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Page 1: Chapter 10: Tobacco · 2013. 1. 23. · Cigars and Pipes Shredded tobacco leaves are also used in cigars and pipes. Cigar smoke contains 25 times more carbon monoxide and up to 400

UN

IT44

270

Page 2: Chapter 10: Tobacco · 2013. 1. 23. · Cigars and Pipes Shredded tobacco leaves are also used in cigars and pipes. Cigar smoke contains 25 times more carbon monoxide and up to 400

When you know the facts about tobacco,

alcohol, and other drugs, you can take a

stand for your health and the health of

others. By learning to avoid unhealthy

habits, you can steer clear of

behaviors that put people

at risk in obvious—and

not-so-obvious—ways.

Understanding how to pro-

tect your health helps both you and the

people around you. That really makes

you stand out from the crowd. So go

ahead—give yourself a cheer!

How can taking a stand preventdisease?

Protecting Your Health

Protecting Your Health

271

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1010CHAPTERCHAP-

1010CHAPTERCHAPTER

272

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273273

Can you separate the facts about tobacco from themyths? To find out, take the Health Inventory forChapter 10 at health.glencoe.com.

HEALTH

Fold the sheet of notebook paper inhalf along the long axis.

On the top layer, cut every third line.This will form 10 tabs.

Label the tabs as shown.

NicotineTobacco

Tar

Carbon Monoxide

Cigarettes

Cigars

PipesSmokelesstobacco

Alveoli

Emphysema

Make this Foldable to helpyou record what you learn in Lesson 1 about tobacco’seffects on the respiratory system. Begin with a sheet of notebook paper.

Define key terms and recordfacts about tobacco’s effectson the body.

Before You Read

As You Read

TobaccoTobacco

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274 CHAPTER 10: TOBACCO

What Tobacco Does to the Body

The Facts About TobaccoA single puff of tobacco smoke contains more than 4,000

chemicals. Almost all of these chemicals prevent the body fromfunctioning the way it should. At least 43 of them cause cancer insmokers. In the United States more than 400,000 people die eachyear as a result of smoking-related illnesses. Smoke also harms thehealth of nonsmokers. Even smokeless tobacco causes health prob-lems for its users.

What Is in Tobacco?Tobacco contains three substances that are especially harmful

to health. Nicotine (NIK·uh·teen) is an addictive drug found in tobacco. Nicotine makes tobacco users crave even more nicotine. Taris a thick, dark liquid that forms when tobacco burns. This liquidcoats the lining of the lungs and causes diseases. Carbon monoxide(KAR·buhn muh·NAHK·syd) is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gasproduced when tobacco burns. Tobacco smoke from a cigarette,cigar, or pipe contains all of these substances. Figure 10.1 on thenext page shows the harmful substances in tobacco.

11

List three reasons youshould refuse an offer ofa cigarette.

LessonLesson

Quick WriteQuick Write

LEARN ABOUT...• the substances in

tobacco that causehealth problems.

• why all forms of tobacco are harmfulto health.

• how tobacco affectsvarious parts of the body.

VOCABULARY• nicotine• tar• carbon monoxide• alveoli• emphysema

Here are several forms of tobacco prod-ucts. What harmful substances do all tobaccoproducts contain?

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LESSON 1: WHAT TOBACCO DOES TO THE BODY 275

FIGURE 10.1

HARMFULSUBSTANCESIN TOBACCOSMOKE

Tobacco smoke contains many dangerous chemicals. Why is each sub-stance harmful?

Carbonmonoxideprevents thebody fromgetting allthe oxygenit needs.Methanol,

a poisonous liquid alcohol, is known tocause blindness.

Formaldehyde is an irritating, acidic gas usedin laboratory disinfectantsand preservatives.

Nicotinespeeds theheartbeat, raisesblood pressure,increases thecraving for tobacco, andcauses dizzinessand upsetstomach.

Tar forms a stickycoating on thetubes and air sacsinside the lungs.

Cyanideis a deadly poison.

Forms of TobaccoTobacco products come in several forms. They can be smoked,

chewed, or inhaled. The most commonly used form is a cigarette.

CigarettesCigarettes are made from shredded tobacco leaves. Some ciga-

rettes contain filters, which reduce the amount of nicotine and tarin cigarette smoke. However, filters do not decrease the amount ofharmful chemicals that pass through a smoker’s lungs. Flavoredcigarettes taste and smell sweet, but they produce even more nico-tine, tar, and carbon monoxide than regular cigarettes do.

Cigars and PipesShredded tobacco leaves are also used in cigars and pipes.

Cigar smoke contains 25 times more carbon monoxide and up to400 times more nicotine than cigarette smoke. People who smokecigars or pipes are more likely to develop cancers of the lip,mouth, and tongue than nonsmokers are.

Smokeless TobaccoChewing tobacco and snuff are placed in the mouth rather than

smoked. Snuff may also be inhaled. The nicotine in smokeless to-bacco is just as harmful and addictive as that in cigarettes. Users of smokeless tobacco face a higher risk of cancers of the mouth,esophagus, larynx, and pancreas. They can also develop gum disease and stomach ulcers.

