Ceria Dopada FuelCell SOFC EletrolitoSolido

8/2/2019 Ceria Dopada FuelCell SOFC EletrolitoSolido

1/28

PKWBPB* @D]D@WB]N_DA B PNKWB]N_DA GB KDKAXD]W@RJDP GB

UNGA GB @]NA GAXDGA @AI PDI]NA %PG@. XD]D DXJN@DA BI

XNJEDP D @AIMRPW\BJ+

Lb}kdkgd ]bfnkd ]a`ed @djgdp

=848

Rkn|b}pngdgb Lbgb}dj ga ]na gb Odkbn}a

Nkpwnwrwa gb Trin`d

X}af}did gb Xp)f}dgrda bi Trin`d


2/28

nn




Lb}kdkgd ]bfnkd ]aèd @djgdp

Gnppb}wda gb ibpw}dga dx}bpbkwdgd da X}af}did

gb Xp)f}dgrda bi Trin`d ga Nkpwnwrwa gb

Trin`d gd Rkn|b}pngdgb Lbgb}dj ga ]na gb Odkbn}a*

àia xd}wb gap }btrnpnwap kb`bpp}nap amwbka

ga wwrja gb Ibpw}b bi @nk`ndp+

A}nbkwdga}bp? X}al+ G}+ L}dk`npà Idkrbj gap Pdkwap Fd}}nga

X}ald+ G}d Id}wd Bjanpd Ibgbn}ap

]na gb Odkbn}aDfapwa gb =848


3/28

|n

]BPRIA




Lb}kdkgd ]bfnkd ]aèd @djgdp+

A}nbkwdga}bp? X}al+ L}dk`npà Idkrbj gap Pdkwap Fd}}nga

X}ald+ Id}wd Bjanpd Ibgbn}ap

]bpria gd Gnppb}wda gb ibpw}dga prmibwngd da X}af}did gb Xp)

f}dgrda bi Trin`d ga Nkpwnwrwa gb Trin`d gd Rkn|b}pngdgb Lbgb}dj ga ]na gb

Odkbn}a ) RL]O* àia xd}wb gap }btrnpnwap kb`bpp}nap amwbka ga wwrja gb

Ibpw}b bi @nk`ndp+

Xnjedp d àimrpw|bj xb}inwbi d fb}da gb bkb}fnd bjw}n`d gb la}id jnixd b

bln`nbkwb+ Gap gnlb}bkwbp wnxap gb xnjedp d àimrpw|bj* gbpwd`d)pb d ga xnjed dàimrpw|bj ga wnxa unga pjnga %PAL@.+ Bjbw}jnwap gb unga gb `}na gaxdga ài

pdi}na %PG@. wi pnga dixjdibkwb bpwrgdgap+ Nkn`ndjibkwb* bpwb w}dmdjea

gbp`}b|b d pkwbpb gb =8" iaj gb pdi}na %@b8*5Pi8*=A4*>.+ Xapwb}na}ibkwb*

dkdjnpdga a blbnwa ga unga gb ktrbj %KnA. b unga gb ktrbj gaxdga ài àmdjwa

%@aKnA. kd pnkwb}nzda gb xdpwnjedp gb PG@* |npdkga d amwbka gb xa}`bkwrdnp gb

pnkwb}nzda prxb}na}bp d >8"+ Dp pkwbpbp la}di `d}d`wb}nzdgdp xa} Gnl}da gb

]dnap u %G]U.* iwaga ga x* Bpxb`w}apàxnd ga Nkl}d|b}ibjea %N\.* DkjnpbW}in`d %WF!GWD.* Bpxb`w}apàxnd ]didk b Xn`kaibw}nd.+

