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CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA COLONIAL ERA

CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

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Page 1: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

CHAPTER 1:CHAPTER 1:BEGINNINGS TO 1763BEGINNINGS TO 1763

EXPLORATION & THE EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERACOLONIAL ERA

Page 2: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA, THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA, AND EUROPE – SECTION 1AND EUROPE – SECTION 1

► Ancient CulturesAncient Cultures arrived arrived about 22,000 years ago about 22,000 years ago via a land bridgevia a land bridge

► Earliest settlers were Earliest settlers were huntershunters

► Agriculture thrived Agriculture thrived starting about 5,000 starting about 5,000 years agoyears ago

► Some Natives remained Some Natives remained NomadicNomadic

► Maya, Aztec, and Inca Maya, Aztec, and Inca societies flourishedsocieties flourished

Page 3: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

NATIVE AMERICAS IN 1400SNATIVE AMERICAS IN 1400S

► Native American Native American societies in North societies in North America were as America were as varied as the varied as the geographygeography

► The The Pueblo (SW) Pueblo (SW) and and Iroquois (NE) Iroquois (NE) were were two famous tribestwo famous tribes

► Most of the tribes in Most of the tribes in America had common America had common religious views, trade religious views, trade patterns & valuespatterns & values

Page 4: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

WEST AFRICAN SOCIETIES OF WEST AFRICAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400STHE 1400S

► Long established, Long established, sophisticated societies sophisticated societies existed in Western Africaexisted in Western Africa

► The The Kingdom of Songhai Kingdom of Songhai controlled trans-Sahara controlled trans-Sahara tradetrade

► Kingdom of Benin Kingdom of Benin and and Kongo Kongo were two famous were two famous dynastiesdynasties

► Village and family bonds Village and family bonds formed the basis of lifeformed the basis of life

Page 5: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

EUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF THE EUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400S1400S

► European villages had European villages had a long tradition of a long tradition of social hierarchy social hierarchy – – complete with nobles, complete with nobles, merchants & merchants & peasantspeasants

► Christianity Christianity played a played a critical role – religious critical role – religious leaders had powerleaders had power

► The Reformation The Reformation in in the early 1500s led to the early 1500s led to a split in the churcha split in the church

Martin Luther

Page 6: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION EUROPEAN EXPLORATION

► The countries of The countries of Portugal, Spain, France Portugal, Spain, France and England explored and England explored in the late 1400s for in the late 1400s for God, Gold, and GloryGod, Gold, and Glory

► Improved mapmaking, Improved mapmaking, better sailboats, better sailboats, compasses, astrolabes, compasses, astrolabes, Prince Henry– all led to Prince Henry– all led to better exploration better exploration

Page 7: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

SPANISH NORTH AMERICA – SPANISH NORTH AMERICA – SECTION 2SECTION 2

► Columbus crosses the Columbus crosses the AtlanticAtlantic in October of in October of 1492 and lands in San 1492 and lands in San Salvador (“Holy Salvador (“Holy Savior”)Savior”)

► He spent about 3 He spent about 3 months exploring months exploring Islands in the BahamasIslands in the Bahamas

► Europeans used Europeans used advanced weapons to advanced weapons to force locals into labor: force locals into labor: Plantation System Plantation System

► Disease devastated Disease devastated Native populationNative population

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IMPACT OF COLUMBUSIMPACT OF COLUMBUS

On Africans-On Africans- Before Before slave trade ended in the slave trade ended in the 1800s, 10 million 1800s, 10 million Africans taken Africans taken

On Europeans-On Europeans- Biggest Biggest voluntary migration in voluntary migration in world historyworld history

On Trade-On Trade- Columbian Columbian ExchangeExchange meant new meant new goods & products flowed goods & products flowed between continentsbetween continents

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The Columbian Biological Exchange

Old World to New World:

New World to Old World:

Diseases: Smallpox MeaslesChicken PoxMalariaYellow FeverInfluenzaThe Common Cold

Syphilis

| This page was last updated on 12/3/98. | Return to History 111 Supplements

Page 10: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

The Columbian Biological Exchange

Old World to New World:

New World to Old World:

Animals: Horses CattlePigsSheepGoatsChickens

TurkeysLlamasAlpacasGuinea Pigs

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The Columbian Biological Exchange

Old World to New World:

New World to Old World:

Plants: Rice WheatBarleyOatsCoffeeSugarcaneBananasMelonsOlivesDandelionsDaisiesCloverRagweedKentucky Bluegrass

Corn (Maize)Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties)Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties)TobaccoPeanutsSquashPeppersTomatoesPumpkinsPineapplesCacao (Source of Chocolate)Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum)PapayasManioc (Tapioca)GuavasAvocados