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FIGURE 10.2

RESPIRATORYSYSTEM

Tobacco smoke damages the alveoli (al•VEE•oh•ly), fragile, elastic,

microscopic air sacs in the lungs wherecarbon dioxide from body cells and fresh

oxygen from the air are exchanged.This damage may lead to emphysema

(em•fuh•ZEE•muh), a disease that destroysalveoli. Smokers are also between 12 and

22 times more likely than nonsmokersto develop lung cancer.

CIRCULATORYSYSTEM

Tobacco use is linkedto heart disease.

EXCRETORYSYSTEM

Smokers have at least twicethe risk of developing bladdercancer as nonsmokers. Smoke-

less tobacco can also putusers at risk of developing

bladder cancer.

DIGESTIVESYSTEM

All forms of tobacco increasethe risk of cavities and gum

disease. Tobacco dulls the tastebuds and can cause stomach

ulcers. Tobacco use is linked tocancers of the mouth, throat,

esophagus, stomach, andpancreas.

NERVOUSSYSTEM

Tobacco use reduces theflow of oxygen to the

brain, which can lead to astroke.

Tobacco has harmful effects on almost all body systems.

HOW TOBACCO HARMS THE BODYHOW TOBACCO HARMS THE BODY

Tobacco’s Effects on the BodyTobacco poses a great risk to the normal functioning of the

body. Besides causing problems in the mouth and lungs, tobaccodamages the body in many other ways. Figure 10.2 lists the effectstobacco has on five body systems.

Regulating the Tobacco IndustryThe federal government has developed regulations to protect

the public from the health hazards of tobacco use. Cigarette packsmust have warnings on the health risks of smoking. Cigaretteadvertisements are banned from radio and television. It is illegal tosell tobacco products to anyone under age 18; in some states, theage is even higher. Clothing and other souvenir items cannot fea-ture the name or logo of a tobacco brand. Tobacco companies cannot sponsor sporting events and teams.

276 CHAPTER 10: TOBACCO

Reading CheckCreate your own chart.Design and complete achart about what tobaccodoes to the body.

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LESSON 1: WHAT TOBACCO DOES TO THE BODY 277

LessonLesson ReviewReview11Using complete sentences, answer the

following questions on a sheet of paper.

Reviewing Terms and Facts1. Vocabulary Define the term nicotine.2. Identify Name four substances in to-

bacco smoke that are harmful to the body.3. Recall List three forms of tobacco.4. Explain Describe four ways in which

smoking and chewing tobacco harmthe body.

Thinking Critically5. Hypothesize What might you say to per-

suade a friend to quit chewing tobacco?6. Explain Why do you think tobacco com-

panies are prohibited from putting theirnames and logos on clothing?

Applying Health Skills7. Advocacy Collect newspaper and maga-

zine articles about the unhealthful effects of tobacco. Use the articles to make a pam-phlet that encourages others to remain tobacco free.

DECISION MAKINGAsking Others Not to Smoke

After school Marisa runs into her friend Eileen, who offers togive her a ride home. When Eileen’s older brother, Zachary, ar-rives to pick them up, he lights up a cigarette in the car. Marisahas asthma and wants to ask Zachary to put out the cigarette. Shefeels uncertain about saying anything to him, though, because it is his car and he is being nice enough to drive her home.

What Would You Do?Apply the six steps of the

decision-making process to Marisa’sproblem. Explain your decision toyour class and have a group discus-sion about the risks and benefits ofdecision making about personal health.

HEALTH SKILLS ACTIVITYHEALTH SKILLS ACTIVITY

1. STATE THE SITUATION.2. LIST THE OPTIONS.3. WEIGH THE POSSIBLE

OUTCOMES.4. CONSIDER VALUES.5. MAKE A DECIS ION AND ACT.6. EVALUATE YOUR DECIS ION.

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Nose/MouthPassages for air; nose lined with cilia (SIH•lee•uh), tiny hairlike projections that trap dirt and particles from the air

Bronchi (BRAHNG•ky)Two tubes that branch fromthe trachea; one tube leads toeach lung

Diaphragm(DY•uh•fram)Large dome-shapedmuscle below the lungsthat expands and relaxesto produce breathing

Epiglottis (eh•pi•GLAH•tis)Flap of tissue in back of mouththat covers the trachea to pre-vent food from entering it

LungsTwo largeorgans thatexchangeoxygenand carbondioxide

Trachea(TRAY•kee•uh)Tube in throatthat takes air toand from lungs(also called thewindpipe)

278 CHAPTER 10: TOBACCO

The Respiratory System

Oxygen for LifeTake a deep breath. Now let the air out. These two motions, in-

haling and exhaling, are the basic actions of your respiratory system.Your respiratory system is the set of organs that supplies your bodywith oxygen and rids your body of carbon dioxide. Your body cannotsurvive without the oxygen you take in every time you take a breath.

Parts of the Respiratory SystemAll the parts of the respiratory system work together to help

you breathe. Figure 10.3 lists and describes the functions of manyof the body parts that make breathing possible.

22

Although you breathe allthe time, you probablydon’t think about it very often. Describe theactivities or conditionsthat make you aware ofyour breathing.

LessonLesson

Quick WriteQuick Write

LEARN ABOUT...• the parts of the

respiratory system.• how the breathing

process works.• illnesses that

can damage the respiratory system.

VOCABULARY• respiratory system• trachea• bronchi• diaphragm

FIGURE 10.3

PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMAll of these structures work together to help you breathe. Why do youthink you have a hard time breathing when you have a cold?