Xdjd|}dp)@ed|bp? Xnjedp d àimrpw|bj* Bjbw}jnwa pjnga `b}inà gb xnjedp wnxa

PAL@* kdkaxd}w`rjdp gb unga gb `}na gaxdga ài pdi}na %PG@.* Nkljrk`nd gap

ungap gb ktrbj kd pnkwb}nzda+

]na gb Odkbn}a

Dfapwa gb =848+


4/28

NKGN@B GB KAIBK@JDWR]DP B DM]B\NDBP

d Xd}ibw}a gd bjd rknw}nd

DL@ Xnjed d àimrpw|bj dj`djnkd

@b8*5Pi8*=A4*> unga gb `}na gaxdga ài =8" iaj gb pdi}na

@aKnA unga gb ktrbj gaxdga ai amdjwa

@aKnA!788 unga gb ktrbj gaxdga ai àmdjwa b dj`nkdga d 788@

@aA!xdg}a unga gb amdjwa rwnjnzdga aia xdg}a

@aKnA!PG@ @b}ibw gb unga gb ktrbj!àmdjwa b unga gb `}na gaxdga ài

G Wdidkea ga `}npwdjnwa

gecj Gnpwk`nd Nkwb}xjdkd}

GIL@ Xnjed d aimrpw|bj gb ibwdkaj gn}bwa

G]U Gnl}da gb ]dnap u* iwaga ga x

N\ Bpxb`w}apàxnd ka Nkl}d|b}ibjea

e c j kgn`bp gb Injjb}

KnA!788 unga gb ktrbj dj`nkdga d 788@

KnA!xdg}a unga gb ktrbj rwnjnzdga aia xdg}a

KnA!PG@ @aixpnwa gb unga ktrbj b u nga gb }na gaxdga ai pdi}na

Kn!PG@ @b}ibwgb unga gb ktrbj b `}na gaxdga ài pdi}na


5/28

unn

KGN@B GB KAIBK@JDWR]DP B DM]B\NDBP

Kn!^_A @b}ibwgb unga gb k rbj b unga gb w}na ga dga ai zn} kna

XDL@ Xnjed d aimrpw|bj gb `nga lapl}nà

XBIL@ Xnjed d àimrpw|bj gb bjbw}jnwa xajni}nà ar ibim}dkd gb w}a`d

PAL@ Xnjed d aimrpw|bj ga wnxa unga pjnga

PG@ unga gb }na gaxdga ai pdi}na

PG@! dg}a unga gb `}na ga dga ài pdi}na rwnjnzdga àia }blb}k nd

_}8*>=^8*85A4*>8" gb _}A= b 5"gb ^=A0

_BN unga gb w}na gaxdga ài zn}`kna+


6/28

un|

PRI]NAN+ NKW]AGRA 46

N+4+ Xnjedp d @aimrpw|bj 46

N+4+=+ Amobwn|ap 4>N+= ]b|npa gd jnwb}dwr}d =8

N+=+4 Xnjedp d @aimrpw|bj =8

N+=+= Xnjedp gb unga pjnga %PAL@. =0

N+=+=+4 Bjbw}jnwa pjnga gb xnjedp gb unga pjnga %PAL@. =7

N+=+=+4+4 UNGA GB @]NA %@bA=. =2

N+=+=+= NKWB]LD@B BJBW]JNWA!BJBW]AGA 04

N+=+0 X}a`bppa gb pnkwb}nzda+ 0=NN BUXB]NIBKWDJ

NN+4+ Pkwbpbp+ ==

NN+4+4Amwbka gb kdkaxd}w`rjdp ga x}b`r}pa} auneng}aun`d}makdwa gb `}na

b pdi}na+ ==

NN+4+4+4 Pnkwb}nzda gdp xdpwnjedp gb PG@+ =

NN+=+2+0 Gbwb}inkda ga xd}ibw}a gb `bjd %d.+ 78

NN+=+2+0+4 ]blnkdibkwa ga xd}ibw}a gb `bjd xbja x}af}did

B}d`bj+ 78


7/28

48Fg8*48A4*>2* dx}bpbkwd àkgrwn|ngdgb nkn`d gb

9 0*6 u 48

)=

P!ì d 688 @*bktrdkwa trb* d `}nd gaxdgd ài =8" iaj gb pdi}na %PG@.* @b8*58Pi8*=8A4*>2*

