CHANGES ON THE CHANGES ON THE WESTERN FRONTIERWESTERN FRONTIER

CHAPTER 5:CHAPTER 5:

Honors US HistoryHonors US History

Timeline: What’s Going On?Timeline: What’s Going On?

World:World: 1869 – Suez Canal is 1869 – Suez Canal is

opened.opened. 1900 – Boxer 1900 – Boxer

Rebellion takes place Rebellion takes place in China.in China.

United States:United States: 1881 – James 1881 – James

Garfield is Garfield is assassinated – assassinated – Chester Arthur Chester Arthur becomes President.becomes President.

1890 – Sioux are 1890 – Sioux are massacred at massacred at Wounded Knee.Wounded Knee.

Section 1: ObjectivesSection 1: Objectives

By the end of this lesson I By the end of this lesson I will be able to:will be able to:

1. Contrast the cultures of 1. Contrast the cultures of Native Americans and Native Americans and white settlers and explain white settlers and explain why white settlers moved why white settlers moved west.west.

2. Identify restrictions 2. Identify restrictions imposed by the imposed by the government on Native government on Native Americans and describe Americans and describe the consequences.the consequences.

3. Identify the 3. Identify the government’s policy of government’s policy of assimilation as well as assimilation as well as continuing conflicts continuing conflicts between Native between Native Americans and settlers.Americans and settlers.

4. Trace the development 4. Trace the development of the cattle industry.of the cattle industry.

5. Describe both the myth 5. Describe both the myth and reality of the and reality of the American cowboy and American cowboy and explain the end of the explain the end of the open range.open range.

SECTION 1: CULTURES CLASH SECTION 1: CULTURES CLASH ON THE PRAIRIEON THE PRAIRIE

The culture of the Plains The culture of the Plains Indians rarely had come in Indians rarely had come in contact with European-contact with European-Americans.Americans.

The The Osage Osage and theand the Iowa Iowa had had hunted and planted in the hunted and planted in the Great plains for over 100 Great plains for over 100 yearsyears

Great PlainsGreat Plains – the grassland – the grassland extending through the west-extending through the west-central portion of the US.central portion of the US.

THE PLAINS

THE HORSE AND THE BUFFALOTHE HORSE AND THE BUFFALO

Spain introduced the Spain introduced the horse in 1598 thus horse in 1598 thus allowing faster and longer allowing faster and longer hunting tripshunting trips

While the horse provided While the horse provided speed and mobility, it was speed and mobility, it was the buffalo that provided the buffalo that provided for basic needs.for basic needs.

The Sioux and Cheyenne The Sioux and Cheyenne tribes hunted buffalotribes hunted buffalo

BUFFALO WERE USED FOR FOOD, SHELTER AND CLOTHING

FAMILY LIFE ON THE PLAINSFAMILY LIFE ON THE PLAINS

Small extended families Small extended families were the norm were the norm

Men were hunters, while Men were hunters, while women helped butcher women helped butcher the game and prepare itthe game and prepare it

This is called a hunter-This is called a hunter-gatherer community.gatherer community.

Tribes were very spiritual Tribes were very spiritual and land was communaland land was communal

SETTLERS PUSH SETTLERS PUSH WESTWARDWESTWARD

The white settlers who The white settlers who pushed westward had pushed westward had a different idea about a different idea about land ownershipland ownership

Concluding that the Concluding that the plains were “unsettled, plains were “unsettled, “ thousands advanced “ thousands advanced to claim landto claim land

Gold being discovered Gold being discovered in Colorado only in Colorado only intensified the rush for intensified the rush for land land

A COVERED WAGON HEADS WEST

THE GOVERNMENT RESTRICTS THE GOVERNMENT RESTRICTS NATIVESNATIVES

As more and more As more and more settlers headed west, settlers headed west, the U.S. government the U.S. government increasingly protected increasingly protected their intereststheir interests

Railroad Companies Railroad Companies also influenced also influenced government decisionsgovernment decisions

Pacific Railroad Act of Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 gave land to 1862 gave land to major railroad major railroad companies.companies.

