Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

Ch 7Ch 7Slide 1

Rule ordering – when there are multiple rules in the data, we have to decide if these rules interact with each other and how to order those rules to arrive at the correct outcome (surface forms as presented by the data).

Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

Ch 7Ch 7Slide 2

Consider the following English data.

Liquid devoicing: Liquids become voiceless after a voiceless stop at the beginning of a syllable.

Schwa deletion: Schwa is deleted in an open syllable followed by a stressed syllable.

What are the two rules observed in these data?


Ch 7Ch 7Slide 3

Rule application and derivation and order:Feeding = Two rules are said to be in a feeding order if the earlier rule creates environments in which the later rule can apply. Bleeding = If two rules, A and B, are in a bleeding order, the application of rule A causes a decrease in the number of forms to which rule B can apply. An example: suppose rule A changes some consonants from voiceless to voiced in some environments and rule B only applies to voiceless consonants. The application of rule A before rule B would mean that fewer forms are available for rule B to apply to. Counter Feeding = The ordering of two phonological rules so that Rule A, which could provide contexts for the operation of Rule B, is prevented from doing so by being ordered after Rule B Counter Bleeding = The ordering of two phonological rules so that Rule A, which could remove contexts in which Rule B operates, is prevented from doing so by being ordered after Rule B.


Ch 7Ch 7Slide 4

Rule application and derivation:The predictable processes applying to the UR forms to derive the PR Output (PR) does not match data!


Ch 7Ch 7Slide 5

Rule application and derivation:The predictable processes applying to the UR forms to derive the PR

With respect to order of these rules and the actual outcome, what relationship must they occur in?

Feeding


Ch 7Ch 7Slide 6

Canadian Raising


Ch 7Ch 7Slide 7

Rule ordering:Canadian raising - which rule applies is important for the outcome

flapping = tapping


Ch 7Ch 7Slide 8

Rule ordering:Canadian raising - which rule applies is important for the outcome

This order predicts the actual speech correctly – what relationship are these rules in?

Bleeding


Ch 7Ch 7Slide 9

If the output shows surface forms below for some dialects (although as far as I know this is not attested!) then we seem to have a minimal pair.

Hayes argues that this does not prove separate phonemes, but rather a displaced contrast. Basically, since the underlying forms of the tap show 2 phonemes (their distinction has been neutralized), and since the minimal pair only shows up before a tap, then the forms do not show a minimal pair at the phoneme level. Kinda circular, but hey that’s phonological theory!


Ch 7Ch 7Slide 10

Also, are oral and nasal vowels allophones of the same phoneme or separate phonemes?

Assume that [d] in this language is actually a dental sound, not alveolar


Ch 7Ch 7Slide 11

all between vowels

before [r], [a]; after [m], [n]; word initially,

etc

elsewhere#_ y

#_ i

i_ a


Ch 7Ch 7Slide 12

What 2 rules can you identify applying in the data?

Voiced stops become voiced fricatives between vowels.

Vowels become nasalized before nasal.

What are the phonemes?/b/ /d/ and /g/ and oral vowels


Ch 7Ch 7Slide 13

What is the phonemic forms of the following:


Ch 7Ch 7Slide 14

Provide derivations for the following:

Does it matter what order these words apply in?

No, there is no feeding or bleeding relationship


Ch 7Ch 7Slide 15

Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation IIChimwiini morphological rules:

1. Infinitive FormationV kuV when [+infinitive]

2. Final Vowel AttachmentXC XCa in verbs (If a verb ends in a Cons, add /-a/)

3. Applicative FormationV Ve when [+applicative]

4. Reciprocal FormationV Van when [+reciprocal]

5. Passive FormationV V when [+passive]

Chimwiini morphological rules:1. Infinitive Formation

V kuV when [+infinitive]2. Final Vowel Attachment

XC XCa in verbs (If a verb ends in a Cons, add /-a/)3. Applicative Formation

V Ve when [+applicative]4. Reciprocal Formation

V Van when [+reciprocal]5. Passive Formation

V V when [+passive]

Ch 7Ch 7Slide 16

Data show that long and short vowels are phonemic from minimal pairs belowCh 7 – Phonological Alternation II

But then we have the form

And then we have the form

And thenWe should expectSo what happened to the long vowel???

Ch 7Ch 7Slide 17

Terms:ultimate = final // penultimate = 2nd to last // antepenultimate = 3rd to lastpreantepenultimate = anything before 3rd to last

We can explain by following rule:

Preantepenultimate shortening = Shorten a vowel when at least 3 vowels follow it: [+syllabic] [–long] / __ C0 V C0 V C0 V


Ch 7Ch 7Slide 18

Here is the derivationCh 7 – Phonological Alternation II

Ch 7Ch 7Slide 19

Rule applies generally to vowels more than 3 syllables from end regardless of what affixes are used

How do we justify underlying form?


Ch 7Ch 7Slide 20

Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation IIWe see that vowels show up as long when end of word but NOT when end

of phrase so we need 2 rules.

PFS WFL

Ch 7Ch 7Slide 21

Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation IISince phrase final is ALSO word final, we need to order the rules so that

PFS applies after WFL so that we don’t end up with a long vowel at end of phrase. How do we know this order? Try it both ways and see which gives us the grammatical surface form

Ch 7Ch 7Slide 22

Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation IIWhat about interaction between WFL and Preantepenultimate Shortening (PAS)

Preantepenultimate shortening (PAS)[+syllabic] [–long] / __ C0 V C0 V C0 V

WFL

One lengthens a vowel and one shortens it so they could interact. We need proof so here are some more data

Ch 7Ch 7Slide 23



WFL

According to WFL, the final vowel of [kuna] should be long but it isn’t. Why? Because it is more than 3 syllables from end so PAS blocks it. So we need to order them like this:

Not like this:

Ch 7Ch 7Slide 24



WFL

More proof

Therefore:

Ch 7Ch 7Slide 25

Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation IINow we have this:

To explain, we need this: PLS

Ch 7Ch 7Slide 26

Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation IIHere is a derivation:

Ch 7Ch 7Slide 27

Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation IISince all these rules deal with long and short vowels at different places in the

word, then these rules need to apply in the correct order to arrive at the correct surface forms. Also, need to apply after morphology and after syntax since they refer to the domains of word final and phrase final!

Ch 7 Exercises 1-3 ask to prove what order these various rules apply. You need to show multiple derivations for each form to show when the rules are in a certain order, they will derive the correct output or not.

Hayes gives you a hint by showing how the rules must be ordered

Ch 7Ch 7Slide 28

Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation IILook at Ex 5 Ch 7 and discuss.

Look at fake Greek data and discuss.

Documents

Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II