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LESSON 2: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 279

How Breathing WorksBreathing consists of three main stages. When you inhale, you

take air into your lungs. There oxygen from the air enters thebloodstream and replaces the carbon dioxide that must leave yourbody. When you exhale, you breathe out the carbon dioxide. Thesethree stages repeat in a cycle. Figure 10.4 shows the steps in thebreathing process.

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

Capillaries

Bronchiole

1

2

3

Inside the LungsThe bronchi divide into smaller passages called bronchioles(BRAHNG·kee·ohlz). Air passesthrough the bronchioles into thealveoli, which are surrounded bycapillaries. Here the oxygen in the air moves into your bloodstream, and carbon dioxide from the bloodenters the alveoli.

InhalingYour diaphragm moves down and your rib cage ex-pands, creating more room in your chest. This causes airto rush into your body. The air enters through the noseor mouth, then moves past the epiglottis and into thetrachea and bronchi.

ExhalingYour diaphragm pushes up, andyour ribs move in and down,forcing air out of your lungs.The air, now containing carbondioxide, moves back throughthe bronchioles and bronchi, upthe trachea, and out through thenose or mouth.

FIGURE 10.4

THE BREATHING PROCESSEvery day you take about 25,000 breaths of air. How do you thinksmoking affects a smoker’s breathing?

Epiglottis

Trachea

Lungs

Bronchi

Diaphragm

Alveoli

HEALTHHEALTHOnlineOnline

Topic: Respiration

For a link to more information on respiration, go tohealth.glencoe.com.

Activity: Using the in-formation provided atthis link, summarize thebreathing process.

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280 CHAPTER 10: TOBACCO

Problems of the Respiratory SystemGerms, tobacco smoke, inhaled chemicals, and environmental

pollution can easily damage the many complex parts of the respi-ratory system. Figure 10.5 describes some of the illnesses that canharm your respiratory system.

Caring for Your Respiratory SystemYou know how uncomfortable you are when you have a cold

and can’t breathe freely. Your whole body depends on a healthyrespiratory system and on the air you breathe. It is important totake good care of your respiratory system—here are some simpletips to follow:

• Don’t smoke.

• Avoid people and situations that would expose you to tobaccosmoke in the air.

• Take care of your body when you have a cold, flu, or any otherrespiratory illness.

Disease or DisorderCold/Flu

Pneumonia

Asthma

Tuberculosis

Emphysema

Lung Cancer

DescriptionDiseases caused by viruses; symptoms in-clude runny nose, cough, fever, aches

Bacterial or viral disease that affects thelungs; symptoms include fever, chest pain,breathing difficulty

Disease in which airways narrow; symp-toms include wheezing, shortness of breath,coughing

Bacterial disease that affects the lungs; symptoms include cough, fatigue; can be fatal

Disease in which alveoli harden and disinte-grate; symptoms include extreme diffi-culty in breathing; almost entirely causedby smoking

Uncontrolled growth of cells that reproduce abnormally in lungs; often caused by smoking

TreatmentBed rest and fluids; vaccinescan prevent some types of flu

Antibiotics for bacterial type;bed rest for viral type

Medication to relieve symptoms;avoiding activities or substancesthat trigger attacks

Antibiotics

No known cure; pure oxygencan make breathing easier

Surgery, radiation, and medications; survival rates are very low

FIGURE 10.5

PROBLEMS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRespiratory problems can be dangerous if they are not treated quickly and properly. Which respiratory illnesses can you help prevent by remaining tobacco free?

Reading CheckInvestigate word parts.Investigate the word tuberculosis. What is theroot of the word? Whatdoes the root mean?What is the suffix? Whatdoes the suffix mean?

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LESSON 2: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 281

LessonLesson ReviewReview22Using complete sentences, answer the

following questions on a sheet of paper.

Reviewing Terms and Facts1. Vocabulary Define the term respiratory

system.2. Recall List the parts of the respiratory

system through which air passes when you inhale.

3. Identify What two gases are exchangedin your lungs when you breathe?

4. List Name three ways to care for the respiratory system.

5. Recall List three problems of the respira-tory system. Describe the effects of one ofthese illnesses.

Thinking Critically6. Describe How do cilia and the epiglottis

protect the respiratory system?7. Analyze How might the rest of the body

be affected when a respiratory illness re-mains untreated?

Applying Health Skills8. Communication Skills Write a letter to a

movie studio, asking the company to pro-hibit smoking scenes in films that featureteen actors. Using facts from this lesson,explain why it is important for movies tosend out an antismoking message to teens.

PRACTICING HEALTHFULBEHAVIORSEvery Breath You Take

Here are some additional guidelines for keeping yourrespiratory system healthy:

• Participate in regular physical activity that makes youbreathe deeply. Giving your lungs a good workout makesthem stronger and helps them work more efficiently.

• Avoid areas where the air is polluted. Exerciseaway from streets where there is heavy traffic.

• If you know that you are allergic to a substancethat affects your respiratory system, avoid itas much as possible. If you have asthma,avoid irritants that could trigger an attack.

• See a doctor right away if you have any trouble breathing.

• Do not intentionally inhale fumes of any kind.

ON YOUR OWNList ways that you could putthese tips to use. For example,how can you avoid smoke and air pollution? What activities will give your lungs a good workout? Compare your listwith a classmate’s to findmore ideas.