RAILROADS GREATLY IMPACTED NATIVE LIFE

NATIVES AND SETTLERS NATIVES AND SETTLERS CLASHCLASH

1834 – Government set aside all 1834 – Government set aside all of the Great Plains as “Indian of the Great Plains as “Indian lands”lands”

1850s- Government shifts policy, 1850s- Government shifts policy, giving natives much smaller landsgiving natives much smaller lands

The Indians continued to hunt on The Indians continued to hunt on “their” land“their” land

Many deaths ensuedMany deaths ensued Cheyenne had been pushed into Cheyenne had been pushed into

barren land and hunted outside barren land and hunted outside reservationreservation

1864 - Massacre at Sand Creek1864 - Massacre at Sand Creek; ; US Army attack killing 150 US Army attack killing 150 sleeping native women and sleeping native women and children children

““I want no peace till the Indians I want no peace till the Indians suffer more.” – US Army suffer more.” – US Army Commander S.R. CurtisCommander S.R. Curtis

Death On The Bozeman Trail:Death On The Bozeman Trail: Bozeman TrailBozeman Trail – ran directly – ran directly

through Sioux hunting through Sioux hunting grounds.grounds.

Whites and Indians fought over Whites and Indians fought over this land.this land.

Led by Crazy Horse, the Sioux Led by Crazy Horse, the Sioux raided trailsraided trails

The Treaty of LaramieThe Treaty of Laramie (1868) (1868) closed the trail and moved the closed the trail and moved the Indians to a reservation. Indians to a reservation. Promise of food and suppliesPromise of food and supplies

This provided a temporary halt This provided a temporary halt to warfareto warfare

Sitting BullSitting Bull - the leader of the - the leader of the Sioux, didn’t sign the treaty.Sioux, didn’t sign the treaty.

OTHER CONFLICTS AND OTHER CONFLICTS AND BATTLESBATTLES

Conflicts continued including; Conflicts continued including; Fetterman Massacre (Natives Fetterman Massacre (Natives killed 100 soldiers) and Red killed 100 soldiers) and Red River War 1874-1875 ambush-River War 1874-1875 ambush-type warfaretype warfare

Custer’s Last StandCuster’s Last Stand occurred occurred in early 1876 when in early 1876 when Colonel Colonel George A. CusterGeorge A. Custer reached reached Little Big HornLittle Big Horn

Led by Led by Crazy Horse and Crazy Horse and Sitting BullSitting Bull, the natives , the natives outflanked and crushed outflanked and crushed Custer’s troopsCuster’s troopsONE OF THE FEW NATIVE

VICTORIES WAS LITTLE BIG HORN

The Battle of Little Big HornThe Battle of Little Big Horn

THE DAWES ACT - 1887THE DAWES ACT - 1887 The Dawes Act of 1887 The Dawes Act of 1887

attempted to assimilate attempted to assimilate nativesnatives

AssimilationAssimilation – A plan under – A plan under which Native Americans which Native Americans would give up their beliefs would give up their beliefs and way of life and become and way of life and become a part of the white culture.a part of the white culture.

The Dawes ActThe Dawes Act called for called for the break up of the break up of reservations and the reservations and the introduction of natives into introduction of natives into American lifeAmerican life

By 1932, 2/3rds of the land By 1932, 2/3rds of the land committed to Natives had committed to Natives had been takenbeen takenFAMOUS DEPICTION OF NATIVE

STRUGGLE

NATIVE LANDS BY 1894

THE DESTRUCTION OF THE THE DESTRUCTION OF THE BUFFALOBUFFALO

The most significant blow The most significant blow to tribal life on the plains to tribal life on the plains was the destruction of the was the destruction of the buffalobuffalo

Tourist and fur traders Tourist and fur traders shot buffalo for sportshot buffalo for sport

1800: 65 million buffalo 1800: 65 million buffalo roamed the plainsroamed the plains

1890: less than 1000 1890: less than 1000 remainedremained

BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEEBATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE On December 29, 1890, On December 29, 1890,

the Seventh Cavalry the Seventh Cavalry (Custer’s old regiment) (Custer’s old regiment) rounded up 350 Sioux rounded up 350 Sioux and took them to and took them to Wounded Knee, S.D.Wounded Knee, S.D.

A shot was fired – within A shot was fired – within minutes the Seventh minutes the Seventh Cavalry Cavalry slaughtered 300slaughtered 300 unarmed Nativesunarmed Natives

This event brought the This event brought the ““Indian Wars”–Indian Wars”– and an and an entire era to a bitter end entire era to a bitter end

HUNDREDS OF CORPSES WERE LEFT TO FREEZE ON

THE GROUND

Did We Meet Our Objectives?Did We Meet Our Objectives? Can You:Can You: 1. Contrast the cultures of 1. Contrast the cultures of

Native Americans and white Native Americans and white settlers and explain why white settlers and explain why white settlers moved west.settlers moved west.

