Chapter 1 and Chapter 10 – Reading Worksheet Name ______________________________Complete this by the end of the first week of classes.

The goal of this assignment is to guide you through your reading of chapter 1 and a small part of Chapter 10 (p. 264-272). These topics will not be specifically covered in lecture since they are discussed thoroughly in the text. This worksheet will NOT be collected and evaluated but you are responsible for the information. Questions on these topics will be included on Exam 1.

1. Define pathogenic: disease-producing

2. The minority (majority or minority) of microorganisms are pathogenic. 3. Scientific nomenclature (naming system) assigns 2 names to an organism – this

nomenclature is referred to as binomial nomenclature and was first developed by Carolus Linnaeus. What are these two names?

a. genus

b. specific epithet (species name)

In the bacterial name Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella is the genus name and pneumoniae is the species (two words).

Whenever you are writing out the scientific name of an organism, the name must be italicized or underlined. On any written homework, you will lose points if you do not italicize or underline names of microorganisms.

4. Name the 7 groups of microorganisms often included in the study of microbiology:4a. Bacteria

4b. Archaea

4c. Fungi

4d. Protozoa

4e. Algae

4f. Viruses

4g. Multicellular Animal Paracites

5. Which of the above organisms are prokaryotes?5a. Bacteria

5b. Archaea

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6. Which of the above organisms are eukaryotes?6a. Fungi

6b. Protozoa

6c. Algae

6d. Multicellular Animal Parasites

7. Which of the above organisms does not fit all of the criteria used to define “life”? Why?

- Viruses: Considered living only when they multiply within host cells they infect. Viruses not considered to be living because they are inert outside living hosts.

8. List and briefly describe the 3 DOMAINS of living things (p. 265-267, Fig. 10.1, Table 10.1)?

8a. Eukarya: Eukaryotic - Cell Wall: Varies in composition, contains carbs- Membrane Lipids: Composed of straight chain carbon chains attached to

glycerol by ester linkage- First Amino Acid in Protein Synthesis: Methionine - Antibiotic Sensitivity: No- rRNA Loop: Lacking- Common Arm of tRNA: Present

8b. Bacteria: Prokaryotic - Cell Wall: Contains peptidoglycan - Membrane Lipids: Composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol

by ester linkage- First Amino Acid in Protein Synthesis: Formylmethionine- Antibiotic Sensitivity: Yes- rRNA Loop: Present- Common Arm of tRNA: Present

8c. Archaea: Prokaryotic - Cell Wall: Varies in composition, contains no peptidoglycan- Membrane Lipids: Composed of branched carbon chains attached to

glycerol by ether linkage- First Amino Acid in Protein Synthesis: Methionine- Antibiotic Sensitivity: No- rRNA Loop: Lacking- Common Arm of tRNA: Lacking

9. Which 2 domains contain prokaryotic organisms?9a. Bacteria

9b. Archaea

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10. What are the 4 kingdoms within the domain Eukarya? What distinguishes these kingdoms from one another?

10a. Protists

10b. Fungi

10c. Plants

10d. Animals

11. The following men made important contributions to the study of biology and more specifically microbiology. For each of the individuals listed, state the dates or general time period in which they did their most significant work, and list their contributions. More space is allotted for Koch and Pasteur because of their multiple contributions.

11a. Robert Hooke:When: 1665

Contribution: Beginning of Cell Theory – all living things are composed of cells.

11b. Anton van Leeuwenhoek:When: 1673-1723

Contribution(s): Probably first to observe live microorganisms though magnifying lens of microscope – made detailed drawings of organisms (bacteria and protozoa).

11c. Edward Jenner:When: 1796

Contribution: Discovered immunity – the protection from disease provided by vaccination or recovery from disease itself through smallpox experiments.

11d. Semmelweis:When: 1840s

Contribution: Demonstrated physicians, who didn’t disinfect their hands at the time, routinely transmitted infections between patients – advocated washing hands to stop spread of disease.

11e. Louis Pasteur:When: 1857-1880

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Contributions: Fermentation, disproved spontaneous generation, pasteurization, basis for aseptic techniques, presence of microorganisms in the air and their ability to contaminate nonliving matter.

11f. Joseph Lister:When: 1860s

Contribution: Applied germ theory to medical procedures – began treating surgical wounds with phenol solution to kill bacteria greatly reduced incidence of infections and deaths. His findings proved microorganisms cause surgical wound infections.

11g. Robert Koch:When: 1876

Contributions: Germ theory of disease – proved bacteria actually cause disease. Koch’s postulates: a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease.

11h. Paul Ehrlich:When: 1890

Contribution: Theory of immunity, syphilis treatment, discovery of chemotherapeutic agent able to hunt down and destroy pathogen without harming infected host.

11i. Alexander Fleming:When: 1928

Contribution: Discovered first antibiotic, penicillin, by accident. He noticed a mold inhibited growth of a bacterium – penicillin is an antibiotic produced by a fungus.