HEALTH SKILLS ACTIVITYHEALTH SKILLS ACTIVITY

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282 CHAPTER 10: TOBACCO

Teens and Tobacco Addiction

Tobacco AddictionYou may wonder why people get “hooked” on tobacco prod-

ucts. The answer is nicotine. The tobacco user forms an addiction(uh·DIK·shuhn), a psychological or physical need for a drug orother substance. Nicotine is as addictive a drug as alcohol, co-caine, or heroin. Nicotine addiction leads to more diseases anddeaths than all other addictions combined.

A person who is addicted to nicotine finds it difficult to stop using tobacco. Reducing or cutting off the supply of nicotinecauses withdrawal. Withdrawal is the unpleasant symptoms thatsomeone experiences when he or she stops using an addictive substance. People who are going through withdrawal usually feelanxious, irritable, hungry, depressed, and tired.

33

List some ways youmight help someonewho wants to quit usingtobacco.

LessonLesson

Quick WriteQuick Write

LEARN ABOUT...• why people become

addicted to tobacco.• why teens begin us-

ing tobacco.

VOCABULARY• addiction• withdrawal• psychological

dependence• physical dependence• tolerance

In April of 1999, tobacco advertise-ments were banned from billboards.In many states, these ads were re-placed with antismoking messageslike the one shown here. How can antismoking messages in the mediapositively influence individual andcommunity health?

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LESSON 3: TEENS AND TOBACCO ADDICTION 283

Replacing tobacco use with ahealthful activity such as drinkingherbal tea is one way to break apsychological dependence onnicotine.

Reading CheckLearn about the term ad-diction. Create a conceptmap for the term as it re-lates to tobacco.

✔Psychological DependenceA tobacco user first becomes psychologically dependent on the

tobacco habit. Psychological (sy·kuh·LAH·ji·kuhl) dependence isan addiction in which a person believes that he or she needs adrug in order to feel good or function normally. The user may feelthat the tobacco habit is a necessary part of his or her daily routine,and associate it with pleasurable activities such as talking on thephone or taking a break from work. To break a psychological de-pendence on tobacco, users need to change their habits. For exam-ple, a smoker could drink herbal tea or chew sugarless gum insteadof reaching for a cigarette.

Physical DependencePhysical dependence is an addiction in which the body devel-

ops a chemical need for a drug. Physical addiction to a chemicalor drug is also called chemical dependency. Physical dependenceon tobacco is directly related to nicotine. A tobacco user’s need fornicotine is very strong. Users crave tobacco when their bodies arelow on nicotine. They do not feel comfortable until they have an-other dose of the drug. When they get it, the relief does not lastlong—they soon feel the need to use tobacco again.

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284 CHAPTER 10: TOBACCO

As a person continues to use tobacco, the body’s tolerance fornicotine increases. Tolerance is the body’s need for larger andlarger doses of a drug to produce the same effect. For example,someone might smoke half a pack of cigarettes a day. After a whilethat person will need to smoke more cigarettes in order to feel theeffects of the nicotine. Soon he or she could be smoking a pack aday, and the increase won’t stop there. The smoker will always feelan urge to smoke more.

ANALYZING A MEDIA MESSAGEANALYZING A MEDIA MESSAGE

Hands-On

HealthHands-On

Health

What flashes through your mind whenyou see a tobacco ad that shows smokershaving fun? Does the ad make you thinkthat using tobacco is a way to make friendsand share good times? This is the hiddenmessage that tobacco companies want youto receive. They show appealing pictures tomake you feel good about the idea of usingtobacco and to try to persuade you to use it.However, they don’t tell you the truth aboutits harmful effects.

WHAT YOU WILL NEED

• paper• pencil or pen• poster board• crayons, colored pencils, or markers

WHAT YOU WILL DO1. Divide a sheet of paper

into two columns. Labelthe first column Imagesand the second columnMessages.

2. Look carefully at the to-bacco ad on this page. Inthe first column list thekinds of images used in thead, including words, setting,

people, and activities. Describe the over-all mood or tone of the ad. In the secondcolumn record the ad’s hidden messagesabout the use of tobacco.

3. Use some of the techniques you noticedin the ad to make a poster showing teenshaving fun. The purpose of your ad is tosell a tobacco-free attitude or product.

4. Present your poster to the class.

IN CONCLUSION1. In what ways was the ad on this page in-

accurate or misleading?2. How does your poster promote a healthy

idea or product?

Make the

Most of L

ife!

Make the

Most of L

ife!

SmokeSmoke

Flavors

SURGEON GENERAL’S WARNING: Smoking

Causes Lung Cancer, Heart D

isease, Em-

physema, and May Complicate Pregna

ncy.

Flavors

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Why Teens Begin Using Tobacco Why do teens start to use tobacco products? One of the main

reasons is that their friends smoke or use smokeless tobacco. Manyteens think that using tobacco products will make them appear“cool,” adult, or sophisticated, and will give them confidence in so-cial situations. Some teens are just curious and want to experienceit for themselves. Others may try tobacco because they’ve beentold not to use it—they are attempting to rebel. See Figure 10.6 forother reasons that teens use tobacco.