2. Identify restrictions imposed 2. Identify restrictions imposed by the government on Native by the government on Native Americans and describe the Americans and describe the consequences.consequences.

3. Identify the government’s 3. Identify the government’s policy of assimilation as well policy of assimilation as well as continuing conflicts as continuing conflicts between Native Americans between Native Americans and settlers.and settlers.

Section 2: ObjectivesSection 2: Objectives

By the end of this lesson, By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:I will be able to:

1. Explain the rapid 1. Explain the rapid settlement of the Great settlement of the Great Plains due to Plains due to homesteading.homesteading.

2. Describe how early 2. Describe how early settlers survived on the settlers survived on the plains and transformed plains and transformed them into profitable farm them into profitable farm land.land.

Section 2: Settling On The Great PlainsSection 2: Settling On The Great Plains

Main IdeaMain Idea: Settlers on the : Settlers on the Great Plains transformed Great Plains transformed the land despite great the land despite great hardships.hardships.

Why it Matters NowWhy it Matters Now: The : The Great Plains region Great Plains region remains the breadbasket remains the breadbasket of the United States.of the United States.

Key Terms:Key Terms: Homestead ActHomestead Act ExodusterExoduster SoddySoddy

Key Terms:Key Terms: Morrill ActMorrill Act Bonanza FarmBonanza Farm

SECTION 2: SETTLING ON THE SECTION 2: SETTLING ON THE GREAT PLAINSGREAT PLAINS

Federal land policy and Federal land policy and the completion of the the completion of the transcontinental railroad transcontinental railroad led to the led to the rapid rapid settlementsettlement of American of American westwest

Many of the workers Many of the workers hired were Irish, Chinese, hired were Irish, Chinese, African-Americans, and African-Americans, and Mexican-AmericansMexican-Americans

1862 – Congress passed 1862 – Congress passed Homestead ActHomestead Act which which allowed 160 free acres to allowed 160 free acres to any “head of household”any “head of household”

The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1868. The Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met in Promontory Point, Utah

and laid a Golden Spike

EXODUSTERS MOVE WESTEXODUSTERS MOVE WEST African Americans African Americans

who moved from the who moved from the post-Reconstruction post-Reconstruction South to Kansas were South to Kansas were called called ExodustersExodusters

Kansas Governor Kansas Governor John P. St. John John P. St. John encouraged recently encouraged recently freed slaves to settle freed slaves to settle his statehis state

Many exodusters took Many exodusters took advantage of land advantage of land deals deals

OKLAHOMA SOONERSOKLAHOMA SOONERS In 1889, a major In 1889, a major

governmental land governmental land giveaway in what is now giveaway in what is now Oklahoma attracted Oklahoma attracted thousandsthousands

In less than a day, 2 In less than a day, 2 million acres were claimed million acres were claimed by settlersby settlers

Some took possession Some took possession before the government before the government had officially declared it had officially declared it open – thus Oklahoma open – thus Oklahoma became known as the became known as the “Sooner State”“Sooner State”

SETTLERS ENCOUNTER SETTLERS ENCOUNTER HARDSHIPSHARDSHIPS

The frontier settlers The frontier settlers faced faced extreme extreme hardshipshardships – droughts, – droughts, floods, fires, blizzards, floods, fires, blizzards, locust plagues, and locust plagues, and banditsbandits

Despite hardships, the Despite hardships, the number of people number of people living west of the living west of the Mississippi grew from Mississippi grew from 1% of the nation’s 1% of the nation’s population in 1850 to population in 1850 to almost 30% in 1900almost 30% in 1900

LOCUST SWARM

DUGOUTS & SODDIESDUGOUTS & SODDIES Most settlers Most settlers

built their built their homes from the homes from the land itselfland itself

Pioneers often Pioneers often dug their dug their homes out of homes out of the sides of the sides of ravines or hills ravines or hills (Dugouts)(Dugouts)

Those in the Those in the flat plains made flat plains made freestanding freestanding homes made of homes made of turf turf (Soddies) (Soddies) (Snakes and (Snakes and insects were a insects were a major problem)major problem)

DUGOUT

SODDY

INCREASED TECHNOLOGY INCREASED TECHNOLOGY HELPS FARMERSHELPS FARMERS

1837 – 1837 – John DeereJohn Deere invented a steel plow that invented a steel plow that could slice through heavy could slice through heavy soilsoil

1847 – 1847 – Cyrus McCormickCyrus McCormick mass-produced a reaping mass-produced a reaping machine (Helps to machine (Helps to increase speed of increase speed of harvesting)harvesting)

