The Reformations of Religion

The WestCHAPTER 14My old home city of Exeter and its Cathedral

The Search for Spiritual and Fiscal FreedomDegradation of clergys and of papacys moral authority led to search for new forms of religious expression Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492-1503; 4 children, lavish wedding in Vatican for daughter, nepotism)Leo X (abbot at 8; cardinal at 13)Perception of pope as a distant, thieving foreignerDesire for greater local control over churchMy choir sang is this Cathedral many times. Notice the ceilings Gothic fan vaulting

The Print RevolutionInvention of movable metal type and paper made books cheaply and readily availableRise in literacy rates

The Northern Renaissance and the Christian HumanistsChristian humanism - application of philological method to Bible and other Christian writingsSearch to understand the precise meaning of Christian textsBelief in imitation of the primitive church as path for personal and ecclesiastical reformLegitimacy of religious practice dependant upon biblical sanction and promotion of morality

A typical Catholic church

Martin Luther and the Break with RomeJustification by faith alone - salvation dependent on Gods grace along, not upon any good worksThe Ninety-Five Theses challenged the selling of indulgencesPriesthood of all believers undermined clerical authorityEmphasized private examination of the soul

The Lutheran Reformation, in Cities and PrincipalitiesReformation spread quickly among educated urban classesCity magistrates and German princes took control of local churchesLutherhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MnoGXskk8o

After the Protestant Reformation notice how Europe is turned into many religious division

A simplified map

The Lutheran Reformation on the MarginsEarly female preachers and reformers were soon suppressedGerman peasants interpreted religious reformation as licensing social reform - German Peasants Revolt 1524-1525Reformers sided with princes against peasants

Massacre during the German Peasants' Revolt, A.D. 1525

The Success of the Lutheran ReformationEducational reformsLutheranism spread from Germany to ScandinaviaReligious Peace of Augsburg, 1555, legitimized Protestant worship by principle of cuius regio, eius religio"Whose rule, his religion". Meaning: The ruler determined the religion of his subjects

Catholic Charles V making peace with the German Protestant princes at Augsburg, 1530.

The Reformation in SwitzerlandEvolved independently of Lutheran ReformationClose co-operation of civic magistrates and reformers to create a moral community - public conformity to Christian moralityPrinciple of predestination - God chose those who would be saved before the world began and only the elect/chosen would be saved and truly follow Christian teachingJohn Calvin (Calvinism)

The Reformation in BritainTudors imposed the Reformation as a matter of royal policy, to consolidate dynastic power, rather than to effect religious reformDeclaration of royal independence from papal supervisionElizabethan Settlement established a moderate, Protestant churchScotland became staunchly Calvinist

Henry VIIIThe Tudors: Season 2 Trailer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaK6uzZFOTo

Protestant Queen Elizabeth Iof England battles Catholic SpainElizabeth: The Golden Age Extended Trailer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfp09u8g7vI

The Radical ReformationAnabaptists rejected established authorities in favor of a pure community of believersUnitarians rejected the divinity of Christ and advocated religious toleranceAttacked by both Catholics and Protestant State Churches

The Free World of Eastern EuropeRelative weakness of monarchs made religious toleration possibleAristocracy protected and nourished ProtestantismReligious diversity flourished in Hungary, Bohemia, Transylvania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

The Catholic ReformationBegan by Pope Paul III in 1534Failure of the Imperial Diet of Regensburg, 1541, prompted a systematic Catholic counterattack against ProtestantismReorganization of the Roman Inquisition, to discover Protestants, created a climate of intellectual cautionIndex of Forbidden Books censored texts considered to be heretical or immoral

Pope Paul III formally approved the Society of Jesus on 7 September 1540. Ignatius before the Pope

The Religious Orders of the Catholic ReformationDeveloped from late medieval religious vitalityMale orders emphasized an active ministry in the worldSociety of Jesus (1540) important for missionary and educational work

The Council of TrentGeneral church council met in three sessions, between 1545 and 1563Offered no compromise to Protestants on doctrinal issuesSought to guarantee a well-educated and honest Catholic clergyReasserted papal and ecclesiastical power

Council of Trent by Titian (Tiziano Vecellio), c.1555.

Protestant IconoclasmWidespread destruction of religious imagesSeen as too ambiguous, distracting, and too easily misinterpretedReformers did use printed woodcuts and engravings to promote Protestant ideasStatues in the Cathedral of Saint Martin, Utrecht

A Protestant or Catholic Church?

Saint Peters Basilica in RomePrimary church of the Catholic Pope

Counter Reformation ArtCatholic Church retained a strong commitment to the religious value of artSought stronger control over image production, to ensure clarity of religious messageThe Inquisition condemned nudity and perceived impiety in art works

Catholic Monastery of Melk, Austria

RomanCatholicpushback includingBaroqueart and laterRococo art

Competing UnderstandingsThe religious reformations permanently divided Western Europe into two distinct and opposed religious culturesEmphasis shifted from Christian unity to confessional differencesThe West became a place of intense religious conflict, undermining the notion that its identity was founded upon Christianity

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