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1
Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration
2
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (Ocatabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O22))
requiring process that uses energyenergy extracted from macromolecules (glucose)macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP)energy (ATP) and water (Hwater (H22O).O).
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energyglucoseglucose ATP
3
Question:Question: In what kinds organisms does In what kinds organisms does
cellular respiration take place?cellular respiration take place?
4
Plants and AnimalsPlants and Animals Plants - AutotrophsPlants - Autotrophs: self-producers. Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers.
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MitochondriaMitochondria OrganelleOrganelle where cellular respirationcellular respiration takes
place.
Innermembrane
Outermembrane
Innermembrane space
Matrix Cristae
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Redox ReactionRedox Reaction Transfer of one or more electrons
from one reactant to another.
Two types:Two types:1.1. OxidationOxidation2.2. ReductionReduction
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Oxidation ReactionOxidation Reaction The lossloss of electrons from a
substance. Or the gaingain of oxygenoxygen.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
glucose ATP
OxidationOxidation
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Reduction ReactionReduction Reaction The gaingain of electrons to a
substance. Or the lossloss of oxygenoxygen.
glucose ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
ReductionReduction
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Breakdown of Cellular Breakdown of Cellular RespirationRespiration
Four main parts (reactions).Four main parts (reactions).
1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria.
2. Grooming Phase2. Grooming Phasea. migration from cytosol to matrix.
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Breakdown of Cellular Breakdown of Cellular RespirationRespiration3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
a. mitochondrial matrix
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative PhosphorylationOxidative Phosphorylation
a. Also called Chemiosmosisb. inner mitochondrial membrane.
The reactants in cellular respiration are:
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CO2 & O2
CO2 & C6H12O6
O2 & C6H12O6
ATP & H2O
25% 25%25%25%
1. CO2 & O2
2. CO2 & C6H12O6
3. O2 & C6H12O6
4. ATP & H2O
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Water and what are made in cellular respiration?
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CO 2 & ATP
CO2 & C6H12O6
O2 & C6H12O6
O2 & ATP
25% 25%25%25%
1. CO 2 & ATP2. CO2 & C6H12O6
3. O2 & C6H12O6
4. O2 & ATP
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Where does respiration occur?
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Nucleus
Chloroplasts
Mito
chondria
Cytoplasm
25% 25%25%25%
1. Nucleus2. Chloroplasts3. Mitochondria4. Cytoplasm
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
What types of organisms use cellular respiration?
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All plants
All Anim
als
All Eukaryotes
All Pro
karyo
te...
25% 25%25%25%
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1. All plants2. All Animals3. All Eukaryotes4. All Prokaryotes
A molecule that loses electrons is:
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Oxidized
Reduced
Neutralize
d
Molecu
larized
25% 25%25%25%
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1. Oxidized2. Reduced3. Neutralized4. Molecularized
What is the definition of glycolysis?
16
Makin
g suga
r
Makin
g ATP
Splitti
ng suga...
Splitti
ng ATP
25% 25%25%25%
1. Making sugar2. Making ATP3. Splitting sugar4. Splitting ATP
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Where does glycolysis occur?
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Mito
chondria
l ...
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Cytosol
25% 25%25%25%
1. Mitochondrial matrix
2. Chloroplast3. Nucleus4. Cytosol
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Where does the Kreb’s Cycle occur?
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Mito
chondria
l ...
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Cytosol
25% 25%25%25%
1. Mitochondrial matrix
2. Chloroplast3. Nucleus4. Cytosol
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
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1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis Occurs in the cytosol just outside of
mitochondria. Two phases (10 steps):Two phases (10 steps):
A. Energy investment phaseA. Energy investment phasea. Preparatory phase (first 5 steps).B. Energy yielding phaseB. Energy yielding phasea. Energy payoff phase (second 5 steps).
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1. Glycolysis1. GlycolysisA. Energy Investment Phase:A. Energy Investment Phase:
Glucose (6C)
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP)
2 ATP - used0 ATP - produced0 NADH - produced
2ATP
2ADP + P
C-C-C-C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-C
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1. Glycolysis1. GlycolysisB. Energy Yielding PhaseB. Energy Yielding Phase
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP)
Pyruvate (2 - 3C) (PYR)
0 ATP - used4 ATP - produced2 NADH - produced
4ATP
4ADP + PC-C-C C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-C
GAP GAP
(PYR) (PYR)
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1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis Total Net YieldTotal Net Yield
2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR)2 - ATP (Substrate-level Phosphorylation)2 - NADH
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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate groupphosphate group from a substrate to ADP.
