Ch. 7: Ch. 7: Cellular Cellular

RespirationRespirationGetting Energy from Getting Energy from

foodfood

Cellular Respiration:Cellular Respiration:

making usable energy making usable energy in the form of ________, in the form of ________, from organic from organic compounds like compounds like _________._________.

ATPATP

glucoseglucose

2 Types of Cellular 2 Types of Cellular Respiration:Respiration:

1.1. Aerobic Respiration:Aerobic Respiration:– Requires ___________Requires ___________– Occurs in the ___________Occurs in the ___________– Get the maximum amount of Get the maximum amount of

energy from glucose- 36 ATPenergy from glucose- 36 ATP

CC66HH1212OO66 + O + O22 CO CO2 2 + H+ H2200

oxygenoxygen

mitochondriamitochondria

2. Anaerobic Respiration 2. Anaerobic Respiration

– Does NOT use __________Does NOT use __________– Occurs in the ___________Occurs in the ___________– Get only a small amount of Get only a small amount of

energy out of glucose 2 ATPenergy out of glucose 2 ATP– Generally occurs in bacteria Generally occurs in bacteria

and yeast cells.and yeast cells.

oxygenoxygen

cytoplasmcytoplasm

GlycolysisGlycolysis::

means “to break ________”. means “to break ________”.

a.a. It’s the first step in both It’s the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic aerobic and anaerobic respiration. respiration.

b.b. It does not use oxygen.It does not use oxygen.

c.c. Occurs in the cytoplasm.Occurs in the cytoplasm.

glucoseglucose

1.1. Add energy Add energy from _____to a from _____to a glucose glucose molecule.molecule.

2.2. The _________ The _________ splits into 2 3-splits into 2 3-carbon carbon molecules molecules (PGAL)(PGAL)

ATPATP

glucoseglucose

3.3. NADNAD++ gains gains electrons to electrons to become become NADH.NADH.4.Four phosphates are taken from the 3-carbon molecule to make ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvic acidpyruvic acid.

Glycolysis SummaryGlycolysis Summary

Starts with: glucoseStarts with: glucoseEnds with: pyruvic acid, Ends with: pyruvic acid,

NADH, ATPNADH, ATPNet ATP production: 2 Net ATP production: 2 ATPATP

Lactic Acid Lactic Acid Fermentation:Fermentation:

After glycolysis, the After glycolysis, the NADH transfers an NADH transfers an electron to the ______ electron to the ______ ____, regenerating the ____, regenerating the NADNAD++ and creating and creating _____ ____._____ ____.

Pyruvic acidPyruvic acid

Lactic acidLactic acid

Examples of lactic acid Examples of lactic acid fermentation:fermentation:

Dairy production:Dairy production:Microorganisms that use Microorganisms that use lactic acid fermentation lactic acid fermentation eat the sugar in milk. eat the sugar in milk. The lactic acid ferments The lactic acid ferments the milk to make the milk to make cheese, yogurt, etc.cheese, yogurt, etc.

Muscles:Muscles:

When your muscle cells When your muscle cells run out of oxygen, they run out of oxygen, they can switch to lactic acid can switch to lactic acid fermentation to make fermentation to make some ATP. But the lactic some ATP. But the lactic acid builds up in muscles, acid builds up in muscles, causing them to cramp.causing them to cramp.

Alcoholic Fermentation:Alcoholic Fermentation:After glycolysis, the pyruvic After glycolysis, the pyruvic acid loses a carbon to make acid loses a carbon to make ____. The electron from ____. The electron from NADH is then transferred to NADH is then transferred to the remaining 2-carbon the remaining 2-carbon molecule, which makes it molecule, which makes it ____________.____________.

COCO

22

ethyl alcoholethyl alcohol

Examples of alcoholic Examples of alcoholic fermentation:fermentation:

Wine and beer Wine and beer industry: industry:

Yeast cells eat sugars Yeast cells eat sugars and make the waste and make the waste product ethyl alcohol, product ethyl alcohol, which is the alcohol in which is the alcohol in wine and beer.wine and beer.

Bread making: Bread making:

Yeast make bread rise Yeast make bread rise because they produce because they produce COCO22. The alcohol . The alcohol evaporates during evaporates during baking. baking.

