Stages of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Pyruvate Oxidation
Krebs Cycle Electron Transport & Chemiosmosis
Slide 3
Occurs in the ______________ of the cell. Overall idea:
______________ molecule is split into _________________ molecules.
In the process, ____ ATP molecules are used, ____ ATP molecules are
formed, and two ______ molecules are formed. Net Energetic
Molecules Produced: _____ ATP and ____ NADH. ATP may be used
________________ by the cell, whereas the majority of energy is
still trapped in the ________________ and ________________
molecules.
Slide 4
The two _____________ molecules formed in
______________________ are transported through the two
mitochondrial membranes into the ________________. Three changes to
_______________ are catalyzed by a multienzyme complex.
Slide 5
Slide 6
Pyruvate (containing an acetyl group and a _________ group) is
transported into the matrix via transport proteins.
Slide 7
The low-energy carboxyl group is removed as CO2 Catalyzed by
the enzyme pyruvate decarboxyl____.
Slide 8
NAD+ is reduced by the 2C molecule. NAD+ gains 2H atoms (2P +
2e-). the 2C molecule, overall, loses ______________________.
Therefore, the pyruvate molecule is ______________________.
Overall, this is a _________ reaction. The 2H atoms gained by NAD+
are obtained from food. Acetic Acid/Acetate (2C) is formed. NAD + +
2p + 2e Lets break this down... NAD + + 1e ______ We are still left
with __P and ___e (And want to form NADH) NAD + 2P + 1e NADH + H
+
Slide 9
Coenzyme A (CoA) attached to acetate. CoA contains sulfur This
forms Acetyl-CoA. C-S bond holding acetyl group to CoA is unstable,
making Acetyl- CoA ready for further reactions... (The next
reaction in cellular respiration is the ____________________. Where
does CoA come from? Where do many coenzymes come from? Organisms
obtain CoA by injesting vitamin B5.
Slide 10
__________ molecules of NADH for each ______________
molecule.
Slide 11
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PRODUCTS? The 2 molecules of acetl-CoA
enter the Krebs Cycle The 2 molecules of NADH skip the Krebs cycle
(step ___)and go strait to step ____. The 2 CO 2 are __________
products. This is a reason why we ______________. The two H+ ions
are dissolved in the matrix, where they are most likely taken up by
_______________ molecules to form ____________ ions.
Slide 12
Central molecule in energy metabolism Acetyl-CoA is
multifunctional Can be used to produce ATP (if needed immediately:
enters the _______ cycle). Can be used to produce lipids to store
________ for later.
Slide 13
Based on the former information... If ATP levels are high,
acetyl-CoA goes on to produce ____________________. If ATP levels
are low, acetyl-CoA goes into the _____________________ to increase
_____________ production.
Slide 14
Food = chemical potential energy Food (which contains stuff to
make acetyl-CoA) can be converted into either of the following: 1)
lipids (if cells dont need ______________ immediately) REMEMBER
THAT LIPIDS ARE FOR _____-term storage of energy. 2) ATP (if cells
need ____________ immediately) REMEMBER THAT ATP CAN BE USED
______________.
Slide 15
to relax in an inert, passive way (World English Dictionary,
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/veg+out) to cease working
and take it easy; to vegetate. (World English Dictionary,
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/veg+out)
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/veg+out USUALLY WHEN WE
VEG-OUT, DO NOT EXPEND MUCH ENERGY TAKE IN MORE ENERGY (in the form
of food) THAN IS USED. IF ACETYL CoA is not used promptly, it is
used to make _________.
Slide 16
Named after Sir Hans Krebs Recieved the Nobel Prize in 1953
8-Step Process Each step catalyzed by a specific _______ Cyclic:
oxaloacetate (_______ of step 8) is the _________ in step 1.
Slide 17
Slide 18
We will break down the steps one by one...
Slide 19
Acetyl group (___C) of Acetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate
(___C) to form citrate (___C). MAIN
REACTANT(S):________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -):
:_____________ Energy-Harvesting
Product(s):____________________________
PRODUCT(S):_________________________
Slide 20
Citrate (6C) is rearranged to isocitrate (6C). This is just an
__________ of citrate. MAIN REACTANT(S):________________________
ATP INVOLVED (+ or -): :_____________ Energy-Harvesting
Product(s):____________________________
PRODUCT(S):_________________________
Slide 21
Isocitrate (6C) is converted to -ketoglutarate (5C) by losing a
____and two H atoms. H atoms reduce NAD+ to ______. MAIN
REACTANT(S):________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -):
:_____________ Energy-Harvesting
Product(s):____________________________
PRODUCT(S):_________________________
Slide 22
-ketoglutarate (__C) is converted to succinyl-CoA (__C). A ___
is removed, coenzyme A is added, and two hydrogen atoms reduce
_____ to ______. MAIN
REACTANT(S):__________________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or
-): :________________________________ Energy-Harvesting
Product(s):____________________________
PRODUCT(S):__________________________________________
Slide 23
Succinyl CoA (4C) is converted to succinate (4C). ATP is formed
by substrate-level phosphorylation Phosphate group from matrix
dispaces CoA from succinyl-CoA. Phosphate group is transferred to
guanosine disphosphate (GDP) forming ____________________ (GTP).
GTP transfers P to ADP, forming ________. MAIN
REACTANT(S):__________________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or
-): :________________________________ Energy-Harvesting
Product(s):____________________________
PRODUCT(S):__________________________________________
Slide 24
Succinate (__C) is converted to fumarate (__C). Two hydrogen
atoms reduce FAD to _______. MAIN
REACTANT(S):__________________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or
-): :________________________________ Energy-Harvesting
Product(s):____________________________
PRODUCT(S):__________________________________________
Slide 25
Fumarate (___C) is converted to malate (___C) by the _______ of
water. MAIN REACTANT(S):_______________________________ ATP
INVOLVED (+ or -):________________ Energy-Harvesting
Product(s):_______________
PRODUCT(S):________________________________
Slide 26
Malate (___C) is converted to oxaloacetate (___ C). Two
hydrogen atoms reduce ____ to ______. MAIN
REACTANT(S):_______________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or
-):________________ Energy-Harvesting Product(s):_______________
PRODUCT(S):________________________________
Slide 27
Acetyl group (___C) of Acetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate
(___C) to form citrate (___C). MAIN
REACTANT(S):________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -):
:_____________ Energy-Harvesting
Product(s):____________________________
PRODUCT(S):_________________________ AND THE CYCLE
CONTINUES!!!
Slide 28
Original _____________ molecule is entirely consumed. The six
____________ atoms leave the process as six low-energy _____
molecules which are released by the cell as _______________.
Exhaling? Energy from the original ______________ molecule is
stored in the form of four _____ molecules (2 from glycolysis and 2
from Krebs) and reduced coenzymes. Coenzymes: NADH and FADH 2. ____
NADH from glycolysis ____ NADH from pyruvate oxidation. ____ NADH
from the Krebs cycle ____ FADH 2 from the Krebs cycle.
__________________________________________ ____ TOTAL COENZYMES.
FREE ENERGY STORED IN COENZYMES WILL BE TRANSFERRED TO ATP IN
ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND CHEMIOSMOSIS.
Slide 29
Videos!
Slide 30
Read and make notes on Table 1: Key Features of the Krebs
Cycle. Pg. 102 Make sure you understand it! Make your own version
of Figure 16 (Krebs cycle). You may use colour, legends, etc. This
may aid in your understranding. Quiz on the first 3 stages of
Cellular respiration on Monday.