11j. Florey and Chain:When: 1942

Contribution: Developed penicillin for mass production for medicinal use.

11k. Selman Waksman:When: 1942

Contribution: Coined term “antibiotic” to describe any substance produced by a microorganism that is antagonistic to the growth of other microorganisms in high dilution.

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12. Define “aseptic technique”: Procedures that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms.

13. Briefly describe or explain the “germ theory of disease”: The realization that yeasts play a crucial role in fermentation was the first link between activity of a microorganism and physical and chemical changes in organic materials. This discovery alerted scientists to the possibility that microorganisms might have similar relationships with plants and animals specifically, that microorganisms might cause disease.

14. In your text, three different individuals are mentioned, regarding their contributions

to the development of the germ theory of disease. Name these individuals.14a. Pasteur 14b. Lister

14c. Koch

15. Define vaccination: Cultures of avirulent microorganisms that are used for preventative inoculation – able to induce immunity against subsequent infections by its virulent counterparts.

16. Define chemotherapy. What is meant by the term “magic bullet”. - Chemotherapy: Treatment of disease by using chemical substances- Magic Bullet: Capable of hunting down and destroying a pathogen without

harming the infected host

17. Match the following.

E the study of fungi a. biotechnologyI the study of resistance to disease b. virologyL the study of the relationship between microbes and their c. genomics

environment d. bioremediationG the study of protozoa and parasitic worms e. mycology

K the study of bacteria f. recombinant DNA

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J the study of mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit traits technologyB the study of viruses g. parasitologyC the study of all of an organisms genes i. immunologyA the practical applications of microbiology j. microbial geneticsD the use of bacteria to break down toxic materials k. bacteriologyF manufacturing and manipulating genetic material in vitro l. microbial ecology

18. Briefly describe “recombinant DNA technology” or “genetic engineering” and provide an example: Inserts recombinant DNA into bacteria (or other microbes) to make large quantities of a desired protein.

- Discovery that genetic material could be transferred from one bacterium to another by process called conjugation

19. Do the majority of microorganisms cause disease? No

20. List 4 beneficial activities of microorganisms: 20a. Sewage Treatment: Using Microbes to Recycle Water

20b. Bioremediation: Using Microbes to Clean Up Pollutants

20c. Insect Pest Control by Microorganisms

20d. Recycling Vital Elements

21. Define and provide an example of “bioremediation”: Usage of microbes to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes produced by various industrial processes. Some bacteria can use pollutants as energy sources, others produce enzymes that break down toxins into less harmful substances.

- Toxins can be removed from underground wells, chemical spills, toxic waste sites, oil spills

- Bacterial enzymes used in drain cleaners to remove clogs without adding harmful chemicals to the environment

22. How are microorganisms used to control insect pests? Name the bacterial species that has been used most effectively for this purpose?

- Bacillus thuringiensis used to control pests extensively in the US – incorporated into a dusting powder applied to the crops the insects eat.

- The bacteria produce protein crystals that are toxic to the digestive enzymes of the insects. The toxin gene also has been inserted into some plants to make them insect resistant.

- Usage of microbial rather than chemical insect control helps farmers to avoid harming the environment.

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23. List 4 examples of products made using biotechnology (genetic engineering). 23a. Alternative fuels made from microbes that produce methane and ethanol

23b. Proteins, vaccines, enzymes

23c. Genetically altered bacteria to protect fruit from frost damagek

23d. Manipulation of enzymes to cause microbes to produce substances they don’t normally synthesize – insulin

24. Define or briefly describe “normal microbiota”: Made up of a variety of microorganisms on and inside our bodies. Normal microbiota do us no harm, and in many cases benefit us. For example, protecting the body from disease by preventing the overgrowth of substances like vitamin K and some B vitamins.

- However, when some normal microbiota leave their habitat they can cause disease.

25. Define/Explain what a biofilm is: Microorganisms that attach to each other and/or some usually solid surface, such as the slime covering a rock in a lake or the biofilm on teeth.

- Can be beneficial: Protect mucus membranes from harmful microbes, important food for aquatic animals in lakes

- Can be harmful: Can clog water pipes, cause infections in medical implants such as joint prostheses and catheters

25. Define “infectious disease”: Disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host, such as a human or an animal.

- In the process, pathogen carries out at least part of its life cycle inside the host – disease frequently results.

26. What is meant by the term “emerging infectious disease”?- Diseases that are new or changing and are increasing or have the potential to

increase in incidence in the near future.- Factors include: Evolutionary changes in existing organisms, spread of known

diseases to new geographic regions or populations by modern transportation, increased human exposure to new/unusual infectious agents in areas undergoing ecologic changes (deforestation and construction)

27. List 5 examples of “emerging infectious diseases”:

27a. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)

27b. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

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27c. Avian Influenza A: H5N1 (Bird Flu)

27d. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)

27e. West Nile encephalitis (WNE)

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