Other inventions included Other inventions included a grain drill to plant seed, a grain drill to plant seed, barbed wire, and corn barbed wire, and corn binderbinder

JOHN DEERE’S STEEL PLOW HAD TO BE PULLED BY A HORSE OR

MULE

FARMER EDUCATION FARMER EDUCATION SUPPORTEDSUPPORTED

The federal The federal government financed government financed agricultural educationagricultural education

The Morrill ActsThe Morrill Acts of of 1862 and 1890 gave 1862 and 1890 gave federal land to states federal land to states to help finance to help finance agricultural collegesagricultural colleges

The Hatch Act (1887): The Hatch Act (1887): Funded research for Funded research for new agricultural new agricultural innovationsinnovations

ECONOMIC DISTRESS HITS ECONOMIC DISTRESS HITS FARMERSFARMERS

Between 1867 and 1887 the price Between 1867 and 1887 the price of a bushel of wheat fell from of a bushel of wheat fell from $2.00 to 68 cents$2.00 to 68 cents

Railroads conspired to keep Railroads conspired to keep transport costs artificially hightransport costs artificially high

Farmers got caught in a cycle of Farmers got caught in a cycle of debtdebt

The farmers needed to produce The farmers needed to produce more crops to keep up.more crops to keep up.

A new type of farm emerged A new type of farm emerged called a Bonanza farm.called a Bonanza farm.

Bonanza FarmBonanza Farm – huge single- – huge single-crop farms of 15,000 – 50,000 crop farms of 15,000 – 50,000 acres.acres.

Depletes soil and drought would Depletes soil and drought would virtually bankrupt these farmsvirtually bankrupt these farms

In the end only 10% of the land In the end only 10% of the land was settled by for whom it was was settled by for whom it was intended. intended.

Did We Meet Our Objectives?Did We Meet Our Objectives?

Can You:Can You: 1. Explain the rapid 1. Explain the rapid

settlement of the settlement of the Great Plains due to Great Plains due to homesteading.homesteading.

2. Describe how early 2. Describe how early settlers survived on settlers survived on the plains and the plains and transformed them into transformed them into profitable farm land.profitable farm land.

Section 3: ObjectivesSection 3: Objectives

By the end of this By the end of this lesson, I will be able lesson, I will be able to:to:

1. Identify the 1. Identify the problems farmers problems farmers faced and their faced and their cooperative efforts to cooperative efforts to solve them.solve them.

2. Explain the rise 2. Explain the rise and fall of the Populist and fall of the Populist Party.Party.

Section 3: Farmers And The Section 3: Farmers And The Populist MovementPopulist Movement

Main IdeaMain Idea: Farmers : Farmers united to address their united to address their economic problems, economic problems, giving rise to the Populist giving rise to the Populist movement.movement.

Why it Matters NowWhy it Matters Now: Many : Many of the Populist reform of the Populist reform issues, such as income tax issues, such as income tax and legally protected rights and legally protected rights of workers, are now taken of workers, are now taken for granted.for granted.

Key Terms:Key Terms: GrangeGrange Farmers’ AlliancesFarmers’ Alliances PopulismPopulism BimetallismBimetallism Gold StandardGold Standard

Key Names:Key Names: Oliver Hudson KelleyOliver Hudson Kelley William McKinleyWilliam McKinley William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan

SECTION 3: FARMERS AND THE SECTION 3: FARMERS AND THE POPULIST MOVEMENTPOPULIST MOVEMENT

In the late 1800s, In the late 1800s, many farmers were many farmers were strugglingstruggling

Crop prices were Crop prices were falling, debt falling, debt increasedincreased

Mortgages were Mortgages were being being foreclosedforeclosed by by banksbanks

Railroad companies Railroad companies charged excessive charged excessive prices to ship goods.prices to ship goods.

