Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Ch 6: Long-Term Memory
Long-term vs. Short-term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Analogy: “Scrapbook” or “treasure chest”
Long-Term Memory
Capacity
Time stored
Coding
Types of Long-Term Memory
Declarative MemorySemantic Memory
Definitions of words
Verb tenses
Arithmetic facts
Historical facts
Scientific facts
Geography facts
Declarative Memory Double Dissociations
Two broken TVs Function 1: Sound Function 2: Picture
TV “A” OK Not working
TV “B” Not working OK
Memory Function 1: Semantic Function 2: Episodic
Gene OK Not working
Italian woman Not working OK
Presentation of one stimulus affects performance on that stimulus when it is presented again
Recognition
Recall
Implicit MemoryRepetition priming
Experiment: recall of spatial layout of a city
Implicit MemoryRepetition priming
Implicit MemoryRepetition priming
Implicit MemoryRepetition priming
Implicit MemoryProcedural memory
Emotional events remembered more easily and vividly
Emotion improves memory, becomes greater with time (may enhance consolidation)
Brain activity: amygdala
Implicit MemoryMemory for Emotional Stimuli
Storing Information in LTM Encoding: acquiring information and
transforming it into memory
Maintenance rehearsalMaintains information but does not transfer
information to LTM
Elaborative rehearsalTransfers information to LTM
The Levels-of Processing View
Basic assumption: Depth of Analysis
Superficial or shallow encoding
Deeper or semantic encoding
The Levels-of Processing View
Basic assumption: Depth of Analysis
Experiment: Trial 1 Trial 2Capital letters?
Rhyming?
Fit into sentence?
BABY monkey
cat fish
plate ocean
Information Storage at the Synapse
The Fragility of New Memories
Retrograde amnesia: loss of memory for events prior to the trauma
Anterograde amnesia: cannot form new memories
Consolidation Transforms new memories from fragile state
to more permanent stateSynaptic consolidation occurs at synapses,
happens rapidlySystems consolidation involves gradual
reorganization of circuits in brain
Forgetting
Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve
http://www.moorshire.com/images/forgettingcurve.jpg
Forgetting
Interference
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
How does interference work?
Retrieval Cue
Fan effect
Forgetting
The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
Retrieval of Information Mnemonics
Categorization
Other Factors that Aid Encoding Imagery
Creating connections, cues for remembering
Other Factors that Aid Encoding
Self-reference effect
Generation effect
Organizing to-be-remembered information
Amount of processing (black:white; black:train)
Environment (context effect)
Physiological state (state-dependent memory)
Other Factors that Aid Encoding
Encoding Specificity - Context
Encoding Specificity - State
Encoding Specificity - Mood
Improving Learning and Memory
Associate what you are learning to what you already know
Take breaksMemory is better for multiple short study
sessionsConsolidation
Improving Learning and Memory
Distributed versus massed practice effectDifficult to maintain close attention
throughout a long study session
Studying after a break gives feedback about what you already know