Tobacco advertising is another major influence. The advertise-ments associate having fun or being “cool” with tobacco use.Teens may think that the negative consequences they have heardmentioned about tobacco just happen to people who are mucholder and who have used it for many years. In reality, the negativeeffects of tobacco begin the very first time a person uses it.

BANNINGTOBACCO ADS

The U.S. governmenthas taken action toreduce the appeal oftobacco to teens. Ithas prohibited out-door ads for tobaccoproducts within1,000 feet of schoolsand playgrounds. Tobacco companiesare also forbidden touse color in many oftheir ads. Whatimpact do you thinkthis law has had on young people’shealth?

LESSON 3: TEENS AND TOBACCO ADDICTION 285

FIGURE 10.6

REASONS FOR TOBACCO USE AMONG TEENSAlthough schools and media warn teens about the health risks oftobacco use, every day more than 4,800 American young people (ages 11–17) smoke their first cigarette. For each of the reasons listedhere for using tobacco, state a reason for avoiding it.

Peerpressure

Parents orother familymembers usetobacco

Wanting to

seem more

grown up

Wanting to

look “cool”

Wanting to

be just

like

a favorite

celebrity

Too hooked tobe able to quit

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286 CHAPTER 10: TOBACCO

LessonLesson ReviewReview33Using complete sentences, answer the

following questions on a sheet of paper.

Reviewing Terms and Facts1. Vocabulary Define the terms addiction

and withdrawal.2. Differentiate Describe the difference

between psychological dependence andphysical dependence.

3. Explain Why will a tobacco user cravegreater amounts of tobacco?

4. Identify List three factors that influence a teen’s decision to use tobacco.

Thinking Critically5. Analyze Explain the impact of chemical

dependency and addiction to tobacco.6. Apply Select a magazine ad for ciga-

rettes. Analyze how the images and wordsin the ad encourage tobacco use.

Applying Health Skills7. Refusal Skills With a classmate, write a

skit that shows a teen using S.T.O.P. to sayno to a person offering a cigarette.

Most young tobacco users think that they can quit at any time.According to the American Lung Association, most teens who havesmoked at least 100 cigarettes would like to quit, but they may notbe able to do so. Also, of all teens who smoke a first cigarette, 42percent will become regular smokers. Approximately one-third ofthese smokers will die from a tobacco-related illness. Of the 12 to14 million Americans who use smokeless tobacco, one third are un-der the age of 21, and more than half of those developed the habitbefore they were 13 years old. The earlier in life people start usingtobacco, the more likely they are to develop a chemical depen-dency, or physical addiction to nicotine.

Nonsmokers serve as posi-tive role models to others.How might you influenceother people to avoid usingtobacco?

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LESSON 4: AVOIDING TOBACCO 287

LessonLesson

Briefly explain why youthink staying tobaccofree is good for yourhealth.

44Avoiding Tobacco

Tobacco Free: The Best ChoiceThe decision to avoid tobacco is the healthiest choice you can

make. Other people might want to convince you that tobacco use issafe. If you’re unprepared, the pressure you may feel might seemdifficult to resist. Practice your refusal skills ahead of time. Findand take part in tobacco-free events in your community; this canstrengthen your decision to avoid tobacco products.

Figure 10.7 features some great reasons to say no to tobaccouse. One way to resist the pressure to use tobacco is to choosefriends who also want to stay tobacco free.

Quick WriteQuick Write

LEARN ABOUT...• the benefits of

avoiding tobacco use.• ways to help others

break the tobaccohabit.

• how tobacco smokeaffects nonsmokers.

• how to defend yourrights as a non-smoker.

VOCABULARY• secondhand smoke• mainstream smoke• sidestream smoke• passive smoker

FIGURE 10.7

THE BENEFITS OF SAYING NO TO TOBACCOYou give yourself all these gifts by deciding not to use tobacco. Whatare some other reasons to remain tobacco free?

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288 CHAPTER 10: TOBACCO

Kicking the Tobacco HabitThe nicotine in tobacco makes it hard to kick the habit, but it can

be done. A person who wants to quit using tobacco has several op-tions. There are many ways to stop and numerous organizations thatcan help tobacco users break the habit and improve their health.

People who quit using tobacco may experience withdrawalsymptoms. These symptoms include nervousness, moodiness, dif-ficulty sleeping, hunger, and cravings for nicotine. Some symp-toms may last for months. If someone you know is trying to quit,share the following tips.

• Make a list of the reasons to quit using tobacco. Read the listwhenever the urge to use tobacco arises.

• Set small goals. Try quitting one day at a time. Every year theAmerican Cancer Society sponsors the “Great AmericanSmokeout,” a campaign that calls for all smokers to stop smok-ing for one day.

• Avoid being with people who use tobacco. For example, stayaway from places where you know that smokers gather. Partici-pate in positive alternative activities, such as tobacco-free events.

• Change any habits that are linked to using tobacco. For ex-ample, eat a healthful snack instead of smoking between meals.

• Learn stress-relieving techniques. Try stretching or takingdeep breaths.

• Engage in physical activity. When a craving for tobacco oc-curs, take a bike ride, go for a walk, or jog.

DevelopingGoodCharacterCaring

It isn’t easy to beatan addiction. If youknow someone whois trying to quit, pro-vide encouragementand help the personavoid situations thatmight bring on theurge to use tobacco.What would youinclude in a carepackage for someonetrying to quit usingtobacco? Why?

