CellsDevelopment of the Cell Theory

Introduction to Cells

Organelles

Cytoskeleton

Plasma Membrane

Cytomembrane System

Nucleus

Development of the Cell Theory

Cell = “sm chamber” Cell theory:

1. All organisms are made of 1cell

2. Smallest unit of life

3. Reproduce thru growth & div of cells

http://www.flickr.com/photos/exothermic/2546338537/

Several live Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in vitro as viewed through a phase contrast microscope. Visible in the photo are nuclei, nucleoli, mitochondria, and the cell boundary defined by the plasma membrane as well as other yet to be identified cellular structures.

Development of the Cell Theory

Microscope Types: Cmpd light

Limited thickness of sample

0.2μm

http://www.microscopesupply.com/images/productsnew/0018-f.jpg /

40 - 400X COMPOUND LIGHTMONOCULAR STUDENTBIOLOGICAL MICROSCOPE

Hair Follicle - HumanPhoto Thru 10x EyepieceUnder 10x Objective100x Total Magnification

Development of the Cell Theory

Microscope Types: Transmission e-

Uses magnetic field to guide e-

0.002μm

http://www.surf.nuqe.nagoya-u.ac.jp/nanotubes/apparatus/TEM.jpg

Transmission electron microscope

http://neurocog.psy.tufts.edu/courses/Jan25/mitochondria.jpg

TEM image of a

mitochondria

Development of the Cell Theory

Microscope Types: Scanning e-

Coat organism/cell in metal

Beam of e- scanned across an organism

0.002μm

http://www.nrel.gov/pv/measurements/images/photo_14801.jpg

Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) JEOL 6320F. This FE-SEM equipped with a cold field-emission source and in-lens detectors is designed for ultra-high resolution at low accelerating voltage. Compositional mapping by energy-dispersive microscopy and Electron Backscattered Diffraction are available.

Human Red Blood Cells, Platelets and T-lymphocyte (erythocytes = red; platelets = yellow; T-lymphocyte = light green) (SEM x 9,900)

www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2001/clot.htm

How to use a scanning electron microscope: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrXMIghANbg

Intro to Cells

The cell is the basic unit of life

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/

Intro to Cells

3 characteristics that ALL cells have: Plasma membrane

http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/j.gough/lectures/the_cell/plasma_membrane/PM2.jpg

Intro to Cells

3 characteristics that ALL cells have: Plasma membrane DNA region

More Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. These in vitro cells have been fixed with formaldehyde and subsequently stained with Hoechst 33258 (bis-benzimide). Hoechst is a florescent dye that penetrates into the nucleus of a cell and binds to DNA. When viewed under a light at a wavelength near 350 nm the dye will emit blue fluorescent light which effectively makes the DNA in the nucleus visible.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/exothermic/2561140752/in/photostream/

Intro to Cells

3 characteristics that ALL cells have: Plasma membrane DNA region Cytoplasm

Figure 2: showing large, polyhedral cells with clear eosinophilic cytoplasm and round to ovoid nucleus (H & E staining, 400X).

http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_head_and_neck_surgery/volume_3_number_1_60/article/clear_cell_myoepithelioma_of_the_hard_palate_1.html

Intro to Cells

2 types of cells: Prokaryotic

Prokaryotes are evolutionarily far older and less sophisticated than eukaryotes.  Prokaryotes don't have a true nucleus.

http://lhs2.lps.org/staff/sputnam/Biology/U3Cell/prokaryote_1.png

Intro to Cells

2 types of cells: Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Eukaryotic cell

waukesha.uwc.edu/lib/reserves/pdf/zillgitt/zoo170/diagrams1/diagrams1.html

Intro to Cells

Cell size & shape Large SA/V ratio aka very small Too big = lack of easy

transport

The smaller an object or organism the larger the surface area to volume ratio. The more folds in the surface, the larger the surface area to volume ratio. The above diagram shows this, the solid block has a smaller surface area to volume ratio than a pile of boxes making up a shape the same size.

http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/doc/class/bio1151/Locked/media/ch06/06_07SurfaceVolumeRatio_L.jpg

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Word Bank:

•Mitochondria

•Golgi vesicle

•Nucleus

•Golgi Body

•Cytoplasm

•Endoplasmic Reticulum

•Ribosome

Animal Cell Review

Number a blank sheet of paper 1-7. Then identify which cell part goes with which number.