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SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRESPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRE

► Spanish explorers Spanish explorers (Conquistadors) (Conquistadors) seized seized much of the Americasmuch of the Americas

► Cortes Cortes conquered the conquered the Aztecs in MexicoAztecs in Mexico

► PizzaroPizzaro conquered the conquered the Incas in Peru Incas in Peru

► Exploitation of local Exploitation of local populations was populations was significant – significant – Encomienda System Encomienda System

Page 13: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA
Page 14: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

SPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWEST SPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWEST AND WESTERN AMERICAAND WESTERN AMERICA

► Mid-1500s, Spain Mid-1500s, Spain explored much of what is explored much of what is today the SW & West of today the SW & West of the USAthe USA

► New Mexico settled by New Mexico settled by Spanish priest who Spanish priest who converted Natives converted Natives (Pueblos) (Pueblos)

► Texas area had 30 Texas area had 30 expeditions in 16expeditions in 16thth century century

► California was site of California was site of numerous numerous missionsmissions

California Missions

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EARLY BRITISH COLONIES – EARLY BRITISH COLONIES – SECTION 3SECTION 3

► Beginning in the early Beginning in the early 1600s, the English 1600s, the English established colonies established colonies along the eastern coast along the eastern coast of North Americaof North America

► 1607: Jamestown1607: Jamestown was was first to be settledfirst to be settled

► John Smith led this John Smith led this group of settlersgroup of settlers

► Colony struggled at Colony struggled at first, then was saved by first, then was saved by Tobacco cropTobacco crop

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PURITANS CREATE A “NEW PURITANS CREATE A “NEW ENGLAND”ENGLAND”

► The 16The 16thth century century Reformation caused a Reformation caused a split in the Christian split in the Christian Church; Catholics and Church; Catholics and ProtestantsProtestants

► One extreme group of One extreme group of Protestant reformers – Protestant reformers – the the Puritans Puritans sought to sought to cleanse or “purify” cleanse or “purify” their religion of all their religion of all traces of Catholicism traces of Catholicism

PURITAN, OR “PILGRIM”

Page 17: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

COLONISTS MEET COLONISTS MEET RESISTANCERESISTANCE

► New England Colonists New England Colonists (Puritans) soon (Puritans) soon conflicted with the conflicted with the Native Americans over Native Americans over land & religionland & religion

► King Philip’s War King Philip’s War was was fought in 1675 between fought in 1675 between the Natives and the Natives and Puritans ending a year Puritans ending a year later with many dead later with many dead and the Natives and the Natives retreatingretreating

Page 18: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

SETTLING THE MIDDLE SETTLING THE MIDDLE COLONIESCOLONIES

► Dominated by Dutch Dominated by Dutch and Quaker settlers, and Quaker settlers, the Middle Colonies the Middle Colonies were founded in the were founded in the mid-1600smid-1600s

► William Penn William Penn led led Quakers as they Quakers as they colonized colonized Pennsylvania and Pennsylvania and DelawareDelaware

Page 19: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

ENGLAND’S COLONIES ENGLAND’S COLONIES PROSPERPROSPER

► Throughout the 1600s Throughout the 1600s and 1700s, more British and 1700s, more British Colonies were Colonies were establishedestablished

► By 1752, the English By 1752, the English Crown had assumed Crown had assumed more & more more & more responsibility for the 13 responsibility for the 13 coloniescolonies

► Mercantilism & Mercantilism & Navigation Acts Navigation Acts were were two such ways that the two such ways that the English government English government controlled the coloniescontrolled the colonies

King George III

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MERCANTILISM: AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH NATIONS SEEK TO INCREASE THEIR WEALTH BY OBTAINING GOLD & SILVER AND WITH A FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE

MERCANTILISM

Page 21: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

NAVIGATION ACTSNAVIGATION ACTS► 1651- England’s 1651- England’s

Parliament passed a Parliament passed a series of laws known as series of laws known as the the Navigation ActsNavigation Acts

► These laws restricted the These laws restricted the colonies shipping & tradecolonies shipping & trade

► Ships, destinations, Ships, destinations, crews, goods: All strictly crews, goods: All strictly regulated by the English regulated by the English

► The colonies were The colonies were developing a spirit of developing a spirit of self-determination. self-determination. Therefore, they were Therefore, they were NOT happy with these NOT happy with these restrictionsrestrictions

Page 22: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

THE COLONIES COME OF AGE – THE COLONIES COME OF AGE – SECTION 4SECTION 4

► New England, Middle New England, Middle Colonies, and the South Colonies, and the South – all developed distinct – all developed distinct economies and societieseconomies and societies