dx}bpbkwd àkgrwn|ngdgb nkn`d gb 9 4*5u48)= P!ì d 688@+ Bpwbp wi pb

iapw}dga la}wbp `dkgngdwap d bjbw}jnwa* xb}inwnkga d gninkrna gd wbixb}dwr}d gb

axb}da gd xnjed xd}d >53

JN* =88< dxrg IA]N* =8803 IR@@NJJA* =886.+

D x}bpbkd gb gaxdkwbp kd bpw}rwr}d `}npwdjnkd gd `}nd x}aia|b d gbpa}gbi

nkn`d buw}kpb`d* w}dkpla}idkga d `}nd kri àkgrwa} x}bgainkdkwbibkwb nknà+

@ai d gaxdfbi gd `}nd xa} pdi}na %Pi0#. aà}}bi prmpwnwrnbp djna|djbkwbp*


17/28

=5.+ D à)gaxdfbi `nwdgd àia rid gdp jwnidp w`kn`dp

gbpbk|aj|ngdp* trb dribkwd d àkgrwn|ngdgb nkn`d bi wbixb}dwr}dp idnp mdnudp+ D

bpw}rwr}d `}npwdjnkd bpwdmnjnzd dgn`nakdkga à)gaxdkwbp trb x}agrzdi buxdkpa gd

%2.

%7.

!

@bPi


18/28

=6

bpw}rwr}d+ Ap drwa}bp bp`jd}b`bi trb kd }bgra ga @b7# xd}d @b0# d bpw}rwr}d

`}npwdjnkd buxdkgngd* bkw}bwdkwa* ài d à)gaxdfbi* rid lrwr}d buxdkpa gb

|ajrib ln`d nknmngd* xagbkga dw prx}nin} d }bda gb }bgra+ xapp|bj nkw}agrzn}

dw gbz akp ibwjnàp àia gaxdkwbp* amwbkga)pb |dja}bp prxb}na}bp gb

àkgrwn|ngdgb nkn`d xd}d dp ibpidp wbixb}dwr}dp bi nfrdnp f}drp gb prmpwnwrna

gb akp @b7# %M]RI* =88= dxrg IAFBKP bw dj+* =888.+

Pbfrkga Ir``njja %=885. d àkgrwn|ngdgb nkn`d* d bpwdmnjngdgb gb ldpb b arw}dp

x}ax}nbgdgbp gap àkgrwa}bp gb akp aunfkna pa gbxbkgbkwbp gb `d}d`wb}pwn`dp

lpn`dp b trin`dp wdkwa ga idwb}ndj gb xd}wngd trdkwa ga x}agrwa pnkwb}nzdga+

Ir``njja %=88=. iapw}ar trb d bkw}dgd gb gaxdkwbp x}a|a`d d àkw}da ar

buxdkpa kd }bgb gd `}nd djwb}dkga a xd}ibw}a gb }bgb gd bpw}rwr}d `mn`d wnxaljra}nwd+ A xd}ibw}a gb }bgb %d. xd}d rid bpw}rwr}d ljra}nwd ngbdj gdga xa}?

akgb d àkpwdkwb 07 gb}n|dgd gd fbaibw}nd gd `jrjd rknw}nd3 }dwak b }knak

}bx}bpbkwdi ap }dnap `dwnknà b dknknà* }bpxb`wn|dibkwb+ A bpwrga gd |d}nda

ga xd}ibw}a gb }bgb ài a wba} ga gaxdkwb iapw}ar trb ap |dja}bp amwngap

buxb}nibkwdjibkwb pb dorpwdi dap |dja}bp wb}nàp+Kd }b|npa mnmjnaf}ln`d pam}b a x}bxd}a gb pajrbp pjngdp d mdpb gb `}nd*

bkàkw}di)pb d}wnfap rwnjnzdkga ap pbfrnkwbp iwagap gb pkwbpb? inpwr}d gb ungap*

x}b`nxnwda gb audjdwap ar eng}ungap* à)x}b`nxnwda gb `d}makdwap* iwaga paj)

fbj* pkwbpb eng}aw}in`d* bkw}b arw}ap+ Kbppbp w}dmdjeap* ampb}|d)pb trb gnlb}bkwbp

pkwbpbp }bprjwdi bi idwb}ndnp ài `d}d`wb}pwn`dp gnpwnkwdp* b|ngbk`ndkga trb kd

bpàjed ga iwaga gb pkwbpb nixa}wdkwb àkeb`b}* àkw}ajd} b x}b|b} dp xapp|bnp

jninwdbp trb bpwb xappd |n} d dx}bpbkwd}+ D pbfrn} pb}a gnp`rwngap ap iwagap gbpkwbpb gbp`}nwap kd jnwb}dwr}d }bjb|dkwbp xd}d bpwb bpwrga+