Organelles

Organelles

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1

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Gol gi Body

Endopl asmi c Reti cul umCytopl asm

Mi tochondri aGol gi Vesi cl eNucl eus

Ri bosome

Organelles

Def: membrane bound compartments that allow specific rxns to take place in certain areas independently and at varying times.

Dyes called quantum dots can simultaneously reveal the fine details of many cell structures. Here, the nucleus is blue, a specific protein within the nucleus is pink, mitochondria look yellow, microtubules are green, and actin filaments are red. Someday, the technique may be used for speedy disease diagnosis, DNA testing, or analysis of biological samples.

http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/images/ch1_qdots.jpg

Organelles

Nucleus Contains DNA

Nucleus

http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter1.html

Organelles

Nucleus Endoplasmic

Reticulum (ER) Makes lipids Guide and modify

proteins

Organised Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum inside a transfected human osteoclast.The image was taken on a Philips CM10 Transmission Electron Microscope, magnification x34,000

http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ims/microscopy/images/competition/3rd.jpg

Organelles

Nucleus Endoplasmic

Reticulum (ER) Golgi Body

Finishes modifying proteins

Sorting and shippingGolgi Body

http://waukesha.uwc.edu/lib/reserves/pdf/zillgitt/zoo170/diagrams1/Golgi%20Complex.jpg

Organelles

Nucleus Endoplasmic

Reticulum (ER) Golgi Body Vesicles

Trans/store/digests substances

These progesterone treated CHO cells have been stained with Acridine Orange and are viewed through a phase contrast microscope. Acridine Orange is a vital stain and as such must be used on a living cell since metobolic activity is critial to the function of the stain. Upon entering organelles with a low pH such as lysosomes, Acridine Orange becomes protonated and appears orange when viewed under specific light wavelenths. In the nucleus, Acridine Orange attaches to DNA and appears green.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/exothermic/2611995050/in/photostream/

Organelles

Nucleus Endoplasmic

Reticulum (ER) Golgi Body Vesicles Mitochondria

Produce ATP

http://image.tutorvista.com/content/cell-organization/mitochondria-cross-section.jpeg

Mitochondria are tiny structures that occur in varying shapes cylindrical, spherical, oval, rod shaped etc. They are found distributed all over the cytoplasm.

Organelles

Nucleus Endoplasmic

Reticulum (ER) Golgi Body Vesicles Mitochondria Ribosome

Assemble proteins

http://www.scripps.edu/chem/wong/PIX/ribosome.jpg Translation of a protein

Cytoskeleton

A variety of protein filaments/fibers

Give the cell shape & organization

Can move the cell & organelles

In these cells, actin filaments appear light purple, microtubules yellow, and nuclei greenish blue. This image, which has been digitally colored, won first place in the 2003 Nikon Small World Competition.TORSTEN WITTMANN

http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter1.html

Cytoskeleton

3 classes (sm lg) Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules

The three fibers of the cytoskeleton–microtubules in blue, intermediate filaments in red, and actin in green–play countless roles in the cell.

http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter1.html

Cytoskeleton

3 classes (sm lg) Microfilaments

Actin protein Chng shape & mvmt Ex) muscle contraction

Microfilaments

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microfilaments/images/microfilamentsfigure2.jpg

Cytoskeleton

3 classes (sm lg) Intermediate filaments

Several proteins Super strong

The rigidity bestowed on cells by intermediate filament networks is especially useful to soft-bodied animals that do not possess an exoskeleton. Because intermediate filaments are very abundant in cells that are often subjected to high mechanical stress in vivo, it appears that their primary role is to provide physical strength to cells and tissues. micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cellsintermediatefilaments/

intermedi...ents.html

Cytoskeleton

3 classes (sm lg) Microtubules

Tubulin protein Structural and transport Centrioles

Microtubules are continuously being assembled and disassembled so that tubulin monomers can be transported elsewhere to build microtubules when needed.

