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Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton

Ch 8 - Appendicular Skeleton

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Chapter 8:The Appendicular Skeleton

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The Appendicular Skeleton Allows us to move and manipulate objects

Includes all bones besides axial skeleton:² the limbs

² the supportive girdles

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The Pectoral Girdle

Figure 8²2a

Also called the shoulder

 girdle Connects the arms to the

body

Positions the shoulders

Provides a base for armmovement

Consists of:

² 2 clavicles

² 2 scapulae

Connects with the axial skeleton only at the

manubrium

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The Clavicles

Figure 8²2b, c

Also called collarbones

Long, S-shaped bones

Originate at the manubrium (sternal end)

Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)

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The Scapulae Also called shoulder blades

Broad, flat triangles Articulate with arm and

collarbone

Anterior surface-subscapular fossa

Structures² Body

Sides² superior border

² medial border (vertebral border)² lateral border (axillary border)

Corners² superior angle

² inferior angle

² lateral angle

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² Head

Holds glenoid cavity

² Which articulates with humerus to form shoulder joint

Coracoid process-anterior, smaller Acromion-posterior, larger

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² Scapular spine:

ridge across posterior surface of body

Separates 2 regions:

² supraspinous fossa

² infraspinous fossa

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The Upper Limbsarms, forearms, wrists, & hands

Humerus-arm The long, upper armbone

Articulates with the pelvic girdle

Structures² Proximal Epiphysis

separated by intertubercular

groove:

² greater tubercle:

» lateral

» forms tip of shoulder

² lesser tubercle:

» anterior, medial

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² Head:

rounded, articulating surface

contained within joint capsule

² Neck:

Anatomical neck- margin of joint

capsule

Surgical neck: the narrow

metaphysis

² Shaft

Deltoid tuberosity:

² a bulge in the shaft

² attaches deltoid muscle

Radial groove:

² for radial nerve

² posterior to deltoid tuberosity

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² Distal Epiphysis

Medial and lateral epicondyles:

² for muscle attachment

Condyle of the humerus:

² Trochlea:

» coronoid fossa & olecranon fossa

» articulates with ulna

² Capitulum:» radial fossa

» articulates with radius

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² With radius

articulates with head of

radius

forms  pr ox imal

radioulnar joint

² Ulnar head:

prominent styloid

process

attaches forearm to

wrist

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The Forearm-antebrachium Consists of 2 long bones: ulna & radius

Ulna Articulations

² With humerus

Forearm e xt

ended :olecranon (elbow

point) enters

olecranon fossa

Forearm fle x ed :

coronoid processenters coronoid fossa

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Radius Articulations

² Ulnar notch: distal end

articulates w/ wrist & radius

² Styloid process: stabilizes wrist joint

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Wrist 8 carpal bones:

² allow wrist to bend and twist² 4 proximal carpal bones

Scaphoid bone: near styloid process

Lunate bone: medial to scaphoid

Triquetrum: medial to lunate bone Pisiform bone: anterior to triquetrum

² 4 distal carpal bones Trapezium: lateral

Trapezoid bone: medial to trapezium Capitate bone: largest

Hamate bone: medial, distal

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5 Metacarpal Bones

² long bones of the hand² Numbered I²V from lateral

(thumb) to medial

² Articulate with proximal

phalanges

Phalanges

² Pollex (thumb): 2 phalanges (proximal,

distal)

² Fingers:

3 phalanges (proximal,middle, distal)

Hands

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The Pelvic GirdleHipbones - Os Coxae

Made up of 3 fused bones:² ilium

² ischium

² pubis Acetabulum - hi p socket

² meeting point of ilium,

ischium, & pubis

² on the lateral surface ofthe os coxae

² articulates with head of

femur

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Marks

² Obturator foramen:

formed by ischial and pubic rami attaches hip muscles

² Pubic symphysis:

gap between pubic tubercles

padded with fibrocartilage

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The Pelvis Consists of 2 ossa coxae, sacrum, & coccyx

Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle,sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae

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Lower LimbsFemur

Structures² Proximal Epiphysis

Femoral head:

² articulates with pelvis at

acetabulum Neck

² narrow area between

head & trochanters

Greater & lesser

trochanters

² tendon attachments

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² Shaft

Linea aspera:

² most prominent ridge of shaft

² attaches hip muscles

² Distal Epiphysis

Medial & lateral epicondyles:

² above the knee joint

Medial & lateral condyles:² form part of knee joint

Patella - kneecap A sesamoid bone

Base attaches q uadrice ps

 femoris

Apex attaches  patellar 

ligament

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Tibia

Figure 8²13

Structures

² Proximal Epiphysis Medial and lateral tibial

condyles

articulate with medial & lateral

condyles of femur Tibial tuberosity: attaches

patellar ligament

² Shaft

Anterior margin: sharp ridge ofshinbone² Distal Epiphysis

Medial malleolus: medial projection at ankle

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Fibula Fibula/tibia articulations:

² head² in ferior tibio fibular joint

Interosseous membrane:

² binds fibula to tibia Lateral malleolus:

² lateral projection of ankle

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Ankle - tarsus consists of 7 tarsal bones

Figure 8²14a

² Talus carries weight from tibia

across trochlea

² Calcaneus (heel bone):

transfers weight from talus to

ground & attaches Achilles

tendon

² Cuboid bone: articulates with

calcaneus² Navicular bone: articulates with talus and

3 cuneiform bones

² Medial cuneiform

² Intermediate cuneiform

² Lateral cuneiform

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Figure 8²14a

5 metatarsal bones

² long bones of foot² numbered I²V, medial to lateral

² Articulate with toes

phalanges

² bones of the toes

² hallux: big toe, 2 phalanges

(distal, proximal)

² Other 4 toes: 3 phalanges(distal, medial, proximal)

Feet

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Arches Arches transfer weight from 1 part of the foot

to another

Figure 8²14b

² Longitudinal Arch Calcanear portion: lateral

Talar portion: medial² Transverse Arch

Formed by a difference in curvature betweenmedial and lateral borders of the foot