Ednmnk Jn bw dj+ %=88


19/28

=5

Lnfr}d 0+ Gndf}did gb mjaà dgdxwdga ga x}a`bgnibkwa buxb}nibkwdj gd PG@ pnkwbwnzdgdxa} a)x}b`nxnwda bi d}makdwa %Ednmnk Jn bw dj* =88< e 3 %@. Fg8+4* x}a`bppa fj~`nkdknw}dwa*

2 e 3 %G. Fg8+4* `dpwibweag)fbj* 2 e 3 %B. Fg8+=* àx}b`nxnwa xa} audjdwa* 48 e3 %L. ^8+00*à)x}b`nxnwa xa} audjdwa* 7 e S44Y3 %F. Fg8+=* x}a`bppa pajfbj* 0 e 3 %E. Fg8+=* pkwbpbeng}aw}in`d* 48 e Y3 %N. Pi8+=* x}a`bppa pajfbj* 48 e 3%O. Pi8+=* pkwbpb eng}aw}in`d* 2 e%EDNMNK JN bw dj* =88


20/28

=>

Xd}d d PG@ pnkwbwnzdgd |b}nlnàr)pb a dribkwa ka xb}`bkwrdj gb pnkwb}nzda

gb >>6. lan nk|bpwnfdgd d

àkgrwn|ngdgb nkn`d gdp àixapnbp pnkwbwnzdgdp gb PG@* |d}ndkga a xb}`bkwrdj

gb pdi}na @b4)uPiUA=)U!= %u 9 8 ) 8*08 ".+ A unga gb `}na gaxdga xa} pdi}na lan

x}bxd}dga xbja iwaga paj)fbj* d xd}wn} gb knw}dwap eng}dwdgap gb `}na %NNN. b pdi}na

%NNN.* a gndf}did gb mjaà gd pkwbpb dx}bpbkwdga kd Lnfr}d 2+

D `d}d`wb}nzda xa} gnl}da gb }dna U* iwaga x* àix}a|ar d la}ida gbxd}w`rjdp rknla}ibp b `}npwdjnkdp ài bpw}rwr}d `mn`d wnxa ljra}nwd gd PG@+

Lnfr}d 2+ Gndf}did gb mjaà dgdxwdga ga x}a`bgnibkwa buxb}nibkwdj gd PG@ pnkwbwnzdgdxbja iwaga paj)fbj %ERDKF bw dj+* =882@.

knw}dwa gb }na %NNN. knw}dwa gb pdi}na %NNN.

x}b`nxnwda

E=A

paj

fbj

lnjw}da

@}npwdjnzda %4888@.

pajra }bprjwdkwb

KE0+

E=A

EKA0 * xE90*0

w}dwdibkwa w}in a %>2@.