People who are trying tostop using tobacco needsupport and encourage-ment from tobacco-freefriends.

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LESSON 4: AVOIDING TOBACCO 289

Programs That HelpThe “cold turkey”

method of quitting to-bacco use is popular,and many experts rec-ommend it. In thismethod the user sim-ply stops all use of to-bacco products. Theuser’s body will be nicotine free three or four days later, al-though withdrawal symptoms may last longer. Books and record-ings, often available at local libraries, can help people quit usingtobacco on their own.

Some people need support or assistance to quit. Groups such asthe American Lung Association, the American Heart Association,and the American Cancer Society offer information and programsto help people kick the smoking habit. Most counties have localchapters of these national groups.

Some people who quit need help to overcome withdrawalsymptoms. For these people, doctors might recommend a nicotinegum or patch. These options will supply the body with smallamounts of nicotine to help lessen the severity of withdrawalsymptoms. There is also a non-nicotine medication that reduces aperson’s urge to smoke.

• Your local health department

• Communityhealth careproviders,such as hospitalsand clinics

Helping Others QuitIf you are close to someone who wants

to kick the tobacco habit, help him or herlearn about programs designed to helppeople stop using tobacco. Start with thefollowing places and organizations:

• A local chapter of the American CancerSociety, the American Lung Associa-tion, or the American Heart Association

• Your school

ACCESSING INFORMATION

ON YOUR OWNUse one of the resourceslisted here to gather informa-tion about how to quit using tobacco. Put the materials you collect in a large envelope. Ask if you can keep it in the schoollibrary, so that students can check out the material.

HEALTH SKILLS ACTIVITYHEALTH SKILLS ACTIVITY

Getting the wordout that tobacco is dan-gerous will help peopledecide not to smoke, orto quit. How effective are antismokingmessages? Which type of antismoking messagesdo you think are the mosteffective? Why?

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290 CHAPTER 10: TOBACCO

How Tobacco Affects NonsmokersEven if you do not smoke, breathing in secondhand smoke can

harm your health. Secondhand smoke, or environmental tobaccosmoke, is air that has been contaminated by tobacco smoke. Whensomeone smokes, two kinds of smoke fill the air: mainstream smokeand sidestream smoke. Mainstream smoke is the smoke that asmoker inhales and then exhales. It becomes environmental smokeafter it passes through the smoker’s lungs and, in some cases,through a filter. Sidestream smoke is smoke that comes from theburning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar. Sidestream smoke con-tains twice as much tar and nicotine as mainstream smoke becausesidestream smoke enters the air directly from the burning tobacco.

Exposure to secondhand smoke causes people to become pas-sive smokers. Passive smokers are nonsmokers who breathe sec-ondhand smoke. Passive smoking is harmful because, just like anyother kind of smoking, it contributes to respiratory problems, in-cluding lung cancer. Passive smoking irritates the nose and throatand causes itchy and watery eyes, headaches, and coughing.

A smoke-filled room contains high levels of nicotine, carbonmonoxide, and other pollutants. In such a room a nonsmoker caninhale as much nicotine and carbon monoxide in one hour as if heor she had smoked a cigarette. People who have long-term expo-sure to secondhand smoke risk getting the same illnesses that af-fect smokers, including heart and lung diseases and respiratoryproblems. According to the U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency, secondhand smoke is a human carcinogen, or cancer-causing substance. Each year 53,000 people die in the UnitedStates as a result of passive smoking.

Smoking is not permittedin many buildings becauseof the dangers of second-hand smoke.

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LESSON 4: AVOIDING TOBACCO 291

LessonLesson ReviewReview44Using complete sentences, answer the

following questions on a sheet of paper.

Reviewing Terms and Facts1. List Name five benefits of saying no to

tobacco use.2. Identify What does it mean when a person

quits using tobacco “cold turkey”?3. Vocabulary Define secondhand smoke.4. Distinguish What is the difference between

mainstream smoke and sidestream smoke?

Thinking Critically5. Analyze How have the laws passed to

reduce people’s exposure to secondhandsmoke had a positive impact on health?

6. Decide Imagine that you and your familyare sitting in the nonsmoking section of arestaurant. What would you do if the smokefrom the smoking section bothered you?

Applying Health Skills7. Goal Setting Make a plan to help some-

one quit using tobacco. Include alternativeactivities the tobacco user can do when heor she experiences the urge to use tobacco.

Children and Unborn BabiesA woman who uses tobacco during pregnancy

seriously endangers the health of her unborn child. To-bacco use during pregnancy is associated with in-creased chances of miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birthweight. The lower a baby’s birth weight, the higher therisk of complications in the baby’s development. In-fants whose mothers smoke during and after pregnancyare three times more likely to die from a conditionknown as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome than are in-fants whose mothers do not smoke. Children of smok-ers experience higher rates of allergies, asthma, chronicbronchitis, ear infections, and heart problems.

Rights of NonsmokersAs a nonsmoker you have the right to breathe air that is free of

tobacco smoke. You also have the right to express your preferencethat people not smoke around you. Starting in the late 1980s, thefederal government passed laws to help reduce people’s exposureto secondhand smoke. In 1989 the government banned smoking onall domestic airplane flights. Almost every state government hasput restrictions on smoking. Employers now have a legal right torestrict smoking in the workplace, and many have banned smok-ing. It has become common for restaurants to ban smoking com-pletely instead of creating nonsmoking sections. Support schooland local efforts to reduce smoking and encourage others tobecome involved as well.

