Ch. 24: World War II: Part 11932 - 1941

Totalitarian Gov’t. Joseph Stalin Soviet Union

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Benito Mussolini

Fascist Regime Italy

Prelude to WWII Asia Hideki Tojo Francisco Franco

Rehearsal for WWII Adolf Hitler (leave some space)

Mein Kampf US Clings to Isolationism Neutrality Act, 1935 Invasion of Rhineland, 1936 Invasion of China, 1937 Hitler invades Austria

Joseph Goebbels The Sudetenland The Munich Pact, 1938

Appeasement Non-Aggression Pact, 1939

Ideological Differences Sept. 1939 Blitzkrieg Maginot Line France Invaded Dunkirk Vichy France

Henri Petain Charles de Gaulle Cash & Carry Winston Churchill Battle of Britain Axis Powers Election of 1940

Ch. 24: World War II: Part 11932 - 1941

Holocaust Nuremberg Laws, 1935 Kristallnach, 11/9/38 Final Solution Death Camps Lend-Lease Plan Convoy System Germany invades Soviet Union

Scorched Earth Policy Atlantic Charter Japan’s Ambition

Economic Boycott Pearl Harbor, 12/7/41

Treaty of Versailles Fails

Germany upset with War Guilt Clause, Loss of Land & Reparations

Russia angry because of loss of land

Did not make provisions for the rebuilding of Europe

New gov’ts. expected to pay huge wartime debt ASAP causing many new democracies to collapse Dictators seize power

Totalitarian Governments Emerge

In Europe

State more important that individual

The government has total control

Benito Mussolini

Leader of Italy “Il Duce” – “The Chief” Came to power in 1922

& created a Fascist Regime: Strong, central gov’t. headed by dictator Rooted in extreme

nationalism

Adolf Hitler Leader of Germany Nazism: Extreme fascism

based on racism WWI veteran & lead coup

against Weimer Republic & was thrown in jail

Anti-Communist Mein Kampf (My Struggle):

Outlines his Nazi Plan Wanted all German people to

be united into one great German Empire

Blonde Hair/Blue Eyes Master Race & inferior races:

Jews, Slavs Superior speeches

More Hitler Info.

Blamed Germany’s defeat on the Jews & wanted to undo the Treaty of Versailles

Promised to get Germany out of the Depression

Legally elected to power Backed out of League of

Nations, which did nothing

Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin took control of the Soviet Union in 1924 after the death of Lenin

Collectivization = new agricultural system Began to industrialize country & shape the

communist nation “Man of Steel”

The Soviet Union

Totalitarian Gov’t.: Gov’t has complete control over citizens Individuals have no rights

Stalin suppressed all opposition (Purge Trials – 8 mil.) The US formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933 Begin to set up trade agreement Reciprocal Trade Agreement: Lowered tariffs with

countries who also lowered tariffs. 21 countries involved & foreign trade increased by 1939

Increase power

Francisco Franco

Leader of Spain Led Spanish Civil War

1936-1939 Against Loyalist Fascist: Aid from Italy

& Germany ”

Japan

Emperor: Hirohito

Prime Minister: Hideki Tojo

Ordered invasion of Manchuria Why?

He built up the Japanese Navy

League of Nations did nothing

England 2 Prime Ministers

during WWII:

1st: Neville Chamberlain (weak)

2nd: Winston Churchill (strong)

USA

2 Presidents during WWII

1st: FDR (Dies in 1945)

2nd: Harry Truman

Violations of the Treaty of Versailles

The Soviet Union after WWII

Industrialization brought the Soviet Union out the Great Depression, but caused severe famine

Stalin silenced any critics – Purge Trials of 1933

Italy

Mussolini promised employment

1935: Itali invaded Ethiopia Why?

This invasion called the “Prelude to WWII”

The League of Nations did nothing to stop this

Spain After WWI

Franco became dictator of Spain during the Spanish Civil War

Spanish Civil War is often called the “Rehearsal for WWII

Spain didn’t want to take over new lands

Japan After WWI

Little economic growth – struggling to get out of the depression

US begins to pull out of Asian affairs Japan happy because

no one to stop them from invading neighboring countries

1931: Japan invaded Manchuria for the area’s natural resources

1937: Invaded China & later S.E. Asia

Invasion of China

Japan invaded China in 1937 FDR did not consider this a war, no declaration, &

continued to sell to both sides (isolated???) Japan bought many supplies from the US

The Rape of Nanking

6 weeks300,000 murdered

20,000 raped, tortured & murdered

Germany after WWI

Adolf Hitler becomes Prime Minister of Germany – had promised he would take Germany out of the Depression He did this by building up the military

(violation of the Treaty of Versailles)

Rome Berlin Axis Pact

Alliance between Germany & Italy

League did nothing to stop this

Invasion of the Rhineland 1936

Germany invaded the Rhineland Western part of Germany

Violates Treaty of Versailles Military was supposed to

steer clear of this area Britain & France couldn’t

agree on what to do, so they did nothing to stop Hitler

Germany began to create Siegfried Line; defensive set of fortifications

Hitler Invades Austria

Hitler claimed Germany need more living space so….

