Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration

andandPhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

ATPATP

AAdenosine denosine TTriripphosphatehosphate

MainMain energy source for energy source for animal cellsanimal cells

Energy is stored in the Energy is stored in the bonds bonds between phosphatebetween phosphate atomsatoms

Give off LOTS of energy when Give off LOTS of energy when broken!broken!

ATPATP

ATPATP is made from is made from ADPADP A new phosphate gets added to ADP to make A new phosphate gets added to ADP to make

ATPATP

Enzymes catalyze these reactionsEnzymes catalyze these reactionsATPaseATPase: breaks down ATP: breaks down ATP

ATP synthaseATP synthase: makes ATP from ADP: makes ATP from ADP

The ATP and ADP molecules get reused over The ATP and ADP molecules get reused over and over again BUT energy does and over again BUT energy does NOTNOT get get reused.reused.

Cell Respiration Cell Respiration

Energy stored in Energy stored in glucose glucose is released is released through a process called through a process called Cell Cell RespirationRespiration. This occurs in all living . This occurs in all living organisms.organisms.

Two types of Cell RespirationTwo types of Cell Respiration:: AerobicAerobic – – requiresrequires O O22

AnaerobicAnaerobic – Does – Does not requirenot require O O22

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

The process of The process of transferringtransferring the the energyenergy in in carbohydratescarbohydrates intointo a useable form of a useable form of energy energy for the cell (for the cell (ATPATP))

Occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria Occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of Autotrophs and Heterotrophsof Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

CC66HH1212OO66 + O + O22 CO CO22 + H + H22O + O + ATP ATP + + HeatHeat

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

Three phasesThree phases GlycolysisGlycolysis

AnaerobicAnaerobic

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)AerobicAerobic

Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport ChainAerobic Aerobic

Phase I: GlycolysisPhase I: GlycolysisAnaerobic: does NOT require O2Anaerobic: does NOT require O2

Occurs in the cytoplasmOccurs in the cytoplasm

Series of chemical reactions that break Series of chemical reactions that break down one glucose into two sugar down one glucose into two sugar moleculesmolecules

Produces 4 ATP moleculesProduces 4 ATP molecules But it takes 2 to get the reaction started for a But it takes 2 to get the reaction started for a

net production of TWO ATP!net production of TWO ATP!

Phase II: Citric Acid CyclePhase II: Citric Acid Cycle

Also known as Krebs CycleAlso known as Krebs Cycle

Aerobic: requires OAerobic: requires O22

Occurs in the mitochondriaOccurs in the mitochondria

Glucose is broken down even furtherGlucose is broken down even further

Products: 2 ATP and COProducts: 2 ATP and CO22

Phase III: Electron Phase III: Electron Transport ChainTransport Chain

Aerobic: requires OAerobic: requires O22

Occurs in mitochondria inner membraneOccurs in mitochondria inner membrane

Electrons from CAC pass thru a chain of Electrons from CAC pass thru a chain of proteinsproteins

Products: 32 ATP and HProducts: 32 ATP and H22O O

FermentationFermentation

After glycolysis, if no OAfter glycolysis, if no O22 then fermentation then fermentation

occursoccurs Fermentation is anFermentation is an ANAEROBICANAEROBIC process!process! Allows cell to continue using glycolysis to Allows cell to continue using glycolysis to

generate ATPgenerate ATP

2 kinds of Fermentation2 kinds of Fermentation Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic FermentationAlcoholic Fermentation

FermentationFermentation

Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation In animals and some bacteriaIn animals and some bacteria Results in the production of lactic acidResults in the production of lactic acid If too much builds up, can result in muscle If too much builds up, can result in muscle

sorenesssoreness

Alcoholic FermentationAlcoholic Fermentation Yeasts, plantsYeasts, plants Used in bread and alcohol manufacturingUsed in bread and alcohol manufacturing

FermentationFermentationLactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation

Bacteria in a closed container of milk are in an Bacteria in a closed container of milk are in an anaerobic environment so they use anaerobic environment so they use fermentation to make ATP and the lactic acid fermentation to make ATP and the lactic acid produced curdles the milk. This is what produced curdles the milk. This is what produces cheese, yogurt, sour cream, and produces cheese, yogurt, sour cream, and cottage cheese.cottage cheese.

Alcoholic FermentationAlcoholic Fermentation Yeasts in bread dough are also in anaerobic Yeasts in bread dough are also in anaerobic

environment. environment. CO2 gas is produced as a by CO2 gas is produced as a by product and is what makes dough rise.product and is what makes dough rise. Alcohol evaporates out of bread during Alcohol evaporates out of bread during baking. baking.

32 ATP

Energy SummaryEnergy Summary(number of ATP molecules formed in (number of ATP molecules formed in

each step of respiration)each step of respiration)

GlycolysisGlycolysis 2 ATP2 ATP

Kreb’s Kreb’s cyclecycle 2 ATP2 ATP

Electron Electron TransportTransport 32 ATP32 ATP

Total:Total: Aerobic Aerobic

RespirationRespiration36 ATP36 ATP

GlycolysisGlycolysis 2 ATP2 ATP

FermentationFermentation 0 ATP0 ATP

Total:Total: Anaerobic Anaerobic

RespirationRespiration2 ATP2 ATP

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisMeaning “making with light”Meaning “making with light”

Photosynthesis is the process of Photosynthesis is the process of converting the sun’s light energy into converting the sun’s light energy into stored carbohydratesstored carbohydrates (glucose) (glucose)

Takes place in in the Takes place in in the chloroplastschloroplasts of of autotrophsautotrophs

The green pigment The green pigment chlorophyllchlorophyll is is required required for photosynthesisfor photosynthesis

COCO22 + H + H220 + Light 0 + Light C C66HH1212OO66 + O + O22

Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

Two phasesTwo phases Light Dependent ReactionsLight Dependent Reactions

Turns light energy into ATPTurns light energy into ATP

Light Independent ReactionsLight Independent Reactions

Conversion of CO2 into GlucoseConversion of CO2 into Glucose

Light Dependent Light Dependent ReactionsReactions

Light energy transfers to electrons Light energy transfers to electrons in in chlorophyllchlorophyll

Excited electrons pass through a Excited electrons pass through a chain of proteinschain of proteins electrons loose energy at each step, electrons loose energy at each step,

creating ATPcreating ATP

H20 is split to replace electronsH20 is split to replace electrons Gives off Gives off O2O2

Light Independent Light Independent ReactionsReactions

Also known as the Calvin CycleAlso known as the Calvin Cycle DON’T CONFUSE WITH KREBS CYCLE!!!DON’T CONFUSE WITH KREBS CYCLE!!!

Series of reactions that Series of reactions that use ATP to use ATP to convert CO2 into Glucoseconvert CO2 into Glucose

LOTS of enzymes usedLOTS of enzymes used That Mrs. Ball is nice enough to NOT That Mrs. Ball is nice enough to NOT

make you know!make you know!