plasma membrane
Cytoplasm(in all cells)
• The jelly-like fluid that holds all organelles (cell parts) within the cell
• Hair-like projections that aide in movement
• Cilia are shorter, more numerous and move back & forth
• Flagella are longer & move in a snake-like motion.
Cilia and Flagella (in all cells)
Nucleus and nucleolus(in eukaryotic cells)
• _________make ribosomes in the nucleus
• Nucleus holdsDNA wrappedaround proteins that form ________
• ____________, allow things to pass into and out of the nucleus
SEM of a freeze-fractured nuclear membrane
TEM of nuclear pores
Nucleolus
chromatinNuclear pores
Ribosomes: (in all cells)
Function in
TEM of ribosomes
Free ribosomes
Attached ribosomes(on ER)
protein synthesis (formation)
Ribosome unit
1.Proteins made by free ribosomes stay in the cell
2.Proteins made by attached ribosomes are shipped out of the cell or sent to the membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum(in eukaryotic cells)
There are two types:1. ER has
ribosomes attached.• Modifies & transports
proteins
2. ER does not have ribosomes on it.
• Makes • Breaks down carbohydrates• Detoxifies drugs & poisons
Rough
Smooth
lipids (fat)
Vesicles (in eukaryotic cells)
Organelles that transport proteins from the ER to the golgi apparatus and eventually to the plasma membrane
Golgi Apparatus (in eukaryotic cells)
_______ carrying protein from the ER move here.It sorts, packages, and ships these proteins outside the cell or to the membrane.
Vesicles
Mitochondria (in eukaryotic cells)
takes place here.
It is the “____________” of the cell because it creates energy called ATP using oxygen gas and sugar
Cellular Respirationpowerhouse
Chloroplasts (in plant cells)
• This changes energy from the sun into chemical energy (sugar)
in a process is called. To do this, H2O is
also needed, and CO2 is
released.
photosynthesis
Vacuoles (in eukaryotic cells)
• Large, central organelle in plants that stores water for photosynthesis
• In animals, it stores water, waste, and food and is small in size compared to plant vacuoles
The Cytoskeleton (in all cells)
• A cell’s internal skeleton
2. Moves the organelles within the cell and helps move flagella/cilia
Organelle
The Cytoskeleton (in all cells)
1. Provides shape and support (skeletal)
Centrosome (in eukaryotic cells) and Centrioles (in animal cells only)
• Centrosomes (in eukaryotes) make parts of the cytoskeleton and spindle fibers that help in cell division.
• In animal cells, a pair of structures called (made of cytoskeleton) also help
in cell division.centrioles
centrioles
Centrosome(halo)
Lysosomes (in animal cells)
• Special vacuole in animal cells with _________ enzymes that help clean-up the cell
digestive Lysosome engulfing a worn-out organelle