Chapter 1

AnatomyThe study of the structure of an organismDescriptive anatomy relates the individual

parts of the body to functional systemsPathological anatomy refers to changes in

structure as they relate to diseaseGross /Microscopic Anatomy refers to levels

of visibility of structures under studyDevelopmental Anatomy studies the growth

and development of the organism

Related DisciplinesCytology/Histology study cells and tissues

Myology examines muscle form and function

Arthrology studies the joint system for bones

Osteology studies form and function of bones

Neurology studies the nervous system

PhysiologyThe study of the function of the living

organism and its parts as well as the chemical processes involved.

TeratogenCauses teratogenesisThe development of a severely malformed fetusIts effect must occur during prenatal

development

Alcohol- Fetal Alcohol syndrome, mental retardation, microcephaly

Tobacco- growth retardationHeroin and morphine-Neonatal convulsions,

tremors, death

Regions of the BodyTrunk-Torso

Thorax- Chest Abdomen-anterior abdominal wall

Dorsal trunk Back

Pelvis Hip bones

Head Cranial portion- houses the brain and its components Facial portion- houses the mouth, pharynx, nasal

cavity, and structures related to the upper airway and mastication

Regions of the BodyLower Extremity

Thigh, Leg, Ankle, and Foot

Upper Extremity Arm, forearm, Wrist and Hand

OrientationAnatomical Position

Body is erect Palms, arms and hands face forward

Axial Skeleton Head and Trunk Spinal column is the axis

Appendicular Skeleton Includes the lower and upper limbs

Planes of the BodyIllustration p.5Transverse Section

Divides body into upper and lower halves

Midsagittal SectionDivides body into right and left

Coronal SectionDivides body into front and back halves

Terms of Spatial OrientationAnterior=Ventral- Front of the BodyPosterior=Dorsal- Back of the BodyPeripheral-Away from the centerSuperficial-Near the surfaceDeep- Further from the surfaceExternal- outsideInternal- within the bodyProne-on the bellySupine- on the back

Terms of Spatial OrientationLateral- toward the sideRostral- toward the headProximal- toward the origin of a structure of the body (up)- in reference to limbsFlexion-bending at a jointExtension- extend out, stretchDorsiflexion-Bending that brings dorsal (back) surfaces

closer together e.g. Hyperextension (knee, back)Distal- away from midline (down)- in reference to limbsMedial- towards the midline

Types of TissuesEpithelial TissueConnective TissueMuscular TissueNervous Tissue

The organization of Tissue

Types of Tissues

Types of Tissues

Types of Tissues

Epithelial TissueSuperficial layer of mucous membranes and

the cells constituting the skinShortage of intercellular materialTightly packed sheet, a protective qualityMay be many layersLines nearly all of the cavities of the body as

well as the tubes that connect themMay have cilia or hair-like protrusions that

actively beat to remove contaminants from the epithelial surface

Epithelial Tissue

Connective TissueMost complex= specialized for the purposes

of support and protectionComposed predominantly of intercellular

material, known as the matrixMay be solid, liquid or gel-likeAreolar Tissue-loose connective tissueFibrous Tissue-binds structures togetherCartilage has unique properties of strength

and elasticity

Connective TissueBlood- fluid component is plasma and blood

cells are suspended in this matrixBone-hardest of all connective tissues-

compact and spongy.

Connective Tissue

Muscle TissueAre capable of being stimulated to contractStriated-skeletal muscle- it is used to move

skeletal structuresSmooth muscle- digestive tract and blood

vessels, generally sheetlike with spindle-shaped cells

Cardiac muscle- cells interconnect in a net like fashion

P. 15 for illustration

Muscle Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Nervous TissueHighly specialized communicative tissueConsists of neurons or nerve cells that take

on a variety of formsTransmits information from one neuron to

anotherTransmits information from neurons to

musclesTransmits information from sensory

receptors to other neural structures

Nervous Tissue

Tissue Aggregates

The basic body tissues are used to form larger structuresOrgansBonesMusclesJoints

Tissue AggregatesFascia- surrounds organs, being a sheet-like

membrane that may be either dense or filmy, thin, or thick.

Ligaments-binds organs together or hold structures in place

Tendons-provides a means of attaching muscle to bone or cartilage

Bones-Provide a rigid skeletal support and protect organs and soft tissues

Tissue AggregatesBones

All bone begins as a cartilaginous massPoints of articulation or joining between bones

are comprised of cartilageRigid skeletal supportProtect organs and soft tissuesCharacterized by length or shapeBlood cell production occurs within the cavities

of the spongy bone trabeculaeIllustration P. 19

Tissue Aggregates Joints

Union of bones with other bones, or cartilage with other cartilage

Classified based on the degree of movement they permitSynarthrodial/ Fibrous joints- have little movement, i.e.

joints between bones in the skull (suture between the two parietal bones), a socket and tooth

Ampiarthrodial/ Cartilaginous joints-permit limited mobility, cartilage provides the union between two bones, i.e. between the disks of the vertebral column

Diarthrodial/ Synovial joints-Highly mobile , lubricating synovial fluid is contained within the articular capsule

Sutures- see p. 22 for illustration and description

Synarthrodial (Fibrous)

Ampiarthrodial (Cartilage)

Diarthrodial (Synovial)

Tissue AggregatesMuscle

Bound groups of muscle fibers with functional unityFascia covers themEndowed with a tendon to permit attachment to

skeletal structureHave a nerve supply to provide stimulation of the

contracting bundle of tissueHave a vascular supply to meet their nutrient needsCan contract to approximately one-half its original

length

Tissue AggregatesMuscle

Exert force only by shortening the distance between two points and can contract only in a straight line

Origin=Point of attachment of the least mobile element

Insertion=Point of attachment that moves as a result of muscle contraction

Agonists= Muscles that move a structureAntagonists=Muscles that oppose a given movementSynergists=Muscles that stabilize structuresAre innervated or supplied by a single nerve

Body SystemsRespiratory Systems

Respiratory passageway, lungs, tracheaPhonatory System

Components of the respiratory system, laryngeal structures and the digestive system

Articulatory SystemParts of the anatomically defined digestive and

respiratory systems (tongue, lips, teeth, soft palate, etc.)

Resonatory SystemNasal cavity, soft palate and portions of the

respiratory and digestive systems