Enzyme
Substrate
O-
C=OC-O-CH2
P P P Adenosine
ADP(PEP)Example:PEP to PYR
P PPATP
O-
C=OC=OCH2
Product(Pyruvate)
Adenosine
In glycolysis you need ___ATP and make ____ ATP
24
2 , 2 2 , 4 4 , 2 4 , 4
25% 25%25%25%
1. 2 , 22. 2 , 43. 4 , 24. 4 , 4
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
The phase of glycolysis where you use 2 ATP.
25
25% 25%25%25%
1. Energy Yielding2. Energy
Investment3. Energy
Production4. Energy
Completion
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Glycolysis results in 2 ATP and ________.
26
2 NADH & 2 pyr.
..
2 NADH & 4 ATP
2 NADH+ & 2 py..
.
2 NAHH+ & 4 AT...
25% 25%25%25%
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
1. 2 NADH & 2 pyruvate
2. 2 NADH & 4 ATP3. 2 NADH+ & 2
pyruvate4. 2 NAHH+ & 4 ATP
The process of making ATP by adding Phosphate from a molecule to ADP
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ATP synthase
Oxidative Phos..
. ET
C
Substr
ate leve...
25% 25%25%25%
1. ATP synthase2. Oxidative
Phosphorylation3. ETC4. Substrate level
phosphorylation
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
28
Fermentation Fermentation Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen”“NO Oxygen” is
present (called anaerobic).(called anaerobic). Remember: glycolysisglycolysis is part of
fermentationfermentation. Two Types:Two Types:
1.1. Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation2. Lactic Acid Fermentation2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
29
Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation Plants and FungiPlants and Fungi beer and beer and
winewine
glucose
Glycolysis
CCCCCC
CCC
2 Pyruvic acid
2ATP2ATP2ADP+ 2
2NADH
P
2 NAD+
CC
2 Ethanol2 Ethanol2CO2CO22
releasedreleased
2NADH 2 NAD+
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Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation End Products: Alcohol fermentationEnd Products: Alcohol fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)2 - CO2
2 - Ethanol’s
31
Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation Animals (pain in muscle after a Animals (pain in muscle after a
workout).workout).
2 Lactic2 Lactic acidacid
2NADH 2 NAD+
CCC
Glucose
GlycolysisCCC
2 Pyruvic acid
2ATP2ATP2ADP+ 2
2NADH
P
2 NAD+
CCCCCC
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Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation End Products: Lactic acid End Products: Lactic acid
fermentationfermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)2 - Lactic Acids
What occurs after glycolysis if there is no O2 present?
33
8%0%
88%
4%
1. Kreb’s Cycle2. ETC3. Fermentation4. Oxidative
phosphorylation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
What organisms undergo alcoholic fermentation?
34
8%0%
92%
0%
1. Plants2. Fungi3. Both 1 & 24. Neither 1 nor 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
What product of alcoholic fermentation gave it its name?
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ATP CO2
Ethan
ol
Lacti
c Acid
4%12%
77%
8%
1. ATP2. CO2
3. Ethanol4. Lactic Acid
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
What organisms undergo lactic acid fermentation?
36
Plants Fu
ngi
Animals
None of the ab...
0% 0%
100%
0%
1. Plants2. Fungi3. Animals4. None of the
above
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
37
2. Grooming Phase2. Grooming Phase Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic).Oxygen is present (aerobic). 2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported
through the mitochondria membrane to the matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) molecules.
CytosolCCC
2 Pyruvate
2 CO2 CO22
2 Acetyl CoA2 Acetyl CoAC-CC-C
2NADH2NADH2 NAD+
Matrix
38
2. Grooming Phase2. Grooming Phase End Products: End Products: grooming phasegrooming phase
2 - NADH2 - NADH2 - CO2 - CO22
2- Acetyl CoA (2C)2- Acetyl CoA (2C)
39
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)Cycle) Location:Location: mitochondrial matrix. Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic
acid (4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C). It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to
oxidize 1 glucose molecule.