21/28

08

D pnkwb}nzda gdp xdpwnjedp lan }bdjnzdgd d 4788)4728@!48e* amwbkga)pb a

xb}`bkwrdj gb pnkwb}nzda gb >2" gd gbkpngdgb wb}n`d+ Pbfrkga ap drwa}bp* d

}bgra gd wbixb}dwr}d gb pnkwb}nzda* `aixd}dgd `ai d wbixb}dwr}d 4


22/28

04

àkpw}rgdp ài xa}apngdgb gap bjbw}agap bi wa}ka gb =8" b gnpw}nmrna rknla}ib

gap xa}ap+ A bjbw}jnwa dx}bpbkwar bjb|dgd gbkpnln`da b mai dpxb`wa `}npwdjnka*

ibpia dxp ap wbpwbp bub`rwdgap d djwdp wbixb}dwr}dp+ Dji gnpwa* a àbln`nbkwb gb

buxdkpa w}in`d ga kaga xagb pb} àkw}ajdga àimnkdkga d ^P_ b a ktrbj

%`b}ibw gb Kn!^P_. b inpwr}dkga kd x}axa}a gbpbodgd arw}ap àixakbkwbp+

Kbppb ibpia àkwbuwa* bpxb}d)pb bi bpwrgap xapwb}na}bp ài ri bptrbjbwa

xa}apa gb PG@* trb bk|aj|b xd}w`rjdp gb ktrbj* `b}ibwgb Kn!PG@* dx}bpbkwb rid

ibka} wbixb}dwr}d gb axb}da* b bkw}b bppdp arw}dp |dkwdfbkp w}dfd }bprjwdgap

pdwnpldw}nap xd}d a bpwrga gd xnjed wnxa PAL@+

N+=+0 X]A@BPPA GB PNKWB]N_DA+

Kd pnkwb}nzda ap xp àixd`wdgap `}npwdjnkap ar ka* pa prmibwngap d ri

w}dwdibkwa w}inà dmdnua gd wbixb}dwr}d gb lrpa* bk|aj|bkga rid irgdkd kd

in`}abpw}rwr}d gbpwb idwb}ndj xa} ibna gb ib`dknpiap gb w}dkpxa}wb+ Ap

ib`dknpiap gb w}dkpxa}wb gb idppd* trb xagbi pb} àkà}}bkwbp ar àkpb`rwn|ap*

pa }bpxakp|bnp xbjd d inf}da gb rid ar idnp bpx`nbp trin`dp* dgbpa gdpxd}w`rjdp b d àkw}da gd diapw}d %B\DKP , JRWFD]G* 4>>=.+

Ri gap amobwn|ap gd pnkwb}nzda amwb} ri idwb}ndj drpbkwb gb xa}ap*

gbkpa* }bpnpwbkwb ib`dkn`dibkwb b in`}abpw}rwr}djibkwb iagnln`dga* bi }bjda da

pjnga gb xd}wngd+ Gbxbkgbkga gd dxjn`da ga idwb}ndj pnkwb}nzdga* `d}d`wb}pwn`dp

lpn`dp àia dribkwa gd }bpnpwk`nd bjw}n`d* gr`wnmnjngdgb* bkw}b arw}dp* wdimi pa

ampb}|dgdp+

Ka x}a`bppa gb pnkwb}nzda a x àixd`wdga xb}idkb`b pjnga gr}dkwb wagaa x}a`bppa b pal}b rid àkw}da trb nkljrbk`nd kd }bpnpwk`nd ib`kn`d ga

x}agrwa lnkdj+ Ka bkwdkwa* d }bpnpwk`nd ib`kn`d gbà}}bkwb wdimi gb ldwa}bp

trb dkwb`bgbi a x}a`bppa gb pnkwb}nzda àia x}bkpdfbi* f}dkrjaibw}nd ga x*

drpk`nd gb nixr}bzdp b arw}ap+ Xa}wdkwa* xd}d trb d pnkwb}nzda dwnkod ri

}bprjwdga pdwnpldw}na* ài gbkpngdgb prxb}na} d >8" gd gbkpngdgb wb}n`d* a bpwrga*

a àkeb`nibkwa b a àkw}ajb gb bwdxdp gb pkwbpb* x}bjninkd}bp da x}a`bppa gb

pnkwb}nzda pa lrkgdibkwdnp+

A xd}ibw}a idnp nixa}wdkwb kd pnkwb}nzda d }bgra ga bu`bppa gb

bkb}fnd jn|}b prxb}ln`ndj* pbkga trb a pnpwbid dwnkfb ri bpwdga gb ibka} bkb}fnd


23/28

0=

jn|}b+ Bppd }bgra àkpbtk`nd ga `}bp`nibkwa gb f}ap trb aà}}b bi wagap

ap bpwfnap gd pnkwb}nzda* dribkwdkga d }bd gb àkwdwa bkw}b dp xd}w`rjdp*

gninkrnkga d }bd prxb}ln`ndj* a |ajrib* a d}}bgakgdibkwa gap xa}ap b ap àkwa}kap

gb f}ap+ A `}bp`nibkwa gb f}a xagb pb} buxjn`dga xa} ri iagbja pnixjnln`dga*

trb }bjd`nakd nk|b}pdibkwb a wdidkea igna gb f}a ài a ia|nibkwa gap

àkwa}kap ga f}a+ Ampb}|d)pb trb a `}bp`nibkwa gb f}a aà}}b xbjd inf}da gb

àkwa}kap gb f}a bi trb f}ap idna}bp pa la}idgap f}dgdwn|dibkwb* da jakfa gd

pnkwb}nzda* d xd}wn} gb f}ap ibka}bp+ Ap xd}ibw}ap àia wbixa b wbixb}dwr}d

gb pnkwb}nzda* wdimi gbpbixbkedi ri xdxbj nixa}wdkwb xd}d d amwbka gb

`b}in`dp gbkpdp+ Djwdp gbkpngdgbp b `}bp`nibkwa gb f}a jninwdga xagbi pb}

àkpbfrngap xa} ri jakfa wbixa gb pnkwb}nzda* bi wbixb}dwr}dp nkwb}ibgn}ndp*ar xa} ri `r}wa wbixa gb pnkwb}nzda d djwdp wbixb}dwr}dp %B\DKP , JRWFD]G*

