Cellular Energy(Ch. 5)

Chloroplasts

Mitochondria

Part 1: Basic Energy Concepts

• Potential Energy- stored energy

• Kinetic Energy- energy of motion

• First Law of Thermodynamics– Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Quick Review of Cell Concepts

• What are the 4 major molecules of life?• Protein• Lipid• Nucleic Acid• Carbohydrates- use??

• What cellular structures make energy?– Mitochondria– Chloroplasts

Part II Mitochondria

• Powerhouse of the cell- makes ATP (energy)

• Makes ATP through Cellular respirationC6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP)

Glucose + Oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Part II Chloroplasts

• Perform photosynthesis6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Carbon + Water + Sunlight Glucose +

Dioxide Oxygen

Part II Important Concepts

• Your cells do cellular respiration and have mitochondria!– This is a reason why….– You need to eat and breathe oxygen,

Important Concepts

• Plant cells have mitochondria too!– The amount of mitochondria in plant cells is

much smaller than that of animal cells

• Plant cells have chloroplasts– Photosynthesis is the reverse of cellular resp.– In other words chloroplasts make the products

for cell respiration to start.– Cell resp. makes the products for

photosynthesis to start.

It’s all Circular!!!!

Cell Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP)

Photosynthesis

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energyC6H12O6 + 6 O2

Part III: Energy in Autotrophs

• Autotrophs- organisms that make their own energy (usually from the sun)– These organisms do photosynthesis

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Examples of Autotrophs…

Part III: Energy in Autotrophs

• For photosynthesis to work, autotrophs must take in and absorb sunlight

• Pigments- molecules that absorb light– Each pigment absorbs a different wavelength

of light• Reason why different pigments are different colors• Chlorophyll- green (doesn’t absorb green

wavelength)• Cartenoids- yellow/orange

ROY G BIV

Red: Low frequencyLow Energy

Violet: High Frequency High Energy

Part IV: Energy in Heterotrophs

• Heterotrophs: must consume organisms to get energy– Food is Potential Energy (stored in chem

bonds)• Calorie- units that measure the amount of energy

in food (1 cal = heat to raise 1 g of water 1 deg. C)• This stored energy in food is used to make ATP

Part V: ATP

• ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate• Function: Energy for cell• Structure:

• The two phosphate groups have a negative charge and want to repel each other. This bond releases a lot of energy when broken

Part V: ATP

• Why use ATP?– Too much energy in a carbohydrate to be

used efficiently

Part V: ATP

• Making ATP- (All food is made into ATP)– 1) Phosphocreatine- enzyme that add P to

ADP to make 1 ATP• Quick energy• Anaerobic (no oxygen needed)• Occurs in cytoplasm

Part V: ATP

• Making ATP– 2) Glycolysis and fermentation-partially

breaking down glucose to make 2 ATP• Short term energy• Anaerobic• Occurs in cytoplasm• Types

– Humans: Lactic Acid Fermentation– Yeast: Alcoholic Fermentation

» Bread» Alcoholic Bevs

Part V: ATP

• Making ATP

• 3) Cellular Respiration- complete break down of glucose into 36 ATP C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP

– Long term energy– Aerobic (need oxygen)– Occurs in mitochondria– Can use carbs, fats, proteins as fuel

Part VI: Diet and Exercise

• Metabolism- total of all chemical reactions in the body– More active a person is the higher their

metabolism– Does your metabolism slow down?– How do you lose weight through diets? – What about those low carb diets?

Circular

Energy (ATP)

Movement

Active Transport

Production of fats, Proteins, sugars

Waste ProductsADP +Pi

Breakdown of Food