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microtubules/images/microtubulesfigure2.jpg

Cytoskeleton

3 classes

http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/MGA2-16/4241_Devo_17.jpg

Cytoskeleton

3 classes

http://image.tutorvista.com/content/cell-organization/cytoskeleton-structures.jpeg

Cytoskeleton

Also compose flagellum & cilium.

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures/cilia_flagella.jpg

The cytoskeleton: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rqbmLiSkpk

Plasma Membrane

Fluid mosaic model Fluid = mvmt of lipids

past each other http://video.search.yah

oo.com/video/play?p=fluid+mosaic+model&ei=UTF-8&fr=yfp-t-892&fr2=tab-img&vid=0001564453212

Fluid mosaic model http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/GB1-os10.jpg

Plasma Membrane

Fluid mosaic model Fluid = mvmt of lipids

past each other Mosaic = Many

proteins and lipids stud the lipid layer

Fluid mosaic model http://www.cbv.ns.ca/bec/science/cell/fluid_mosaic.jpg

Plasma Membrane

Proteins Enzymes Transport Proteins Receptor Proteins Recognition Proteins Adhesion Proteins

Fluid mosaic model http://teacherweb.com/CA/NogalesHighSchool/mespinoza/fig3fluidmosaicmodel.jpg

Cytomembrane System

A series of organelles where lipids are made and proteins are modified.

Cytomembrane system

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microtubules/images/microtubulesfigure2.jpg

Cytomembrane System

Endoplasmic Retiulum Continuous with cell

mem. 2 types:

Rough Smooth

Transmission electron microscope image of a thin section cut through an area of mammalian lung tissue. This image of a Clara cell shows a nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles, such as rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microtubules/images/microtubulesfigure2.jpg

Cytomembrane System

Golgi body Finish, sort, and pkg

proteins for shipping in vesicles

The Golgi apparatus is made from a stack of membranes created by proteins produced by the endoplasmic reticulum. Enzymes in the Golgi apparatus attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins. It is the "shipping and packing" center of the cell. Chemicals assembled and acquired from the Endoplasmic Reticulum are placed in a vesicle whose membrane contains target for the chemicals to attach. The Golgie apparatus sends these proteins to their final destination within the cell.

http://www.pleasanton.k12.ca.us/avhsstudent/64333/golgi.jpg

Cytomembrane System

Vesicles Tiny mem sacs that

move thru the cytoplasm

Ex) lysosome Ex) peroxisomes

Lysosome

http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/cell.03/golgi/lysosme%20structure.bmp

Protein trafficking: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u38LjCOvDZU&feature=related Protein modification:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvfvRgk0MfA&NR=1

Nucleus

Boundary containing and protecting DNA

Nucleus

http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/rslpred/nucleus.jpg

Nucleus

Boundary containing and protecting DNA

3 Parts: Nuclear envelope

Nuclear Envelope showing nuclear pores and underlying nuclear matrix

cellbiolo...sw.edu.au/unitsscience/lecture0804.htm

Nucleus

Boundary containing and protecting DNA

3 Parts: Nuclear envelope Nucleolus

Nucleolus

http://www.williamsclass.com/SeventhScienceWork/ImagesCells/Ribosomes.gif

Nucleus

Boundary containing and protecting DNA

3 Parts: Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromosomes

Y and X chromosomes

http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/rslpred/nucleus.jpghttp://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/uploads/pics/X_chromosome.jpg