4>>=.+

D gbkpnln`da iunid ga idwb}ndj dwnkfngd mdpn`dibkwb xbjd irgdkd kd

la}id gap f}ap+ A àkw}ajb gd xa}apngdgb b ga wdidkea gap xa}ap b d x}b|bka

gb w}nk`dp b nk`jrpbp* trb xappdi pr}fn}* pa nixa}wdkwbp xd}d trb ka aà}}d d

gninkrna gd }bpnpwk`nd ib`kn`d ga idwb}ndj pnkwb}nzdga b gd pnkwb}dmnjngdgb gdp

`b}in`dp+Didga %=887. bpwrgar d pnkwb}nzda ga bjbw}jnwa pjnga gbkpa gb zn}`knd

bpwdmnjnzdgd ài 5" bi iaj gb unga gb w}na* kd ldnud gb wbixb}dwr}d bkw}b 4888 d

4788 @ xa} 0 ea}dp+ D w`kn`d gb In`}apàxnd Bjbw}kn`d gb \d}}bgr}d %IB\. lan

rwnjnzdgd xd}d dàixdked} d |d}nda ka wdidkea gap xa}ap b f}ap %Lnfr}d


24/28

00

Lnfr}d


25/28

07

wawdjngdgb gb xa}ap+ Ap f}ap ibka}bp pa w}dkplb}ngap xd}d ap idna}bp b ap

xa}ap pa prmpwnwrgap xa} idwb}ndj pjnga+ Xagb pb} |b}nln`dga a d`bkwrdga dribkwa

kd gbkpngdgb gd ^P_* pbkga gb >=*>0 " b >>*68 "* }bpxb`wn|dibkwb* xd}d dp

wbixb}dwr}dp gb 4088 b 4788@+ Gb dà}gap ài ap }bprjwdgap gdp dkjnpbp xa}

IB\* Didga %=887. àk`jrnr trb d ibjea} wbixb}dwr}d gb gbkpnln`da xd}d d

pnkwb}nzda ga bjbw}jnwa gb ^P_ lan gb 4788@* amwbkga ri idwb}ndj ài djwd }dza

gbkpngdgb gd xdpwnjed!gbkpngdgb wb}n`d+

@aia xagb pb} ampb}|dga a x}a`bppa gb pnkwb}nzda gbxbkgb ga àkw}ajb ga

x}a`bppa gb pkwbpb+ Ka pjnga d pb} pnkwb}nzdga* a `}bp`nibkwa gb f}ap* b d

gbkpnln`da pa nkljrbk`ndgap xbjd x}bpbkd gb dfjaib}dgap* xagbkga a}nfnkd}

ebwb}afbkbngdgbp trin`d b!ar lpn`d kd in`}abpw}rwr}d gd `b}in`d pnkwb}nzdgd+Gbpwd la}id* d jd|dfbi ga fbj* d gbpdfjaib}da ga ub}afbj b d x}bkpdfbi pa

bwdxdp lrkgdibkwdnp ga x}a`bppa gb pkwbpb trb bub}`bi nkljrk`nd pnfknln`dwn|d ka

x}a`bppa gb pnkwb}nzda+ D jd|dfbi ga x}b`nxnwdga b|nwd d la}ida gap

dfjaib}dgap trdkga a fbj prmibwnga d w}dwdibkwa w}inà* la}idkga a ub}afbj+ A

kib}a gb jd|dfbkp b a paj|bkwb d pb} rwnjnzdga gbxbkgbi gd pajrmnjngdgb* gdp

x}ax}nbgdgbp trin`dp ga x}b`nxnwdga b gdp nixr}bzdp d pb}bi }bia|ngdp+ D

gbpdfjaib}da ga ub}afbj wbi àia amobwn|a amwb} xp eaiafkbap* ài ibka}wdidkea gdp xd}w`rjdp* xb}inwnkga idna} }bd gb àkwdwa prxb}ln`ndj bkw}b bjdp b