Parents who choose atobacco-free lifestyleand stay active give theirchildren a healthy startin life.

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H E A L T H

Smokeless tobacco users are 50 times morelikely to develop oral cancer thannonusers. Half the people who get cancer

from using smokeless tobacco die within fiveyears of being diagnosed. Yet many major leaguebaseball players and other professional athleteskeep chewing, despite the very real dangers.

Spittin’Image

292 CHAPTER 10: TOBACCO

Using smokeless to-bacco is just as deadly as smoking cigarettes.

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Consider this: A baseball player is not allowed to smoke on the field or in the dugout. Yet he canchew or “dip” (place a wad of tobacco betweenthe lip and teeth) during the game, even thoughusing smokeless tobacco for 30 minutes deliversthe same amount of nicotine to the body as fourcigarettes.

The problem isn’t limited to major league base-ball. Golfers on the PGA Tour are using smoke-less tobacco. Rodeo riders will forget their horsebefore their chewing tobacco. Female athletes aretaking up this dangerous habit, too.

Smokeless tobacco is banned on the college and minor league levels of baseball, but in themajor leagues it is not only accepted, it’s oftenencouraged by other players.

Tobacco’s Terrible TollPeople who think using smokeless tobacco is

cool should consider former major league out-fielder Bill Tuttle. He chewed until he lost histeeth, his taste buds, his right cheekbone, hishearing, and, finally, his life.

Umpire Doug Harvey worked the big leagueswith a cheek full of chew for 31 years. He retiredwith a lump in his throat—caused by chewingtobacco. He had developed cancer and had toundergo 60 radiation treatments. Harvey dropped

from 205 to 145 pounds and fed himself liquidmeals through a straw-sized hole in his breast-bone just to stay alive. Recovered, he’s now toldabout 156,000 school kids to stay away fromchewing tobacco.

People who’ve been through both say quittingsmokeless tobacco is twice as hard as quittingcigarettes. Ask Arizona Diamondbacksrighthander Curt Schilling, co-MVP of a WorldSeries. A few years ago doctors operated on alesion, or open wound, on the inside of his lowerlip. Caused by chewing tobacco, the lesion wasprecancerous, which means that it could havebecome cancerous. Despite the operation,Schilling can’t quit chewing tobacco. “It’s sounbelievably hard,” says Schilling, who has triedsunflower seeds, gum, nicotine patches, hypnosis,and counseling. “I’ve got to quit—I want to seemy kids grow up, and I want them to see me with a full face—but I haven’t been able to.”

A Hard-to-Kick HabitSchilling’s teammate Greg Colbrunn can’t stop

either. “I’ve tried,” he says. “I wish I’d neverstarted.” His teammate Brian Anderson, who alsochews tobacco, says, “It’s dirty, it’s filthy, and yourbreath reeks.”

The baseball players’ association allows itsmembers to use smokeless tobacco in front ofmillions of young people. You’ve heard ofNational Smoke Out Day. Somebody needs tostart a National Chew Out Day. Anybody usingsmokeless tobacco in front of young peopleshould get chewed out!

Tobacco leaves, shown drying in a barn(left), are used to make chewing tobacco(above). It is often sold in cans.

About the Dangers ofSmokeless TobaccoMake a poster that will persuade youngpeople not to use smokeless tobacco.Come up with an eye-catching headline,and include a short list of facts thatdetails how harmful the habit is. Displayposters in the classroom, and discusshow each one gets its message across.

TIME HEALTH: SPITTIN’ IMAGE 293

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294 CHAPTER 10: TOBACCO

ANALYZING INFLUENCESBUILDING

SKILLSHEALTH BUILDING

SKILLSHEALTH

CHOOSING TOCHOOSING TO STAY

TOBACCO FREE

ModelAnalyzing influences means that you recognize the ways in

which internal and external factors affect your health choices.Read about the factors that influence this teen to remain tobacco free.

Janna’s teacher asked for volunteers to help put together an antitobacco program for elementary school students. Jannasigned up immediately because she believes that it is importantto remain tobacco free. Janna thinks about what influenced herdecision not to smoke. Look at the factors that influencedJanna’s choice.

I want to do my best in sports.

I don’t want my breath to stink.

I’d rather spend my money on something else.

My parents would bevery disappointed in meif I smoked.

My religion teaches meto respect my body andto avoid harmful sub-stances that could en-danger my health.

My friends think that tobacco is for losers.

Tobacco is illegal forpeople my age.

I like to hang out withOlivia and Cindy, andthey don’t like the smellof smoke.

Intern

al

Influences

External

Influences

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PracticeBelow you will find a list of factors that might influence a

teen to be tobacco free. Which influences are internal, andwhich are external? What other influences could you add tothis list?

1. Cigarettes are a waste of my money.2. I don’t want to damage my health.3. I don’t want to get into trouble with my family or the law.4. Other people have a bad opinion of smokers.5. No one in my family smokes.6. I don’t like polluting the air.7. I might become addicted to nicotine.

Self - Check• Did I think of

factors that in-fluenced me tobe tobacco free?