FARMERS ORGANIZE FOR FARMERS ORGANIZE FOR CHANGECHANGE

1867 – 1867 – Oliver Hudson Oliver Hudson KelleyKelley started the started the Patrons Patrons of Husbandry,of Husbandry, an an organization for farmers organization for farmers that became known as the that became known as the GrangeGrange

Initially the Grange was a Initially the Grange was a social outlet for isolated social outlet for isolated farmers farmers

By 1870, the Grange spent By 1870, the Grange spent most of their time fighting most of their time fighting the railroadsthe railroads

Soon the Grange and Soon the Grange and other other Farmer AlliancesFarmer Alliances – – (Those who sympathized (Those who sympathized with farmers) numbered with farmers) numbered over 4 million over 4 million membersmembers

POPULIST PARTY IS BORNPOPULIST PARTY IS BORN

Leaders of the Leaders of the farmers organization farmers organization realized they needed realized they needed to build a base of to build a base of political powerpolitical power

PopulismPopulism – the – the movement of the movement of the people – was born in people – was born in 1892 with the 1892 with the founding of the founding of the Populist, or People’s Populist, or People’s Party Party

THIS POLITICAL CARTOON SHOWS A POPULIST

CLUBBING A RAILROAD CAR

POPULIST REFORMSPOPULIST REFORMS Proposed Proposed economiceconomic

reforms included; reforms included; increase of money increase of money supply, a rise in crop supply, a rise in crop prices, lower taxes, a prices, lower taxes, a federal loan programfederal loan program

Proposed Proposed politicalpolitical reforms included; reforms included; direct election of direct election of senators, single terms senators, single terms for presidentsfor presidents

Populists also called Populists also called for an for an 8-hour8-hour workday workday and reduced and reduced immigrationimmigration

POPULISTS MAKE GAINSPOPULISTS MAKE GAINS

In the 1892 Presidential In the 1892 Presidential election, the Populist election, the Populist candidate won almost candidate won almost 10% of the vote10% of the vote

In the West, the party In the West, the party elected 5 senators, 3 elected 5 senators, 3 governors and 1,500 governors and 1,500 state legislatorsstate legislators

Many people were Many people were attracted to the party attracted to the party because it captured the because it captured the spirit of the founding of spirit of the founding of our nation.our nation.

THE PANIC OF 1893THE PANIC OF 1893 Nationwide economic Nationwide economic

problems took center problems took center stage in America in 1893stage in America in 1893

Railroads went bankrupt, Railroads went bankrupt, the stock market lost the stock market lost value, 15,000 businesses value, 15,000 businesses and 500 banks collapsed, and 500 banks collapsed,

3 million people lost their 3 million people lost their jobs – putting jobs – putting unemployment at 20%unemployment at 20%

Farmers and Farmers and businessmen had businessmen had overextended themselves overextended themselves with loanswith loans

THE STOCK MARKET CRASHED IN 1893

SILVER OR GOLD?SILVER OR GOLD? The central issue of the The central issue of the 18961896

Presidential campaign was Presidential campaign was which metal would be the which metal would be the basis of the nation’s basis of the nation’s monetary systemmonetary system

Bimetallism Bimetallism (those who (those who favored using both silver and favored using both silver and gold) vs. those that favored gold) vs. those that favored the the Gold Standards Gold Standards alonealone

Silver was more readily Silver was more readily available providing an influx available providing an influx of cash into the stagnant of cash into the stagnant economyeconomy

People regarded paper People regarded paper money as worthless unless it money as worthless unless it could be exchanged for gold could be exchanged for gold or silver.or silver.

BRYAN AND THEBRYAN AND THE“CROSS OF GOLD”“CROSS OF GOLD”

RepublicansRepublicans favored the favored the Gold standard and Gold standard and nominated William McKinleynominated William McKinley

Democrats Democrats favored favored Bimetallism and nominated Bimetallism and nominated William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan

Populist Party backed Populist Party backed Bryan despite fears of Bryan despite fears of losing party identitylosing party identity

Despite Bryan’s stirring Despite Bryan’s stirring words, “You shall not crucify words, “You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of mankind upon a cross of gold,” gold,” McKinley won the McKinley won the 1896 election1896 election

BRYAN’S CROSS OF GOLD SPEECH

THE END OF POPULISMTHE END OF POPULISM With McKinley’s election With McKinley’s election

victory, victory, Populism Populism collapsedcollapsed, burying the , burying the hopes of the farmerhopes of the farmer

Populism left two Populism left two important legacies: important legacies:

1) 1) A messageA message that the that the downtrodden can downtrodden can organize and be heard organize and be heard and and

2) An 2) An agenda of reformsagenda of reforms, , many of which would be many of which would be enacted in the 20enacted in the 20thth centurycentury

The People’s Party Ended But Left An Important Legacy Leading to Progressivism

Did We Meet Our Objectives?Did We Meet Our Objectives?

Can You?Can You? 1. Identify the 1. Identify the

problems farmers problems farmers faced and their faced and their cooperative efforts to cooperative efforts to solve them.solve them.

2. Explain the rise 2. Explain the rise and fall of the Populist and fall of the Populist Party.Party.