nkljrbk`ndkga kd }bpnpwk`nd ib`kn`d ga idwb}ndj pnkwb}nzdga+ Gap iwagap

rwnjnzdgap xd}d gbpdfjaib}da* d w}nwr}da idkrdj* ài drunjna gb djiald}nz b

xnpwnja* d wbixb}dwr}d dimnbkwb bi x}bpbkd gb d}* wbi àia x}nk`nxdj |dkwdfbi a

mdnua `rpwa* àixd}dga d arw}ap iwagap* àia a rpa gb iankea gb majdp b a

bix}bfa gb dwiaplb}d nkb}wb* xa} bubixja+ Rid gdp gbp|dkwdfbkp gd w}nwr}da

idkrdj d }bx}agrwn|ngdgb* d gnln`rjgdgb gb amwb} ri idwb}ndj eaiafkba* dxappnmnjngdgb gb dgpa}a gb nixr}bzdp* ringdgb b àkwdinkdbp* gbà}}bkwb ga

pjnga buxapwa d ri pnpwbid dmb}wa+ Pb prmpwk`ndp nkgbpbo|bnp bpwn|b}bi

x}bpbkwbp* xagb}a pb} bjninkdgdp da prmibwb}iap a idwb}ndj d rid `dj`nkda

x}|nd da x}a`bppa gb pnkwb}nzda+ Dji gnppa* d `dj`nkda gninkrn a wbixa gb

pnkwb}nzda d trdj a idwb}ndj prmibwnga+ Kd x}bkpdfbi a x gbpdfjaib}dga

àix}ninga dw ri ibka} |ajrib xapp|bj* xa} ibna gb rid x}bppa bub}`ngd*

bixdàwdkga b df}bfdkga dp xd}w`rjdp b x}bbkèbkga wawdjibkwb ar xd}`ndjibkwb

ap bpxdap+ A d}}dkoa b d gnpw}nmrna gap wdidkeap gdp xd}w`rjdp nkljrbk`ndi ka

idwb}ndj d pb} pnkwb}nzdga+


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5=

N\ ]BLB]K@NDP

a DJMDG* ]+ @jrjd àimrpw|bj d eng}afkna? lakwb gb bkb}fnd gd ka|d b}d+ 4

bgna*Pa Xdrja* D}wjnmb} Bgnwa}d* =887+

a DJ\BP* J+ M+3 FD]]NGA* I+ P+3 IBGBN]AP* I+ B+ Nkljrk`nd gap xd}ibw}apgb pkwbpb b dtrb`nibkwa ka wdidkea gb kdkaxd}w`rjdp gb PG@+ 04d ]brknaDkrdj gd Pa`nbgdgb M}dpnjbn}d gb Trin`d

a Didga* ]+P+3 Idjwd* J+L+M+3 Fd}}nga* L+I+P+3 Ibgbn}ap* I+B+* Xnjedp dàimrpw|bj gb unga pjnga? idwb}ndnp* àixakbkwbp b àklnfr}dbp+ Trin`dKa|d* |+ 08* x+45>)4>6* =886

a DIDGA* ]+ P+ Awninzda gd Bpw}rwr}d ga Bjbw}jnwa bi Xnjedp d @aimrpw|bj

gb unga Pjnga Iakaìd}d+ Gnppb}wda prmibwngd da x}af}did gb xp)f}dgrda ga RL]O!NT* =880+

a MD]MAPD* J+@+GB D+ Bpxb`w}apàxnd ka nkl}d|b}ibjea kd `d}d`wb}nzda gbàixapwap a}fknàp+ 4 bgna* Inkdp Fb}dnp* Bgnwa}d RL\*=886+

a MDPB GB GDGAP @]^PWIBW* gnpxak|bj ka xa}wdj gb xbptrnpd ga xb}ngnà@DXBP Gnpxak|bj bi? ewwx?!!vvv+xa}wdjgdxbptrnpd+ài+m}!gdwdmdpbp!pnwbp+D`bppdga bi =7 gb idna gb =848+

a M]RI* I+ J+ L+ Pkwbpb b `d}d`wb}nzda gb `}nd gaxdgd b àgaxdgd ài akp`j`na b bpw}k`na xd}d d dxjn`da àia bjbw}jnwa pjnga bi xnjedp dàimrpw|bj+ Wbpb prmibwngd da x}af}did gb xp)f}dgrda gb bkfbked}nd gdRL]O!NT* =88=+