• Did I create ajigsaw puzzlebased on an aspect of my personality?

• Does each puzzlepiece contain afactor that hasinfluenced mydecision to betobacco free?

BUILDING HEALTH SKILLS: CHOOSING TO STAY TOBACCO FREE 295

Apply/AssessOn a separate sheet of paper, list the factors that have influ-

enced you to be tobacco free. Then, on a sheet of light-coloredconstruction paper, use a pencil to draw the shape of an objectthat symbolizes an aspect of your personality. For example, ifyou enjoy in-line skating, you might draw a skate. Make a jig-saw puzzle of this shape. On each piece, use a marker to writeone of the influences you have listed. Then cut the pieces, andswitch puzzles with a classmate. Glue your classmate’s puzzleback together on poster board. Display the completed puzzlesin your classroom. Walk around the classroom with your origi-nal list, and record how many of your classmates listed similarinfluences about tobacco.

COACH’S BOX

Both internal andexternal influencesaffect your choices.These influencesmay include:

Internal• Interests• Likes/dislikes• Fears• Curiosity

External• Family• Friends• Media• Culture

Analyzing Influences

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After You Read

296 CHAPTER 10: TOBACCO296

10ASSESSMENT

[ ]• alveoli• bronchi• carbon monoxide• diaphragm

• emphysema• tar• trachea

Lesson 3On a sheet of paper, write the numbers

8–10. Write True or False for each statementbelow. If the statement is false, change the un-derlined word or phrase to make it true.8. People experiencing withdrawal are often

anxious, depressed, and irritable.9. Physical dependence is when a person be-

lieves that he or she needs a drug to func-tion normally.

10. A person who develops a tolerance fornicotine needs less of the drug to feel its effect.

Lesson 4On a sheet of paper, write the numbers

11–13. After each number, write the letter ofthe answer that best completes each of the fol-lowing statements.11. Mainstream smoke

a. is smoke coming from the burning endof a cigarette, pipe, or cigar.

b. is air that has been contaminated bytobacco smoke.

c. is the smoke that a smoker inhales andexhales.

d. contains twice as much tar and nicotineas sidestream smoke.

12. Sidestream smokea. is safer than mainstream smoke.b. is smoke that has passed through a

smoker’s lungs.c. contains twice as much tar and nicotine

as mainstream smoke.d. cannot cause lung cancer.

13. A passive smokera. is a smoker who does not inhale smoke.b. is a smoker who smokes less than one

pack of cigarettes a day.c. is not in danger of getting a tobacco-

related illness.d. is a nonsmoker who breathes second-

hand smoke.

Use your completed Foldable toreview terms and recall informa-tion on tobacco’s harmful effects.

Reviewing Vocabulary and Concepts

On a sheet of paper, write the numbers 1–7.After each number, write the term from the listthat best completes each sentence.

10ASSESSMENTCHAPTERCHAPTER

Lesson 11. is a thick, dark liquid that

forms when tobacco burns.2. The colorless, odorless, poisonous gas

produced when tobacco burns is called.

3. The exchange of oxygen and carbondioxide takes place in the ofthe lungs.

4. A serious lung disease that damages thealveoli is .

Lesson 25. The is a tube in the throat that

takes air to and from the lungs.6. When you inhale, the air enters your nose

and mouth and then moves past theepiglottis into the trachea and before it reaches the alveoli.

7. The is a large, dome-shapedmuscle below the lungs that draws air inand pushes air out.

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Standardized

TH05_C2.glencoe.com/quiz CHAPTER 10 ASSESSMENT 297

Thinking CriticallyUsing complete sentences, answer the

following questions on a sheet of paper.14. Assess Some brands of cigarettes contain

very little tar. Do you think that thesebrands are safe to smoke? Explain.

15. Apply How can you support your schoolas a tobacco-free environment and encour-age your classmates to do so as well?

16. Compare and Contrast Do you thinkthat adults who start using tobacco do sofor the same reasons as teens? What rea-sons do you think they have in common?How might their reasons differ?

Career CornerCareer Corner

Dentist Would you like to help improvepeople’s smiles? If so, you might consider acareer as a dentist. Dentists help people main-tain healthy teeth and gums. These professionalscomplete four years of dental school and mayhave advanced training. Dentists come incontact with a lot of people. They also work with a variety of precision tools and new tech-nology. Learn more about this and other healthcareers by clicking on Career Corner athealth.glencoe.com.

A practice called visualization can be abeneficial tool for people who want to breakan unhealthy habit, such as smoking.

Visualization often involves repeating posi-tive statements aloud. These statementsshould be in the present tense, so that itsounds as though the desired result has al-ready been achieved. For example, a smokerwho wants to quit might repeat, “I am enjoyinga tobacco-free lifestyle.” The smoker shouldthen enter a state of deep relaxation by sittingquietly, closing his or her eyes, and breathingdeeply. Once this state is has been reached, asmoker can focus on the positive statementshe or she has made and the goal to quit.

Read the paragraphs below andthen answer the questions.

1. In the first paragraph, the word beneficialmeans

harmful.

helpful.

useless.

ineffective.

2. What is the second paragraph mainlyabout?

the process of visualization

the history of visualization

the reasons that visualization works

the problems of visualization

3. Write a paragraph explaining why youthink a person might use visualization tostop smoking.

Test Practice