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Ch. 6 – The Duel for North Ch. 6 – The Duel for North America America North America in 1750 North America in 1750

Ch. 6 – The Duel for North America North America in 1750 Ch. 6 – The Duel for North America North America in 1750

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Ch. 6 – The Duel for North Ch. 6 – The Duel for North AmericaAmerica

North America in 1750North America in 1750

Ch. 6 – The Duel for North Ch. 6 – The Duel for North AmericaAmerica

North America in 1750North America in 1750

French Canada

• French established Quebec in 1608 (a year after Jamestown)– Founded by Samuel de

Champlain ("Father of New France"). • Entered into friendship with

local Huron Indians, the enemies of the Iroquois.

• Significance: Iroquois, in retaliation, later kept French from expanding into Ohio Valley, ravaged French settlements, & allied with British.

New France expands in North

America • Of the European powers, the French were most successful in creating an effective trading relationship with the Amerindians.

• British settlers sought to remove or exterminate them.

• Spanish sought to Christianize them and subdued them in missions.

• French became great gift givers (key to getting along with Amerindians who based inter-tribal relationships on gift giving).

– Trade seen by Amerindians as a continuing process.

– When one group stopped trading with another, it was tantamount to declaring war.

New France expands in North America• Beaver trade led to exploration of

much of North America – Heavy demand for fur in European

fashion.– Coureurs de bois (runners of the

woods) were rough frontiersmen heavily involved in fur trading.

– Voyageurs: French seamen who recruited Amerindians into the fur trade.

– Jesuits: Catholic Missionaries who sought to convert Amerindians and save them from the fur trappers.

• Some brutally killed by Amerindians.

• Played a vital role as explorers and geographers. 

New France expands in North America

• Other French Explorers– Antoine Cadillac -- founded Detroit in

1701

• Aimed to keep English settlers out of the Ohio Valley.

– Robert de La Salle -- Sailed from Quebec, down through Great Lakes, and down the Mississippi River in 1682 with help of Amerindian guides.

• Sought to prevent Spanish expansion into Gulf of Mexico region.

• Coined name "Louisiana" in honor of Louis XIV.

Robert La Salle

New France expands in North America

• French established posts in Mississippi region – St. Louis, Cape Girardeau - New

Orleans most important. – Attempt to block Spanish

expansion into the Gulf of Mexico.– Large amounts of grain sent down

the Mississippi River for shipment to West Indies & Europe.

French & Indian War (1754 – 1763)

• French & Indian War (1754-1763 -- Seven Years' War) --most important of the colonial wars.– Main issue was the Ohio Valley.

• British were pushing west into it; wary of French influence in North America.

• French needed to retain it to link Canada with the lower Mississippi valley & Caribbean.

French & Indian War (1754 – 1763)• Washington’s Ohio Mission

– Battle near Fort Duquesne -- May, 1754 – Lt. Col. George Washington sent by

Virginia govt to forks of Ohio River to prevent French from building fort there; hoped instead to build a British fort

– Washington defeated and forced to surrender his entire command but allowed to leave with his army intact.

– In effect, Washington triggered a world war.

– British retaliated by clamping down in Nova Scotia.

• Relocated 4,000 Nova Scotians throughout the continent including Louisiana.

• French-speaking Acadians became the descendants of modern day "Cajuns“.

French & Indian War (1754 – 1763)• Albany Congress (1754)

– Leaders from all colonies met in Albany to discuss Amerindian problem & meet with Iroquois.

– Iroquois refused to commit themselves to the British.

– Long-range purpose: greater colonial unity; strong defense against France.

• Albany Plan for Union – Benjamin Franklin created plan for

colonial home rule: dealt with defense and Indian affairs.

• Adopted by delegates.• Individual colonies rejected it: not

enough independence. • British rejected it: too much

independence.

French & Indian War (1754 – 1763)

• British General Braddock defeated a few miles from Ft. Duquesne by smaller French & Indian forces (1755). – British launched full-scale

invasion of Canada in 1756 but failed.

• William Pitt (The "Great Commoner") became leader of British govt.– Very popular among British

people; his success in the war led to Ft. Duquesne being renamed Pittsburgh.

– Strategy: focus on France in North America in order to win the war.

French & Indian War (1754 – 1763)

• Battle of Quebec (1760) – Pitt appointed James Wolfe

to take Quebec.– British successful on the

Plains of Abraham (near Quebec) but Wolfe & French commander de Montcalm were killed.

– One of most significant battles in British & American history.

Battle of Quebec - 1760

BritishBritish

• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of take charge of colonials.colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.

• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British – American Colonial Tensions

British – American Colonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

French & Indian War (1754 – 1763)

• Treaty of Paris (1763): In effect, France was removed from North America– (Technically, land

west of Mississippi River still French but not yet settled.) Great Britain emerged as the dominant power in North America & as the leading naval power in the world.

British – American Colonial Tensions

• Effects of the French & Indian War on American Colonials:– Colonies emerged from war with

increased confidence in their military strength.

• Colonial military leaders angry few Americans were promoted in British army.

– United them against a common enemy for United them against a common enemy for the first time. the first time.

– Created a Created a socializing experiencesocializing experience for all for all the colonials who participated. the colonials who participated.

– Created Created bitter feelings towards Britishbitter feelings towards British that that would only intensify. would only intensify.

– American westward expansion increasedAmerican westward expansion increased. . French barrier west of the Appalachians French barrier west of the Appalachians was removed. was removed.                

British – American Colonial Tensions• Effects of the French & Indian War

on Great Britain:– British upset American shippers traded

with Spanish & French West Indies. – Some colonials refused to supply troops:

saw economic gain as more important than loyalty to Britain.

• Only later agreed to commit troops when Pitt offered to substantially reimburse colonies.

– Increased her colonial empireIncreased her colonial empire in the in the Americas & greatly Americas & greatly enlarged England’s enlarged England’s debt.debt.

– Britain’s contempt for the colonials Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. created bitter feelings.

• Therefore, England felt that a major Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!American Empire was necessary!

More Colonial Trouble w/ Indians• Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

– Indians in Ohio Valley region angered at British treatment of Indians during the last years of the French and Indian War.

– Chief Pontiac, Ottowa chief, refused to surrender his lands to British although France (their ally in the war) had lost and were now gone.

– Chief Pontiac led an Indian alliance against whites in Ohio Valley & Great Lakes region.

• 9 of 11 British forts taken; several wiped out. • Perhaps 2,000 lives lost, colonials driven from

homes on the frontier– Took British 18 months to bring the rebellion

under control. • Brits retaliated with germ warfare: blankets

infected with smallpox distributed among the Native Americans.

• Proclamation of 1763 – In response to Pontiac’s rebellion,

George III signed an edict prohibiting colonials to move west of the Appalachians.

– British aim: Settle land disputes with Indians fairly to prevent more uprisings like Pontiac's and organize eventual settlement and defense.

– Colonials infuriated: Many veterans had fought in the war and felt betrayed & that land was a birthright of British citizens.

– Colonials generally ignored the Proclamation and moved West anyway.

Proclamation of 1763