a @DLLD]BKD* \+ gd ]+3 IDJWD* J+L+ M+3 PDKWAP* O+ F+ GAP3 AFDPDVD]D W+D wb}iatrin`d gb `}ndp kdp àkgnbp dkgn`dp gb xnjed d àimrpw|bj+

a =a @AKF]BPPA M]DPNJBN]A GB X,G BI XBW]JBA , FP+ Gnpxak|bjbi? ewwx?!!vvv+xa}wdjdmxf+a}f+m}!XGXbw}a!=!28=7+xgl D`bppdga bi 48 gb dm}njgb =848+

a

@ABJEA* D+L+L+ @jrjdp àimrpw|bj? pr}fb rid ka|d b}d gd idw}nz bkb}fwn`dirkgndj1+ Iakaf}dlnd gb x}aobwa lnkdj gb `r}pa* RL]O!NT* =886+

a GAINKFRBP* P+3 XB]BN]D W+ O+3 LJA]BKWNKA* D+ A+3 @D\DJEBN]A* D+ D+3PDBCN* I+ O+ @d}d`wb}nzda bpw}rwr}dj gd `b}in`d Wnu%Pi8*=@b8*5.4)uA=) xbjaiwaga gb ]nbw|bjg+ @b}in`d* |+ 20* x+=82)=44* =886+

a LJA]NA+ G+ _+ GB+3 LAKPB@D* L+ @+3 IR@@NJJA* B+ K+ P+3 IR@@NJJA* ]+Idwb}ndnp `b}inàp xd}d `jrjdp d àimrpw|bj+ @b}in`d* |+28* x+ =62)=>8*=887+

a EDNMNK J+3 @EDKF]AKF U+3 INKERN _+3 _RAUNKF _+3 FRDKF^DA I+]bd`wn|b @b8+5Pi8+=A4+> xavgb} p~kwebpnzbg m~ `d}makdwb àx}b`nxnwdwnak?Pnkwb}nkf dkg bjb`w}n`dj èd}d`wb}npwn`p+ D`wd Idwb}ndjnd* 27* x+ 6=46=6* =88


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50

a ERDKF*+ V+3 PERC* X+3 F]BBKMJDWW* I+ X}axb}wnbp al paj)fbj x}bxd}bg@b4)uPiuA=)u!= pajng bjb`w}aj~wbp+ Pajng Pwdwb Nakn`p* |+488* x+ =0)=6* 4>>6

a O]+* O+ I+ L+3 @A]GBN]A* A+ @+3 L]DKD* ^+ \+3 IR@@NJJA* B+ K+ P+3 IDWAP*O+ ]+3 IR@@NJJA* ]+ Dkjnpb w}in`d b `d}d`wb}nzda bjw}n`d gb idwb}ndnp`b}inàp ài àixa}wdibkwa wb}inpwa} mdpb gb ungap gb idkfdkp* gbktrbj b gb àmdjwa+ @b}in`d* |+20* x+775)727* =886+

a JN* E+3 UND* @+3 _ER* I+3 _EAR* _+3 IBKF* F+ ]bd`wn|b @b8+5Pi8+=A4+> xavgb}p~kwebpnzbg m~ `d}makdwb àx}b`nxnwdwnak? Pnkwb}nkf dkg bjb`w}n`djèd}d`wb}npwn`p+ Oar}kdj D`wd Idwb}ndjnd* |+ 27* x+ 6=46=6* =885


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57

a PNJ\D* I+ D+3 DJBK@D]* gd I+ F+ L+3 LN_D gb ]+ X+3 MAD\BKWR]D* O+ P+X}bxd}da b D|djnda gb @jrjd d @aimrpw|bj ga Wnxa Xd@AP Rknw}nd `aikaga d mdpb gb Ktrbj b @amdjwa+ ]b|npwd Idw}nd* |+ 4=* k+ 4* x+ 6= 52*=886 +

a PNJ\B]PWBNK* ]+ I+* MDPPJB]* F+ @+* IA]]NJ* O+ @+ Ngbkwnln`daBpxb`w}aiw}n`d gb @aixapwap A}fkn`ap* 2 bgna* ]na gb Odkbn}a*Frdkdmd}d Caafdk* 4>>7+

a PI^WE* G+3 I+ Web bllb`wp al gaxdkwp ak web x}axb}wnbp al ibwdj aungbp+ PajngPwdwb Nakn`p+ |+4=>* x+2 4=* =888+

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