MitochondrialMatrix
40
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)Cycle)
KrebsCycle
1 Acetyl CoA (2C)
3 NAD+
3 NADH3 NADHFAD
FADHFADH22
ATPATP ADP + P
(one turn)(one turn)
OAA (4C) Citrate (6C)
2 CO2
41
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)Cycle)
KrebsCycle
2 Acetyl CoA (2C)
6 NAD+
6 NADH6 NADH2 FAD
2 FADH2 FADH22
2 ATP2 ATP 2 ADP + P
(two turns)(two turns)
OAA (4C)Citrate (6C)
4 CO2
42
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)Cycle) Total net yield (2 turns2 turns of krebs
cycle)
1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)2. 6 - NADH3. 2 - FADH2
4. 4 - CO2
43
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) andand Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation ((ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis))
Location:Location: inner mitochondrial membrane.
Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins)ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP Synthase (enzyme) to make ATP.
ETC pumps H+ (protons) across innermembrane (lowers pH in innermembrane space).Inner
MitochondrialMembrane
44
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) andand Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation ((ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis))
The H+ then move via diffusiondiffusion (Proton Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP.
All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respirationcellular respiration.
Each NADH converts to 3 ATP. Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the
ETC at a lower level than NADH).
45
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) andand Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation ((ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis))
Innermembrane
Outermembrane
Innermembrane space
MatrixCristae
46
4. 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation ((Chemiosmosis for Chemiosmosis for NADHNADH))
NADH+ H+
ATPSynthase
1H+ 2H+ 3H+
higher Hhigher H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
ADP + ATP
lower Hlower H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
(Proton Pumping)
P
E T C
NAD+2H+ + 1/2O2 H2O
Intermembrane SpaceIntermembrane Space
MatrixMatrix
InnerMitochondrialMembrane
47
4. 4. ETC ETC and and Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for (Chemiosmosis for FADH2)
FADH2
+ H+
ATPSynthase
1H+ 2H+
higher Hhigher H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
ADP + ATP
lower Hlower H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
(Proton Pumping)
P
E T C
FAD+ 2H+ +
1/2O2H2O
Intermembrane SpaceIntermembrane Space
MatrixMatrix
InnerMitochondrialMembrane
48
TOTAL ATP YIELDTOTAL ATP YIELD1. 04 ATP - substrate-level
phosphorylation2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative
phosphorylation 38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD
ATPATP
49
Eukaryotes(Have Membranes)
Total ATP Yield02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming
phase02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle36 ATP - TOTAL
50
Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotes)
36 ATP (maximum per glucose)
Glucose
Glycolysis
2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP
2 ATP(substrate-levelphosphorylation)
2NADH
2NADH6NADH
KrebsCycle
2FADH2
2 ATP(substrate-levelphosphorylation)
2 Pyruvate2 Acetyl CoA
ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
CytosolMitochondria
51
ProkaryotesProkaryotes(Lack Membranes)(Lack Membranes)
Total ATP Yield02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming
phase02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle38 ATP - TOTAL
52
Question:Question: In addition to glucose, what other In addition to glucose, what other
various food molecules are use in various food molecules are use in Cellular Respiration?Cellular Respiration?
53
Catabolism of VariousCatabolism of VariousFood MoleculesFood Molecules Other organic molecules used for
fuel.
1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides
2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids3. Proteins: amino acids
If O2 is present after glycolysis this is made.
54
29%
19%
43%
10%
1. ATP2. Lactic Acid3. Acetyl CoA4. Pyruvate
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
The Krebs cycle makes CO2, FADH2 and:
55
ATP and O2
ATP and NADH
NADH and O2
Pyruvate and O...
17%8%
0%
75%
1. ATP and O2
2. ATP and NADH3. NADH and O2
4. Pyruvate and O2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
What enzyme makes ATP in the ETC
56201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
1. ETC synthase2. ATP synthase3. Enolase4. Hexokinase
Why do protons (H+) move across the inner membrane
57
Osmosis
Electr
on Flow
Diffusion
Active
transp
o...
8% 8%
65%
19%
1. Osmosis2. Electron Flow3. Diffusion4. Active transport
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Each NADH yields _______ ATP
58
0%
16%
60%
24%
1. 12. 23. 34. 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Each FADH2 yields ____ATP
59
1 2 3 4
0% 4%0%
96%1. 12. 23. 34. 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
How many ATP are made in cellular respiration?
60
11%4%
85%
0%
1. 42. 303. 384. 44
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Which process produces more ATP?
61
Substr
ate leve...
Oxidative phos..
.
74%
26%
1. Substrate level phosphorylation
2. Oxidative phosphorylation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
62