Fermentation SummaryFermentation Summary Occurs in cytoplasmOccurs in cytoplasm Summary: “empty” the NADH so we can Summary: “empty” the NADH so we can

repeat glycolysis with the next glucoserepeat glycolysis with the next glucose

– 2Pyruvate 2Pyruvate CO2 and Ethanol (yeast) CO2 and Ethanol (yeast)

oror

- 2Pyruvate - 2Pyruvate Lactic Acid (bacteria and Lactic Acid (bacteria and muscle cells)muscle cells)NO MORE ATP CHARGED!NO MORE ATP CHARGED!

ATP Tallies: Anaerobic:

- Glycolysis: used 2, made 4

- Fermentation: used 0, made 0

Total: +2 per glucose

Review questionsReview questions

1.1. What is the high energy What is the high energy molecule made in respiration?molecule made in respiration?

2.2. If oxygen is NOT used to If oxygen is NOT used to break down glucose, what break down glucose, what type of respiration is that?type of respiration is that?

3.3. What causes your muscles to What causes your muscles to cramp?cramp?

Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration

Using OUsing O22

MitochondriaMitochondria

Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration

Continued from Continued from glycolysis:glycolysis:

Pyruvic Acid moves to the Pyruvic Acid moves to the _________a_________aMitochondrMitochondri i

Pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid reacts with reacts with coenzyme A coenzyme A and makes and makes ___, _____, and ___, _____, and becomes becomes acetyl CoAacetyl CoA

COCO22

NADHNADH

Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle

Acetyl CoA continues to Acetyl CoA continues to Krebs Cycle where carbon Krebs Cycle where carbon dioxide, dioxide, ATPATP, and, , and, FADHFADH22,, NADHNADH are made. are made.

Summary of Kreb’s CycleSummary of Kreb’s CycleStarts with: pyruvic acid, CoAStarts with: pyruvic acid, CoA

Reaction: Reaction:

– 2Pyruvate 2Pyruvate 2Acetyl-CoA + CO 2Acetyl-CoA + CO22

– 2Acetyl-CoA 2Acetyl-CoA 4CO 4CO22

Ends with: COEnds with: CO2 , 2 , 2ATP, 6NADH, 2ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH2FADH22, ,

KrebsKrebs

–Can bacteria do Krebs??Can bacteria do Krebs??

Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain

1.1. NADH and FADH 2 give up NADH and FADH 2 give up _________ to the ETC._________ to the ETC.

2.2. Electrons are passed down the Electrons are passed down the ETC and give off __________.ETC and give off __________.

3.3. Energy is used to pump _______ Energy is used to pump _______ out of mitochondrial matrix.out of mitochondrial matrix.

electrons

energy

H+ ions

4.4. H+ ions diffuse back into the H+ ions diffuse back into the matrix through the _____________. matrix through the _____________.

This produces a lot of ATP.This produces a lot of ATP.

5.5. _______ is the final electron _______ is the final electron acceptor. Electrons and Hacceptor. Electrons and H++ ions ions combine with Ocombine with O22 to make water. to make water.

ATP synthase

Oxygen

Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport ChainSummary: Gather up ALL the electron Summary: Gather up ALL the electron

carriers and “empty” them to “charge” lots carriers and “empty” them to “charge” lots of ATPof ATP

Reaction: Reaction: – O2O2 H2O H2O

Energy molecules USED: 10 NADH (from krebs Energy molecules USED: 10 NADH (from krebs and glycolysis) + 2 FADH (from krebs)and glycolysis) + 2 FADH (from krebs)

Energy molecules MADE: 32 ATPEnergy molecules MADE: 32 ATP

SummarySummary

Starts with: NADH, FADHStarts with: NADH, FADH22

Ends with: ATP, waterEnds with: ATP, water

ATP Tallies: Aerobic: - Glycolysis: used 2, made 4 - Krebs: used 0, made 2 - ETC: used 0, made 32Total: +36 ATP per glucose

Energy Summary TableEnergy Summary Table

Anaerobic Respiration

(Glycolysis)

Aerobic Respiration

(Krebs cycle and ETC)

# of ATP made from one

sugar

22 3636

Overall Energy Summary for Aerobic Overall Energy Summary for Aerobic RespirationRespiration

Glucose + 2ATP 2 Pyruvate + 4ATP + 2NADH

Reactants (used up/broken down) Products (created/built up)

2 Pyruvate 2CO2 + 2Acetyl-CoA + 2NADH

2Acetyl-CoA 6NADH + 2FADH2 + 2ATP+ 4CO2

10NADH + 2FADH2 + 6O2 32ATP + 4CO2 + 6H2O

What’s Left?

Final Reaction for Aerobic Respiration

Overall reaction Overall reaction

+ 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

C6H12O6

ATP