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Ch. 8.1 & 9 ATP, Cellular Respiration
and Photosynthesis
I. Living things need energy…
A.Moving muscles
B. Building essential molecules
C. Transporting substances across cell membranes.
II. Where do we get energy?
A. Food 1. to grow 2. to reproduce.
III. Sources of EnergyA. Autotrophs (plants)
1. can make own food 2. by process of
photosynthesis 3. also called Producers
B. Heterotrophs 1. get food from others 2. called consumers
Plants and animals need each other to survive.
IV. Chemical EnergyA. Stored in chemical bonds of
compounds.
B. Compounds that store energy: ATP, NADH and FADH2.
Building Bonds = stores energy
Breaking Bonds = releases energy
So what does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
Many Uses 1. Mechanical functions of cells
2. Carry out Active transport
3. Breakdown large molecules
Adenine
Ribose 3 Phosphate groups
Go to Section:
The Three Components of ATP
Ribose
Adenine
P P P
Energy is released when the high energy
phosphate bond between the 2nd and 3rd
“P” is broken.
1. Energy is stored in ATP’s high-energy phosphate
bonds.
How does ATP store energy?
Energy
+ +
ADP P ATP++ Energy
2. When a free phosphate group is attached onto ADP, energy is stored in this bond to
create ATP.
How does ATP store energy?
For the cell to release and use the energy in ATP, the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups must break; leaving ADP and a free phosphate group.
Ribose
Adenine
P P P Energy Released
ATPADP P
Using ATP Energy
ATP /ADP Cycle
ATP /ADP ATP /ADP CycleCycle
ATP
ADP
P P
Energy Stored
Energy
Released to do
work
Bonds Formed to make ATP
Bonds Broken
ADP P
ATP
ADP
ADP
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second!!!
Energy Released
Energy
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
What is photosynthesis?• A chemical reaction in which plants
take the light energy from the sun and convert it to chemical energy to make their own food.
• Plants cells contain organelles called CHLOROPLASTS
• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll (green color) which makes photosynthesis possible.
• Carbon Dioxide enters the leaves through the stomata (openings) and combines with the stored energy in the chloroplasts to make glucose.
• Glucose is moved through the phloem to the rest of the plant.
Glucose is used as a food source for the plants to carry out life processes.
Unused glucose is stored as a starch or becomes part of the plant’s tissue.
Chemical Equation-Photosynthesis
6 CO2+ 6 H2O + sunlight 6 O2 + C6H12O6 Carbon dioxide +water +sunlight (yields) oxygen +
glucose
How does this relate to Cellular Respiration?
Reactants Products
Once plants change the energy from the sunlight into chemical energy during photosynthesis, organisms then have to change that chemical energy into a form that is usable by the organism’s cells during a process called Cellular Respiration.
What is cellular respiration?
The release of chemical energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules for use by the cells.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Reactants Products
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
(glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy)
-
• 2 forms: Aerobic (with O2 - oxygen) Anaerobic (without O2- oxygen)
• Reaction is opposite of Photosynthesis
AEROBIC RESPIRATION takes place in the presence of oxygen:(3
steps)• Glycolysis- occurs in the cytoplasm
producing 2 ATPs and 2 pyruvates.
2.Krebs Cycle- takes place in the
mitochondria. uses the 2 pyruvates from
glycolysis and releases 2 ATPs, 6CO2 and
many NADH & FADH2
3.Electron Transport- takes place in the mitochondria.
Uses the NADH & FADH2 from Krebs and produces 32 ATPs and 6H2O
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION (no oxygen present)
• Glycolysis- produces 2 ATP’s and 2 pyruvates
Alcoholic Fermentation in yeast ORLactic Acid Fermentation in muscles