Ch1 Ecology and Environment

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CHAPTER 1

Ecology ndEnvironment

Yogesh, Hiren, Missam Mechanical Dept. LJ Polytechnic


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Ecology And Environment

Importance of environment and scope

The science of Environment studies is a multi-disciplinaryscience because it comprises various branches of studies like

chemistry, physics, medical science, life science, agriculture,

public health, sanitary engineering etc. It is the science of

physical phenomena in the environment.Scope of Environment :

Atmosphere: The atmosphere implies the protective blanket

of gases,

Hydrosphere: The Hydrosphere comprises all types of water

resources oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, streams, reservoir, polar

icecaps, glaciers, and ground

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam Mechanical. LJ Polytechnic


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Importance of environment and scope

Lithosphere: Lithosphere is the outer mantle of the solidearth.

It consists of minerals occurring in the earthscrusts and the

soil e.g. minerals, organic matter, air and water

Biosphere: Biosphere indicates the real of living organisms

and their interactions with environment, e.g. atmosphere,

hydrosphere and lithosphere



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Composition of Atmosphere

Nitrogen - 78%Oxygen - 21%

Water Vapor0 to 4%

Carbon Dioxide - .037%

Other gases make up the rest



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Atmospheric Layers


8 layers are defined by constant

trends in average air temperature

(which changes with pressure and

radiation), where the outer

exosphere is not shown.

1. Troposphere

2. Tropopause

3. Stratosphere

4. Stratopause

5. Mesosphere6. Mesopause

7. Thermosphere

8. Exosphere


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Atmospheric Layers


Tropopause :Separates Troposphere from

Stratosphere. Generally higher in

summer Lower in winter.

Troposphere:

Temp decrease with height Most ofour weather occurs

in this layer Varies in height

around the globe, but Averages

about 11 km in height.


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Atmospheric Layers


StratosphereTemperature inversion in

stratosphere

Ozone plays a major part in

heating the air At this altitude


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Atmospheric Layers


MesosphereMiddle atmosphere Air thin,

pressure low,

Need oxygen to live in this region.

Air quite Cold -90C (130F) near

the top of mesosphere


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Atmospheric Layers


ThermosphereHot layer oxygen molecules

absorb energy from solar Rays

warming the air. Very few atomsand molecules in this Region.


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The Hydrosphere


Water on Earth is a unique feature that clergy

distinguishes our "Blue Planet" from others in the solar

system.

Not a drop of liquid water can be found anywhere else in

the solar system. Earth has just the right mass, the right

chemical composition, the right atmosphere, and is the

right distance from the Sun that permits water to exist

mainly as a liquid.

Water is the universal solvent and the basis of all life on

our Planet.


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The Hydrosphere


IF* Approximately70% of the

Earth's surface is water

30% of the

Earth's surface is Percentageof Earth's land

Surface Covered by Water


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Lithosphere


Plants and vegetation are included in lithosphere.

This crust contains minerals organic and inorganic matter

and some extent water and air.

Soil texture like fine, granular depend on the qualitative

composition of soil particle size in the soil mass.

Soil particles may be subdivided as sand, silt & clay.

Soil classification is done on amount of various types of soil

particles present in given soil mass.

The arrangement of soil particles into aggregates is

identified as soil structure.


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Biosphere


It is part consisting lithosphere, hydrosphere and

atmosphere where organisms live and interact with one

another.

Life live in biosphere.

The lives are also available in biosphere.

Community of organism and its total environmental acting

as an ecological unit is known as an ecosphere.

These ecosphere are collectively known as biomes.


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Green House Effect



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Green House Effect



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Green House Effect



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Green House Effect



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Deforestation


The forest cover is rapidly destroyed due to population

explosion urbanization and industrialization.

This process of deforestation also adversely affect the forest

wealth, wild life, atmospheric changes and enhanced

desertification.

E l A d E i t


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DEFINITION OF POLLUTION


When Harmful Substances Contaminate the Environment

it is Called Pollution

Pollution refers to the very bad condition of Environment

in terms of quantity and quality

Types of Pollution :

Air pollution

Water pollution

Noise pollution

Radio active pollution

Land pollution

E l A d E i t


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Acid Rain


E l A d E i t


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Acid Rain


E l A d E i t


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Acid Rain


E l A d E i t


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Acid Rain


E l A d E i t


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Food Chain


E l A d E i t


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Food Chain


The energy flow from one organism to the other is know as

a food chain

A food chain is simple and direct

It involves one organizing at each trophic level Primary

Consumersebautotrophs (producers)

- Secondary Consumers eat the primary consumers

Tertiary Consumers eat the secondary consumers

Decomposersbacteria and fungi that break down dead

organisms and recycle the material back into theenvironment

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Food Web


Most organisms eat more the JUST one organism

When more organism are involved it is know as a FOOD

WEBFood webs are more complex and involve lots of organisms

E l A d E i t


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Food Web

Y h Hi Mi M h i l LJ P l t h i

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Ch1 Ecology and Environment