► In the South, rural In the South, rural Plantations Plantations with a single with a single cash crop were commoncash crop were common

► Small Southern farmers Small Southern farmers (Germans, Scots, Irish) (Germans, Scots, Irish) and African slaves and African slaves made up the majority of made up the majority of people people

Southern Plantation

Page 23: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

THE MIDDLE PASSAGETHE MIDDLE PASSAGE► During the 17During the 17thth

century, Africans century, Africans endured a endured a transatlantic crossing transatlantic crossing from Africa to the from Africa to the North American North American ColoniesColonies

► Cruelty characterized Cruelty characterized the months long the months long journey – 13% died journey – 13% died on route on route

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AFRICANS MAINTAIN PARTS OF AFRICANS MAINTAIN PARTS OF THEIR CULTURETHEIR CULTURE

► Despite enslavement, Despite enslavement, Africans coped with the Africans coped with the horrors of slavery via horrors of slavery via music, dance, and music, dance, and storytellingstorytelling

► Slaves also resisted their Slaves also resisted their position of subservience position of subservience by faking illness, by faking illness, breaking tools, or work breaking tools, or work slowdowns slowdowns

► Others were more radical Others were more radical and tried escape & revoltand tried escape & revolt

Page 25: CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

NORTHERN COLONIES NORTHERN COLONIES COMMERCE THRIVESCOMMERCE THRIVES

► The development of The development of cities, expansion of cities, expansion of trade, and diverse trade, and diverse economies gradually economies gradually made the North radically made the North radically different from the Southdifferent from the South

► Philly was the 2Philly was the 2ndnd largest largest British portBritish port

► Farming differed from Farming differed from the South: smaller, more the South: smaller, more diverse crops in Northdiverse crops in North

LIBERTY BELL

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THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE GREAT AWAKENINGGREAT AWAKENING

► 1700s: An intellectual 1700s: An intellectual movement known as the movement known as the Enlightenment Enlightenment began in began in Europe and a religious Europe and a religious movement known as the movement known as the Great Awakening Great Awakening started started in the Coloniesin the Colonies

► The Enlightenment The Enlightenment emphasized reason, emphasized reason, science, and observation science, and observation and led to the discovery of and led to the discovery of natural lawsnatural laws

► Copernicus, Galileo, Copernicus, Galileo, Franklin and Newton were Franklin and Newton were key figureskey figures

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RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREAT RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREAT AWAKENINGAWAKENING

► A series of religious A series of religious revivals aimed at restoring revivals aimed at restoring devotion & piety swept devotion & piety swept through the colonies in the through the colonies in the mid-1700smid-1700s

► Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards was a was a Puritan priest from New Puritan priest from New England who was England who was instrumental in the instrumental in the movementmovement

► Fire & Brimstone style of Fire & Brimstone style of worship; large, worship; large, emotionally charged emotionally charged crowdscrowds

► Like the Enlightenment Like the Enlightenment the movement stressed the movement stressed the importance of the the importance of the individualindividual

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FRENCH AND INDIAN WARFRENCH AND INDIAN WAR

► Competition in North Competition in North America led to a war America led to a war (1754-1763) between (1754-1763) between old rivals old rivals France and France and EnglandEngland

► The French in North The French in North America were America were tradesmen (furs) not tradesmen (furs) not long-term inhabitantslong-term inhabitants

► Ohio River valley was Ohio River valley was the site of the conflictthe site of the conflict

► The Colonists supported The Colonists supported the British while the the British while the Natives supported the Natives supported the FrenchFrench

FRENCH INDIAN WAR BY NAT YOUNGBLOOD

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BRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLD BRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLD ENEMYENEMY

► While the French had While the French had early victories, the British early victories, the British led by led by William Pitt William Pitt and and George Washington George Washington eventually defeated the eventually defeated the FrenchFrench

► Treaty of Paris ends the Treaty of Paris ends the war in 1763war in 1763

► Brits claim most of North Brits claim most of North America including Florida America including Florida (from French ally Spain) & (from French ally Spain) & CanadaCanada

► Native Americans also Native Americans also realized a French loss was realized a French loss was a Native American lossa Native American loss

WILLIAM PITT ON A COIN

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PROCLAMATION LINE OF PROCLAMATION LINE OF 17631763

► To avoid further costly To avoid further costly conflicts with Native conflicts with Native Americans, the British Americans, the British government prohibited government prohibited colonists from settling colonists from settling west of the west of the AppalachianAppalachian MountainsMountains

► The Proclamation The Proclamation established a line along established a line along the Appalachian that the Appalachian that colonists could not colonists could not cross (They did cross (They did anyway)anyway)