Hitler invited Austrian Prime Minister Schuschnigg over for a “friendly” chat

Hitler forced him to sign agreement stating the two countries were unified

Schuschnigg had 2nd thoughts

Hitler invaded & the world did nothing

Austria vanished in 2 days

Joseph Goebbels: Minister of German Propaganda

No matter how No matter how big the lie, big the lie, if it is if it is repeated often repeated often enough, people enough, people will believe will believe it.it.

The Sudetenland

Culturally rich German area included in Czechoslovakia after WWI

Hitler accused the Czechs. of abusing German population (lies…)

France & Britain agree to protect Czechoslovakia

Sept. 1939

Germany invaded Poland

Official beginning of WWII

The Munich Pact 1938

Germany, Britain & France Signed Sudetenland over to GermanyEuropean countries agreed to avoid war, no one asked Czech. Hitler promised this was his last territorial conquest (more lies…) Invaded Czechoslovakia in March 1939This pact was an example of Appeasement: Giving up principles to pacify aggressor

Non-Aggression Pact: 1939 After Czech. Hitler eyed Poland

Germany people being mistreated Still angry abt. Polish Corridor

Soviet Union declares Neutrality 1939 Non-Aggression Pact:

Germany & Soviet Union wouldn’t fight each other & agreed to split Poland (avoiding 2 front war)

Shocked many because the two had ideological differences Stalin hated Fascists & Hitler

hated Communists Britain & France warned of

invasion if Poland attacked

Blitzkrieg

German warfare

“Lightening warfare”

Quick Strikes

France Invaded Fearing invasion, France

constructed a series of fortifications along the French-German border called the Maginot Line

Germany march through Belgium (again) when invading France

By early 1940, Germany had taken most of N. Europe & France Allied troops were pinned down

Making matters worse… Italy invades France from the South

Dunkirk

Allied troops retreating or would be taken over by Germany Went to the port of Dunkirk & sailed across the English

Channel on anything that would float; over 300,000 men Abandoned heavy artillery Used anything that would float to get across

Puppet Government Germany established a

puppet Gov’t. in France called Vichy France

Henri Petain headed Vichy France

Charles de Gaulle was the leader of the Free French Underground movement

against Germany in France Fled to Britain for safety

reasons

US gets more involved after invasion of France

America Moves Away from Neutrality

FDR builds up military Cash & Carry: OK for US to sell supplies to Europe provided they pay with cash & carry away on own ships Avoided debts & protected our ships Helped boost economy

Winston Churchill England

Prime Minister of England during WWII

Britain was only democracy left in Europe

Hitler didn’t want to attack England, thought they could make peace agreement

Churchill

We shall defend our land, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we

shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields & in the streets. We shall fight in the hills.

We shall never surrender

Battle of Britain: 1940

Germany carried out bombing raids over London every night for 2 months to break their spirit Aug. – Sept. 1940

The Battle of Britain 1940: British fought back with the aid of new invention: radar

The RAF constantly in air fighting the Luftwaffe

German losses so high Hitler forced to postpone invasion

England will never be invaded

The Battle of Britain was effectively over by Sept. 15, 1940. The Luftwaffe lost 1,800 aircraft & 2,660 crew. The RAF lost 1,020 aircraft & 537 crew. The RAF controlled the skies!

AXIS POWERS

Bad GuysGermany, Italy & JapanSoviet Union backed out

Election of 1940

In the midst of all European problems, the US has a very important election

FDR didn’t want to serve another term, but Dems. Convinced him to run.

Rep . Candidate, Wendell Winkie ran against him

He called FDR a dictator War of Words:

“Better a 3rd termer than a 3rd rater”

Don’t change horses midstream FDR wins & becomes 1st & only

Pres. to serve 3 terms

The Persecution Begins

Holocaust: Systematic removal of non-Aryans (11 mil.; ½ Jews)

Jews were center of Nazi target b/c blamed for Germany’s problems after WWI

Nuremberg Laws 1935

Jews removed from jobs, businesses boycotted

1935: passage of the Nuremberg Laws: Took away Jewish political

rights Segregation (ghettos) Curfews Permits to travel ID patches

Hitler encourage Jews to leave, many did, but couldn’t take possessions with them

Some stayed thinking it would blow over

Kristallnacht “Crystal Light” Nov. 9th, 1938

“The Night of Broken Glass” Stormtroopers (Nazi special

police) attacked Jewish homes, businesses etc. breaking store windows, setting fires etc.

• Many Jews were arrested & sent to concentration camps• Thousands were murdered• Hitler blamed the Jews for damage & fined them 1 billion marks

Jewish Refugees

France wouldn’t take anymore Great Britain worried abt. Anti-Semitism The US allowed limited numbers into US, so many

had no where to go Famous refugees: Albert Einstein (E=MC2) &

Thomas Mann (Physics) Germany inadvertently removed some who could

have helped them win the war Many Americans feared this would lead to

increased competition for scare jobs & prolong the Great Depression

The Final Solution

After the invasion of Poland, Germany rounded up the Jews & forced them to live in ghettos to control them

By 1939, the Nazi’s began the Final Solution: Extermination of the Jewish race from Europe

Warsaw was the largest ghetto with ½ million Jews

April 1943: Warsaw Uprising – Jews fought against deportation & camps…..held out for 1 month

Concentration/Death Camps

Jews moved to camps as forced labor for German war effort Put with other prisoners: Communists, Gypsies, Socialists etc. The SS (Schuttzstaffel) sent out special squad to kill any Jew they

came across By 1941, an estimated 1,400,000 Jews had been killed Came up with new ways to kill & dispose of bodies more efficiently

Asphyxiation (exhaust) Zyklon B (gas)

Heinrich Himmler

Member of Schutzstaffel Squad

Build the SS into a giant organization

Provided staff for police, camp guards & military units serving the German Army

Himmler head of the Death Camps

BAD, BAD MAN

Death Camps

Special built camps for the sole purpose of murdering its occupants (Jews, etc.)

Built in E. Europe, especially Poland. Why?

Some of the most infamous Sobibor, Auschwitz,

Treblinka & Chlemo

European Concentration Camps

Inside the Death Camps•Upon arrival greeted with music, not knowing of Death Camp.

•Divided once off train

•Taken to have clothes removed & “cleaned”

•Heads shaved (Dignity)

•Told to take shower…gassed instead

•Bodies then checked for valuables (wedding rings, gold fillings, watches, etc)

•Possessions used by Germans (glasses, shoes & hair)

•Took everything from Jews before killing them

•Bodies then burned in crematoriums, even ashes used

Some were kept alive & used for experiments

Most prisoners at

Auschwitz survived only

a few weeks or months.

Those who were too ill

or weak were

condemned to death in

the gas chambers.

A Day in the Life

Work Days (everyday) began at 4:30AM

“Kapos” (Jewish) in charge of barracks Overcrowded, disease, lice, fleas…

Given something to eat Role call Work, Work, Work, Work Return for role call, you better be

there! SS would take long time taking role,

esp. if it was raining, snowing etc. Few lived longer than 6 months

because of torture, beatings, hard labor, starvation, disease, experiments etc.

Lend-Lease Plan

US will lend the Allies supplies & get them back later (tanks, food etc)

Supporters: “Send Guns, Not Sons”

Opponents: “Compare it to chewing gum, you won’t get it back”

FDR defended this action by calling the US the arsenal of democracy

Most Americans support war b/c England is fighting Hitler now

Hitler saw this as a declaration of war & began to sink US merchant ships

As a result of U-Boat attacks against US merchant ships, the Convoy System is

implemented & merchants ships are armed

Germany Invades the Soviet Union

Hitler breaks Non-Aggression Pact

June 1941: Hitler invaded the USSR thinking it would be a quick & easy victory

Soviets practiced Scorched Earth Policy: Burn & destroy everything as you retreat Why?

Hitler made some critical errors: Attacked close to winter Split his army Heads for Stalingrad

Churchill

If Hitler invaded hell, we would be prepared to work

with the Devil himself!

The Atlantic Charter

Secret meeting between FDR & Churchill off coast of Newfoundland

Created peace plan for after war & set foundation for the United Nations

Supported by 26 nations included China & the USSR

The US Still Had Not Declared War!

Even after several US ships had been sunk by German U-Boats (the Wolfpack)

(Pink Star, Kearny, Reuben)

Japan’s Ambition

Wanted territorial expansion - ImperialismPushed further into SE Asia (Vietnam area)

US responded with economic boycottno oil & other items to Japan

Angers JapanUS knew Japan was going to attack, but didn’t know when or whereNo one thought Japan could do it

Pearl Harbor, HawaiiDec. 7th, 1941

Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, home of the Pacific Fleet After attack, many feared of land invasion

A date which will live in infamy….